_1904_ _1914_ _1917_
Establishments not
available 729 820
Total capital invested " $141,796,120.00 $204,249,525.00
Cost value of material used " $ 89,998,186.00 $203,732,015.00
Selling value of goods made " $167,793,408.00 $332,426,904.00
Average number persons employed " 57,156 69,066
Total amount paid in wages " $ 30,714,116.00 $ 53,277,897.00
Average yearly earnings of workers " $ 537.37 $ 771.41
_Infantile Paralysis_: Epidemic occurred during July, Aug. and Sept. 1,
1916. 1,360 cases with 363 deaths. Greatest number of cases reported week
ending Aug. 12, 260. Highest prevalence under 5 years of age.
Necessitated closing all-year and summer schools, July 19, 1916, and
postponing the opening of fall sessions until Sept. 25.
_Influenza_: Outset of epidemic apparent during last 4 days of Sept.,
1918, when 435 cases were reported. Simultaneously a remarkable increase
in pneumonia. Greatest daily number of influenza cases reported was
1,626, on Oct. 14. Most prevalent in Oct. but continued through Nov.
and Dec. with a total of 29,269 cases of influenza and 3,853 cases of
pneumonia. High prevalence was between 20 and 30 years. Total deaths,
Oct.-Dec., 1918, were 1,354 from influenza and 829 from pneumonia.
All public drinking places, theaters, churches, dance halls, billiard
rooms and other public places of assemblage closed Oct. 10-22. Schools
closed Oct. 11, reopened Oct. 28.
_Institute of Arts and Sciences_, 367 High St. Incorporated 1910.
Merging of Newark University Courses, given 1909, and College Extension
Courses given for several years. To meet widespread demand for courses
of university grade in Newark and nearby towns. Has co-operative support
of New York University which supplies Institute with regular members of
the N. Y. U. instructional staff. Credits courses taken for degrees in
Washington Square College of N. Y. U.
_Italian Language_: 3 year study course introduced at Barringer High
School, Feb. 1, 1919.
_Jitneys_: Or passenger auto-buses. First run in spring of 1916. 349
in operation July, 1919. Name originated in California, where a 5 cent
piece, the fare, is commonly known as a "jitney".
_Receipts_ _Tax_ _Passengers_
1916 (7 months) $133,043.22 $ 5,556.92 2,660,963
1917 409,774.86 17,332.74 8,195,491
1918 855,832.82 36,151.22 17,120,652
1919 (7 months) 959,473.69 39,940.61 19,189,472
_Junior College_: Established at South Side High School with 50 students
Sept., 1918. Public school system thus extended to include the first two
years of regular college course.
_Junior High Schools_: Established at Robert Treat, Madison and Cleveland
Schools, Sept., 1917. 9th grade, equivalent to 1st year high school,
added to grammar course, with departmental system in 7th and 8th grades.
Experiment of teaching modern languages as early as the 7th grade tried
with success, 1919.
_Junior Museum Club_: Founded June, 1916, by boy and girl delegates from
8B public school classes and members of the Irvington Museum Assoc.,
under leadership of Dr. Henry H. Rusby, of Newark, and the staff of the
Newark Museum Assoc. Purpose: to collect and to study animals, insects,
aquatic life, birds, botany, mineralogy, stamps and coins, electricity,
photography, etc. Membership open to any boy or girl between 10 and 18
years of age. Affiliated with the Newark Museum Assoc. Headquarters,
Public Library building.
_Juvenile Court_: See Delinquent Children.
_Juvenile Delinquency_: See Delinquent Children.
_Lectures, Public_: 25 years ago, the lecture system was a feature of the
evening schools, and continued as such, until 1906, when it was decided
to have the lectures for the people given in school buildings, designated
as lecture centers. In 1907 there were 15 lecture centers, including
the First Presbyterian Church, the Free Public Library and 13 school
buildings.
During the season of 1907-08 there were 245 lectures with a total
attendance of 105,210. For the season 1915-16 there were 30 centers and
400 lectures, with an aggregate attendance of 160,890. During the war
period, 1917-18, the attendance decreased.
Subjects treated in the lectures are history, patriotism, art, music,
literature and geography. Many are illustrated by stereopticon views and
a few by motion pictures. Musical programs have always proved popular.
_Library, Public_: Building completed, March, 1901. Cost of building,
$315,000; cost of land, $100,000. Architects, Rankin & Kellogg,
Philadelphia.
Number of books lent in 1904, 465,674. In 1911 the number passed the
million mark and held it until, in 1918, the library's income was found
to be inadequate, branch libraries were closed, and the number of books
lent dropped, accordingly, 37%.
Art Department and Picture Collection, which were getting well under way
in 1904 and lent 3,000 pictures that year, now lend over 100,000 small
pictures, photographs, lithographs and prints. These pictures are used
by teachers in 36 different schools for classroom work; also by artists,
designers, jewelers, newspapers and journals, advertising men and others
in trades and professions, needing illustrative material.
Barringer High School Branch. Opened, 1900, under management of Public
Library. Management taken over by Bd. of Education and books purchased
from the Public Library, 1915.
Business Branch. First opened in 1904 at 16 Academy St., with a
collection of directories and a general book collection. First public
library of business literature and information for business men ever
established. Similar branches have since been established by libraries
of other large cities. During the 15 years it moved 4 times, always near
the business center at Broad and Market Streets, and special development
along business lines has been steadily carried on.
