Death rate: 9.32 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 7.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.99 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.65 years
male: 74.58 years
female: 80.83 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.57 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg
Ethnic groups: Celtic base (with French and German blend),
Portuguese, Italian, and European (guest and worker residents)
Religions: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
Languages: Luxembourgian, German, French, English
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: 100%
female: 100% (1980 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand-Duche de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
Data code: LU
Government type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher,
Luxembourg
Independence: 1839 (from the Netherlands)
National holiday: National Day, 23 June (1921) (public
celebration of the Grand Duke's birthday)
Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
chief of state: Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964); Heir
Apparent Prince HENRI (son of the monarch, born 16 April 1955)
head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Claude JUNCKER (since 1
January 1995) and Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July
1984)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch, responsible
to the Chamber of Deputies
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and vice
prime minister appointed by the monarch but are responsible to the
Chamber of Deputies
Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des
Deputes (60 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 12 June 1994 (next to be held by 13 June 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--CSV
21, LSAP 17, DP 12, Action Committee for Democracy and Pension
Rights 5, Greens 5
note: the Council of State or Conseil d'Etat, which has 21 members
who are appointed for life, is an advisory body whose views are
considered by the Chamber of Deputies
Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice or Cour Superieure de
Justice, judges are appointed for life by the monarch;
Administrative Court or Tribunale Administratin, judges are
appointed for life by the monarch
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social People's Party or
Political pressure groups and leaders: group of steel companies
representing iron and steel industry; Centrale Paysanne representing
agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions;
Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
International organization participation: ACCT, Australia Group,
Benelux, CCC, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MTCR, NATO, NEA, NSG, OECD, OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTrO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Arlette CONZEMIUS
chancery: 2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: New York and San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marie MURRAY
embassy: 22 Boulevard Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City
mailing address: American Embassy Luxembourg, Unit 1410, APO AE
09126-1410 (official mail); American Embassy Luxembourg, PSC 9, Box
9500, APO AE 09123 (personal mail)
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top),
white, and light blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands, which
uses a darker blue and is shorter; design was based on the flag of
France
Economy
Economy--overview: The stable, prosperous economy features
moderate growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. The industrial
sector, until recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly
more diversified. During the past decades, growth in the financial
sector has more than compensated for the decline in steel. Services,
especially banking, account for a growing proportion of the economy.
Agriculture is based on small family-owned farms. Luxembourg has
especially close trade and financial ties to Belgium and the
Netherlands, and as a member of the EU, enjoys the advantages of the
open European market. It joined with 10 other EU members to launch
the euro on 1 January 1999.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$13.9 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 2.9% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$32,700 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 1%
industry: 22%
services: 77% (1998 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.4% (1998)
Labor force: 226,500 (one-third of labor force is foreign
workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany)
(1998 est.)
Labor force--by occupation: services 83.2%, industry 14.3%,
agriculture 2.5% (1998 est.)
Unemployment rate: 3% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $5.46 billion
expenditures: $5.44 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1997 est.)
Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
Industrial production growth rate: 3.3% (1995 est.)
Electricity--production: 1.158 billion kWh (1997)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 90.12%
hydro: 9.88%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 5.381 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 800 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 5.8 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine
grapes; livestock products
Exports: $7.1 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
Exports--commodities: finished steel products, chemicals, rubber
products, glass, aluminum, other industrial products
Exports--partners: Germany 28%, France 18%, Belgium 15%, UK 7%,
Netherlands 5%
Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1996)
Imports--commodities: minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality
consumer goods
Imports--partners: Belgium 38%, Germany 25%, France 11%,
Netherlands 4%
Debt--external: $NA
Economic aid--donor: ODA, $65 million (1995)
Currency: 1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes; note--centimes
no longer in use
Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1--34.77 (January
1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996), 29.480 (1995),
33.456 (1994); note--the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian
franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common
currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some
member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed
rate of 40.3399 francs per euro; the euro will replace the local
currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 279,736 (1997)
Telephone system: highly developed, completely automated and
efficient system, mainly buried cables
domestic: nationwide cellular telephone system; buried cable
international: 3 channels leased on TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable
(Europe to North America)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 0, FM 6, shortwave 0
Radios: 230,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 5 (1997)
Televisions: 100,500 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 275 km
standard gauge: 275 km 1.435-m gauge (262 km electrified; 178 km
double track) (1995)
Highways:
total: 5,137 km
paved: 5,086 km (including 123 km of expressways)
unpaved: 51 km (1996 est.)
