and rent, in Ricardo’s view, 143-149;
nationalisation of, 155, 570-578;
the Saint-Simonians and, 214;
Carey’s theory of the order of cultivation of rich and poor land,
338-339;
growth in value of, 546;
a gift of nature, 559;
confiscation of, 559-562;
and the theory of rent, 561
Land Tenure Reform Association, 562
Landez, A., 540 _n._
Landowners, the Physiocrats’ esteem for, 39-40
Landrecht, the Prussian, 445
Landry, A., 420 _n._, 470 _n._, 537 _n._, 544 _n._
Langlois, C. V., 405 _n._
Laskine, M., 208 _n._
Lassalle, F., 73 _n._, 159, 261, 294, 329, 376;
and the “brazen law,” 321, 426;
and State Socialism, 414;
and Rodbertus, 414-415, 416, 417;
and Bismarck, 414;
his career, 432;
his political and economic programme, 433-435;
and Marx, 433 _n._, 434 _n._;
and State intervention, 434-435; 436, 437, 449 _n._, 453 _n._,
496 _n._, 607 _n._
Lauderdale, Earl of, 109 _n._
Launay, M. de, 609 _n._
Launhardt, Herr, 529 _n._
Laveleye, É. de, 222, 376, 577 _n._
Lavergne, L. G. de, 371 _n._
Lavoisier, A. L., 15, 125
Law, Kropotkin on, 627 _n._, 632 _n._;
Reclus on, 632 _n._
Law of capillarity, 137
Law of concentration of capital, Marx’s, 450, 475-476
Law of demand and supply, 359-360
Law of diminishing returns, 118, 126, 146-147, 148, 153, 157, 340, 341,
373, 558 _and n._
Law of free competition, 356-358
Law of indifference, 148, 525, 527 _n._
Law of international exchange, 362-366
Law of population, Malthus’s, 120, 121-137;
of the Classical school, 358-359, 373
Law of rent, 362
Law of sale, Cournot’s, 531 _n._
Law of self-interest, 355-356
Law of substitution, 525, 526, 528, 537 _n._
Law of variation of intensity of need, 543 _n._
Law of wages, 360-362
Lazare, B., 620
Ledru-Rollin, A. A., 303
Legrand, D., 486
Leo XII, Pope, 500 _n._
Leo XIII, Pope, 501
Leopold, Grand Duke, of Tuscany, and the Physiocrats, 5
Leroux, P., 235 _and n._, 263, 344 _n._, 589
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., 137, 254 _n._, 342 _n._, 375 _n._;
and the Mathematical method, 537 _n._; 546
Leslie, Cliffe, 196, 387
Lesseps, F. de, 212
Letchworth, 513 _n._
Levasseur, É., 326 _n._, 388 _n._
Lévy de Lyon, E., 607 _n._
Lévy-Brühl, L., 435 _n._
Lexis, Professor, 448 _n._
Liberal individualists, and co-operation, 343
Liberal Optimists, 322-348
Liberal school, xv;
the Physiocratic doctrine and, 46;
Adam Smith a member of, 53;
beginnings of, 54;
and Adam Smith’s theory of value, 75; 205;
Saint-Simon and, 210 _n._;
the Associationists and, 231; 233;
severance of, into French and English sections, 322;
and Protection and socialism, 323, 326, 354;
and Optimism, 324-326;
and liberty, 324, 325-326;
origin of the name, 324;
and association, 325;
and Darwin’s doctrine of the survival of the fittest, 326;
and the Physiocrats, 327;
Bastiat and, 327;
and Bastiat’s theory of profits, 342 _n._;
synonymous with the Individualist school, 356;
definition of, 356 _n._, 357 _n._;
and the repeal of the Corn Laws, 366;
Le Play and, 486-487;
and solidarity, 607-608; 629;
and government and society, 631; 648
Liberal Socialism, 573
Liberalism, economic, vii, xv, 170;
Sismondi and, 173, 185; 209; 311 _n._;
the Classical school and, 322;
and Optimism, 377;
the reaction against, 377-378;
effect of Bismarck’s policy upon, 436;
and measures of social reform in Germany, 436 _n._;
growth of, in Germany, 439;
State Socialism and, 447;
the Christian schools and, 484; 493;
modern revival of, 516; 586;
political economy and, 646, 647
Liberalism of Adam Smith, 207;
of the Liberal school, 326
Liberalism, political, the Saint-Simonians and, 211
Liberty, the French Revolution and, 104;
Blanc on, 262;
Sismondi on, 262 _n._;
Proudhon and, 293, 297, 315;
the French Liberal school and, 324, 325-327;
Dunoyer and, 327;
Stuart Mill and, 353, 358, 413;
and the natural laws, 355;
the Classical school and, 356;
and State intervention, 413;
Cournot and, 413;
the State Socialists and, 440;
the anarchists and, 622-623, 624, 629;
Kropotkin on liberty as the corrective for the excesses of liberty, 634
Liberty, individual, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 _n._, 11;
Proudhon and, 315;
Ricardo and Malthus and, 410;
Stuart Mill and, 411 _n._;
Rodbertus and, 429
Lichtenberger, A., 200 _n._
Lieben, R., 529 _n._
Liebknecht, W., 437
Lilienfeld, von, 590 _n._
List, F., 111;
and the Classical school, 169, 289, 290;
his _National System_, and Protection, 265, 268;
and the German tariffs, 266, 267-268;
and nationality, 270-272;
and productive power, 270;
and Germany’s claim to Holland and Denmark, 272;
and Adam Smith and his school, 273;
and manufactures, 273-274;
and agriculture, 274, 276-277;
his Protectionism, 275-276, 281-282;
origin of his Protectionist ideas, 277-280;
his influence, 280-287;
and history, 282, 381;
and Carey, 282-284;
and Stuart Mill, 284-285;
his originality, 287-289;
and the Historical school, 287, 360 _n._;
and free exchange, 287-288;
and the individual and the nation, 288, 411;
and the duty of Governments, 288;
and economic reforms in Germany, 288-289;
his aim and achievement, 290; 323, 378;
his economic method, 380;
the Historical school and, 380 _n._; 439
Littré, M., 222 _n._
Lloyd, S., 266 _n._
Locke, J., 559
Loesewitz, J., 502
Longe, F. D., 361
Loria, A., 469 _n._;
and land nationalisation, 578 _n._
Lorin, H., 499 _n._
Louis Bonaparte, 320
Louis Philippe, 301
Ludlow, J. M. F., 504, 505
Luxembourg Commission, the, 302, 304-306, 319 _n._
Mably, the Abbé de, 200 _and n._
McCulloch, J. R., 52 _n._, 109 _n._, 139 _n._, 140 _n._, 141 _n._, 150,
168, 175, 177, 349 _n._, 379
Mackay, J. H., 615 _n._
McVickar, J., 349
Machinery, Adam Smith and, 112;
J. B. Say on, 112;
Sismondi and, 180-182;
the Classical school and, 180-182;
Ricardo and, 180 _n._, 181
Maitland, F. W., vi
Malon, Benoît, 465 _n._
Malthus, T. R., xiv, 108, 109 _n._, 110, 116 _and n._, 117;
one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;
regarded as an Optimist, 119 _n._;
his career, 120 _n._;
his law of population, 120, 121-137, 157, 345;
and moral restraint, 127-129;
and the Neo-Malthusians, 134;
on charity, 135 _n._-136 _n._;
correspondence with Ricardo, 139 _n._, 141 _n._;
and rent, 142, 152, 164;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 _and n._; 149 _n._,
150 _n._, 155, 156 _n._;
and wages and population, 158-159, 189; 163 _n._;
and Protection, 164;
Sismondi and, 175;
Sismondi and the theory of population of, 189 _n._;
the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 264, 322, 324, 326, 348, 353;
and individualism, 355; 358, 359, 371;
and the identity of public and private interests, 410; 416, 564
Malthusian League, the, 134 _n._
Manchester school, xi, 436, 437, 438, 539
“Manchesterism,” 357, 447
“Manchesterthum,” 357, 438
Mandeville, B. de, 54, 70 _n._
Mangoldt, H. von, 548 _n._, 551, 556
_Manifesto, Communist_, 449 _n._, 450 _n._
Mantoux, P., 66 _n._, 97 _n._, 103, 104
Manu, the laws of, Malthus and, 132 _n._
Manufactures, List on, 273-274, 276 _and n._
Marat, J. P., 199 _n._
Marcet, Mrs., 119 _n._, 349
Marcus Aurelius, 588
“Marginal utility,” 521 _n._, 539
Marie, A. T., 301, 302 _n._
Markets, Say’s theory of, 115
Marmande, R. de, 622 _n._
Maroussem, P. du, 495 _n._
Marrast, A., 303
Marriage, effect of, upon population, 136 _n._;
the anarchists and, 627
Marshall, Professor A., 329 _n._, 335, 386, 390 _n._, 391, 392, 394,
