processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as
jewelry; electric appliances and components, computers and parts,
integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest
tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer
Industrial production growth rate: -10% (1998)
Electricity--production: 82 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 91.46%
hydro: 8.54%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 82.561 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 79 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 640 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn,
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans
Exports: $51.6 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports--commodities: manufactures 82% (computers and parts 16%),
agricultural products and fisheries 14% (1997)
Exports--partners: US 19.6%, Japan 14.9%, Singapore 11%, Hong Kong
5.7%, Malaysia 4.3%, UK 3.7% (1997)
Imports: $73.5 billion (c.i.f., 1996)
Imports--commodities: capital goods 50%, intermediate goods and
raw materials 22%, consumer goods 10.2%, fuels 8.7% (1997)
Imports--partners: Japan 25.6%, US 13.9%, Singapore 5%, Taiwan
4.6%, Germany 4.5%, Malaysia 4.1% (1997)
Debt--external: $90 billion (1997)
Economic aid--recipient: $1.732 billion (1995)
Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1--36.624 (January 1999), 41.359
(1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996), 24.915 (1995), 25.150 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 October--30 September
Communications
Telephones: 1,553,200 (1994 est.)
Telephone system: service to general public adequate, but
investments in technological upgrades reduced by recession; bulk of
service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and
microwave radio relay network
domestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic
satellite system being developed
international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 200 (in government-controlled
network), FM 100 (in government-controlled network), shortwave 0
Radios: 10.75 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 5 (all in Bangkok; in addition,
there are 131 repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 3.3 million (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 4,623 km
narrow gauge: 4,623 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track)
Highways:
total: 64,600 km
paved: 62,985 km
unpaved: 1,615 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor
waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket,
Sattahip, Si Racha, Songkhla
Merchant marine:
total: 293 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,848,626
GRT/2,989,382 DWT
ships by type: bulk 41, cargo 135, chemical tanker 5, combination
bulk 1, container 13, liquefied gas tanker 17, multifunction
large-load carrier 3, oil tanker 61, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo
11, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1, specialized
tanker 2 (1998 est.)
Airports: 107 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 56
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 17
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 51
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 35 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes
Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 17,486,014 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 10,536,417 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 585,562 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $1.95 billion (FY97/98)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 2.5% (FY97/98)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: parts of the border with Laos are
indefinite; maritime boundary with Vietnam resolved, August 1997;
parts of border with Cambodia are indefinite; maritime boundary with
Cambodia not clearly defined; sporadic conflict with Burma over
alignment of border
Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana;
major illicit transit point for heroin en route to the international
drug market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced
the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to
neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by
eradication efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role
in amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamines and heroin
======================================================================
@Togo
----
Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between
Benin and Ghana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 1 10 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 56,790 sq km
land: 54,390 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,647 km
border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 30 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pic Agou 986 m
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land: 38%
permanent crops: 7%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 17%
other: 34% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in
north during winter; periodic droughts
Environment--current issues: deforestation attributable to
slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent
droughts affecting agriculture
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
People
Population: 5,081,413 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 1,229,026; female 1,218,956)
15-64 years: 50% (male 1,223,371; female 1,299,519)
65 years and over: 2% (male 49,890; female 60,651) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.51% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 44.78 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 9.69 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 77.55 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 59.25 years
male: 56.93 years
female: 61.64 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.53 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese
Ethnic groups: native African (37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and
Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe
and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye
(sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African
languages in the north)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.7%
male: 67%
female: 37% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togo
Data code: TO
Government type: republic under transition to multiparty
democratic rule
Capital: Lome
Administrative divisions: 5 regions (regions, singular--region);
De La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des Savanes, Du Centre, Maritime
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN
trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High
Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27
September 1992
Legal system: French-based court system
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April
1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since August 1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the
prime minister
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of
vote--Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (81 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA
February 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--CAR
36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1
note: as a result of defections from the CAR to the RPT and the
merging of the UJD with the RPT, representation in the National
Assembly in August 1997 was RPT 42, CAR 32, UTD 5, CFN 1,
independent 1
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court
or Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People or
FOLLY]; Pan-African Sociodemocrats Group or GSP, an alliance of
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA,
was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was
legalized 12 April 1991
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU,
MINURCA, MINURSO, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Akosita FINEANGANOFO
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Brenda Brown SCHOONOVER
embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
Flag description: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and
bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star
on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy--overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily
dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which
provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cocoa, coffee, and
cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is
self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal, with
occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector,
phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, although it
has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices and
increased foreign competition. Togo serves as a regional commercial
and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by
the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures,
encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with
expenditures has stalled. Political unrest, including private and
public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the
reform program, shrunk the tax base, and disrupted vital economic
activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50%
provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment;
these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a
return to overt political calm. Progress depends on following
through on privatization, increased transparency in government
accounting to accommodate increased social service outlays, and
possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has
depended to stay in place. However, in late 1998 the EU suspended
aid and trade preferences for Togo because of grave doubts over the
conduct of the presidential elections. The World Bank also suspended
its disbursements at yearend 1998 because Togo was unable to pay its
arrears.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$8.2 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 3.8% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,670 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 32%
industry: 23%
services: 45% (1995)
Population below poverty line: 32.3% (1987-89 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.2% (1997)
Labor force: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
Labor force--by occupation: agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services
30% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $232 million
expenditures: $252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1997 est.)
