Selver, P., 23, 49, 142
Seton-Watson, R. W., 16, 17, 52, 112, 164, 167, 173
Shaw, Francis G., 80
Shearer, James W., 73
Sherwood, J. M., 125
Sidney, Sir Philip, 104
Šíma, Joseph, 61
Šimek, Bohumil, 163
Singleton, Esther, 154
Sládek, Josef V., 70, 74, 146
Sloss, Robert, 174
Small, J., 119
Smetana, Bedřich, 23, 50, 51, 70, 151, 153, 154, 157
Smetanka, J. F., 52, 158, 167, 174
Šmilovský, Alois V., 27, 80, 140
Smith, Charlotte F., 104
Smith, J. Milton, 120
Smith, Preserved, 125
Smyth, J. J., 126
Snow, Francis H., 77
Sonnenschein, W. S., 142
Soskice, Juliet M., 79
Soukup, Anthony M., 74
Špaček, Anna, 154
Spalding, M. J., 126
Stanton, Theodore, 180
Steed, H. Wickham, 16, 52, 104, 162, 167, 174
Steiner, Edward A., 180, 183
Stevenson, I. P., 174
Stevenson, W. F., 126
Stiles, William H., 104
Stoddard, J. L., 190
Straka, Adolf W., 24, 74
Street, G. S., 193
Strickland, Agnes, 29, 105
Šubert, František A., 77
Sum, A., 21, 65
Švarc, Václav, 183
Světlá, Karolina, 27, 70, 80
Svobodová, Růžena, 82
Swehla, Francis J., 183
Sweny, H. W., 178
Swoboda, Wenceslaus A., 144
Sýkora, A. J., 187
Symons, Arthur, 55, 177, 178
Taillandier, R. G., 15
Talvj (Robinson)
Taylor, Bayard, 15, 190
Taylor, John, 32, 93
Thurloe, John, 34
Thurston, Herbert, 126
Tille, Václav, 146
Tomek, V. V., 39
Torrey, H. W., 126
Toynbee, Arnold J., 167, 174
Trench, Richard C., 120
Troutbeck, Rev., 152
Turner, R. W., 183
Twain, Mark, 174
Tymarchus, Joshua, 46, 133
Tyrš, Miroslav, 56, 70, 185
Tyrš, Renata, 63
Ullman, C., 120
Updike, D. B., 63
Upham, T. C., 134
Váňa, Jan, 74
Van Dyke, Paul, 120
Varillas, Antoine, 120
Vaughn, Robert, 34, 136
Vericour, L. R. de, 107
Vernalecken, Theodore, 84
Vertue, George, 20, 58, 67
Vickers, Robert H., 23, 36, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80, 105, 142, 171
Vizetelly, E. A., 191
Vlach, J. J., 183
Vojan, J. E. S., 61, 63, 67, 69, 98, 126, 139, 157, 174
Vondrous, J. C., 61
Vostrovský, Clara (Winlow), 69, 80, 82, 139
Vrchlický, Jaroslav, 70, 77, 146, 152
Vymazal, F., 26, 75
Walmsley, 159
Warburton-Egerton, R. E., 142
Ward, A. W., 38, 105, 146
Washington, Booker T., 174
Watson, Foster, 139
Wertenbaker, T. J., 174
Wharton, Leonard C., 18, 19, 22, 65
Whately, Jane E., 120
White, Walter, 191
Wickliffe, John, 29, 30, 38, 79, 105, 114, 118, 120, 121, 122
Wiener, Leo, 49, 142, 163, 175
Williams, Robert F., 120
Williams, Samuel G., 137
Williams, William H., 105
Wilson, Woodrow, 53
Winlow, Clara Vostrovský, 69, 80, 82, 139
Wistein, Rose, 175
Wittelshöfer, O., 175
Workman, Herbert B., 111, 121, 124
World’s Best Essays, 137
Worthington, John, 120, 137
Wortley, Sir Francis, 95, 96
Wratislaw, A. H., 28, 39, 48, 84, 104, 106, 107, 121, 126, 143
Wratislaw, Baron Mitrowitz W., 29, 48, 105
Wyatt, Margaret A., 121
Wylie, James H., 121
Yarros, Gregory, 65
Zajíček, Frank, 154
Zdrůbek, F. B., 25, 75
Zelenka, Lerando L., 157
Zeman, Josephine Humpal, 182, 183, 184
Žerotín, Lord Karel, 41, 70
Zeyer, Julius, 27, 82, 140
Žižka, John, 18, 70, 110, 114, 115, 127
Zmrhal, Jaroslav J., 26, 75, 98, 141, 148, 158
_Printed in the United States of America_
[Transcriber's Note: Following are transcriptions of the last two
illustrations.]