396, 397 _n._, 401, 402 _n._;
compared with Marx, 474 _n._; 513 _n._, 516, 527 _n._, 529 _n._, 531,
544 _nn._, 546 _n._, 551 _n._, 552;
and rent, 557 _and n._; 581
Martineau, Miss, 119 _n._, 349
Marx, Karl, x;
on Adam Smith, 66 _n._;
his labour-value theory, 77, 151 _n._, 184-185, 201 _n._, 216,
293 _n._, 474-475, 581;
intellectually a scion of the Ricardian family, 120;
his theory of surplus value and Ricardo’s theory, 140;
resemblance of doctrines of, to those of the Classical school, 181;
similarities between Sismondi and, 184;
his theory of surplus value, 184, 198, 228, 294;
and profit and interest, 185, 216;
debt to Sismondi, 198; 209 _n._;
and “exploitation,” 215, 216;
his system and communism, 221;
his system compared with the Saint-Simonians’, 225; 227;
and List, 278 _n._;
and his “Utopian” predecessors, 301;
and Bray’s scheme, 315 _n._;
and Proudhon, 320-321;
and distribution, 368 _n._; 386;
his socialism, 416, 433, 449-450, 470;
the object of his system, 423;
and the “brazen law,” 426; 429;
and Rodbertus, 429 _n._;
Lassalle and, 433 _n._, 434 _n._; 437, 448 _n._;
his career, his works and influence, 449 _n._-450 _n._;
his theory of surplus labour and surplus value, 450-459, 474-475;
and capital, 455-458;
his law of concentration of capital, 459-465, 475-476;
the Marxian school, 465-473;
his following, 465 _n._;
and Ricardo, 466;
his obscurity of style, 466;
and value, 466 _and n._, 474;
on production, 468 _n._-469 _n._;
the French socialists and, 469;
quality of his economic theories, 473;
compared with Marshall, 474 _n._;
and syndicalism, 480-481, 641; 483;
the Christian schools and his collectivism, 485;
Herron on, 507 _n._; 579;
the Fabians and his theories, 583-584, 586;
and the anarchists, 616;
influenced by Hegel, 619;
and Bakunin, 620;
anarchy and his socialism, 640
Marxian school, characteristics of, 465-472;
and production, 468; 515;
beginnings of, 579;
and Marx’s theory of value, 583; 647, 648
Marxism, vii, xv, 447, 449-483;
and the Classical school, 467, 472;
Sorel on, 467 _n._;
and capitalism, 467;
a working-class socialism, 470-471, 480;
the evolution of, 473 _n._;
and syndicalism, 479-483;
its contempt for intellectualism, 480;
traced in the doctrines of Le Play’s school, 495;
the Fabians and, 583-584, 586;
the rupture with anarchism, 620
Mathematical school, the, x;
Quesnay a pioneer of, 19 _n._;
and the abstract method, 138; 335;
and the Mathematical method, 392 _n._, 537 _n._, 538-539;
and the Psychological school, 521;
principal adherents of, 528 _n._;
doctrines of, 528-537;
and exchange, 528-530;
and distribution, 529-530;
and consumption, 530;
and value, 530 _n._;
and production, 536;
and free competition, 543;
influence of, 544;
and solidarity, 613
Maurice, F. D., 504 _and n._, 505, 508 _n._
Mazel, F., 316, 317
Mecklenburg, 268 _n._
Mehring, F., 434 _n._
Méline, M., 17 _n._
Melouga family, 489, 493
Menenius Agrippa, 588
Menger, A., 209, 212, 231 _n._, 316 _n._;
and the origin of Rodbertus’s ideas, 415 _n._;
and Marx, 416 _n._, 450 _n._;
and Fichte, 436 _n._;
and private and public rights, 607 _n._
Menger, K., 76, 380;
and the historical method 382, 383 _n._, 402 _n._;
and the Historical school, 389, 390, 395, 517;
and the deductive method, 396 _nn._;
and the final utility theory, 522 _n._;
and the theory of rent, 557
_Mercanti di tenute_, 190
Mercantilism, the “net product” theory and, 17;
influence of Physiocratic ideas upon, 27;
Physiocracy antagonistic to, 29;
and agriculture and industry, 30 _n._;
Adam Smith and, 83, 97, 98, 100, 101, 169;
List and, 279
Mercantilist school, 1;
and the increase of wealth, 17;
their view of the State, 27;
Adam Smith’s _Wealth of Nations_ and, 83;
and money, 83, 314;
List and, 280, 285 _n._
Meredith, George, 432 _n._
Meslier, the Curé, 200 _n._
Method, the relative importance of, 397, 645
Métin, A., 577 _n._, 579 _n._
Meyer, Ed., 402 _n._, 405 _n._
Meyer, R., 416 _and n._, 417 _nn._, 423 _n._, 428 _n._
_Mieux value_, 184
Milcent, M., 502 _n._
Mill, James, and rent, 155, 168, 562;
and land nationalisation, 155, 168;
a disciple of Ricardo, 168, 349 _n._; 352 _n._
Mill, John Stuart, xv;
and productive and unproductive works, 62;
“industry is limited by capital,” 72 _n._;
and Adam Smith’s conception of utility, 75 _n._;
and international trade, 98, 100, 330 _n._;
and “products,” 109 _n._; 138;
and Ricardo’s theory of rent, 141;
and the stationary state, 162, 373-374, 605 _n._; 222 _n._;
on Saint-Simonism and Fourierism, 255; 280;
and Protection, 283, 284-285, 365;
and List, 285 _n._;
and the Classical school, 322, 352-353, 368; 349;
his career and works, 352 _n._, 353;
and socialism, 352 _n._, 353, 358, 367, 368;
and communism, 353, 367;
and competition, 353, 358;
and co-operation, 353;
and individualism, 355, 356 _and n._;
and _laissez-faire_, 357;
and the law of population, 358-359;
and the law of demand and supply, 359-360, 519;
and value, 360;
and the law of wages, 360-362;
and trade unionism, 360, 362 _n._;
and Malthus, 362 _n._;
and rent, 362, 370-372, 548, 551, 553, 554-555;
and international exchange, 364-365;
and Free Trade, 365, 411 _n._;
influence upon economics, 367;
French influence upon, 367, 579;
and natural law, 368;
his programme of social reform, 369-374;
and wages, 369-370;
and association, 370, 505;
and inheritance, 372;
his successors, 374-376; 377, 379;
and relativity, 392;
and self-interest, 394, 411; 404;
and the identity of general and personal interests, 411;
and State intervention, 411, 413;
and individual liberty, 411 _n._, 413;
Chevalier and, 411;
and the State and the individual, 442, 443, 444;
on Le Play’s theory of the salvation of the working-classes by the
upper, 491;
on the rent of ability, 549;
and man’s right to the land, 561;
and the confiscation of rent, 562-563, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570-571,
575; 564;
and private property, 568 _n._;
and the abolition of profit, 605 _n._
Millerand, A., 587 _n._
Mines and the “net product,” 14
Mirabeau, Marquis de, one of the Physiocrats, 3 _n._;
and Rousseau and Physiocracy, 6 _n._;
and the origin of the term _laissez-faire_, 11 _n._;
on the _Tableau économique_, 18 _n._;
and interest, 32-33;
Cantillon’s influence upon, 46 _n._;
on population, 121
Molinari, M. de, 248, 329 _n._, 358 _n._
Mollien, the Comte, 314
Money, Adam Smith and, 71, 82-85, 89, 106, 115;
the Physiocrats and, 115;
Ricardo and the quantity theory of, 164-165;
Ricardo and paper money, 165-167;
Robert Owen and, 240-241, 243;
Proudhon and, 308-310, 313, 316;
Solvay’s scheme, 318-319;
the Classical school and, 360;
Ruskin and Tolstoy and, 510
Monod, W., 508 _n._, 509 _n._
Monopoly, x;
Adam Smith and, 95, 96;
Stuart Mill and, 554 _n._;
and the rent of land, 554 _n._
Monopoly price, Adam Smith on, 81 _n._
Montagne, La, 200 _n._
Montalembert, the Comte de, 487 _n._
Montchrétien, A. de, 1
Montesquieu, C. de S., 121
More, Sir Thomas, 200 _and n._, 246
Morellet, the Abbé, 46
Morelly, 200 _and n._
Morris, Wm., 251
Moufang, Canon, 496
Mulhouse, the Industrial Society of, 172
Müller, Adam, 278 _n._
Mun, the Comte de, 484 _n._, 497, 502
Mutual aid, the anarchists and, 629-636
Mutual credit, 314, 315;
solidarity and, 606
Mutualists, and solidarity, 602, 603-604
Mutuality, Proudhon and, 297 _n._, 299, 300
Napoleon I, 107
Napoleon III, 280, 323, 366, 375, 490 _n._