Branch Libraries, General. Delivery stations were the Library's first
attempt to reach people in sections distant from the main building.
They were opened in drug stores at various centers as early as 1891 and
were intended only for the collection and delivery of books borrowed by
people in the neighborhood. Readers left their cards with a list of call
numbers, taken from the old "finding list" or printed catalog. Requests
were filled at the Library and books delivered to the station daily.
In 1906, because of increased use, delivery stations were replaced
by deposit stations. At these deposit stations, still operated in
stores, the Library placed collections of several hundred books and
continued the delivery system. When the lending of books outgrew deposit
stations, branch libraries were the natural result. After branches were
established, deposit stations were discontinued, Nov., 1914.
From 1905 to 1915, seven general branches in rented stores and two school
branches, were opened for the convenience of residents in neighborhoods
two or more miles from the main library. All branches closed in 1918
because of insufficient funds to carry on the work, which had grown to
large proportions. For notes about branches, see chronological "Story of
the Branches", in pamphlet "The Roseville Branch", published 1917.
Children's Books. The Children's Room at the Main Library always has a
special collection of children's books to lend to children who live near
enough to visit it. The branch libraries lent books also to children in
their neighborhoods. The School Dept. sends to any teacher who wishes it,
a school or classroom library of 25-40 books to lend to the children in
her class. 400 or 500 of these libraries go into schools every year and
15,000 children read the books.
Civil Service law in operation since Dec. 22, 1910.
Fiction. Moved from the main Lending Room on 2nd floor to separate
department on 1st floor Oct., 1912, for the convenience of borrowers.
High School Room, on 1st floor of Main Library. Contains books on the
required reading lists of the four high schools. Opened March 13, 1918,
for convenience of high school students. The whole Library is open to
them for general use as before.
"The Library and the Museum Therein," first issued June 28, 1918.
An eight page journal, illustrated, describing the activities and
acquisitions of Library and Museum. Five numbers have appeared to date.
Music collection added April, 1907. Over $500 raised by friends for
nucleus of collection.
"The Newarker", a "house organ", published "To introduce a City to
itself and to its Public Library". Contained notices and articles on
library activities and on local matters of public interest. Issued by the
Library, Nov., 1911-Oct., 1915. Was taken over as news sheet of 250th
Anniversary Committee of 100, Nov., 1915-Oct., 1916, and discontinued
thereafter.
North Lawn. $53,750 appropriated by Common Council for purchase of 25 ft.
lot, May 8, 1906.
Periodical Dept. Moved to 2nd floor corridor, Sept., 1918, for
convenience of readers.
Registration Dept. Special room for registering new borrowers, adults and
children, and for general registration work; opened on 1st floor, Oct.
14, 1912. Put the clerical work of the Library in one place, under one
head.
Technical Dept., with books, magazines and pamphlets on trades and
sciences, established Nov. 15, 1908.
Time limit on the borrowing of books, extended from 2 weeks to 1 month,
March, 1904. One of the first libraries in the country to do this.
_Lincoln Highway_: Ocean-to-ocean highway from New York to San Francisco,
named in honor of Abraham Lincoln. Formally opened in Jersey City and
Newark, Dec. 13, 1913. Route through Newark: From city line east to city
line south, on Old Plank Road, Ferry, Merchant, Lafayette, Broad, Clinton
Ave., Astor St. and Frelinghuysen Ave. Section between Jersey City and
Newark, formerly called Old Plank Road, now 100 ft. boulevard, cost
$1,000,000. Turns marked by red, white and gold signs.
_Little Mother's League_: Organized in Belmont Ave. School, May 10,
1915, with 46 members, and in Montgomery School, May 26, 1915, with 29
members. Under direction of Health Bd.'s Div. of Child Hygiene. Members,
girls between 11 and 13 years of age, volunteer to help care for city's
babies. Each member undertakes the care of one mother and baby in her
own neighborhood, visits them once a week and reports at consultation
meetings held in the schools. Since May, 1915, over 1,151 girls have
received and given instruction in the care, feeding and management of
babies.
_Lunches, Public School_: Penny lunches served at Hawkins St. School,
beginning Dec. 23, 1914. Average daily cost during first months, $1.80;
average receipts, $1.51, and cost of free portions, 29 cents. Later
provided in Lawrence and South St. schools.
_Medical History, Museum of_: In 1916, steps were taken by Dr. W. S.
Disbrow, then President of the Bd. of Health, to collect and exhibit
"everything which would illustrate the history of medicine in our city,
from its foundation".
A large room on the top floor of the Bd. of Health Building, at 94
William St., was set aside for this purpose.
_Medical Inspection_: Inaugurated in public schools, 1901, under joint
control of Bd. of Education and Bd. of Health. Entire control passed to
Bd. of Education, 1908-09. Originally organized as a means to control
spread of contagious disease, activities have been enlarged to include
all matters relating to the health of school children. In 1914 the number
of school physicians was reduced from 38 to 8, and the number of nurses
increased from 8 to 26. Public school clinic, 25 Market St., was opened
April, 1916, and a trained psychologist added to the staff of experts,
Feb., 1918. Medical inspection in parochial schools is carried on by Bd.
of Health.
_Medical Library Association_: Organized Nov. 18, 1905. The library is
housed in and administered by Free Public Library.