THE
BOHEMIAN VOICE
ORGAN OF THE BOHEMIAN-AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES.
Vol. 1. OMAHA, NEB., SEPTEMBER 1, 1892. No. 1.
NOTES.
Once Protestant, Bohemia at present is overwhelmingly Catholic. In 1890
the Catholics numbered 96.17 per cent, the Protestants 2.22 per cent and
the Jews 1.56 per cent. It must be borne in mind, however, that prior to
1781, in which year the “Patent of Toleration” was issued, no other church
was tolerated outside the Catholic.
* *
*
Bohemia may be said to be a country of farmers, judging from the number
of persons engaged in agricultural pursuits. Out of every one thousand
people 408.7 per cent are engaged in the cultivation of soil and forestry;
352.6 per cent find employment in manufacturing and mining, 59.5 per cent
in commerce, railroading, etc., and 87.8 per cent earn their living as
laborers.
* *
*
Illiteracy in Bohemia is rapidly disappearing. According to the general
census of 1890 the ratio of adults unable to read and write is 19.69 per
cent, which compares favorably with that of the most advanced of European
nations. Figures compiled in 1881 show the ratio of illiteracy to be in
England, 16 per cent; Scotland, 12; Ireland, 33; France, 22; Germany, 6;
Russia, 89; Austria 51 (education is especially backward in Hungary and
Transylvania); Italy, 59; Spain and Portugal, 66; Switzerland, 12, Belgium
and Holland, 14; Scandinavia, 13.
* *
*
Curiously enough, the natives do not call their country “Bohemia,” but
_Cechy_, nor themselves “Bohemians,” but “Cechs,” pron. “Chekhs” or
“Czechs.” Tradition has it that the leader’s name who conducted the first
Slav tribe to Bohemia was Cech, hence the race name. The Latin chroniclers
of the Middle Ages were altogether ignorant of this, and persisted in
calling the people who bore it Bohemians, and thus the Slavs of Bohemia
inherited the name of the Boii (Germanic race) whom they had displaced.
* *
*
Superintendent of the Census Bureau, Mr. Porter, would hardly sanction the
method adopted by the Austrian government in determining the nationality
of a people. In Bohemia the _language_ spoken is the test. Americans or
Irishmen would, therefore, in Austria, be classed as “English,” because
they speak that language. This ingenious method is highly “useful,”
especially in the present conflict of races, for it helps to bolster up
the minority in the land, deceiving many as to the actual strength of the
Chekhs, thousands of whom use the German language in business and social
relations. Accepting the language as a test, 62.79 per cent were found
in 1890 in Bohemia to “use” the Bohemian and 37.19 per cent the German
tongue.
Austria is a perfect mosaic of races. This diversity is best exemplified
in the complexion of the schools, where all the dominant languages of the
monarchy clamor for recognition. There are universities at Vienna, Prague,
Gratz, Innsbruck, Cernovice, Cracow, Lwow, Buda-Pesth, Kolosvar and
Zagreb. The universities in Vienna, Gratz, Innsbruck and Cernovice teach
in German; the Prague in Chekh; that of Lwow in Polish and Ruthenian; that
of Cracow in Polish; those of Buda-Pesth and Kolosvar in Magyar; that of
Zagreb in Croatian.
* *
*
An Englishman traveling through Bohemia thus describes the people in the
_Illustrated News_: “As for the people there was not a sign of the dreamy
sadness and strange mysticism of the Slav that one is forever reading
about. They worked with a dogged energy and commonplace industry that
would not have been out of the way in Zola’s peasants. In no other country
is it so impossible to remain unconscious of the surplus population
question and the hopelessness of the peasant’s fate. In Germany, or during
our rides in France, in Italy, in England we sometimes had the road to
ourselves; in Bohemia, never. There was always someone just behind us or
in front of us.” This latter statement about the density of population
will be understood when we remember that but 4½ per cent. of all the land
in Bohemia is not under cultivation.
* *
*
Like Ireland Bohemia is governed by a lieutenant governor appointed by
the sovereign. The highest legislative power in the land is the diet
convoking in Prague and composed of 242 members elected by the people.