Nassau, 268 _n._
National Equitable Labour Exchange, 236 _n._, 241-242, 244 _n._
National workshops of the 1848 Revolution, 301-303
Nationalisation of the land, 570-578
Nationality, List and, 270-272
Natural laws, 354-366, 368, 385 _n._;
the anarchists and, 628, 629
“Natural order,” the, xiv, 5-12;
meaning of the term, 5-8;
the Physiocrats’ conception of, 8, 9-10, 109;
Turgot on the universality and immutability of, 10;
and the old _régime_, 10;
the aim of, 10-11;
and the right of private property and individual liberty, 10 _n._, 11;
comprehensiveness of, 12;
the bon prix and, 15;
property the “foundation-stone” of, 21;
and trade, 29;
the conception of, constitutes the foundation of political economy, 46;
Adam Smith and, 109;
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 152;
the French Classical school and, 322, 323;
the Christian schools and, 484
“Naturalism,” Adam Smith’s, 68-88
Naumann, Pastor, 507
Navigation Laws, 101 _n._
Neale, Vansittart, 504
Necessity, the laws of, Kropotkin on, 628 _n._
Necker, J., and free trade in corn, 32; 157
“Negative rent,” 558
Neill, C. P., 277 _n._
Neo-Classical school, 10, 397
Neo-Malthusians, 130, 134
Neo-Marxism, 473-483;
and the labour-value theory, 474;
and surplus labour and surplus value, 475;
and syndicalism, 479-483
“Net product,” the, 12-18;
agriculture the sole source of, 12, 14;
mines doubtful yielders of, 14 _and n._;
disappears when prices are low, 15;
the illusion of, 16;
rent and, 16;
value of the theory of, 17;
and Mercantilism, 17;
non-existent, 24;
interest a symbol of, 32;
taxation should be drawn from, 38-40, 41;
adaptation of, to the _impôt unique_, 43; 453 _n._
Netchaieff, 639 _and n._
Nettlau, M., 619 _n._
New Harmony, Owen’s colony, 236 _n._, 241 _n._, 246, 257
New Moral World. 236 _n._
Nicholas I, Tsar, 639 _n._
Nicholson, Professor J. S., 52 _n._, 266 _n._, 592 _n._
Nietzsche, 511, 616 _and n._
Nitti, F. S., 503 _n._
“Noble savage,” the cult of the, 7
“Normal,” the term, 271
North, Dudley, 54
North, Lord, 105
Oberlin, Pastor, 486
Office du Travail, 257 _n._
Ogilvie, W., 560 _and n._
Oldenburg, 268 _n._
Olivier, P., 611 _n._
Ollivier, E., 324
Oncken, H., 11 _n._, 17, 19 _n._, 30, 383 _n._, 414 _n._, 432 _n._
Ophelimity, 75, 91, 99, 522 _n._, 541 _n._, 572
Optimism, xv;
Adam Smith’s, 68-69, 88-93;
the French Liberal school and, 324-327;
Bastiat and, 327, 377;
Carey and, 327, 493
Optimist school, definition of, 356 _n._, 357 _n._
Optimists, the, 118, 322-348, 354, 356, 368, 438
Orbiston, Robert Owen’s colony at, 236 _n._
Organic sociologists, the Physiocrats the forerunners of, 7
“Organisation of labour,” 300, 303-305, 319
Orthodox school, 169, 176, 326
Ott, A., 317 _n._, 420 _n._
Over-production, J. B. Say and, 115-117; 171;
Sismondi and, 176, 178-182;
the Classical school and, 181;
Marx and, 461
Owen, Robert, 169, 171;
Sismondi and, 173 _n._, 184, 194; 201 _n._;
and association, 232 _n._, 233;
and Fourier, 234-235, 245;
and the Chartist movement, 235;
and socialism, 235;
his career, 235 _n._;
his industrial reforms, 236-237;
and association, 237;
and the social _milieu_, 237-239;
and profit, 239-244;
and money, 240-241;
and the National Equitable Labour Exchange 241-242;
and co-operative societies, 243-244, 504;
founded no school, 244; 246, 255, 261, 264, 290, 293, 315, 316, 323,
370, 378, 470, 579
Paepe, C. de, 459 _n._
Paillottet, P., 343 _n._
Paine, Tom, 560 _and n._
Pantaleoni, M., 36 _n._, 530, 538 _n._, 542, 551 _nn._
Parable, Saint-Simon’s, 204-205
Pareto, V., 71 _n._;
on prices, 76 _n._-77 _n._; 99, 231 _n._;
and Free Trade, 288 _n._;
on method, 397;
and maximum utility and maximum ophelimity, 412; 421, 448, 516,
521 _n._, 522 _n._, 529 _n._, 533 _n._, 534 _n._, 536 _and n._,
537 _n._, 540 _n._, 541 _n._;
and the Hedonists, 542; 544 _n._, 555 _n._;
and the relative duration of rents, 557;
and negative rent, 558;
on solidarity, 608 _n._
Passy, F., 509 _n._, 592 _n._
Passy, H., 371 _n._
Patten, Professor, 285 _n._, 522 _n._, 542 _n._
Pearson, K., 407 _n._
Peasant proprietorship, 371-372
Pecqueur, C., 304-305, 449 _n._
Peel, Sir Robert, 280, 366
Pellarin, C., 245 _n._
People’s Bank, 308 _n._, 317 _n._, 319-320
Péreire, E. and I., 212, 226
Périn, C., 502 _n._
Personal interest—_see_ Self-interest
Pervinquière, M., 14
Pessimism, the French Liberal school and, 324
Pessimists, the, 118-120;
and rent, 118;
and the law of diminishing returns, 118;
Mill and, 372
Petty, W., 54
Pflüger, Pastor, 507
Phalange, 248-250
Phalanstère, 245 _n._, 246-252, 255, 257, 297 _n._, 604, 635
Physiocracy, 4 _n._;
a popular craze, 5;
Adam Smith and, 63;
J. B. Say and, 108-109
Physiocrats, the, xi _n._, 1-50;
and the conception of political economy, 2;
the first school of economists, 3;
the Abbé Baudeau on, 3 _n._;
bibliography of the system, 4 _n._-5 _n._;
and the “natural order,” 5-12;
Rousseau and, 6 _n._;
and the civilised state as opposed to a state of nature, 7;
forerunners of the organic sociologists, 7;
their conception of the “natural order,” and man’s duty with regard
to it, 8, 9-10, 87-88;
and the rights of private property and individual liberty, 10 _n._, 11;
and the “net product,” 12-18, 141;
and land as an agent in production, 12;
on industry and commerce, 12-13;
and the “sterile classes,” 14, 21;
and mines and the “net product,” 14 _and n._;
and agricultural and industrial production, 15;
their influence upon practical politics, 17;
and the circulation of wealth, 18-26;
their regard for private property, 21-26, 199 _n._-200 _n._, 217;
and the duties incumbent upon landed proprietors, 25-26;
and the abolition of corporations, 26 _n._-27 _n._;
and trade, 27-33;
and Mercantilism, 27, 29, 169, 314;
the founders of Free Trade, 29;
and reciprocity, 31;
Galiani’s criticism of, 32;
and the question of interest, 32-33;
and the functions of the State, 33-37;
and legislation, 33-34;
and political liberty, 34 _n._;
and the sovereign authority, 35-37, 41;
and education, 37;
and internationalism, 37;
and taxation, 38-45;
and the fiscal system of the French Revolution, 44, 104;
_résumé_ of their doctrine, 45-50;
Adam Smith and, 51 _n._, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 80, 88, 93, 98,
100; 89, 97;
J. B. Say and, 108-109;
Germain Garnier and, 108;
and money, 115;
and population, 122; and rent, 142;
and Free Trade, 98, 153, 163;
and the natural identity of individual and general interests,
185; 201 _n._;
the Associationists and, 232-233; 322, 323;
and their successors, 327; 331, 338 _n._, 347, 348, 354, 371, 572,
629, 644
Pitt, William, 104, 105
Place, F., 159 _n._
Plato, 200 _and n._
Play, F. Le, 137, 196, 238, 304;
his school, 486-495;
his career, 486 _n._-487 _n._;
his family system, 488-493;
and the State, 488;
his method, 492;
and the Historical school, 493-494;
the division in his school, 494-495; 497, 502
“Plutology,” 375
Podmore, F., 236 _n._
Political economy, origin of the term, 1;
Quesnay and his school the virtual founders of the science, 2;
Adam Smith as founder of, 50-51, 103;
the scope of, in Adam Smith’s system, 55-56;
Quesnay’s conception of, 88;
Adam Smith’s conception of, 88, 89, 110;
J. B. Say’s influence upon, 107, 111;
influence of Malthus and Ricardo upon, 108;
the Physiocrats and, 109;
J. B. Say’s conception of, 110-111;
Say’s treatment of, 117, 175;
a fashionable craze, 119 _n._, 349;