_Memorial Tablets_: See Tablets, Memorial
_Memorial Trees_: See Trees, Memorial
_Mental Hygiene, Bureau of--Board of Health_: Established May, 1919.
Movement started by establishment of a psychopathic ward in City Hospital
as early as 1908. Purpose is to provide a clearing house for cases of
mental or nervous disorder and of defectives coming to attention of
courts, charitable associations or other city agencies. Will study
and contend against drug addiction, enforce prohibition, observe
neuro-psychiatric cases among former soldiers and care of psychological
cases in parochial schools.
_Mexican Border Uprising_: First N. J. Regiment entrained for Sea Girt to
prepare for border service, June 21, 1916.
_Milk Supply_: Thoroughly supervised by Food and Drug Division of Board
of Health, established 1913. Dairies and creameries are inspected
and scored. Milk, except from exceptionally good dairies, must be
pasteurized. Sale of unbottled milk prohibited by city ordinance, adopted
Feb. 1, 1916.
Present supply estimate is 100,000 quarts daily. About 25,000 less than
2 years ago. Decrease in quantity due to increased cost. 3 municipal
depots, where milk is on sale at lowest possible price, opened by Mayor,
Jan., 1919.
_Monuments_: See Statues and Monuments
_Moving Pictures_: First show licensed, Feb. 1, 1906, in 1919, 39. City
ordinance under which "Shows and Exhibitions" are regulated, amended,
1910, to include moving picture houses.
_Municipal Christmas Trees_: See Christmas Trees, Municipal
_Municipal Employment Bureau_: See Employment Bureau, Municipal
_Municipal Exhibition_: See Exhibitions
_Museum Association_: Founded through the efforts of the members of the
Fine Arts Commission, the Committee on Art and Science Collections, and
John Cotton Dana, of the Public Library.
Incorporated, April 29, 1909, with 50 elective trustees and 5 ex-officio
trustees representing the city government and the Bd. of Education, by
special act of N. J. Legislature. Established for the reception and
exhibition of articles of art, science, history and technology and
for the encouragement of the study of the arts and sciences. Rockwell
Japanese Collection purchased for $10,000 and Museum formally opened in
rooms in the Library lent by Library trustees, Feb. 24, 1910.
With annual appropriations, collections, cases and equipment have been
acquired, valued at over $100,000. Paintings, sculpture, pottery, glass,
textiles, bronzes, American Indian material, models of the habitations of
man, and many examples of art and industry. Collections also include over
3,000 objects lent to schools for classroom use. Systematic lending of
objects. for classroom use began in 1914. In 5 years, 19,012 objects were
lent. Largest number lent in one year, 1918, was 7,357.
Disbrow Science Collections held in trust by the Library, were turned
over to the Museum, 1912.
Membership in the Museum Assoc. open to all. Dues paid used for
maintenance of the collections and purchase of new objects. 10 or
12 special exhibitions are held each year in addition to permanent
exhibitions of objects owned by the Museum. Admission, free.
See also Exhibitions; Junior Museum Club; Medical History, Museum of.
_Music Festivals_: First, held at 1st Regiment Armory, 1915. World-famous
artists attracted thousands. Dates for the first and succeeding
festivals, with the names of the leading soloists, follow:
1st. May 4, 5, 6, 1915. Anna Case, Pasquale Amata, Gadski,
Witherspoon, Matzenauer, Kreisler.
2nd. 250th Anniversary Event, May 1, 2, 3, 4, 1916. Anna Case, Ethel
Leginska, Freida Hempel, Julia Culp.
3rd. May 1, 2, 3, 1917. John McCormack, Lucy Gates (in place of
Galli-Curci), Ysaye.
4th. April 30, May 1, 2, 1918. Geraldine Farrar, Lucy Gates, Arthur
Middleton, Clarence Whitehill, Giovanni Martinelli.
5th. May 16, 17, 19, 1919. Anna Case. Reinald Werrenrath, Caruso,
Toscha Seidel.
_Naturalization_: Public school evening classes preparing foreigners for
U. S. citizenship organized, 1912.
_Newark Day_: For the purpose of studying history and development of
Newark, Nov. 7, 1910, the day before Election Day, was set aside by Bd.
of Education. At the board meeting, Oct. 27, 1910, it was recommended
that principals and teachers and, whenever possible, citizens and
officials lecture to the pupils about the city in which they live. The
day before Election Day was chosen because local interest would naturally
be increased at that time.
Since then interest in the day has grown through the action of the
Schoolmen's Club, composed of men teachers, principals and educational
officials, which adopted the suggestion of Mr. Frank J. Urquhart, of the
Newark Sunday Call, to mark by tablets important historical spots in the
city.
See also Tablets, Memorial.
_Newspapers and Journals_:
Newspapers.
News, evg. circ. 92,044, 1919. Est. 1883
Call, Sun. " 50,000, " " 1872
Star-Eagle, evg. " 50,000, " " [B]
Ledger, morn., Sun. " 32,245, " " 1914
Roseville Citizen, wkly. " 5,958, " " 1915
[B] Evg. Star, successor to Daily Advertiser, consolidated with Morn.
Eagle, Jan. 28, 1916, and from Jan. 31, 1916, published under name
Star-Eagle.
Foreign Newspapers.
