chief of state: President Henri Konan BEDIE (since 7 December 1993);
note--succeeded to the presidency following the death of President
Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY, who had served continuously since November
1960
head of government: Prime Minister Daniel Kablan DUNCAN (since 10
December 1993)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 22 October 1995 (next to be held October 2000);
prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Henri Konan BEDIE elected president; percent of
vote--Henri Konan BEDIE 96%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (175 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: elections last held 27 November 1995 (next to be held NA
November 2000)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--PDCI
150, RDR 13, FPI 12
note: a Senate will be created in 2000
Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Cote
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MINURCA, NAM, OAU, OPCW,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Koffi Moise KOUMOUE-KOFFI
chancery: 2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador George MU
embassy: 5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan
mailing address: 01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist
side), white, and green; similar to the flag of Ireland, which is
longer and has the colors reversed--green (hoist side), white, and
orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is green (hoist
side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France
Economy
Economy--overview: Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest
producers and exporters of coffee, cocoa beans, and palm oil.
Consequently, the economy is highly sensitive to fluctuations in
international prices for these products and to weather conditions.
Despite attempts by the government to diversify the economy, it is
still largely dependent on agriculture and related activities, which
engage roughly 68% of the population. After several years of lagging
performance, the Ivorian economy began a comeback in 1994, due to
the devaluation of the CFA franc and improved prices for cocoa and
coffee, growth in nontraditional primary exports such as pineapples
and rubber, limited trade and banking liberalization, offshore oil
and gas discoveries, and generous external financing and debt
rescheduling by multilateral lenders and France. The 50% devaluation
of Franc Zone currencies on 12 January 1994 caused a one-time jump
in the inflation rate to 26% in 1994, but the rate fell sharply in
1996-98. Moreover, government adherence to donor-mandated reforms
led to a jump in growth to 6% annually in 1996-98. Growth may slow
in 1999-2000 because of the difficulty of meeting the conditions of
international donors and continued low prices of key exports.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$24.2 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 6% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,680 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 31%
industry: 20%
services: 49% (1995)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 28.5% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $2.3 billion
expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $640
million (1997 est.)
Industries: foodstuffs, beverages; wood products, oil refining,
automobile assembly, textiles, fertilizer, construction materials,
electricity
Industrial production growth rate: 15% (annual rate, first half
1998)
Electricity--production: 1.88 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 22%
hydro: 47%
nuclear: 0%
other: 31% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 1.88 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: coffee, cocoa beans, bananas, palm kernels,
corn, rice, manioc (tapioca), sweet potatoes, sugar, cotton, rubber;
timber
Exports: $4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports--commodities: cocoa 36%, coffee, tropical woods,
petroleum, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton, fish
Exports--partners: Netherlands 17%, France 15%, Germany 7%, US 6%,
Italy 5% (1997)
Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports--commodities: food, consumer goods; capital goods, fuel,
transport equipment
Imports--partners: France 28%, Nigeria 20%, US 6%, Italy 5%,
Germany 4% (1997)
Debt--external: $16.8 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: ODA, $1 billion (1996 est.)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (January 1999),
589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20
(1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 200,000 (1988 est.)
Telephone system: well-developed by African standards but
operating well below capacity
domestic: open-wire lines and microwave radio relay
international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean
and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 coaxial submarine cables
Radio broadcast stations: AM 71, FM 4, shortwave 13
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 14 (1997)
Televisions: 810,000 (1993 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 660 km
narrow gauge: 660 km 1.000-meter gauge; 25 km double track (1995
est.)
Highways:
total: 50,400 km
paved: 4,889 km
unpaved: 45,511 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: 980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal
lagoons
Ports and harbors: Abidjan, Aboisso, Dabou, San-Pedro
Merchant marine:
total: 1 oil tanker (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,200 GRT/1,500 DWT
(1998 est.)