note: one source lists roads 2,863 km; expressways 115 km
Waterways: 37 km; Moselle
Pipelines: petroleum products 48 km
Ports and harbors: Mertert
Merchant marine:
total: 37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,033,045 GRT/1,480,023
DWT
ships by type: bulk 1, chemical tanker 6, liquefied gas tanker 13,
oil tanker 6, passenger 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 6, vehicle carrier
1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 1
under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower--military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 108,285 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 88,813 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 2,452 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $124 million (FY97)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 0.8% (1995)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
======================================================================
@Macau
-----
Geography
Location: Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China
Geographic coordinates: 22 10 N, 113 33 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total: 21 sq km
land: 21 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area--comparative: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries:
total: 0.34 km
border countries: China 0.34 km
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims: not specified
Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Terrain: generally flat
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 98% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: NA
Environment--current issues: NA
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Ozone Layer Protection (extended from Portugal)
signed, but not ratified: NA
Geography--note: essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges
connect the two islands of Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on
mainland
People
Population: 437,312 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 24% (male 54,456; female 50,912)
15-64 years: 69% (male 142,575; female 158,132)
65 years and over: 7% (male 12,547; female 18,690) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.86% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 12.5 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 3.48 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 9.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 4.23 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 81.88 years
male: 78.79 years
female: 85.13 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.27 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Macanese (singular and plural)
adjective: Macau
Ethnic groups: Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%
Religions: Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35%
(1997 est.)
Languages: Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90%
male: 93%
female: 86% (1981 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Macau
local long form: none
local short form: Ilha de Macau
Data code: MC
Dependency status: Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration; note--scheduled to revert to China on 20 December 1999
Government type: NA
Capital: Macau
Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos,
singular--concelho); Ilhas, Macau
Independence: none (Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration; Portugal signed an agreement with China on 13 April
1987 to return Macau to Chinese administration on 20 December 1999;
in the joint declaration, China promises to respect Macau's existing
social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years after
transition)
National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June (1580)
Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau; Macau's
future constitution, the "Basic Law", promulgated by China's
National People's Congress on 31 March 1993, will go into effect 20
December 1999
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO of Portugal (since 9 March
1996)
head of government: Governor General Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA
(since 20 March 1991)
cabinet: Consultative Council consists of a total of 15 members--five
appointed by the governor, two nominated by the governor, five
elected for a four-year term (two represent administrative bodies,
one represents moral, cultural, and welfare interests, and two
represent economic interests), and three statutory members
elections: Portuguese president elected by popular vote for a
five-year term; governor general appointed by the Portuguese
president after consultation with the Legislative Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (23 seats; 8
elected by popular vote, 8 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the
governor; members serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held NA 2000)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--APPEM
2, CODEM 1, UDM 1, UNIPRO 2, UPD 1, ANMD 1
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, consisting of five magistrates
including the president; lower court judges appointed for three-year
terms by the governor
Political parties and leaders: Uniao Promotora para o Progresso
note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations
are used instead
Political pressure groups and leaders: wealthy Macanese and
Chinese representing local interests, wealthy procommunist merchants
representing China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government
acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over
administration
International organization participation: CCC, ESCAP (associate),
IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), UNESCO (associate), WMO, WToO
(associate), WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (Chinese territory
under Portuguese administration)
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US has no offices in
Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US Consulate General in
Hong Kong
Flag description: the flag of Portugal is used
Economy
Economy--overview: The economy is based largely on tourism
(including gambling) and textile and fireworks manufacturing.
Efforts to diversify have spawned other small industries--toys,
artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector has
accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has
provided about two-thirds of export earnings; the gambling industry
probably represents over 40% of GDP. Macau depends on China for most
of its food, fresh water, and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong
are the main suppliers of raw materials and capital goods. Macau is
scheduled to revert to Chinese administration on 20 December 1999.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$6.9 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: -0.1% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$16,000 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 1%
industry: 40%
services: 59% (1997)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1997)
Labor force: 277,676 (1997)
Labor force--by occupation: industry 28%, restaurants and hotels
28%, other services 44%
Unemployment rate: 3.8% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $1.3 billion
expenditures: $1.07 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, electronics, footwear,
tourism
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity--production: 1.125 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 1.522 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 3 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 400 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: rice, vegetables
Exports: $2.14 billion (f.o.b., 1997)
Exports--commodities: textiles, clothing, toys, electronics,
cement, footwear, machinery
Exports--partners: US 45%, EU 24%, Hong Kong 8%, China 6% (1997)
Imports: $2.075 billion (c.i.f., 1997)
Imports--commodities: raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods,
fuels, lubricants
Imports--partners: China 29%, Hong Kong 25%, EU 12.4%, Japan 9%
(1997)
Debt--external: $0 (1996)
Economic aid--recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1--7.74 (1998), 7.99 (1997),
7.962 (1996), 8.034 (1993-95), 7.973 (1992); note--linked to the Hong
Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 200,000 (1997 est.)