N. J. Freie Zeitung
(German) morn. circ. 11,000, Sun. 15,000, Est. 1857
Kronika (Polish) wkly. " 15,538, " 1908
L'Ora (Italian) " " 2,000, " 1902
Montagna (Italian) " " " 1894
Revista (English and
Italian) " 2,000, " 1905
School Journals.
Acropolis, Barringer High School; Orient, East Side High School; The
Pivot, Central High School; The Optimist, South Side High School;
Polymnian, Newark Academy; St. Benedict's College Quarterly, St.
Benedict's College; "Fratech", Newark Technical School; "The Worker",
Boys' Industrial; "The Pioneer", Robert Treat School; "Lafayette
Messenger", Lafayette School; "Cleveland Alternate", Cleveland Grammar
and Junior High School; "Onward", Newark City Home, Verona, N. J.
_Normal School, N. J. State_: Formerly Newark Normal School. Transferred
from city to state, July 1, 1913. New building on Belleville and 4th
Aves., opened Sept. 16, 1913. $500,000 finally agreed upon March, 1919,
as purchase price acceptable to city in transfer.
_Open Air Classes_: Inaugurated Feb., 1911, in Elizabeth Ave. School
building for weak, sickly and anaemic children. This school was later set
apart for children in incipient cases of tuberculosis and classes for
anaemic children were organized in 13 regular schools.
_Pageant_: See 250th Anniversary
_Parades_: See 250th Anniversary
_Parental School, Essex Co._: See Delinquent Children
_Parental School, Newark_: See Delinquent Children
_Parks, City_: Under care and supervision of Shade Tree Div. of Dept. of
Parks and Public Property. Distinct from county-controlled parks, like
Branch Brook, Weequahic, East Side, West Side and Riverbank, which happen
to lie within city boundaries. Largest and most familiar are Lincoln,
Military and Washington, all bordering on Broad St. Besides these parks,
there are, in business and residential sections, green squares and
triangles, to serve as breathing spaces and recreation centers.
_1905_ _1919_
No. of parks 19 29
Park area in acres 19.18 21.77
Value of park land $9,267,000
Among parks added to the system since 1905, when Shade Tree Commission
first took charge of the parks, are Wallace Park, a triangle of land
bounded by Wallace St., Wallace Pl. and Bank St., purchased by city,
1907; Court House Park, fronting Court House, between Market St. and
Springfield Ave., deeded to city by county, 1907; Herper's Park,
Randolph and So. 15th St., given to city by Mr. and Mrs. Henry Herpers,
1914, and named in their honor. Ground about drinking fountain, which
marks the first landing place of Robert Treat and his followers,
cultivated and known since 1916 as Landing Place Park. Name of Madison
Park, bounded by Clinton, Belmont and Madison Aves., changed to McKinley
Circle when Hiker Statue was unveiled Memorial Day, 1914, in memory of
the President who called the Hiker Men to service. Triangle, between
Central Ave., Fourth St. and Warren St., previously known as Central Ave.
Park, Central Square, etc., named Liberty Square, 1913.
_Parks, Essex County_: Parks within the boundaries of Newark, but
controlled by the Essex Co. Park Commission, are Branch Brook, Eastside,
Westside, Weequahic and Riverbank.
Weequahic Park enlarged by 50 acres, 1908; Municipal Golf Course of 9
holes opened, 1914, and used by 14,000 players during 1915.
Riverbank Park opened, 1911. Land cost $200,000.
Essex Co. Park Commission Administration Building erected in Branch Brook
Park, 1914.
_Parkways_: Parking strips or green cultivated stretches running through
street centers. First deeded to city, 1911. Originally constructed by
private land companies. When taken over by the city, they came under the
care of the Shade Tree Commission. These parkways to be found on Belmont,
Chadwick, Fourth, Seymour, Hawthorne and Vassar Aves. and Heller Parkway,
and a number of other streets. Park Ave. Parkway is under county park
management. City parkways in 1919 add 8.58 acres to the park area.
_Parochial Schools_: See Schools, Parochial
_Passaic Valley Trunk Sewer_: Passaic River became so polluted by the
sewage of Newark and other cities lying along its course from Paterson
south, that in 1896 a movement was started by Paterson and Newark
Boards of Trade, for the purification of the river. After 16 years of
litigation, 15 municipalities joined in building a great trunk sewer
to collect the sewage of towns in Passaic Valley District, carry it
across Newark Bay and discharge it into upper New York Bay. Work began
July, 1912, under direction of the Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission,
authorized by act of N. J. Legislature, 1907. The cost, estimated at
$12,000,000, will be met by assessments on the municipalities joined in
the project. In 1919, 90% complete.
_Paving_: See Street Paving
_Physical Training_: Made an essential part of elementary school
curriculum, Sept., 1904.
_Playgrounds_: Until July, 1919, there were 3 systems of playgrounds
in Newark: 1. Under Control of Bd. of Education, conducted on school
grounds; 2. Under control of Essex Co. Park Commission on playfields in
all county parks; 3. Under control of Dept. of Playgrounds, under the
Bd. of Recreation Commissioners. The last are generally called "City
Playgrounds".
In July, 1919, control of the city playgrounds passed to the Bd. of
Education, a transfer under active consideration for a number of months.
