Highways:
total: 14,480 km
paved: 1,028 km
unpaved: 13,452 km (1996 est.)
Waterways: Lake Tanganyika
Ports and harbors: Bujumbura
Airports: 4 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 1
over 3,047 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army (includes naval and air units),
paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower--military age: 16 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 1,260,909 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 658,115 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 73,271 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $25 million (1993)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 2.6% (1993)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: none
======================================================================
@Cambodia
--------
Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand,
between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos
Geographic coordinates: 13 00 N, 105 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total: 181,040 sq km
land: 176,520 sq km
water: 4,520 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
Land boundaries:
total: 2,572 km
border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Coastline: 443 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Natural resources: timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese,
phosphates, hydropower potential
Land use:
arable land: 13%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 11%
forests and woodland: 66%
other: 10% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 920 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding;
occasional droughts
Environment--current issues: illegal logging activities throughout
the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along
the border with Thailand are resulting in habitat loss and declining
biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps
threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a
majority of the population does not have access to potable water;
toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom
(Sihanoukville) in December 1998
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Geography--note: a land of paddies and forests dominated by the
Mekong River and Tonle Sap
People
Population: 11,626,520 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 45% (male 2,667,768; female 2,587,590)
15-64 years: 52% (male 2,821,772; female 3,197,604)
65 years and over: 3% (male 143,016; female 208,770) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.49% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 41.05 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 16.2 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 105.06 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.24 years
male: 46.81 years
female: 49.75 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.81 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Cambodian(s)
adjective: Cambodian
Ethnic groups: Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%
Languages: Khmer (official), French
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 35%
male: 48%
female: 22% (1990 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
conventional short form: Cambodia
local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea
local short form: Kampuchea
Data code: CB
Government type: multiparty liberal democracy under a
constitutional monarchy established in September 1993
Capital: Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces (khett, singular and
plural) and 3 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay
Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe,
Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Krachen, Mondol Kiri,
Otdar Mean Cheay, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu*
(Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab,
Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
note: there may be a new municipality called Pailin
Independence: 9 November 1953 (from France)
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 November (1953)
Constitution: promulgated 21 September 1993
Legal system: primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced
codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
(UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with
influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory;
increasing influence of common law in recent years
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)
head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed
by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the National Assembly
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (122 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)
election results: percent of vote by party--CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%,
SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party--CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15
note: pursuant to the coalition agreement signed in November 1998, a
Senate is being created and the legislature will thus become
bicameral
Judicial branch: Supreme Council of the Magistracy, provided for
in the constitution, was formed in December 1997; a Supreme Court
and lower courts exercise judicial authority
Political parties and leaders: National United Front for an
Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or
International organization participation: ACCT, AsDB, ASEAN
(observer), CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,
IOC, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador VAR HUOTH
chancery: 4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth M. QUINN
embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh
mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
Flag description: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red
(double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple
representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red
band
Economy
Economy--overview: After four years of solid macroeconomic
performance, Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due
to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political
infighting. Foreign investment fell off, and tourism has declined
from 1996 levels. Also, in 1998 the main harvest was hit by drought.
The long-term development of the economy after decades of war
remains a daunting challenge. Human resource levels in the
population are low, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside.
The almost total lack of basic infrastructure in the countryside
will continue to hinder development. Recurring political instability
and corruption within government discourage foreign investment and
delay foreign aid. Even so, growth may resume in 1999 at, say, 2%.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$7.8 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 0% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$700 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 51%
industry: 15%
services: 34% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 15% (1998 est.)
Labor force: 2.5 million to 3 million
Labor force--by occupation: agriculture 80% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $261 million
expenditures: $496 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1995 est.)
Industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products,
rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Industrial production growth rate: 7% (1995 est.)
Electricity--production: 195 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 61.54%
hydro: 38.46%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 195 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: rice, rubber, corn, vegetables
Exports: $736 million (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Exports--commodities: timber, garments, rubber, soybeans, sesame
Exports--partners: Singapore, Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, Malaysia, US
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1997 est.)
Imports--commodities: cigarettes, gold, construction materials,
petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles
Imports--partners: Singapore, Vietnam, Japan, Australia, Hong
Kong, Indonesia, Thailand
Debt--external: $2.2 billion (1996 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: $569.8 million (1995)
Currency: 1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen
Exchange rates: riels (CR) per US$1--3,772.0 (January 1999),
3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996), 2,450.8 (1995),
2,545.3 (1994)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 7,000 (1981 est.)
Telephone system: adequate landline and/or cellular service in
Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little
telephone service
domestic: NA
international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service
available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial
cities; satellite earth station--1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 1 government-operated station and
four commercial stations broadcasting to Phnom Penh and major
provincial cities via relay (1998)
Televisions: 800,000 (1996 est.)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 603 km
narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total: 35,769 km
paved: 4,165 km
unpaved: 31,604 km (1997 est.)
Waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m;
282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 m
Ports and harbors: Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong
Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh
Merchant marine:
total: 141 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 598,867 GRT/841,240 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 16, cargo 108, container 4,
livestock carrier 2, multifunctional large-load carrier 1, oil
tankers 1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 4
note: a flag of convenience registry; includes ships of 8 countries:
Aruba 1, Cyprus 7, Egypt 1, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia
5, Singapore 1 (1998 est.)