Ricardo and, 138, 139 _n._, 175;
the new, the attack upon, 169;
Sismondi and, 173-178, 184, 196, 198, 380;
the Historical school and, 175, 222, 380, 381;
the Classical school and, 177;
A. Comte and, 201 _n._;
Saint-Simon on, 209 _n._;
List and, 270, 380-381;
and politics, 288;
significance of the advent of, 327;
McVickar on, 349;
Senior and, 350;
Stuart Mill and, 353;
not a “dismal science,” 354;
the reaction against Liberalism, 377;
development of the abstract method in, 379-380;
the socialists and, 381;
Roscher and, 383-384;
Hildebrand and, 383-384;
Knies and, 384-385;
the newer Historical school and, 386;
Toynbee and, 386 _n._;
development of, in France, 388;
influence of the Historical method upon, 388;
Menger and, 389;
Ashley and, 391 _n._;
and sociology, 404;
Ruskin and, 510 _n._;
Carlyle on, 511 _and n._;
modern claims for, 517;
Pareto and, 536 _n._;
recognised as independent of parties and ideals, 583;
development and future of, 643-648;
simplicity of Adam Smith’s system, 644;
divergency of objects and methods among economists, 646-647;
Liberalism and, 646, 647
Political Economy Club, 139 _n._
Pollock, Sir F., 559
Poor Law, English, Malthus and, 135 _n._, 136 _n._;
Sismondi and, 195
Population, Adam Smith’s supply and demand theory applied to, 82,
89, 188;
dependent upon capital, 90;
Malthus’s law of, 120, 121-137, 142, 157, 345;
the “repressive checks,” 126-127;
the “preventive checks,” 127-129, 137;
the reproductive capacity and intellectual activity, 137 _n._-138 _n._;
Sismondi on the regulation of, by revenue, 188;
wages and, 189;
Sismondi and Malthus’s theory, 189 _n._;
Carey’s theory of, 346;
development of the theory of, 645
Port Sunlight, 255, 513 _n._
Positivism, Saint-Simon the father of, 203; 213
Pothier, R. J., 587 _n._
Potter, B. (Mrs. Sidney Webb), 587 _n._
Price, demand and supply and, 519-520;
cost of production and, 520;
and rent, 520
Prices, Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-81;
Walras and, 114;
the recent theory of, 515;
development of the theory of, 645
_Principles of Revolution, The_, 639
Producer, subordination of, to consumer, 342-343
Producer’s rent, 527 _n._
Producers, and social reorganisation, 605 _n._
Producers’ associations, 604
Production, the accretion of value is, 16;
labour as the cause of, 24;
the Physiocratic conception of, 46, 49;
the three factors of, 56 _n._;
Adam Smith and, 80, 419;
adaptation of supply to demand the basis of our theory of, 82;
J. B. Say and, 109;
Sismondi and, 177, 178-182, 193, 419;
the Classical school and, 177;
net and gross, Sismondi and, 189-190;
the Christian Socialists and, 196;
the Saint-Simonians and, 199, 226-227;
Dunoyer and, 347-348;
Senior on agricultural and industrial production, 362 _n._;
Stuart Mill and, 368-369;
Rodbertus and, 419-421, 430;
State Socialism and, 444;
Marx on, 468 _n._-469 _n._;
cost of, and value, 520, 526;
cost of, and price, 520, 534 _n._;
the Hedonists and, 533;
the expansion of, under the influence of applied science, 635-636
Productive power, List and, 270, 272-274
Productivity theory of capital, 502, 583;
of wages, 527-528
Profit, Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 _n._;
Adam Smith’s conception of, 65 _n._, 80, 114;
Smith on high profits, 67, 74 _n._;
dependent on exchange value, 90;
Ricardo and, 114, 160-163, 373;
the Pessimists and, 118;
Marx and, 185, 457-458 _and n._;
Robert Owen and the abolition of, 239-243;
Bastiat and the relation of, to wages, 340-342, 550-551;
Stuart Mill and, 373 _n._;
the term as understood by English and French economists, 373 _n._;
the Classical school and, 520;
Walras and, 534 _n._-535 _n._;
rent and, 545;
Walker and, 550-551;
Pantaleoni on, 551 _n._;
Stuart Mill and the abolition of, 605 _n._
Profit-sharing, the Saint-Simonians and, 227
Property, private, the Physiocratic doctrine and, 10 _n._, 11, 21, 24-25;
respect for, during the French Revolution, 25;
Turgot’s views upon, 25;
Ricardo’s theory of rent and, 154, 558-559;
Sismondi and, 198;
the Saint-Simonians and, 199-201, 213-225, 294 _n._;
considered from the point of view of ethics, 200;
Saint-Simon and, 210;
exploitation and, 215;
Fourier’s Phalanstère and, 248-249;
the Radical Socialists and, 251;
Proudhon and, 290-300, 315;
Brissot and, 292 _n._;
Bastiat and, 337;
Marx and, 463-464;
the Christian Socialists and, 506;
Tolstoy and, 513;
the Hedonists and, 540 _n._;
considered to be unjust, 559;
Stuart Mill and, 568 _n._;
Gossen and, 572-573;
solidarity and, 606-607;
the anarchists and, 626-627, 641;
syndicalism and, 641;
socialism and, 642
Proprietor, the, in Ricardo’s, Proudhon’s, and Bastiat’s view, 336
Protection, the probable attitude of the Physiocrats to, 17;
influence of, on agriculture and on industry, 30 _n._;
Adam Smith’s criticism of, 98-99;
Ricardo and, 163 _n._;
Malthus and, 164;
Sismondi and, 264 _n._-265 _n._;
Saint-Simon and, 265 _n._;
the Saint-Simonians and, 265 _n._;
List and, 265, 268-290;
and agriculture, List on, 276 _and n._;
in the United States, 279;
in Germany, 279, 280, 281;
in France, 280, 281, 323, 354;
Carey and, 282-284;
Dühring and, 289 _n._;
in England, 323, 354;
Bastiat and, 329-330;
follows the interest of the producer, 343;
the Liberal school and, 354;
Stuart Mill and, 365;
the Social Catholics and, 501 _n._;
and solidarity, 602
Proudhon, J. J., 169;
and government, 209, 310, 311, 624 _n._, 627;
his Exchange Bank, 242, 291, 293 _n._, 308-319;
and private property, 290-300;
his works, 291 _n._-292 _n._;
his career and his character, 291-292;
and interest, 293 _n._;
and labour, 293;
and socialism, 296-300;
and Fourier, 296, 297 _n._;
and the communists and communism, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300;
and the economic forces, 296-297;
on liberty, 297, 315;
and association, 297 _and n._;
on justice, 298-299;
and exchange, 299-300;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300-308;
and “the right to work,” 301;
and money, 308-310, 313-314;
and co-operation, 315;
and solidarity, 317;
and the People’s Bank, 319-320;
influence after 1848, 320-321;
Marx and, 320-321, 449 _n._ 462;
new interest in his ideas, 321; 323, 329;
and Bastiat, 333 _n._-334 _n._, 343;
and the proprietor, 336; 378, 415 _n._, 429 _n._, 450, 486;
on land, 559;
and the confiscation of land, 560; 607 _n._, 613;
the and anarchists, 615, 641; 616, 619 _and n._;
and Bakunin, 620; 622;
and the individual, 622-623;
and the idea of humanity, 623;
and reason, 628;
and society, 630, 631 _n._;
on the harmony of individual and general interests, 633 _n._; 634;
and revolution, 637;
and syndicalism, 641
Providential order, Bastiat and, 331
Prudhommeaux, M., 264 _n._
Prussia, the tariff of 1821 of, and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 106 _n._;
tariffs in, in the early nineteenth century, 266;
and the Zollverein, 268;
industry in, 281 _n._
Psychological school, the, 397 _n._, 521-528
Puech, M., 321 _n._, 323 _n._
“Pure” school, the, 353, 392
Quantity theory of money, 360
Quasi-contract theory, 595-599, 603 _n._, 606
Quesnay, F., 2-5;
virtually the founder of political economy, 2;
his works, 3 _n._;
on natural right, 7 _nn._;
and the analogy between social and animal economy, 7;
and the “natural order,” 9, 10 _and n._;
and the “net product,” 15;
his theory of the circulation of wealth, and the _Tableau économique_,