_Playgrounds, City_: The Bd. of Playground Commissioners was established
by act of N. J. Legislature, 1907, to provide playgrounds and recreation
places. It was composed of 5 members appointed for 5 years. In 1915
the name was changed to Bd. of Recreation Commissioners, in charge of
playgrounds and public baths. Under commission government this board was
responsible to the Dept. of Public Affairs, but in 1919, as has been
stated, control and ownership of the city playgrounds passed to the Bd.
of Education in line with the carrying out of a comprehensive recreation
program.
1. Canal St., Canal & Commerce Sts.
113' × 112'. Owned. Opened Oct. 1, 1907.
2. Prince St., Prince St. & Waverly Ave.
100' × 103'. Owned (partly). Opened May 1, 1908.
3. Newton St., Nos. 68-70 Newton St.
100' × 100'. Owned. Opened Dec. 10, 1908.
4. Lafayette St., Lafayette St. & N. J. R. R. Ave.
210' × 90'. Leased. Opened Sept. 6, 1911 (closed).
5. Oliver St., Oliver & Chestnut Sts.
156' × 241'. Leased. Opened Sept. 6, 1912.
6. Belleville Ave., Belleville & Arlington Aves.
149' × 359'. Leased. Opened Aug. 15, 1913 (closed).
7. Summer Ave., Summer Ave. & D'Auria St.
50' × 99'. Lent. Opened Sept. 17, 1913.
8. Vailsburg. So. Orange Ave. & Boylan St.
518' × 235'. Owned. Opened July 24, 1915.
9. Avon Ave., Avon Ave. & So. 10th St.
246' × 175'. Lent. Opened 1915 (closed).
10. Broad St., Bet. Emmet & Wright Sts.
118' × 89'. Leased. Opened Sept. 1, 1915.
11. Morton St., Morton St. & College Pl. & Howard St.
87' × 121'. Lent. Opened Dec. 1, 1914.
12. West End, So. Orange Ave. & 12th St.
550' × 530'. Lent. Opened Sept., 1916 (closed).
13. East Side, Wilson Ave.
Owned. Opened July 1, 1918.
_Police Department_:
_1904_ _1919_
444 members of force. 842 members of force.
4 precincts. 8 precincts.
6 bicycle officers. 29 motorcycle officers.
8 mounted officers. 29 mounted officers.
1910. Oct. 1, Autos replaced horse-drawn vehicles.
1916. Replacement completed.
1919. 17 autos.
1904. Cost of administration, $ 509,644.
1918. " " " $1,414,098.
First policewoman appointed Aug. 1, 1918. 3 on force Aug., 1919. Called
in cases involving the handling of girls or women.
_Poor and Alms Department and Almshouse Survey_: Made by Dept. of
Surveys and Exhibits--Russell Sage Foundation under direction of Francis
H. McLean, 1918-1919. Considers whole family welfare problem of the
city,--poverty, relief and social agencies. $1,400 appropriated by Bd. of
Commissioners for Work.
_Population_:
1904. 272,000, Bd. of Health estimate.
1905. 283,000, State Census.
1910. 347,469, Federal "
1915. 366,729, State "
1918. 430,000, Bd. of Health estimate.
_Port Newark_: Development involved: (1) Reclamation of 4,000 acres of
tide marshland on Newark Bay. (2) Construction of ship channel 7,000
ft. long, 400 ft. wide at bottom, and 20 ft. deep at mean low water,
the channel to extend into marshland for a distance of ½ to 1 mile. (3)
Building of dock frontage of 4,500 ft. with derricks, tracks, and other
equipment for handling freight. (4) Building of pier 1,200 ft. long and
150 ft. wide, extending into bay from end of dock, equipped with tracks,
etc., to accommodate ocean vessels. (5) Railway distributing and transfer
system covering the reclaimed area and connecting with at least 3 trunk
lines. Central Railroad of N. J., Pennsylvania and Lehigh Valley already
cross this area. (6) At least 1 wide paved avenue of approach from center
of city.
Actual work begun March, 1914. Under City Dept. of Docks and Meadows,
with Morris R. Sherrerd, Chief Engineer, and James C. Hallock, engineer
in charge. Funds provided by $2,000,000 bond issue authorized by N. J.
Legislature.
Oct. 20, 1915, named Port Newark Terminal Day and declared a public
holiday by the Mayor. Marked by first public inspection of the work.
U. S. government in 1917 leased land in this area for Submarine Boat
Corporation and also 133 acres for the Quartermaster's Supply Depot.
Course of development changed by war, and future plans now uncertain.
See also Shipbuilding.
_Postal Service_:
_1904_ _1918_
Sub-stations 26 68
Carriers 170 328
Pieces of mail handled 85,978,300 181,584,236
Total receipts $634,197 $2,115,549.87
Opening of aerial mail station at Heller Field in Forest Hill Section,
originally set for July 1, 1919, has been postponed.
_Prices, Food_:
_1904_ _1914_ _1918_
Rib Roast (per lb.) (Not available for Newark) $.22 $.39
Flour, wheat (per lb.) .03 .07
Eggs (per doz.) .35 .52
Butter (per lb.) .33 .55
Sugar (per lb.) .05 .09
Milk (per qt.) .09 .14
_Prison Reform_: (Here are recorded a few facts about N. J. procedure,
selected because of their connection with the administration of law for
Newark. Complete review of state conditions and progress will be found
in the Report of the Prison Inquiry Commission, published 1917.)
Indeterminate Sentence: Or sentence to imprisonment without a fixed time
for its termination. Adopted by act of N. J. Legislature April 21, 1911.