Airports: 36 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 7
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 29
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 9 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Republican Guard (includes Presidential Guard),
Sapeur-Pompier (Military Fire Group)
Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 3,677,627 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,917,433 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 178,860 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $94 million (1998)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 0.9% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for local
consumption; minor transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast
Asian heroin to Europe and occasionally to the US, and for Latin
American cocaine destined for Europe
======================================================================
@Croatia
-------
Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea,
between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia
Geographic coordinates: 45 10 N, 15 30 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 56,538 sq km
land: 56,410 sq km
water: 128 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 2,197 km
border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km,
Serbia and Montenegro 266 km (241 km with Serbia; 25 km with
Montenegro), Slovenia 670 km
Coastline: 5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)
Maritime claims:
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast
Terrain: geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian
border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline,
and islands
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Dinara 1,830 m
Natural resources: oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore,
calcium, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt
Land use:
arable land: 21%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 20%
forests and woodland: 38%
other: 19% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 30 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes
Environment--current issues: air pollution (from metallurgical
plants) and resulting acid rain is damaging the forests; coastal
pollution from industrial and domestic waste; widespread casualties
and destruction of infrastructure in border areas affected by civil
strife
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification
Geography--note: controls most land routes from Western Europe to
Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits
People
Population: 4,676,865 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 404,761; female 383,088)
15-64 years: 68% (male 1,591,831; female 1,591,106)
65 years and over: 15% (male 272,219; female 433,860) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.1% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 10.34 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 11.14 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 7.84 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74 years
male: 70.69 years
female: 77.52 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.52 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Croat(s)
adjective: Croatian
Ethnic groups: Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%,
Slovenian 0.5%, others 8.1% (1991)
Religions: Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Muslim 1.2%,
Protestant 0.4%, others and unknown 10.8%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian,
Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97%
male: 99%
female: 95% (1991 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Croatia
conventional short form: Croatia
local long form: Republika Hrvatska
local short form: Hrvatska
Data code: HR
Government type: presidential/parliamentary democracy
Capital: Zagreb
Administrative divisions: 21 counties (zupanije,
zupanija--singular): Bjelovar-Bilogora, City of Zagreb,
Dubrovnik-Neretva, Istra, Karlovac, Koprivnica-Krizevci,
Krapina-Zagorje, Lika-Senj, Medimurje, Osijek-Baranja,
Pozega-Slavonia, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Sibenik, Sisak-Moslavina,
Slavonski Brod-Posavina, Split-Dalmatia, Varazdin,
Virovitica-Podravina, Vukovar-Srijem, Zadar-Knin, Zagreb
note: there are two special self-governing districts (kotari,
kotar--singular) under local Serb control: Glina, Knin
Independence: 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday: Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)
Constitution: adopted on 22 December 1990
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal (16 years of age, if
employed)
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Zlatko MATESA (since 7 November
1995); Deputy Prime Ministers Mate GRANIC (since 8 September 1992),
Ivica KOSTOVIC (since 14 October 1993), Jure RADIC (since NA October
1994), Borislav SKEGRO (since 3 April 1993), and Ljerka MINTAS-HODAK
(since November 1995)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 15 June 1997 (next to be held NA 2002); prime
minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: President Franjo TUDJMAN reelected; percent of
vote--Franjo TUDJMAN 61%, Zdravko TOMAC 21%, Vlado GOTOVAC 18%
Legislative branch: bicameral Assembly or Sabor consists of the
House of Counties or Zupanijski Dom (68 seats--63 directly elected by
popular vote, 5 appointed by the president; members serve four-year
terms) and House of Representatives or the Zastupnicki Dom (127
seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve
four-year terms)
elections: House of Counties--last held 13 April 1997 (next to be
held NA 2001); House of Representatives--last held 29 October 1995
(next to be held NA 1999)
election results: House of Counties--percent of vote by party--NA;
seats by party--HDZ 42, HDZ/HSS 11, HSS 2, IDS 2, SDP/PGS/HNS 2,
SDP/HNS 2, HSLS/HSS/HNS 1, HSLS 1; note--in some districts certain
parties ran as coalitions, while in others they ran alone; House of
Representatives--percent of vote by party--HDZ 45.23%,
HSS/IDS/HNS/HKDU/SBHS 18.26%, HSLS 11.55%, SDP 8.93%, HSP 5.01%;
seats by party--HDZ 75, HSLS 12, HSS 10, SDP 10, IDS 4, HSP 4, HNS 2,
SNS 2, HND 1, ASH 1, HKDU 1, SBHS 1, independents 4
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges appointed for eight-year
terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which is elected by
the House of Representatives; Constitutional Court, judges appointed
for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which
is elected by the House of Representatives
Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: BIS (pending member),
CCC, CE, CEI, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
(applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Miomir ZUZUL
chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Cleveland, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William D. MONTGOMERY
embassy: Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb
mailing address: use street address
Flag description: red, white, and blue horizontal bands with
Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered)
Economy
Economy--overview: Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the
Republic of Croatia, after Slovenia, was the most prosperous and
industrialized area, with a per capita output perhaps one-third
above the Yugoslav average. Croatia faces considerable economic
problems stemming from: the legacy of longtime communist
mismanagement of the economy; damage during the internecine fighting
to bridges, factories, power lines, buildings, and houses; the large
refugee and displaced population, both Croatian and Bosnian; and the
disruption of economic ties. Western aid and investment, especially
in the tourist and oil industries, would help restore the economy.
The government has been successful in some reform efforts--partially
macroeconomic stabilization policies--and it has normalized relations
with its creditors. Yet it still is struggling with privatization of
large state enterprises and with bank reform. In 1998, Croatia made
progress in reducing its current account deficit to about 8% of GDP
from 12% the previous year. Economic growth continues to lag,
however, and growing levels of inter-enterprise debt plague the
domestic economy. Four commercial banks were put under government
control and a major conglomerate is teetering on collapse.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$23.6 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 3% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$5,100 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 12%
industry: 24%
services: 64% (1995 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1998)
Labor force: 1.63 million (1998)
Labor force--by occupation: industry and mining 31.1%, agriculture
4.3%, government 19.1% (including education and health), other 45.5%
(1993)
Unemployment rate: 18.6% (yearend 1998)
Budget:
revenues: $5.3 billion
expenditures: $6.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $78.5
million (1997 est.)