18-20;
on the productive and sterile classes, 21 _n._;
on the landed proprietors, 21 _n._;
on the security residing in property, 24 _n._;
on the safety of property as the basis of economic order, 25;
on the poor, 26 _n._;
on foreign trade, 28;
on Free Trade, 29 _nn._;
on the “good price,” 29;
on American competition, 30 _n._;
on Protection, 31 _n._;
and interest, 33;
on laws, 34;
on the sovereign authority, 35;
on despotism, 36 _n._;
on education, 37;
on Government expenditure, 38 _n._;
and the “iron law,” 42-43;
and wages, 43 _n._;
and value, 47 _n._; 54;
and Adam Smith, 55;
and agriculture as the source of all wealth, 56;
his conception of political economy, 88;
Adam Smith’s criticism of his theory, 88; 201 _n._, 232, 298
Quetelet, L., 407 _n._
_Quod Apostolici_, Encyclical, 500 _n._
Radical party, English, 372
Radical-Socialist party, 592, 601
Rae, J., 52 _n._, 64 _n._, 66 _n._, 96 _n._, 103 _n._, 106 _n._
Ragaz, Professor, 507
Raiffeisen, F. W., 496, 503 _n._
Rambaud, J., xi, 277 _n._, 503 _n._
Rau, K. H., 352, 379
Rauschenbusch, W., 507 _n._
Raymond, D., 277 _n._
Reason, the anarchists and, 628, 641
Reciprocity, Mercier de la Rivière on, 31;
Proudhon on, 310 _n._
Reclus, É., 615, 619, 622, 624, 627 _n._, 628, 632 _n._, 636, 637
Reichel, 631 _n._
Reid, T., 560
Religion, Robert Owen and, 238-239
Renard, G., 465 _n._, 469 _n._
Renouvier, C. B., 403 _n._, 560
Rent, the theory of, xv;
Ricardo’s conception of the nature of, 16, 114;
and the “net product,” 17;
Adam Smith and, 64, 80, 92;
relation of wages and profit to, 64 _n._;
J. B. Say and, 114-115, 556;
the Pessimists and, 118;
Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370, 545-546,
547, 548 _and n._, 552-553, 544 _n._, 555 _n._, 558-559, 561,
581-583, 587;
differential rent, 142, 546-558;
Malthus and, 142, 152, 164;
James Mill and, 155, 562;
the Saint-Simonians and, 213 _n._, 214, 562;
Carey and, 327, 338-340, 425, 545, 546;
Bastiat and, 335-338, 340, 425, 545, 546;
Fontenay and, 338 _n._;
Senior and, 350-351, 362;
the Classical school and, 362, 520, 547;
Stuart Mill and, 362, 370-372, 548, 554, 555, 562-563, 566, 567-568,
569;
Rodbertus and, 424, 425;
modern economists and, 516;
and price, 520;
an “unearned increment,” 545;
growth in, 546;
of land, 546-548, 554-555, 556-557;
of capital, 548-549 _n._; 558 _n._, 583;
of ability, 549, 551, 582, 583;
Walker’s theory, 549-552;
and profit, 550-552;
and the Classical theory of distribution, 553;
a consequence of the laws of value, 555;
of land, a species of the income of fixed capital, 556;
a scarcity price, 556;
Schäffle and, 556-557;
K. Menger and, 557;
relative permanence of rents, 557;
negative rent, 558;
J. B. Clark and, 558 _n._;
and private property, 558-559;
man’s right to the land and the theory of rent, 561;
of land, spontaneous character of, 561;
the confiscation of, 562-570;
Henry George and, 563-568, 569;
the relation of wages to the increase in, 566 _and n._;
Gossen and Walras and the confiscation of, 574-575;
Sidney Webb and Ricardo’s theory of, 581-583;
interest regarded as, 582;
“economic rent,” 582 _n._, 583 _n._;
the Fabian doctrine and Ricardo’s theory of, 587
_Rerum Novarum_, Encyclical, 501 _n._
Revolution, Proudhon on, 320 _n._;
Marxism and, 471-472;
Neo-Marxism and, 481-482;
Buchez on Christianity and, 496;
the anarchists and, 637-640, 641
Revolution, French, the Physiocratic system and, 44, 104;
socialism and, 199 _n._;
the leaders of, and private property, 199 _n._-200 _n._; 205, 214, 223
Revolution, the Industrial, 65, 104, 111
Revolution of 1848, Blanc and, 256;
Proudhon and, 300-308, 311 _n._;
and socialism, 300; 436-437
_Revolutionary Catechism_, Netchaieff’s, 639
Reybaud, M., 300-301, 306, 354
Ribbes, M. de, 492 _n._
Ricardo, D., x, xiv;
against the idea that nature is the only source of value, 16;
his conception of what rent is, 16;
and Adam Smith’s reference to utility, 75 _n._;
and international trade, 98, 99, 100, 163-164, 363 _and n._-364 _and
n._;
influence on political economy, 108, 138, 175;
and distribution, 114, 139-140;
and wages and profits, 114, 157-163, 373;
and crises, 117, 177, 192;
compared with J. B. Say, 118;
regarded as an Optimist, 119 _n._;
one of the Pessimists, vi, 119-120, 192;
his place in economics, his work and literary style, 138-139;
his career, 139 _n._;
his theory of rent, 138, 140, 141-157, 164, 335, 338, 339, 370,
545-546, 547-548 _and n._, 552-553, 554 _n._, 555 _n._, 558-559, 576;
his theory of value, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240;
and labour and value, 140, 144 _n._, 332;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147, 373, 576;
and the balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money,
164-165;
and paper money, 165, 168;
Sismondi and, 174-175, 177 _and n._, 380;
and machinery, 180 _n._, 181 _and n._;
and wages and population, 189;
the Saint-Simonians and, 227; 228;
and property, 228; 264;
List and, 269; 287, 322, 324;
and the proprietor, 336; 348, 349;
and the income of capital, 350; 353;
and individualism, 355; 362, 371, 379, 386 _n._, 390;
and the identity of public and private interests, 410;
Rodbertus on his theory of value, 415 _n._; 416, 453 _n._;
the Marxian school and, 466;
his method, 466;
man’s right to the land, and his theory of rent, 561; 564, 566 _n._;
Sidney Webb and his theory of rent, 581-583;
the Fabian doctrine and his theory of rent, 587
Richelot, H., 265 _n._
“Right to exist, the,” 607 _n._
“Right to the whole produce of labour, the,” 607 _n._
“Right to work, the,” 300, 301, 303, 319, 599, 607 _n._
Rist, C., 172, 342 _n._, 423 _n._, 539 _n._
Rivière, Mercier de la, one of the Physiocrats, 3 _n._, 5;
on the social order, 7;
on the “natural order,” 8 _n._-9 _n._, 9, 10 _n._, 11;
and the origin of the term _laissez-faire_, 11 _n._;
on the creation of value, 13 _and n._;
on property as a “divine” institution, 21;
on the landed proprietor, 23 _n._;
on property as the parent of social institutions, 25;
on the regard to be paid to the peasants, 26 _n._;
on the fallacy that wealth grows from foreign trade, 28;
on freedom of trade, 29 _n._-30 _n._;
on the balance of trade theory, 31;
on reciprocity, 31;
on laws, 34 _n._;
and Catherine the Great, 34;
on despotism, 35 _n._;
on taxation, 40 _n._;
on the relation of expenditure to production, 42 _n._;
on the felicity following on the establishment of the “natural order,”
46 _n._; 232
Rochdale Pioneers, 263 _n._, 243, 244, 605
Rodbertus, J. K., 73 _n._;
and Sismondi, 198;
and the products of labour, 293 _n._; 294, 316;
on the relative returns of capital and labour, 341 _n._-342 _n._; 369;
and State Socialism, 414-415, 428, 431;
and Lassalle, 414-415, 416, 417, 433, 434;
French origin of his ideas, 415, 416, 423;
his works, 415 _n._-416 _n._;
his political and economic views, 416-417;
his social theory, 417-432, 590;
and the State, 261, 418, 429-430, 441;
and production, 419-421, 423, 430;
and the utilisation of the means of production, 421;
and distribution, 421-428, 430-431;
and labour’s share of the national product, 425-426, 427;
and the “brazen law,” 426;
his theory of crises, 426-427;
and the regulation of national production and distribution, 427-429;
and the State and economic functions, 430-431;
the State Socialists and his doctrine, 430; 437, 443, 448 _n._, 450,