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement;
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: 13.6% (1995)
Electricity--production: 88 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 93.18%
hydro: 6.82%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 408 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 320 million kWh (1996)
note: imports electricity from Ghana
Agriculture--products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava
(tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock; fish
Exports: $345 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports--commodities: cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa
Exports--partners: Canada 7.6%, Taiwan 7.1%, Nigeria 6.8%, South
Africa 5.2% (1996 est.)
Imports: $400 million (f.o.b., 1997)
Imports--commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods,
petroleum products
Imports--partners: Ghana 19.1%, France 10.8%, China 8.2%, Cameroon
6.8% (1996 est.)
Debt--external: $1.5 billion (1996)
Economic aid--recipient: $201.1 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55
(1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 47,000 (10,000 cellular telephone subscribers) (1998
est.)
Telephone system: fair system based on network of microwave radio
relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines and cellular system
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional
system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
international: satellite earth stations--1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
and 1 Symphonie
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 795,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 3 (in addition, there are two
repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 24,000 (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 525 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 50 km Mono river
Ports and harbors: Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 9 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 1,102,453 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 578,109 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $27 million (1996)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 2% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
Illicit drugs: transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine
traffickers
======================================================================
@Tokelau
-------
Geography
Location: Oceania, group of three islands in the South Pacific
Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area--comparative: about 17 times the size of The Mall in
Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile)
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 100% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Environment--current issues: very limited natural resources and
overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand
Environment--international agreements:
party to: NA
signed, but not ratified: NA
People
Population: 1,471 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over: NA
Population growth rate: -0.92% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA
male: NA
female: NA
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic groups: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic
28%, other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with
the Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Tokelau
Data code: TL
Dependency status: territory of New Zealand; note--Tokelauans are
drafting a constitution, developing institutions and patterns of
self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with
Wellington
Government type: NA
Capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of
Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948,
as amended in 1970
Legal system: British and local statutes
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); the UK
and New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay WATT (since
NA March 1993)
head of government: Aliki Faipule FALIMATEAO (since NA 1997)
cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of three elected
leaders, one from each atoll; functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed
by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the
head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves
a one-year term
Legislative branch: unicameral General Fono (45 seats--15 from
each of the three atolls; members chosen by each atoll's Council of
Elders or Taupulega to serve three-year terms); note--the Tokelau
Amendment Act of 1996 confers legislative power on the General Fono
Judicial branch: Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and
criminal jurisdiction
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of New
Zealand)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of New
Zealand)
Flag description: the flag of New Zealand is used
Economy
Economy--overview: Tokelau's small size (three villages),
isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic
development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The
people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public
services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The
principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage
stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to
families from relatives in New Zealand.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$1.5 million (1993 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: NA%
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,000 (1993 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $430,830
expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of
$37,300 (1987 est.)
Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity--production: NA kWh
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: NA%
hydro: NA%
nuclear: NA%
other: NA%
Electricity--consumption: NA kWh
Electricity--exports: NA kWh
Electricity--imports: NA kWh
Agriculture--products: coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas,
bananas; pigs, poultry, goats
Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983)
Exports--commodities: stamps, copra, handicrafts
Exports--partners: NZ
Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983)
Imports--commodities: foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Imports--partners: NZ
Debt--external: $0
Economic aid--recipient: $3.8 million (1995)
Currency: 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.8560
(January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235
(1995), 1.6844 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 April--31 March
Communications
Telephones: NA
Telephone system:
domestic: radiotelephone service between islands
international: radiotelephone service to Western Samoa;
government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with three
satellite earth stations, established in 1997
Radio broadcast stations: AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
note: each atoll has a radio broadcast station of NA type that
broadcasts shipping and weather reports
Radios: 1,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: NA (1997)
Televisions: NA
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km
Ports and harbors: none; offshore anchorage only
Merchant marine: none
Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from
Western Samoa
Military
Military--note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
======================================================================
@Tonga
-----
Geography
Location: Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about
two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 175 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total: 748 sq km
land: 718 sq km
water: 30 sq km
Area--comparative: four times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 419 km
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December
to May), cool season (May to December)