Peru and Colombia) with an estimated 46,900 hectares under
cultivation in 1997, a 2.5% decrease in overall cultivation of coca
from 1996 levels; Bolivia, however, is the second-largest producer
of coca leaf; even so, farmer abandonment and voluntary and forced
eradication programs resulted in leaf production dropping from
75,100 metric tons in 1996 to 73,000 tons in 1997, a 3% decrease
from 1996; government considers all but 12,000 hectares illicit;
intermediate coca products and cocaine exported to or through
Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to the US and other
international drug markets; alternative crop program aims to reduce
illicit coca cultivation
======================================================================
@Bosnia and Herzegovina
----------------------
Introduction
Background: On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the former
Yugoslavia's three warring parties signed a peace agreement that
brought to a halt over three years of interethnic civil strife in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (the final agreement was signed in Paris on
14 December 1995). The Dayton Agreement, signed then by Bosnian
President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN, and Serbian
President MILOSEVIC, divides Bosnia and Herzegovina roughly equally
between the Muslim/Croat Federation and the Republika Srpska while
maintaining Bosnia's currently recognized borders. In 1995-96, a
NATO-led international peacekeeping force (IFOR) of 60,000 troops
served in Bosnia to implement and monitor the military aspects of
the agreement. IFOR was succeeded by a smaller, NATO-led
Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission is to deter renewed
hostilities. SFOR remains in place. A High Representative appointed
by the UN Security Council is responsible for civilian
implementation of the accord, including monitoring implementation,
facilitating any difficulties arising in connection with civilian
implementation, and coordinating activities of the civilian
organizations and agencies in Bosnia. The Bosnian conflict began in
the spring of 1992 when the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
held a referendum on independence and the Bosnian Serbs--supported by
neighboring Serbia--responded with armed resistance aimed at
partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held
areas to form a "greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosnia's Muslims
and Croats reduced the number of warring factions from three to two
by signing an agreement in Washington creating their joint
Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation,
formed by the Muslims and Croats in March 1994, is one of two
entities (the other being the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska)
that comprise Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and
Croatia
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 18 00 E
Map references: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe
Area:
total: 51,233 sq km
land: 51,233 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,459 km
border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312
km with Serbia, 215 km with Montenegro)
Coastline: 20 km
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation
have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy
winters along coast
Terrain: mountains and valleys
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maglic 2,386 m
Natural resources: coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, forests,
copper, chromium, lead, zinc
Land use:
arable land: 14%
permanent crops: 5%
permanent pastures: 20%
forests and woodland: 39%
other: 22% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: frequent and destructive earthquakes
Environment--current issues: air pollution from metallurgical
plants; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread
casualties, water shortages, and destruction of infrastructure
because of the 1992-95 civil strife
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography--note: within Bosnia and Herzegovina's recognized
borders, the country is divided into a joint Muslim/Croat Federation
(about 51% of the territory) and the Bosnian Serb-led Republika
Herzegovina is contiguous to Croatia and traditionally has been
settled by an ethnic Croat majority
People
Population: 3,482,495 (July 1999 est.)