475;
and Professor Schäffle, 590 _n._
Rodrigues, E., 211, 212
Rodrigues, O., 203, 204 _n._, 211
Rogers, Thorold, 52 _n._
Roscher, W., 106 _n._, 196, 379 _and n._, 380 _n._;
founder of the Historical school, 381-383; 389, 400 _n._, 402
Rossi, P., 315 _n._, 352, 375, 379
Roubaud, the Abbé—_see_ Baden, Margrave of
Round, J. H., vi
Rousiers, P. de, 495 _n._
Rousseau, J. J., 1;
and the Physiocrats, 6 _n._;
and the natural state compared with the social state, 7; 120 _n._;
and private property, 200 _n._; 238 _n._, 596
Royal Economic Society, 506 _n._
“Rural economy,” 2, 3 _n._, 5
Ruskin, John, 196, 251, 510 _and n._, 511-513
Rutten, Father, 498 _n._
Sabotage, 481 _n._
Sadler, Michael, 67
Saint-Leon, M., 500 _n._
St. Paul, 588
Saint-Simon, C. H., and Fourier, 201 _n._;
quality of his socialism, 201-202;
his career, 202-203;
his works, 203 _n._;
his earlier philosophic system, 203;
his economic ideas, 204;
his “Parable,” 204-205;
on the future of the industrial classes, 205 _n._;
on industry, 205 _n._;
and the new industrial system, 205-211, 224;
and socialism, 209-211;
the Saint-Simonians and their doctrine, 211-231;
and capital, 214;
and A. Comte’s theory of the three estates, 222;
and history, 224;
on politics, 225 _n._;
on philanthropy in social reorganisation, 225 _n._;
Engels on, 228;
and private property, 217; 233, 256;
and Protection, 265 _n._; 290, 300;
Proudhon and, 311 _n._; 318, 323, 352, 402, 404, 405;
Rodbertus and, 418; 450, 470, 475, 486
Saint-Simonians, the, 169, 184;
and Sismondi, 193;
and the equalitarians, 200 _n._-201 _n._;
and their socialist contemporaries, 201 _n._;
and collectivism, 201, 202, 211, 218-220;
their doctrine, 202, 213-225;
and governmental control, 207 _n._;
the development of their doctrine from Saint-Simon’s, 211;
earliest members of the school, 211;
organisation of the school, 211-212;
Enfantine and the downfall of the school, 212-213;
and private property, 199-202, 213-225, 294 _n._;
and “exploitation,” 215-216;
and production, 217-218, 226-227;
and inheritance, 217-218;
and the historical method in the criticism of private property,
221-224;
their socialism, 225, 230 _n._;
part played by members of the school in practical economic
administration, 226;
and banks and credit, 226;
influence upon the socialists, 227;
and distribution, 229;
and the general and particular interest, 229-230;
on the disadvantages of the spontaneous economic forces, 230;
and profits and wages, 216 _n._;
and value, 216;
compared with the Associationists, 231;
Fourier on, 245;
and Protection, 265 _n._;
and the State, 289 _n._;
List and, 289 _n._; 293;
Proudhon and, 296; 297;
Stuart Mill and, 367, 372; 378, 381, 415 _and n._;
Rodbertus and, 421, 423; 465 _n._;
and class antagonism, 471 _n._;
and the confiscation of rent, 562
Saint-Simonism, 112;
Fourier and, 201 _n._; 212, 219, 254, 255
Sainte-Beuve, and Sismondi, 193;
and Proudhon, 292, 295 _n._, 298 _n._
Sand, George, 263
Sangnier, M., 496, 502 _n._
Sartorius, G. F., 106
Saumaise, C., 503 _n._
Savigny, F. K. von, 382
Saving, Adam Smith on, 73
Sax, Professor, 522 _n._
Saxony, 281 _n._
Say, J. B., xii, 34 _n._;
and production, 56 _n._;
and capital, 56;
and productive and unproductive works, 62, 348 _n._;
and the _entrepreneur_, 65 _n._, 113-114, 550 _n._; 70;
on Adam Smith’s theory of distribution, 80;
and distribution, 93, 113-114, 422;
on the loss of England’s American colonies, 103-104;
on the _Wealth of Nations_, 106;
and Adam Smith’s doctrines, 107-117;
his career, 107 _n._;
and the Physiocrats, 108-109;
and political economy, 110-111, 175, 178;
on machinery, 112, 181;
and rent, 114-115, 551, 554 _n._, 555 _n._, 556;
his theory of markets, 115;
and over-production crises, 115-117, 192;
correspondence with Ricardo, 139 _n._; 148;
on the poverty of the English worker, 171;
Sismondi and, 175, 177, 178, 181;
and the relative poverty of industrial society, 193; 201 _n._, 207;
Saint-Simon and, 209 _n._, 210 _n._; 228;
and property, 228; 264, 265 _n._;
List and, 269 _n._; 279 _n._, 280, 287, 298, 311 _n._;
and anarchy, 311 _n._; 314, 322, 328 _n._, 335 _n._, 336 _n._,
352 _n._, 353, 375, 379, 390, 425, 615 _n._, 645
Say, Louis, 107 _n._, 265 _n._
“Scarcity,” 521 _n._, 522 _n._
Schäffle, A., 438 _n._, 469, 556-557, 590 _n._
Schatz, A., 54 _n._, 357 _n._, 372 _n._
Schelle, M., 4 _n._, 11 _n._
Schmidt, Kaspar—_see_ Stirner, Max
Schmoller, G., 196, 379 _and n._, 383, 385-386, 389 _nn._, 393 _n._,
395, 397, 400, 403, 406 _n._, 407, 438, 443 _n._, 517, 647
Schönberg, G., 439
School of Social Science, 494
Schulze-Delitzsch, F. H., 376, 434 _and n._
Schumpeter, Herr, 547 _n._
Schuster, R., 323
Schweitzer, Herr, 434 _n._
Science, Bakunin and, 628-629
Seager, Professor H. R., 349 _n._
Secrétan, C., 560, 600 _n._
Seebohm, F., vi
Ségur-Lamoignon, M., 500 _n._
Seignobos, C., 405 _n._
Self-interest, Adam Smith on, as the mainspring of progress, 86-87, 88,
89, 92, 95, 393; 99;
the Classical school and, 393-394;
Wagner and, 394;
Stuart Mill and, 394, 404, 411
Seligman, Professor, 349 _n._, 570 _n._
_Semaines Sociales_, 500 _n._
Senior, N. W., 109 _n._, 168, 349-351, 358, 362 _and n._, 371, 372, 379,
549, 551
Sensi, Signor, 555 _n._
Service, in Bastiat’s theory of value, 332-335;
place of the term in economic terminology, 335
Service-value, Bastiat’s theory of, 332-335
Shaftesbury, Lord, 67;
Robert Owen and, 237;
and Christian Socialism, 486
Shaw, G. Bernard, 579 _n._, 580 _and n._, 583 _n._
Sidgwick, H., 329
Sillon, the, 502
Simiand, M., 388 _n._, 402 _n._, 538 _n._
Sismondi, S. de, x, 111, 116, 117, 169;
life, 173 _n._;
and political economy, 173, 174, 175, 178, 196, 198;
and Adam Smith, 173, 174, 410;
and Ricardo and J. B. Say, 174-175;
and Malthus, 175;
and the English Corn Laws, 175;
and the abstract method in economics, 176 _and n._, 380;
and production and over-production, 176-177, 178-182;
and interest, 176 _n._; 192-193 _n._, 215;
and distribution, 177-178, 185, 186, 198, 422, 443;
and the Classical school, 179-182, 195-196;
and machinery, 180-182;
and competition, 182-184, 193 _n._, 198, 410;
and socialism, 184-185;
and the theory of the identity of individual and general interests,
185-186, 410;
and the concentration of capital, 187-189;
on the regulation of population by the revenue, 188-189;
and economic crises, 187, 190-192, 426;
and net and gross production, 189-190, 420;
his reform projects, 192-197;
the first of the Interventionists, 192;
influence upon writers and movements in the nineteenth century,
195-196;
influence upon his contemporaries, 196, 197;
and State Socialism, 197;
and the socialists, 196, 197-198;
Marx’s debt to, 198;
and private property, 198;
and “exploitation,” 215, 216; 228 _n._, 230, 233, 256;
on liberty, 262 _n._; 264;
and Protection, 264 _n._-265 _n._; 289;
Stuart Mill and, 367;
and peasant proprietorship, 371 _n._; 377, 378, 415 _and n._;
and production, 419, 421; 440, 450;
and increment value, 453 _n._; 475;
and guarantism, 599, 604;
and Liberalism and political economy, 647
Slavery, Le Play and, 491 _n._
Smith, Adam, vi;
on the object of political economy, 1;
accredited the founder of political economy, 2, 50-51, 103;
and Quesnay, 3, 55;
Turgot resembles, 4 _n._, 47;
and nature regarded as the only source of value, 16;
on “sterile” labour, 17;
his career, 50 _n._-52 _n._;
