commerce), French (commerce)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 66.7%
male: 78.6%
female: 54.6% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
conventional short form: Tunisia
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
local short form: Tunis
Data code: TS
Government type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates; Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah,
Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn, Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin
'Arus, Jundubah, Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis,
Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis, Zaghwan
Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France)
National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956)
Constitution: 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law;
some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in
joint session
Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November
1987)
head of government: Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September
1989)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected
without opposition; percent of vote--Zine El Abidine BEN ALI 99%
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis
al-Nuwaab (163 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party--RCD 97.7%, MDS 1.0%,
others 1.3%; seats by party--RCD 144, MDS 10, others 9; note--the
government changed the electoral code to guarantee that the
opposition won seats
Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation)
Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally
parties are legal, including the Communist Party
Political pressure groups and leaders: the Islamic fundamentalist
party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed
International organization participation: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB,
AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO,
ITU, MINURCA, MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPCW,
OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIBH, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Noureddine MEJDOUB
chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robin L. RAPHEL
embassy: 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
mailing address: use embassy street address
Flag description: red with a white disk in the center bearing a
red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent
and star are traditional symbols of Islam
Economy
Economy--overview: Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important
agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors.
Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has
gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing
privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent
approach to debt. Real growth averaged 4.0% in 1993-97 and reached
5.0% in 1998. Inflation has been moderate. Growth in tourism and
increased trade have been key elements in this steady growth.
Tunisia's association agreement with the European Union entered into
force on 1 March 1998, the first such accord between the EU and
Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under the agreement Tunisia
will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU over the next
decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the
investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in
government efficiency are among the challenges for the future.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$49 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 5% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$5,200 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 14%
industry: 28%
services: 58% (1996 est.)
Population below poverty line: 14.1% (1990 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 30.7% (1990)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.3% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 3.3 million (1995 est.)
note: shortage of skilled labor
Labor force--by occupation: services 55%, industry 23%,
agriculture 22% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: 15.6% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $5.8 billion
expenditures: $6.5 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.4
billion (1998 est.)
Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron
ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, food, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: 4.2% (1997 est.)
Electricity--production: 7.535 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 99.54%
hydro: 0.46%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 7.616 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 81 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: olives, dates, oranges, almonds, grain,
sugar beets, grapes; poultry, beef, dairy products
Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Exports--commodities: hydrocarbons, textiles, agricultural
products, phosphates and chemicals
Exports--partners: EU 80%, North African countries 6%, Asia 4%, US
1% (1996)
Imports: $7.9 billion (c.i.f., 1997 est.)
Imports--commodities: industrial goods and equipment 57%,
hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods
Imports--partners: EU countries 80%, North African countries 5.5%,
Asia 5.5%, US 5% (1996)
Debt--external: $12.1 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: $933.2 million (1995); note?ODA, $90
million (1998 est.)
Currency: 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes
Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1--1.1027 (December
1998), 1.1393 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996), 0.9458 (1995),
1.0116 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 560,000 (1996 est.); 3,185 cellular telephone
subscribers (1998 est.)
Telephone system: the system is above the African average and is
continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte,
and Tunis; Internet access is available through two private service
providers licensed by the government
domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial
cable, and microwave radio relay
international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations--1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat with back-up control
station; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and
Libya; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 8, shortwave 1 (1998 est.)
Radios: 1.7 million (1998 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 19 (these are network stations;
there are some additional stations of low power) (1997)
Televisions: 650,000 (1998 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,260 km
standard gauge: 492 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 1,758 km 1.000-m gauge
dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (three rails) (1993
est.)
Highways:
total: 23,100 km
paved: 18,226 km
unpaved: 4,874 km (1996 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural
gas 742 km
Ports and harbors: Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse,
Tunis, Zarzis
Merchant marine:
total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 188,345 GRT/215,749 DWT
ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 5, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas
tanker 1, oil tanker 3, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1
(1998 est.)