Is in accordance with the principle that imprisonment is primarily for
reformation and that offenders should be released as soon as they have
shown themselves again ready to be fit members of society. Provides for
a maximum and minimum term, the maximum varying with nature of offense
and the minimum not less than a year and not more than two-thirds of the
maximum.
Prior to 1911 this practice had applied only to the State Reformatory.
Prison Labor: Law abolishing private contract system of labor directing
that work of convicts should be employed in manufacture of goods for
state-use was passed by N. J. Legislature, June 7, 1911. Prison Labor
Commission created March 28, 1912, to direct development of "state-use"
system and control its operation, but without sufficient authority to
assure its success. Act passed, April 4, 1913, provided that unfilled
contracts might be continued until state-use industries had been
established. In view of the practical failure to introduce "state-use"
system within the prisons, outside employment of prisoners was authorized
by act of April 11, 1910, and subsequent amendments. Since 1913, 4 road
camps have been opened for employment of convicts on state roads and
have proved a relative success. Farming has also proved profitable. This
system not only aims to prevent waste of state resources but to provide
industrial training for inmates of correctional institutions of the state.
Employment of county prisoners and payment of earnings to their families
was provided for by N. J. law passed 1915. Wardens of jails are
instructed to give preference to men serving terms for nonsupport. At
Essex Co. jail in Newark, $3,000 or $4,000 have thus been contributed to
prisoners' families otherwise left destitute. Benefits will increase as
practice is further systematized.
Probation System: Probation and suspended sentence first introduced by
act of Legislature, April 2, 1906. Authorizes courts and magistrates to
suspend sentence of persons convicted of criminal offenses, to release
them on probation and for such time and under such conditions as the
court determines instead of imposing penalty provided by the law.
Reformatory for Women, N. J. State: At Clinton Farms, Hunterdon Co.
Provided for by act of N. J. Legislature, 1910. Opened Jan., 1913. To
which the criminal court judges may, at their discretion, send females
about the age of 17, who have committed a State Prison offense. Aims to
return women to a self-respecting, self-supporting life. All commitments
are for an indefinite term limited only by the maximum period of
imprisonment fixed by law.
Social Investigation: Investigation of social facts regarding prisoners
to be sentenced and circumstances attending Crime was begun in 1908.
Made part of probation office work. No sentence is now passed by Essex
Co. Court judge until a written statement of all such facts has been
presented. Judge no longer tries to make the punishment fit the crime but
to make the punishment fit the prisoner and restore him to his normal
place in society.
_Probation System_: See Delinquent Children: Prison Reform
_Public Baths_: See Baths, Public
_Public Comfort Station_: See Comfort Station, Public
_Public Lectures_: See Lectures, Public
_Public Schools_: See Schools, Public
_Public Service Corporation of N. J._: Maintains gas, electric and
railway departments. Through its subsidiary companies it furnishes gas,
electric light and power, and street railway facilities to most of the
people of the state.
See also Public Service Terminal; Trolleys.
_Public Service Terminal_: Work on new Public Service Terminal, Park Pl.,
begun June 24, 1914. Opened for street railway operation, April 30, 1916.
Cost, $5,000,000. Terminal arrangements and tunnel system are President
Thomas N. McCarter's solution of Newark's traffic problem, especially
at the "Four Corners". It is estimated that 400 cars, carrying in both
directions 50,000 people, may pass in and out of the Terminal during one
hour.
See also Trolleys.
_Reformatory for Women, N. J. State_: See Prison Reform
_"Safety First" and the Schools_: American Safety League gave talks in
all public schools, Feb., 1912, distributing blue and white buttons to
pupils as reminders of the organization in which they are enrolled.
N. J. Legislature passed a law that school children be instructed in self
protection and accident prevention, April 7, 1913.
Complying with this law, N. J. Dept. of Public Instruction issued a
monograph for use in schools on "Dangers and Safeguards," Feb., 1915.
Prepared in collaboration with Newark Bur. of Combustibles and Fire
Risks, Public Service Corporation, Employers' Liability Commission and
State Bd. of Health, teaches how fires may be prevented, many street
and railway accidents avoided, industrial workers safeguarded, diseases
combated and first aid administered.
Law providing that no vehicle should travel at a greater speed than six
miles an hour when approaching a schoolhouse, provided signs easily
visible were placed on the highway, indicating school locations, passed
by N. J. Legislature, April 6, 1915.
Public Service Corporation furthered "Safely First" campaign by talks in
public and parochial schools, May, 1915.
Public School Safety Patrol established April, 1917. A member of the
city police force has charge of this work under attendance department of
Bd. of Education. Members are appointed each term from students of upper
grades in schools. A chief is chosen in each school. The chief and other
members take a pledge and each is furnished with an arm band as emblem
of authority. There are 50 girls and 600 boys in the force. Duties: To
prevent taking of unnecessary risks by pupils in going to and returning
from school; To guard younger children against traffic accidents and to
prevent disorderly conduct among school children on the street; To aid in
keeping streets and sidewalks clean.
48% decrease from previous year in number of accidents by cars to
children going to and from school in Newark, Feb.-Sept., 1918, credited
to instruction by Safety League.
_School Houses as Social Centers_: Authorized by rules adopted by Bd. of
Education, Aug. 31, 1915, under act of N. J. Legislature, passed, 1913.