his _Wealth of Nations_, 51 _et seq._, 105;
intimate with David Hume, 50 _n._, 53;
and the Physiocrats, 51 _n._, 55, 62-65, 69;
his admiration for Voltaire, 52 _n._;
and Bernard de Mandeville, 51; and Turgot, 55;
and the _Tableau économique_, 55;
and the division of labour, 56-68, 70-71;
on labour as the true source of wealth, 56-57;
and taxation, 61-62;
on equality in the State, 62;
and productive and unproductive workers, 62-63;
and the superior productivity of agriculture, 63-64, 65, 67, 108, 143;
and rent, 64, 80, 141-143;
and industry, 65-66, 67-68;
his sympathy for the worker, 66-67;
on profits, 67-80, 114;
his “naturalism,” 68-88;
and the spontaneity of economic institutions, 69-88;
and money, 71, 82-85, 115;
and capital, 71-73, 89-91, 272 _n._;
on saving, 73;
on demand and supply, 73-85;
his theory of prices, 74-82;
on “value in use” and “value in exchange,” 75-77;
on labour as the measure of value, 77-78, 149;
and cost of production as the determinant of value, 78-79;
his theory of wages, 80;
and distribution, 80, 93;
on the regulation of population to the demand, 82, 188;
on banks, 85;
on self-interest as the root of all economic activity, 86-87, 88, 393;
and the _homo œconomicus_, 86;
and the “spontaneous order,” 87-88;
on Quesnay’s economic theory, 88;
his “optimism,” 88-93;
and the harmony between self-interest and the general well-being of
society, 92, 185, 410;
on the duty of the sovereign, 93, 94, 409;
and economic liberty, 93-97, 315;
on the inefficiency of State administration, 94-95;
and Mercantilism, 98, 169, 314;
and international trade, 97-102;
and Protection, 98-102;
influence of his thought, and its diffusion, 102-107;
and Lord North, 105;
and Pitt, 105;
J. B. Say and, 107-118;
on the basis and the aim of political economy, 110;
and the _entrepreneur_, 114;
and Malthus’s _Principles of Population_, 121;
compared with Ricardo, 138;
and the products of mines, 143 _n._;
and the interests of the landlords, 153 _n._;
and Free Trade, 153, 163, 287; 165, 166;
Sismondi and, 173, 174, 192;
on competition, 182;
and high wages and population, 189; 201 _n._, 204, 207;
Saint-Simon and, 209 _n._;
on government, 217, 625; 228;
and property, 228; 264;
on the Act of Union of 1800, 266;
List and, 269 _n._, 270, 271 _n._, 273, 278 _n._, 279 _n._, 280;
and the three stages in economic evolution, 271 _n._;
on national power, 271 _n._; 272;
on moral forces, 273 _n._;
on the prosperity of Britain as the outcome of her legal system,
273 _n._; 322, 323, 326, 338 _n._, 355 _n._, 371, 379,
380 _and n._, 390;
and State intervention, 408-410;
and _laissez-faire_, 408, 410; 416, 417, 418, 423, 438 _n._, 440, 516;
Mr. and Mrs. Webb on his theory that labour is the cause of value,
581 _n._; 588, 615 _n._;
simplicity of his system, 644
Smith, Prince, 376, 439
“Smithianismus,” 438
Social biology, 590 _n._
Social Catholicism, 495-503;
and co-operation, 496-500;
and the emancipation of the workers by themselves, 500;
and the State, 501;
and Protection, 501 _n._;
and socialism, 501;
and the employer and the worker, 502;
compared with Social Protestantism, 503
Social Catholics, 494
Social Christianity, 509
Social contract, the, 6 _n._
Social Democratic Federation, 579 _n._
Social Democratic party, German, Rodbertus and, 417; 432;
founded, 437; 480 _n._
Social economics, 1, 181, 645
“Social function,” 335
“Social instinct,” the, 632;
Kropotkin on, 632-633
Social League of Buyers, 500 _n._
Social Protestantism—_see_ Christian Socialism
“Social workshops,” Blanc and, 301
Socialism, xi;
Adam Smith regarded as the father of, 79 _n._;
Adam Smith a forerunner of, 92;
Ricardo’s theory of value the starting-point of modern, 138;
the Marxian theory of surplus value and, 140;
and the French Revolution, 199 _n._-200 _n._;
equalitarian, 200 _n._;
the Saint-Simonians and, 200 _n._-201 _n._, 212, 225, 227, 230 _n._,
231;
Saint-Simon and, 201, 202, 209, 210 _n._;
Saint-Simon the father of, 203;
Robert Owen and, 235;
origin of the term, 235 _n._, 263 _and n._;
Wm. Thompson and, 244;
Leroux and, 263;
Proudhon and, 290-291, 296-299, 315;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300-307;
Marx and, 320, 470;
France the classic land of, 323;
Bastiat and, 328 _n._, 329;
Stuart Mill and, 352 _n._, 353, 358;
the Liberal school and, 354;
Reybaud on, 354;
revival of, 377;
Marx’s _Kapital_ and, 377;
Rodbertus and, 417;
State Socialism and, 431;
Lassalle and, 433;
the Christian schools and, 483-485;
the Social Catholics and, 500;
the Sillon and, 502;
the Christian Socialists and, 509;
modern changes in, 515-516;
in England in mid-nineteenth century, 579;
of the Fabian Society, vii, 580 _n._-581 _n._, 584-587;
Sidney Webb on the present realisation of, 585;
“juridical socialism,” 606, 607 _n._;
criticism of solidarity, 611;
anarchism and, 640, 641;
and violence, 641;
and the State and private property, 642
Socialists, favour Adam Smith’s theory of value, 75;
Sismondi reckoned among, 184;
Saint-Simon reckoned among, 210 _n._;
Proudhon and, 296-297;
and the Revolution of 1848, 300; 335;
and State Socialism, 414;
Rodbertus and, 417;
and capital, 459-460;
F. D. Maurice on the motto of the socialist, 504 _n._;
and interest and rent, 568, 579
Society, the reality of, 618, 619 _n._;
Kropotkin on, 625 _n._, 630, 631 _n._;
Bakunin on, 625 _n._-626 _n._, 630, 631 _n._;
the anarchist conception of, 629-636;
Proudhon and, 630, 631 _n._;
Jean Grave and, 630, 631 _n._;
and government, 631
Sociological analogy, the, 590-591
Sociology, 388, 392, 404, 590
Solidarity, xv;
in France, 136 _n._, 516;
Protection and, 289 _n._, 602;
Proudhon and, 317;
the Liberal school and, 325;
Bastiat and the law of, 344-345;
origin of the term, 344 _n._, 587;
modern conception of, 344;
Carey and, 345;
and individualism, 356 _n._;
State Socialism and, 439, 592, 601, 602-603;
Le Play’s new school and, 495;
Gounelle on, 508 _n._;
the Christian Socialists and, 508;
development of the ideal, 587;
the ancients and, 588-589;
heredity and, 588;
A. Comte and, 589;
bacteriology and, 589;
the sociological analogy and, 590-591;
growth and universality of, 591-592;
the Solidarity school, 592 _n._-593 _n._;
Gide on, 593 _n._;
a new watchword, 593;
M. Bourgeois and, 593-594, 596, 597-599;
and natural solidarity, 594-599;
progress of the movement, 593-594;
Durkheim and, 599-600;
a movement towards universal unity, 600-601;
practical applications of, 601-607;
fiscal reform and, 602;
and association, 602, 613-614;
the syndicalists and, 603;
the mutualists and, 603-604;
and co-operation, 604;
the École de Nîmes, 605 _n._;
and the mutual credit society, 606;
and private property, 606;
and jurisprudence, 606;
criticism of, 607-614;
the Liberal school and, 607-608;
evolution and, 609;
and collective responsibility for misdemeanour, 610;
the moralists and, 610-611;
socialist criticism, 611;
its moral influence, 611-612;
and individuality, 612-613;
and exchange, 613-614;
distinguished from charity, 614 _n._;
the anarchists and social solidarity, 630; 632
Solidarist, or Solidarity, school, 592 _n._-593 _n._, 601
Solvay, E., 242, 318-319
Sombart, W., 271 _n._, 386
Sorel, G., 209, 321, 447-448, 466 _nn._, 467 _n._, 473 _n._, 474 _n._,
479 _nn._, 480 _n._, 481 _nn._, 482 _and nn._, 483, 515, 638 _n._,
641, 642
Souchon, A., xi
Sovereign, the, Adam Smith on, 93, 94, 409
_Sozialpolitik_, 178