Airports: 20 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 7
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 10 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF)--created in
1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the
two noncommunist resistance armies
note: there are also resistance forces comprised of the Khmer Rouge
(also known as the National United Army or NUA) and a separate
royalist resistance movement
Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 2,562,112 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,428,523 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 119,839 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $85.3 million (1998)
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 2.4% (1998)
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: offshore islands and sections of the
boundary with Vietnam are in dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam
not defined; parts of border with Thailand are indefinite; maritime
boundary with Thailand not clearly defined
Illicit drugs: transshipment site for Golden Triangle heroin;
possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly
involving some in the government, military, and police; possible
small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large
producer of cannabis for the international market
======================================================================
@Cameroon
--------
Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Biafra, between
Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria
Geographic coordinates: 6 00 N, 12 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 475,440 sq km
land: 469,440 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 4,591 km
border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km,
Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298
km, Nigeria 1,690 km
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 50 nm
Climate: varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to
semiarid and hot in north
Terrain: diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected
plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Fako 4,095 m
Natural resources: petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber,
hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 13%
permanent crops: 2%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 78%
other: 3% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 210 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: recent volcanic activity with release of
poisonous gases
Environment--current issues: water-borne diseases are prevalent;
deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; poaching; overfishing
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
Geography--note: sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa
People
Population: 15,456,092 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 46% (male 3,562,553; female 3,528,778)
15-64 years: 51% (male 3,907,946; female 3,943,035)
65 years and over: 3% (male 231,521; female 282,259) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 2.79% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 41.84 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 13.95 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population; note--there
may be some migration but figures are not available
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 75.69 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 51.32 years
male: 49.75 years
female: 52.94 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.8 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Cameroonian(s)
adjective: Cameroonian
Ethnic groups: Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%,
Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%,
other African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%
Languages: 24 major African language groups, English (official),
French (official)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 63.4%
male: 75%
female: 52.1% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cameroon
conventional short form: Cameroon
former: French Cameroon
Data code: CM
Government type: unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime
(opposition parties legalized in 1990)
Capital: Yaounde
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est,
Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord, Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest
Independence: 1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French
administration)
National holiday: National Day, 20 May (1972)
Constitution: 20 May 1972
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law
influence; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)
head of government: Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGE (since 19
September 1996)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 12 October 1997 (next to be held NA October
2004); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: President Paul BIYA reelected; percent of
vote--Paul BIYA 93%; note--supporters of the opposition candidates
boycotted the elections, making a comparison of vote shares
relatively meaningless
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (180 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to
serve five-year terms; note--the president can either lengthen or
shorten the term of the legislature)
elections: last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--CDPM
109, SDF 43, UNDP 13, UDC 5, UPC-K 1, MDR 1, MLJC 1; note--7
contested seats will be filled in an election at a time to be set by
the Supreme Court
note: the constitution calls for an upper chamber for the
legislature, to be called Senate, which the government proposed to
establish in 1998
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, judges are appointed by the
president
Political parties and leaders: Cameroon People's Democratic
Movement or CPDM (government-controlled and the only party until
major opposition parties: Cameroonian Democratic Union or UDC
Frederick KODOG]; Union of Cameroonian Democratic Forces or UFOC
Political pressure groups and leaders: Alliance for Change or
general]
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC,
C, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UDEAC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Jerome MENDOUGA
chancery: 2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador John M. YATES
embassy: Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde
mailing address: B. P. 817, Yaounde; pouch: American Embassy,
Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-2520
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist
side), red, and yellow with a yellow five-pointed star centered in
the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy--overview: Because of its oil resources and favorable
agricultural conditions, Cameroon has one of the best-endowed
primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Still, it faces
many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped countries,
such as a top-heavy civil service and a generally unfavorable
climate for business enterprise. Since 1990, the government has
embarked on various IMF and World Bank programs designed to spur
business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve
trade, and recapitalize the nation's banks. The government, however,
has failed to press forward vigorously with these programs. The
latest enhanced structural adjustment agreement was signed in
October 1997; the parties hope this will prove more successful, yet
government mismanagement and corruption remain problems. Inflation
has been brought back under control. Progress toward privatization
of remaining state industry may support economic growth in 1999-2000.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$29.6 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 5% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$2,000 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 42%
industry: 22%
services: 36% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line: 40% (1984 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.5% (1998 est.)
Labor force: NA
Unemployment rate: 30% (1998 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $2.23 billion
expenditures: $2.23 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(FY96/97 est.)
Industries: petroleum production and refining, food processing,
light consumer goods, textiles, lumber
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity--production: 2.73 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 2.93%
hydro: 97.07%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 2.73 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, rubber, bananas,
oilseed, grains, root starches; livestock; timber
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Exports--commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, lumber,
cocoa beans, aluminum, coffee, cotton
Exports--partners: Italy 25%, Spain 20%, France 16%, Netherlands
7% (1997 est.)
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1998)
Imports--commodities: machines and electrical equipment, transport
equipment, fuel, food
Imports--partners: France 25%, Nigeria 8%, US 8%, Germany 6% (1997
est.)
Debt--external: $8.7 billion (1998 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: $606.1 million (1995); note?France signed
two loan agreements totaling $55 million in September 1997, and the
Paris Club agreed in October 1997 to reduce the official debt by 50%
and to reschedule it on favorable terms with a consolidation of
payments due through 2000
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per
US$1--575 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55
(1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)
Fiscal year: 1 July--30 June
Communications
Telephones: 36,737 (1991 est.)
Telephone system: available only to business and government
domestic: cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 8, shortwave 3 (1998)
Radios: 6 million (1998 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1 (1998)
Televisions: 15,000 (1998)
Transportation
Railways:
total: 1,104 km
narrow gauge: 1,104 km 1.000-m gauge (1995 est.)
Highways:
total: 34,300 km
paved: 4,288 km
unpaved: 30,012 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance
Ports and harbors: Bonaberi, Douala, Garoua, Kribi, Tiko
Airports: 52 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 11
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 41
1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
914 to 1,523 m: 21
under 914 m: 12 (1998 est.)
Military