First used as polling places in 1917 primaries.
_School Names Changed_:
Alyea St. to Binet No. 3.
Ann St. " John Catlin.
Coes Pl. " Binet No. 2.
Park Ave. " Dayton.
18th Ave. " Milford.
Elliot St. " Elliot.
15th Ave. " Moses Bigelow.
Hamburg Pl. (Wilson Ave.) " Monteith.
Hawthorne Ave. " Hawthorne.
Lafayette St. " Lafayette.
Madison St. " Madison.
Miller St. " Hamilton.
Montgomery St. " Montgomery.
Morton St. " Joseph E. Haynes.
Newton St. " Newton.
No. 7th St. " Garfield.
Oliver St. " Carteret.
Peshine Ave. " Berkeley.
Ridge St. " Ridge.
7th Ave. " McKinley.
State St. " Binet No. 1.
13th Ave. " Robert Treat.
Webster St. " Webster.
_School Savings Banks_: Purpose: To inculcate and encourage thrift.
Essential features of plan: To have pupils themselves manage banks' work
as far as possible.
To organize a board of savings bank directors, appointed for each school
by its principal.
To place school accounts, over $1.00, with such Newark banks as have
endorsed the school bank plan.
To open individual accounts with the same banks for those pupils who have
deposited a sum that shall be thought sufficient and to require that no
sum be withdrawn without the parent's written consent.
1st bank established in East Side High School, March, 1915.
Randall Law, authorizing school savings banks, passed by N. J.
Legislature, Feb., 1916.
9 schools, now operating school banks: East Side High, Central High,
Abington Ave., Cleveland, Lafayette, Monteith, Newton St., Warren St.,
Washington St.
_Total to_
_1917-18_ _July, 1918_
Deposits made $14,082.83 $29,855.57
Interest credited 78.66 188.43
Transferred to local banks 9,492.20 16,305.70
Withdrawn by pupils 4,777.99 9,207.97
Balance in banks 4,528.33
No. of depositors 2,461 7,312
Depositors closing accts. 1,847 2,529
Remaining depositors 4,783
* * * * *
Idea originated in Belgium. Introduced in U. S. in Beloit, Wis., 1876.
Permanently established in U. S. by John Henry Thiry, a Belgian, 1885.
Amount of school deposits in U. S., $5,000,000, 1915.
_School Survey_: Made by Bur. of Municipal Research under direction of
Essex Co. Public Welfare Committee and with approval of Bd. of Education,
1914.
_Schools, Parochial_:
_1904_ _1919_
Total number of pupils enrolled 7,202 14,741
Teaching force:
Sisters 114 229
Brothers 8 9
Lay Teachers 14 31
Number of schools 21 26
Rev. John A. Dillon was appointed superintendent of schools for the
Diocese of Newark, January 2nd, 1910.
_Schools, Public_:
_1903-04_ _1918-19_
Total number of pupils enrolled 43,742 75,461
High school enrollment 1,264 5,398
Evening school enrollment 7,377 12,100
Summer school enrollment (1904) 8,546 19,199 (1919)
Teaching force (day schools) 967 2,071
Number of schools 56 69
Number of high schools 1 4-Senior
3-Junior
Number of evening schools 15 23
Number of summer schools (1904) 15 34 (1919)
Dr. David B. Corson was elected superintendent July 1, 1918, to succeed
Dr. Addison B. Poland, city superintendent from 1901 until his death,
Sept. 15, 1917.
See also under name of subject, All-Year School, etc.
_Shade Tree Commission_: Organized, 1904. Composed of three members,
residents, appointed by mayor to serve without compensation. Charged
(1) with planting, care, protection and maintenance of street trees. (2)
with care, maintenance and improvement of the parks. Under commission
government, known as Shade Tree Div. of Dept. of Parks and Public
Property.
_1904_ _1918_
Shade trees on highways 36,800 66,000
Shade trees set out 750 30,580
Trees sprayed against insect enemies by Shade Tree Commission as part of
its routine work at request of property owners, without charge. Cost of
spraying, about 15 cents a tree.
Trees are planted along streets where more shade seems to the Commission
desirable. Property owner in front of whose property tree is placed
assessed for the cost of the tree and planting, recently averaging about
$5 a tree. Called "assessment planting". Assessment collected as are
other taxes. When owners ask to have trees planted on their property,
expense is met by bill rendered to owner. Price varies with size of tree,
but averages $5. Called "request planting".
See also Parks, City; Parkways.
_Shipbuilding_: Since Sept., 1917, the Submarine Boat Corporation at Port
Newark has equipped, set in motion and run at high speed a plant covering
113 acres and requiring the services of 15,000 workers.
By July 31, 1919, 63 boats had been launched.
"Agawam", the first modern steamship built by the company, was launched
at Port Newark, May 30, 1918.
See also Port Newark Terminal.
_Ship Yard Workers, Evening Classes for_: Established by Bd. of
Education, Jan. 2, 1919, at Robert Treat, Central, East Side and
Bergen St. High Schools, Boys' Vocational School and Fawcett School of
Industrial Arts.
_Smoke Abatement Department_: Established, 1907, to prevent unhealthful
and unsightly clouds of dense smoke and soot. Under commission
government, a division of the Dept. of Parks and Public Property.