Industries: chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated
metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum,
paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles,
shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages;
tourism
Industrial production growth rate: 3.7% (1998 est.)
Electricity--production: 10.682 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 29.25%
hydro: 70.75%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 14.632 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 1 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 4.95 billion kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed,
alfalfa, clover, olives, citrus, grapes, vegetables; livestock,
dairy products
Exports: $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports--commodities: machinery and transport equipment 13.6%,
miscellaneous manufactures 27.6%, chemicals 14.2%, food and live
animals 12.2%, raw materials 6.1%, fuels and lubricants 9.4%,
beverages and tobacco 2.7% (1993)
Exports--partners: Germany 22%, Italy 21%, Slovenia 18% (1994)
Imports: $8.4 billion (c.i.f., 1998)
Imports--commodities: machinery and transport equipment 23.1%,
fuels and lubricants 8.8%, food and live animals 9.0%, chemicals
14.2%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 16.0%, raw materials
3.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.4% (1993)
Imports--partners: Germany 21%, Italy 19%, Slovenia 10% (1994)
Debt--external: $8 billion (October 1998)
Economic aid--recipient: $NA
Currency: 1 Croatian kuna (HRK) = 100 lipas
Exchange rates: Croatian kuna per US$1--6.317 (January 1999),
6.362 (1998), 6.157 (1997), 5.434 (1996), 5.230 (1995), 5.996 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 1.216 million (1993 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: no satellite earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 14, FM 8, shortwave 0
Radios: 1.1 million
Television broadcast stations: 18 (in addition, there are 145
repeaters) (1997)
Televisions: 1.52 million (1992 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 2,296 km
standard gauge: 2,296 km 1.435-m gauge (796 km electrified)
note: some lines remain inoperative or not in use; disrupted by
territorial dispute (1997)
Highways:
total: 27,840 km
paved: 22,690 km (including 330 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,150 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 785 km perennially navigable; large sections of Sava
blocked by downed bridges, silt, and debris
Pipelines: crude oil 670 km; petroleum products 20 km; natural
gas 310 km (1992); note--under repair following territorial dispute
Ports and harbors: Dubrovnik, Dugi Rat, Omisalj, Ploce, Pula,
Rijeka, Sibenik, Split, Vukovar (inland waterway port on Danube),
Zadar
Merchant marine:
total: 64 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 810,226 GRT/1,227,468
DWT
ships by type: bulk 15, cargo 26, chemical tanker 2, combination
bulk 5, container 5, liquefied gas 1, multifunction large-load
carrier 3, oil tanker 1, passenger 1, roll-on/roll-off cargo 2,
short-sea passenger 3 (1998 est.)
Airports: 72 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 21
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 7 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 51
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 42 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Home Guard
Military manpower--military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 1,188,898 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 943,719 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 33,722 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $950 million (1999)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 5% (1999)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: Eastern Slavonia, which was held by
ethnic Serbs during the ethnic conflict, was returned to Croatian
control by the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia
on 15 January 1998; Croatia and Italy made progress toward resolving
a bilateral issue dating from World War II over property and ethnic
minority rights; significant progress has been made with Slovenia
toward resolving a maritime border dispute over direct access to the
sea in the Adriatic; Serbia and Montenegro is disputing Croatia's
claim to the Prevlaka Peninsula in southern Croatia because it
controls the entrance to Boka Kotorska in Montenegro; Prevlaka is
currently under observation by the UN military observer mission in
Prevlaka (UNMOP)
Illicit drugs: transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest
Asian heroin to Western Europe; a minor transit point for maritime
shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe
======================================================================
@Cuba
----
Introduction
Background: Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959, and
his guiding vision has defined Cuba's Communist revolution while his
iron will has held the country together for more than four decades.
CASTRO brought Cuba onto the world stage by inviting Soviet support
in the 1960s, inciting revolutionary movements throughout Latin
America and Africa in the 1970s, and sending his army to fight in
Angola in the 1980s. At home, Havana provided Cubans with high
levels of healthcare, education, and social security while
suppressing the Roman Catholic Church and arresting political
dissidents. Cuba is slowly recovering from severe economic recession
following the withdrawal of former-Soviet subsidies, worth
$4billion-$6 billion per year, in 1990.
Geography
Location: Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, south of Florida
Geographic coordinates: 21 30 N, 80 00 W
Map references: Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
total: 110,860 sq km
land: 110,860 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Land boundaries:
total: 29 km
border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km
note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains
part of Cuba
Coastline: 3,735 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November
to April); rainy season (May to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains, with rugged hills and
mountains in the southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point: Pico Turquino 2,005 m
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese,
salt, timber, silica, petroleum
Land use:
arable land: 24%
permanent crops: 7%
permanent pastures: 27%
forests and woodland: 24%
other: 18% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 9,100 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: the east coast is subject to hurricanes from
August to October (in general, the country averages about one
hurricane every other year); droughts are common
Environment--current issues: pollution of Havana Bay; overhunting
threatens wildlife populations; deforestation