note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable
error because of the dislocations caused by military action and
ethnic cleansing
Age structure:
0-14 years: 17% (male 310,430; female 294,298)
15-64 years: 71% (male 1,221,791; female 1,240,097)
65 years and over: 12% (male 166,876; female 249,003) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.2% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 9.36 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 10.81 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 33.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 24.52 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.98 years
male: 62.55 years
female: 71.71 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.21 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)
adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian
Ethnic groups: Serb 40%, Muslim 38%, Croat 22% (est.); note--the
Croats claim they now make up only 17% of the total population
Religions: Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%,
other 10%
Languages: Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian
Literacy: NA
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina
local long form: none
local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina
Data code: BK
Government type: emerging democracy
Capital: Sarajevo
Administrative divisions: there are two first-order
administrative divisions--the Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina) and the Bosnian
Serb-led Republika Srpska; note--the status of Brcko in north eastern
Bosnia is to be determined by arbitration
Independence: NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)
National holiday: Republika Srpska--"Republic Day," 9 January;
Independence Day, 1 March; Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina--"Republic Day," 25 November
Constitution: the Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995,
included a new constitution now in force
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Zivko RADISIC (since 13
October 1998--Serb); other members of the three-member rotating
(every 8 months) presidency: Ante JELAVIC (since NA September
1998--Croat) and Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 14 March 1996--Muslim)
head of government: Cochairman of the Council of Ministers Haris
SILAJDZIC (since NA January 1997); Cochairman of the Council of
Ministers Suetozar MIHAJLOVIC (since 3 February 1999)
cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairmen
note: President of the Muslim/Croat Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina: Ivo ANDRIC-LUZANIC (since 1 January 1999); Vice
President is Ejup GANIC; note--president and vice president rotate
every 3 months; President of the Republika Srpska: Nikola POPLASEN
(since 29 October 1998)
elections: the three-person presidency members (one Muslim, one
Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
the president with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he was
the incumbent chairman at the time of the election; election last
held 12-13 September 1998 (next to be held September 2002); the
cochairmen of the Council of Ministers are appointed by the
presidency
election results: percent of vote--Zivko RADISIC with 52% of the Serb
vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the first
8 months; Ante JELAVIC with 52% of the Croat vote will follow
RADISIC in the rotation; Alija IZEBEGOVIC with 87% of the Muslim
vote won the highest number of votes in the election but was
ineligible to serve consecutive terms as chairman
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina
consists of the National House of Representatives or Vijece Opcina
(42 seats--14 Serb, 14 Croat, and 14 Muslim; members elected by
popular vote to serve two-year terms) and the House of Peoples or
Vijece Gradanstvo (15 seats--5 Muslim, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members
elected by the Muslim/Croat Federation's House of Representatives
and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve two-year terms)
elections: National House of Representatives--elections last held
12-13 September 1998 (next to be held in the fall 2000); House of
Peoples--last held NA (next to be held NA)
election results: National House of Representatives--percent of vote
by party/coalition--NA; seats by party/coalition--KCD 17, HDZ-BiH 6,
SDP 4, Sloga 4, SDS 4, SDBIH 2, SRS-RS 2, DNZ 1, NHI 1, RSRS 1;
House of Peoples--percent of vote by party/coalition--NA; seats by
party/coalition--NA
note: the Muslim/Croat Federation has a House of Representatives
(140 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve NA year terms);
elections last held NA (next to be held NA); percent of vote by
party--NA; seats by party/coalition--KCD 68, HDZ-BiH 28, SDP 19, SDBIH
6, NHI 4, DNZ 3, DSP 2, BPS 2, HSP 2, SPRS 2, BSP 1, KC 1, BOSS 1,
HSS 1; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats;
members elected by popular vote to serve NA year terms); elections
last held NA (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party--NA;
seats by party/coalition--SDS 19, KCD 15, SNS 12, SRS-RS 11, SPRS 10,
SNSD 6, RSRS 3, SKRS 2, SDP 2, KKO 1, HDZ-BiH 1, NHI 1
Judicial branch: Constitutional Court, consists of nine members:
four members are selected by the Muslim/Croat Federation's House of
Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska National
Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the
European Court of Human Rights
Political parties and leaders: Bosnian Party of Rights or BSP
IZETBEGOVIC; includes SDA, SBH, GDS, LS]; Croatian Democratic Union
BIH or SDP (formerly the Democratic Party of Socialists or DSS)
note: note--SDP and SDBIH announced a merger in 1999
Political pressure groups and leaders: NA
International organization participation: CE (guest), CEI, EBRD,
ECE, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), OAS
(observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dragan BOZANIC
chancery: 2109 E Street NW, Washington, DC 20037
consulate(s) general: New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Richard D. KAUZLARICH
embassy: Alipasina 43, 71000 Sarajevo
mailing address: use street address
Flag description: a wide medium blue vertical band on the fly
side with a yellow isosceles triangle abutting the band and the top
of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium blue with seven
full five-pointed white stars and two half stars top and bottom
along the hypotenuse of the triangle
Government--note: Until declaring independence in spring 1992,
Bosnia and Herzegovina existed as a republic in the former
Yugoslavia. Bosnia was partitioned by fighting during 1992-95 and
governed by competing ethnic factions. Bosnia's current governing
structures were created by the Dayton Agreement, the 1995 peace
agreement which was officially signed in Paris on 14 December 1995
by then Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC, Croatian President TUDJMAN,
and then Serbian President MILOSEVIC. This agreement retained
Bosnia's exterior border and created a joint multi-ethnic and
democratic government. This national government--based on
proportional representation similar to that which existed in the
former socialist regime--is charged with conducting foreign,
economic, and fiscal policy. The Dayton Agreement also recognized a
second tier of government, comprised of two entities--a joint
Muslim/Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serb Republika Srpska
(RS)--each presiding over roughly one-half the territory. The
Federation and RS governments are charged with overseeing internal
functions.
Economy
Economy--overview: Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the
old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in
private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the
republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has
been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of
communist central planning and management. TITO had pushed the
development of military industries in the republic with the result
that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. The
bitter interethnic warfare in Bosnia caused production to plummet by
80% from 1990 to 1995, unemployment to soar, and human misery to
multiply. With an uneasy peace in place, output has recovered in
1996-98 at high percentage rates on a low base, but remains far
below the 1990 level. Key achievements in 1998 included approval of
privatization legislation, the introduction of a national
currency--the convertible mark, agreement with the Paris Club to
reschedule official debt, and the conclusion of a Standby Agreement
with the IMF. Economic data are of limited use because, although
both entities issue figures, national-level statistics are not
available. Moreover, official data do not capture the large share of
activity that occurs on the black market. The country receives
substantial amounts of reconstruction assistance and humanitarian
aid from the international community. Wide regional differences in
war damage and access to the outside world have resulted in
substantial variations in living conditions among local areas and
individual families. In 1999, Bosnia's major goals are to implement
privatization and make progress in fiscal reform and management. In
addition, Bosnia will have to prepare for an era of declining
assistance from the international community.
GDP: purchasing power parity--$5.8 billion (1998 est.)
GDP--real growth rate: 30% (1998 est.)
GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$1,720 (1998 est.)
GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 19%
industry: 23%
services: 58% (1996 est.)
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
Labor force: 1,026,254
Labor force--by occupation: NA%
Unemployment rate: 40%-50% (1996 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $NA
expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese,
bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden
furniture, tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances, oil
refining (much of capacity damaged or shut down) (1995)
Industrial production growth rate: 35% (1998 est.)
Electricity--production: 2.3 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 34.78%
hydro: 65.22%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)
Electricity--consumption: 2.504 billion kWh (1996)
Electricity--exports: 182 million kWh (1996)
Electricity--imports: 386 million kWh (1996)
Agriculture--products: wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
Exports: $152 million (1995 est.)
Exports--commodities: NA
Exports--partners: NA
Imports: $1.1 billion (1995 est.)
Imports--commodities: NA
Imports--partners: NA
Debt--external: $3.5 billion (yearend 1995 est.)