_Social Service Survey_: Searching investigation of population, municipal
administration, social influences, industrial conditions, community
problems--saloons, dance halls, crime, housing, health, political
life,--and public and private charities. Made by John P. Fox for Men and
Religion Forward Movement. Oct. 21-Dec. 7, 1911. Limited edition of typed
copies.
_Statues and Monuments_: (For list complete to 1914, see Bd. of Education
Leaflet No. 31, Sculpture and Stone Carving in Newark.)
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy. Bronze bust erected in Branch Brook Park
on promenade in front of Barringer High School. By J. M. Didusch.
First prize awarded to United Singers of Newark at twentieth National
Saengerfest, Baltimore, Md., 1903, and presented by them to the city.
Erected, May 22, 1904.
Robert F. Ballantine. Bronze bas-relief. In Eye and Ear Infirmary,
Central Ave. By Jonathan Scott Harley. Unveiled June, 1906.
Liberty Pole erected in 1793 in Military Park, replaced by present iron
mast, 112 feet high; dedicated Thanksgiving Day, 1906.
Court House Statues. 8 marble figures symbolizing aspects of Law on front
of building and 2 heroic bronze figures representing Power and Truth
beside the steps. By Andrew O'Connor, Jr. Court house erected in 1907.
Mgr. George Hobart Doane, for fifty years rector of St. Patrick's
Cathedral. Bronze statue in Rector Park, opposite Trinity Church. By
William C. Noble. Erected by popular subscription. Unveiled, Jan. 9, 1908.
Wisdom instructing the Children of Men. High relief in bronze over
entrance of Free Public Library. By John Flanagan. Subscriptions raised
by Mgr. Doane. Placed, May, 1909.
Abraham Lincoln. Bronze statue. By Gutzon Borglum. On Court House plaza,
where Newark citizens of 1861 met and pledged themselves to help preserve
the Union. Bequest of Amos H. Van Horn, citizen of Newark, soldier in
the Union army, and member of the Lincoln Post, G. A. R. Dedicated by
surviving members of the Post. Tendered to the city by Ex-President
Theodore Roosevelt and unveiled Memorial Day, 1911.
George Washington. Bronze equestrian statue in Washington Park. By J.
Massey Rhind. Bequest of Amos H. Van Horn. Unveiled, Nov. 2, 1912.
John F. Dryden, founder of the Prudential Insurance Co. and pioneer of
industrial insurance in America. Bronze statue, a third more than life
size, called heroic, in rotunda of main Prudential building. By Karl
Bitter. Given by field and home office force. Unveiled, Sept. 24, 1913.
Normal School, Grotesques. Eight decorative figures representing
Mathematics, Study, Botany, Thought, Chemistry, Writing, Music, History.
By G. Grandelis. Placed around cornice. Aug., 1912.
"The Hiker". Bronze statue in memory of Spanish-American War soldiers, at
Clinton and Belmont Aves. By Allen G. Newman. Given by United Spanish War
Veterans. Unveiled, Memorial Day, 1914.
"Our Lady of Loretto", limestone statue, on 3rd story front of Loretto
Hall, hotel for working girls, on Belleville Ave., near 4th Ave. By
Alfred Kenney. Given by Rev. F. M. O'Neil, of St. Michael's Church.
Placed, Aug. 31, 1915.
Branford Place Shaft. To mark center of first settlement near first
church, college and court house. Shaft for street illumination, with
bronze tablets on isle of safety, Branford Place. By Gutzon Borglum.
Erected by 250th Anniversary Committee of One Hundred. Unveiled, May 10,
1916.
Colleoni. Full-sized reproduction in bronze and marble of the world's
most famous equestrian statue and pedestal of Bartolomeo Colleoni, by
Verrocchio, the original of which stands in Venice. Erected in Clinton
Park, opposite Lincoln Park. Given by Christian W. Feigenspan. Made under
direction of J. Massey Rhind. Unveiling, July 26, 1916, a feature of the
250th Anniversary celebration.
Puritans' Landing Place. Drinking fountain at foot of Saybrook Place.
Designed by Gutzon Borglum. Erected by 250th Anniversary Committee of One
Hundred. Unveiled, May 10, 1916.
Puritan and Indian. Bronze shaft for street illumination, with stone
figures of Indian and Puritan at base, site of old Market Place, Broad
St. at Bridge. By Gutzon Borglum. Erected by 250th Anniversary Committee
of One Hundred. Unveiled, May 10, 1916.
Stone seat in Military Park to mark Training Place site, set aside in
1669. Military Park was used for training soldiers in colonial days.
Given by N. J. Daughters of the Revolution. Unveiled, May 13, 1916.
_Street Names Changed_: During war period, 1917-18.
Hamburg Pl. to Wilson Ave.
Bismarck Ave. to Pershing Ave.
Dresden St. to London St.
Bremen St. to Marne St.
Berlin St. to Rome St.
Frankfort St. to Paris St.
_Street Paving_: Market St. repaved with bitulithic pavement from Court
House to Pennsylvania Railroad Station. Paved from Railroad Pl. to Broad
St., in 1911. Paved from Broad St. west to Pierson's Alley and work
completed, June 29, 1912.
Broad St. repaved with wood block from Belleville Ave. to South St. Work
begun June, 1914. Completed, Oct. 5, 1914.
Total mileage of paved streets, Jan. 1, 1904, 151.17 miles.
" " " " " Jan. 1, 1919, 269.22 miles.