One archbishop, three bishops and two university rectors, however, hold
their seats by virtue of office. As may be imagined the power the diet
exercises is very limited, the deliberations depending on the pleasure
or displeasure of the emperor, who selects the presiding officer. The
latter is styled as the “marshal,” or “high marshal.” The diet has the
prerogative of electing a standing committee of eight members known as
the “land committee” (zemsky vybor) and over this committee again the
marshal presides. For political and administrative purposes the country
is divided into circles, the circles are sub-divided into captaincies.
The two crownlands, Moravia and Silesia, have each 100 and 31 deputies in
their home diets, respectively. The government officials, though great
reforms have taken place of late, are far from popular. This is especially
the case with the military captains, for whom the people conceive as much
liking as the Italians had for Radetzky and Pachta. Insufferably stiff,
cold, repellent and severe, they were regarded by the people as the source
of all their woes.
THE BOHEMIAN REVIEW
OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE BOHEMIAN (CZECH) NATIONAL ALLIANCE OF AMERICA
Jaroslav F. Smetanka, Editor, 2324 S. Central Park Ave., Chicago.
J. J. Fekl, Business Manager, 2816 S. St. Louis Ave., Chicago.
Vol. I., No. 1. FEBRUARY, 1917. 10 cents a Copy
$1.00 per Year
_Masaryk and His Work_
A patriot desires but one reward: that he should live to see his labors
bear fruit. On January 12, 1917, thousands of Czechs in the United
States found time in the midst of their joyous celebration of the dawn
of Bohemia’s independence to remember the grand old man of Bohemia,
Thomas Garigue Masaryk. He it was who put the ancient kingdom of Bohemia
once more upon the map of Europe. On the day when the Allies’ answer to
President Wilson was published, he surely was happy, for he had proof that
his titanic labors, his tremendous personal and family sacrifices were not
made in vain. Bohemia’s right to independence was clearly recognized by
the Allies and the liberation of the country from foreign domination was
made one of the conditions of peace.
For centuries no one in Bohemia did more than dream of independence. This
Slav country had been subject to the Hapsburgs for so many generations
and so thoroughly was it repressed that even the boldest spirits among
its leaders regretfully put aside all thoughts of absolute freedom as
visionary and aimed merely at securing for the lands of the Bohemian crown
the widest possible autonomy within the confines of the Austrian Empire.
On several occasions during the long reign of Francis Joseph the Czechs
came near to the realization of these moderate ambitions, but always the
emperor drew back unable to give up his ambition to be the German ruler of
German or Germanized subjects.
Of late years the struggle of the Czechs for a certain amount of liberty
at home and for the right to participate in the government of the Empire
was growing more and more hopeless. The general European situation was
undergoing a change greatly to the disadvantage of Bohemia. The Hapsburg
realm was losing its standing as a great power, due mainly to the constant
internal dissensions and language disputes, while the truly national
states of Europe were growing in population, wealth and military power.
Above all Germany, excelling in industrial and military preparedness,
aggressive and domineering, was looking for new worlds to conquer. America
was out of the question, for the United States was guarding jealously
against the invasion of the two western continents through its Monroe
doctrine. Germany’s African colonies were unsuitable for colonization by
white men and constituted merely a financial burden. Only Asia offered
an undeveloped field--the ramshackle Turkish Empire--and to that land of
promise the road from Germany led through the dual empire and the Balkan
states. Prague was the first stage on the Berlin-Bagdad highway, and
the Czech people were the first obstacle to German expansion. It was a
part of Germany’s plan to reduce Austria to complete subserviency by the
exaltation of its German minority and a more thorough repression of the
Slav and Latin races, with the assistance of the Magyars.
There were not lacking statemen in Bohemia who saw whither things were
tending. Two of them stand out above the other Czech patriots: Dr. Charles
Kramar and Professor Thomas G. Masaryk. Kramar, the leader of the Young
Czech party, for years representative of the middle class of Bohemia,
yielded to no one in his devotion to the race from which he sprang or in
the sincerity of his intentions to serve the Czech people to the best
of his great ability. But being a wealthy manufacturer, a “practical”
man, intent upon gaining results in the Vienna parliament, he failed to
draw the only conclusion necessitated by the changed European situation
which he so well understood. He realized that Germany was “peacefully
penetrating” the Danube monarchy, that the very existence of the Czech
nation was imperiled; on the floor of the parliament and in the Austrian
delegation
[Transcriber's Note: End of transcriptions.]