Economic aid--recipient: $1.2 billion (1997 pledged)
Currency: 1 convertible marka (KM) = 100 convertible pfenniga
Exchange rates: NA
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Telephones: 727,000
Telephone system: telephone and telegraph network is in need of
modernization and expansion; many urban areas are below average when
compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics
domestic: NA
international: no satellite earth stations
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios: 840,000
Television broadcast stations: 21 (1997)
Televisions: 1,012,094
Transportation
Railways:
total: 1,021 km (electrified 795 km; operating as diesel or steam
until grids are repaired)
standard gauge: 1,021 km 1.435-m gauge (1995); note--some segments
still need repair and/or reconstruction
Highways:
total: 21,846 km
paved: 11,425 km
unpaved: 10,421 km (1996 est.)
note: roads need maintenance and repair
Waterways: NA km; large sections of Sava blocked by downed
bridges, silt, and debris
Pipelines: crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992);
note--pipelines now disrupted
Ports and harbors: Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski
Samac, and Brcko (all inland waterway ports on the Sava none of
which are fully operational), Orasje
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 25 (1998 est.)
Airports--with paved runways:
total: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 2 (1998 est.)
Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 8 (1998 est.)
Heliports: 3 (1998 est.)
Military
Military branches: Federation Army or VF (composed of both
Croatian and Bosnian Muslim elements), Army of the Serb Republic
(composed of Bosnian Serb elements); note--within both of these
forces air and air defense are subordinate commands
Military manpower--military age: 19 years of age
Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 951,541 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 764,992 (1999 est.)
Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 28,438 (1999 est.)
Military expenditures--dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures--percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues
Disputes--international: disputes with Serbia over Serbian
populated areas
Illicit drugs: minor transit point for marijuana and opiate
trafficking routes to Western Europe
======================================================================
@Botswana
--------
Geography
Location: Southern Africa, north of South Africa
Geographic coordinates: 22 00 S, 24 00 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 600,370 sq km
land: 585,370 sq km
water: 15,000 sq km
Area--comparative: slightly smaller than Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 4,013 km
border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe
813 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Terrain: predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari
Desert in southwest
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Natural resources: diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash,
potash, coal, iron ore, silver
Land use:
arable land: 1%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 46%
forests and woodland: 47%
other: 6% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 20 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow
from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can
obscure visibility
Environment--current issues: overgrazing; desertification; limited
fresh water resources
Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography--note: landlocked; population concentrated in eastern
part of the country
People
Population: 1,464,167 (July 1999 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 42% (male 310,578; female 303,495)
15-64 years: 54% (male 379,836; female 416,073)
65 years and over: 4% (male 20,224; female 33,961) (1999 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.05% (1999 est.)
Birth rate: 31.46 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Death rate: 21 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.6 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (1999 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 59.08 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 39.89 years
male: 39.42 years
female: 40.37 years (1999 est.)
Total fertility rate: 3.91 children born/woman (1999 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Ethnic groups: Batswana 95%, Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi 4%,
white 1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%
Languages: English (official), Setswana
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 69.8%
male: 80.5%
female: 59.9% (1995 est.)
Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
conventional short form: Botswana
former: Bechuanaland
Data code: BC
Government type: parliamentary republic
Capital: Gaborone
Administrative divisions: 10 districts and four town councils*;
Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi,
Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Ngamiland, North-East, Selebi-Pikwe*,
South-East, Southern
Independence: 30 September 1966 (from UK)
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 September (1966)
Constitution: March 1965, effective 30 September 1966
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law;
judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice
President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since NA April 1998); note--the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and
Vice President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since NA April 1998); note--the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term; election last held 15 October 1994 (next to be held
NA October 1999); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Sir Ketumile MASIRE elected president; percent of
National Assembly vote--NA
note: President MASIRE resigned on 31 March 1998; Vice President
MOGAE assumed the presidency pending elections to be held in 1999;
on 2 April 1998, Festus MOGAE, then president, designated Seretse
Ian KHAMA to be vice president
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of the House of
Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs
of the eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three
members selected by the other 12) and the National Assembly (44
seats, 40 members are directly elected by popular vote and 4
appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)
elections: National Assembly--elections last held 15 October 1994
(next to be held NA October 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--BDP
27, BNF 13
Judicial branch: High Court; Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party or BDP
International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Archibald Mooketsa MOGWE
chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036