Airports: 32 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 14
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 7 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces,
National Guard
Military manpower--military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 2,601,928 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,486,964 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 99,597 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $356 million (1999)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 1.5% (1999)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: maritime boundary dispute with Libya;
Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the
continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil
exploration
======================================================================
@Turkey
------
Geography
Location: southwestern Asia (that part west of the Bosporus is
sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between
Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
Geographic coordinates: 39 00 N, 35 00 E
Map references: Middle East
Area:
total: 780,580 sq km
land: 770,760 sq km
water: 9,820 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly larger than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 2,627 km
border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km,
Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km
Coastline: 7,200 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary
agreed upon with the former USSR
territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea; 12 nm in Black Sea and in
Mediterranean Sea
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters;
harsher in interior
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central
plateau (Anatolia)
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper,
borate, sulfur, iron ore
Land use:
arable land: 32%
permanent crops: 4%
permanent pastures: 16%
forests and woodland: 26%
other: 22% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 36,740 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: very severe earthquakes, especially in northern
Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van
Environment--current issues: water pollution from dumping of
chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban
areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing
Bosporus ship traffic
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Environmental Modification
Geography--note: strategic location controlling the Turkish
Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and
Aegean Seas
People
Population: 65,599,206 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 30% (male 10,148,457; female 9,781,452)
15-64 years: 64% (male 21,255,506; female 20,560,070)
65 years and over: 6% (male 1,775,164; female 2,078,557) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.57% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 20.92 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 5.27 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 35.81 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.29 years
male: 70.81 years
female: 75.88 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.41 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Turk(s)
adjective: Turkish
Ethnic groups: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20%
Religions: Muslim 99.8% (mostly Sunni), other 0.2% (Christian and
Jews)
Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 82.3%
male: 91.7%
female: 72.4% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Turkey
conventional short form: Turkey
local long form: Turkiye Cumhuriyeti
local short form: Turkiye
Data code: TU
Government type: republican parliamentary democracy
Capital: Ankara
Administrative divisions: 80 provinces (iller, singular--il);
Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya,
Ardahan, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik,
Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum,
Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gazi Antep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Igdir,
Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars,
Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli,
Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir,
Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanli Urfa, Siirt,
Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Usak, Van,
Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
note: Karabuk, Kilis, Osmaniye and Yalova are the four newest
provinces; the US Board on Geographic Names is awaiting an official
Turkish administrative map for verification of the boundaries
Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman
Empire)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic,
29 October (1923)
Constitution: 7 November 1982
Legal system: derived from various European continental legal
systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Suleyman DEMIREL (since 16 May 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister Bulent ECEVIT (since 11 January
1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
note: there is also a National Security Council that serves as an
advisory body to the president and the cabinet
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
seven-year term; election last held 16 May 1993 (next scheduled to
be held NA May 2000); prime minister and deputy prime minister
appointed by the president
election results: Suleyman DEMIREL elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote--54%
Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey
or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 24 December 1995 (next to be held 18 April 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party--RP 21.38%, DYP 19.18%,
ANAP 19.65%, DSP 14.64%, CHP 10.71%, independent 0.48%; seats by
party--RP 158, DYP 135, ANAP 133, DSP 75, CHP 49; note--seats held by
various parties are subject to change due to defections, creation of
new parties, and ouster or death of sitting deputies; seating by
party as of 1 January 1999: FP 144, ANAP 137, DYP 97, DSP 61, CHP
55, DTP 12, BBP 8, MHP 3, DP 1, DEPAR 1, independents 20, vacant 11
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, judges appointed by the
president; Court of Appeals, judges are elected by the Supreme
Council of Judges and Prosecutors
Political parties and leaders: Motherland Party or ANAP [Mesut
outlawed on 22 February 1998
Political pressure groups and leaders: Turkish Confederation of
Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD
International organization participation: AsDB, BIS, BSEC, CCC,
CE, CERN (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NATO,
NEA, OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNRWA, UPU, WEU (associate), WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Baki ILKIN
chancery: 1714 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mark R. PARRIS
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana
Flag description: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed
portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star
centered just outside the crescent opening
Economy
Economy--overview: Turkey has a dynamic economy that is a complex
mix of modern industry and commerce along with traditional village
agriculture and crafts. It has a strong and rapidly growing private
sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry,
banking, transport, and communication. Its most important
industry--and largest exporter--is textiles and clothing, which is
almost entirely in private hands. The economic situation in recent
years has been marked by rapid growth coupled with partial success
in implementing structural reform measures. Inflation declined to
70% in 1998, down from 99% in 1997, but the public sector fiscal
deficit probably remained near 10% of GDP--due in large part to
interest payments which accounted for 42% of central government
spending in 1998. The government enacted a new tax law and speeded
up privatization in 1998 but made no progress on badly needed social
security reform. Ankara is trying to increase trade with other
countries in the region yet most of Turkey's trade is still with
OECD countries. Despite the implementation in January 1996 of a
customs union with the EU, foreign direct investment in the country
remains low--about $1 billion annually--perhaps because potential
investors are concerned about still-high inflation and the unsettled
political situation. Economic growth will remain about the same in
1999; inflation should decline further.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$425.4 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 2.8% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$6,600 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 14.4%
industry: 28.7%
services: 56.9% (1998)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 70% (1998)
Labor force: 22.7 million (April 1998)
note: about 1.5 million Turks work abroad (1994)
Labor force--by occupation: agriculture 42.5%, services 34.5%,
industry 23% (1996)
Unemployment rate: 10% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $44.4 billion
expenditures: $58.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $3.7
billion (1998)
Industries: textiles, food processing, autos, mining (coal,
chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber,
paper
Industrial production growth rate: 4.1% (1998 est.)