Telephone system: fairly modern communication facilities
maintained for domestic and international services
domestic: NA
international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to
international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and
China; satellite earth station--1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 3, shortwave 0
Radios: 135,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts)
(1997)
Televisions: 34,000 (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 0 km (1996 est.)
Ports and harbors: Macau
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: no regular military forces, Police Force
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 121,355 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 66,744 (1999 est.)
Military--note: defense is currently the responsibility of
Portugal, but will become the responsibility of China on 20 December
1999
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
======================================================================
@Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of
------------------------------------------
Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, north of Greece
Geographic coordinates: 41 50 N, 22 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 25,333 sq km
land: 24,856 sq km
water: 477 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly larger than Vermont
Land boundaries:
total: 748 km
border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 228 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 221 km (all with Serbia)
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: warm, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold
winters with heavy snowfall
Terrain: mountainous territory covered with deep basins and
valleys; three large lakes, each divided by a frontier line; country
bisected by the Vardar River
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vardar River 50 m
highest point: Golem Korab (Majae Korabit) 2,753 m
Natural resources: chromium, lead, zinc, manganese, tungsten,
nickel, low-grade iron ore, asbestos, sulfur, timber
Land use:
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 25%
forests and woodland: 39%
other: 10% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 830 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: high seismic risks
Environment--current issues: air pollution from metallurgical
plants
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography--note: landlocked; major transportation corridor from
Western and Central Europe to Aegean Sea and Southern Europe to
Western Europe
People
Population: 2,022,604 (July 1999 est.)
note: the Macedonian Government census of July 1994 put the
population at 1.94 million, but ethnic allocations were likely
undercounted
Age structure:
0-14 years: 23% (male 243,190; female 228,491)
15-64 years: 67% (male 680,692; female 673,923)
65 years and over: 10% (male 88,116; female 108,192) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.64% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 15.21 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 8.03 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 18.68 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 73.05 years
male: 70.93 years
female: 75.34 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Macedonian(s)
adjective: Macedonian
Ethnic groups: Macedonian 66%, Albanian 23%, Turkish 4%, Serb 2%,
Gypsies 3%, other 2%
Religions: Eastern Orthodox 67%, Muslim 30%, other 3%
Languages: Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%,
Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%
Literacy: NA
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
conventional short form: none
local long form: Republika Makedonija
local short form: Makedonija
abbreviation: FYROM
Data code: MK
Government type: emerging democracy
Capital: Skopje
Administrative divisions: 34 counties (opstinas,
singular--opstina) Berovo, Bitola, Brod, Debar, Delcevo, Gevgelija,
Gostivar, Kavadarci, Kicevo, Kocani, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka,
Krusevo, Kumanovo, Murgasevo, Negotino, Ohrid, Prilep, Probistip,
Radovis, Resen, Skopje-Centar, Skopje-Cair, Skopje-Karpos,
Skopje-Kisela Voda, Skopje-Gazi Baba, Stip, Struga, Strumica, Sveti
Nikole, Tetovo, Titov Veles, Valandovo, Vinica
note: in September 1996, the Macedonian Assembly passed legislation
changing the territorial division of the country; names of the 123
new municipalities are not yet available
Independence: 17 September 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday: 8 September
Constitution: adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991
Legal system: based on civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Kiro GLIGOROV (since 27 January 1991)
head of government: Prime Minister Ljubco GEORGIEVSKI (since 30
November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers elected by the majority vote of all
the deputies in the Assembly; note--cabinet formed by the government
coalition parties VMRO-DPMNE, DA, and DPA
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 October 1994 (next to be held NA October 1999)
election results: Kiro GLIGOROV elected president; percent of
vote--Kiro GLIGOROV 78.4%