Electricity--production: 103 billion kWh (1997)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 62.4%
hydro: 37.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.5% (1997)
Electricity--consumption: 91.16 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 300 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 265 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar
beets, pulse, citrus; livestock
Exports: $31 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports--commodities: textiles and apparel 30%, foodstuffs 15%,
iron and steel products 13% (1997)
Exports--partners: Germany 20%, US 9%, Russia 5%, UK 6%, Italy 6%
(1998)
Imports: $47 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports--commodities: machinery and equipment 50%, fuels,
minerals, foodstuffs (1997)
Imports--partners: Germany 16%, Italy 9%, US 9%, Russia 6%, UK 6%,
France 2% (1997)
Debt--external: $93.4 billion (1998)
Economic aid--recipient: ODA, $195 million (1993)
Currency: Turkish lira (TL)
Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--331,400 (January
1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1
(1995), 29,608.7 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 17 million (in addition, there are 1.5 million
cellular telephone subscribers) (1997 est.)
Telephone system: fair domestic and international systems;
undergoing modernization and refurbishment programs
domestic: cable; AMPS standard cellular system in Ashkhabad with
plans for expansion
international: 12 satellite earth stations--Intelsat (Atlantic
Ocean), Eutelsat, and Inmarsat (Indian and Atlantic Ocean regions);
3 submarine fiber-optic cables (1996); connected internationally by
the Trans-Asia-Europe Fiber-Optic Line that became operational in
1998
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: there are 36 national broadcast stations, 108 regional
broadcast stations, and 1,058 local broadcast stations (1996)
Radios: 9.4 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 69 (in addition, there are 476
low-power repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 10.53 million (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 10,386 km
standard gauge: 10,386 km 1.435-m gauge (1,088 km electrified)
Highways:
total: 382,397 km
paved: 95,599 km (including 1,560 km of expressways)
unpaved: 286,798 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: about 1,200 km
Pipelines: crude oil 1,738 km; petroleum products 2,321 km;
natural gas 708 km
Ports and harbors: Gemlik, Hopa, Iskenderun, Istanbul, Izmir,
Kocaeli (Izmit), Icel (Mersin), Samsun, Trabzon
Merchant marine:
total: 531 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,913,171
GRT/9,832,994 DWT
ships by type: bulk 159, cargo 239, chemical tanker 32, combination
bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 12, liquefied gas tanker 5,
oil tanker 36, passenger-cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 3,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 21, short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker
3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 117 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 81
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 5 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 26 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Land Forces, Navy (includes Naval Air and
Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie
Military manpower--military age: 20 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 18,168,658 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 11,024,173 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 659,338 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $6.737 billion (1997)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 4.3% (1997)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: complex maritime, air, and territorial
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece;
dispute with downstream riparian states (Syria and Iraq) over water
development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; traditional
demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided
Illicit drugs: major transit route for Southwest Asian heroin and
hashish to Western Europe and--to a far lesser extent the US--via air,
land, and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other
international trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul;
laboratories to convert imported morphine base into heroin are in
remote regions of Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government
maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy
cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate
======================================================================
@Turkmenistan
------------
Geography