Spain, anarchism in, 640
Spence, T., 560 _and n._
Spencer, Herbert, xiii. 356, 376, 560, 590 _nn._
Spontaneity of economic institutions, Adam Smith and, 68-85, 87, 88, 89
Staël, Mme., 173 _n._
Stangeland, C. E., 121 _n._
Stanislaus II, King of Poland, and the Physiocrats, 5
State, the, in the Mercantilist view, 27;
in the Physiocratic view, 27;
the functions of, in the Physiocratic doctrine, 33-37;
Adam Smith on the functions of, 95;
the sole inheritor of property, in the Saint-Simonians’ system, 223;
Blanc and, 261, 262;
Dupont-White and, 408 _n._, 440, 441;
Walras and, 413;
Rodbertus and, 418-419, 429-431;
Hegel on, 435 _n._;
Fichte and, 435 _n._-436 _n._;
the Congress of Eisenach and, 437;
Wagner and, 438 _n._, 439-440;
the duties of, under State Socialism, 439;
incapacity of, as an economic agent, 439;
and the individual, 442-443;
the Christian schools and, 484;
Le Play and, 488;
the Social Catholics and, 501;
Carlyle on the Classical ideal, 511;
the anarchists and, 615, 623-624, 625, 626, 627, 630, 641;
syndicalism and, 641
State intervention, xv, 407 _et seq._;
Adam Smith and, 94-97, 408-410;
Malthus and Ricardo and, 164;
Sismondi and, 197, 413;
the French Liberal school and, 325;
Bastiat and, 325 _n._, 408-409; 377, 378;
Stuart Mill and, 411, 413;
Cournot and, 413;
Lassalle and, 434-435;
Kingsley on, 505 _n._
_See_ State Socialism
State Socialism, xi, xv, 197, 221, 259, 261, 262, 304-305, 346, 377,
387, 389 _n._, 407;
origin of, 410, 413, 438;
not simply an economic doctrine, 414;
Rodbertus and, 414-415, 417, 428, 431, 432;
Lassalle and, 414, 432;
Wagner and, 414; and socialism, 431;
Andler and the philosophical origin of, 435 _n._;
Fichte and, 435 _n._;
principles and characteristics of the movement, 436-448;
and the Classical school, 438;
and solidarity and Lassalle, 439;
and government and the individual, 439-443;
and distribution, 443-444;
and production, 444;
Bismarck and, 445;
in Germany, 445-446;
influence in politics, 447;
and economic Liberalism, 447;
syndicalism and, 447-448;
the Christian schools and, 485;
and economic theory, 515;
modern development of, 516;
the Fabians and, 586; 592, 593 _n._;
and solidarity, 601, 602-603
Stationary state, Stuart Mill and, 373-374
Statistics, the science of, and economics, 407 _n._; 645-646
Statute of Apprentices, the, 104, 170
_Statutes of the International Brotherhood_, 639
_Statutes of the International Socialist Alliance_, 639
Stein, H. F. K., 106 _n._
Stein, L. von, 294 _n._
“Sterile classes,” the, in the Physiocratic system, 14, 21, 24;
Adam Smith and, 57
Sterile labour, in the Physiocratic system, 16-17
Stewart, Dugald, 52 _n._
Stiegler, M., 592 _n._
Stirner, Max (Kaspar Schmidt), 615-619, 622-623, 628, 630
Stöker, Pastor, 507
Storch, H. F. von, 118 _n._, 379
Strong, J., 506 _n._
Stumm, Baron, 507 _n._
Sully, Duc de, 17
Supply, price and, 519
Surplus labour, Marx’s theory of, 450-459, 474-475
Surplus value, Marx’s theory of, 184, 198, 228, 294, 450-459;
Sismondi and, 184-185, 198, 475;
decline of the theory of, 516
Surplus values, the taxation of, 569-570
Switzerland, Christian Socialism in, 507
Syndicalism, 321, 447, 448, 472 _n._, 473, 479-483, 491;
the Social Catholics and, 498 _and n._;
the Sillon and the C.G.T. and, 502;
and solidarity, 603;
and anarchism, 619 _n._, 641-642;
and the State, 641-642;
its ideal, 642
_Syndicat_, the, 480-481
Synthetic socialism, 573
Syntheticism, 573
_Tableau économique_, 3 _n._, 5, 18-19, 20 _n._, 21, 162, 534
Taillandier, Saint-René, 616 _n._
Tariffs, in France, 266, 269, 280-281;
in Germany, 266-269, 280-281;
in the United States, 269;
the economic nature of, 282
Taxation, the Physiocratic theory of, 38-45;
Adam Smith and, 61-62 _and nn._, 102;
development of the theory of, 645
Theory, economic, recent revival of, 515
Thierry, A., 203, 211
Thiers, L. A., 303
Thomas, É., 302 _and n._
Thomas, P. F., 263 _n._
Thompson, R., 156 _n._
Thompson, W., 194, 201 _n._, 244, 450 _n._
Thornton, W. T., 361, 371 _n._
Thünen, J. H. von, 148 _n._, 352, 558
Tocqueville, A. C. de, 303
Todt, Pastor, 507
Tolstoy, Count Leo, 510, 511, 512, 513-514
Tooke, T., 109 _n._
Torrens, Colonel, 349 _n._
Tourville, the Abbé de, 494, 495 _n._
Toynbee, A., 196, 374, 379, 386 _n._, 387
Trade, the Physiocrats and, 27-33
Trade, Free—_see_ Free Trade
Trade unionism, Robert Owen and, 236 _n._;
Stuart Mill and, 361, 362 _n._;
the Neo-Marxians and, 479;
Le Play and, 491; 496 _n._, 504;
Durkheim and, 600;
the syndicalists and, 603, 642;
the French anarchists and, 640
Travail, Le, co-operative society, 257 _n._
Treitschke, H. G. von, 443 _n._
Trosne, G. F. Le, one of the Physiocrats, 4 _n._;
on the earth as the sole productive source, 12 _n._, 13;
and the “net product,” 14 _n._, 15 _n._;
on the _Tableau économique_, 19;
on exchange, 27 _n._;
on Free Trade, 29 _n._; 49, 118 _n._
Trusts, Ollivier on, 325
Tucker, J., 54
Turgot, A. R. J., one of the Physiocrats, 4 _and n._;
on the universality and immutability of the “natural order,” 10;
and the origin of the term _laissez-faire_, 11 _n._; 12 _n._;
on artisans and agriculturists, 14 _and n._;
on mines and the “net product,” 14;
on the circulation of wealth, 18;
and the _Tableau économique_, 20 _n._;
and property, 25 _n._;
on the “good price,” 30 _n._;
on Protection, 31 _n._;
and the edict establishing Free Trade in corn, 32;
and interest, 33, 50 _n._;
distinguished from the other Physiocrats, 33, 46-47;
on industry and agriculture, 37 _n._;
on the burdens of the poor, 42 _n._;
and the “iron law,” 42, 157, 453 _n._;
on value, 46-47;
and Condillac and Galiani, 47; 50;
acquainted with Adam Smith, 51 _n._, 55; 117;
and the law of diminishing returns, 146-147 _n._, 340; 222 _n._,
228 _n._, 298
“Unearned increment,” rent is, 545;
the confiscation of, 558-570
United States, xii;
increase of population in, 124 _n._;
growth of _per capita_ wealth of the population in, 131;
and tariffs and Protection, 269, 278-279;
List on the economic condition of, 279;
cultivation and rents in, 339;
Christian Socialism in, 506
Unity, the movement towards universal, 600
University economists, 436
Ure, A., 171 _n._
Usury, the Catholic Church and, 503 _n._
Utilitarian Radicals, 586
Utilitarian school, 352
Utility, social, 24, 91;
Dunoyer and, 348 _and n._
Utility theory, 328 _n._;
Bastiat and, 335-338
Utopia, More’s, 246
Utopian socialism, 232
Value, the accretion of, constitutes production, 16;
nature the only source of, 16;
the Physiocrats and, 46, 49;
Turgot on, 46-47;
Galiani on, 47;
Condillac and, 48-49, 74, 75;
Adam Smith’s theory of, 74-80, 149;
Ricardo’s theory of, 138, 140-141, 149-151, 240, 332;
Sismondi and, 184-185;
Marx and, 185, 293 _n._, 466 _and n._, 474, 583;
Marx’s theory of surplus value, 184, 450-459;
Proudhon and, 293 _n._;
Bastiat’s theory of service-value, 332-335, 338;
Carey and, 332;
Ferrara and, 333 _n._;
in Bastiat’s utility theory, 335-338;
the Classical law of, 360, 558;
Rodbertus and, 415 _n._;
Aristotle and, 451 _n._;
determined by cost of production, 520, 526;
definition of, 523;
the Classical school and, 530 _n._;
the Mathematical school and, 530 _n._;
Aupetit and, 530 _n._
“Value in use,” and “value in exchange,” 75-76, 451
Value, surplus—_see_ Surplus value
Vandervelde, É., 221, 470 _n._
Varlin, M., 459 _n._
_Verein für Sozialpolitik_, 437
Vidal, F., 259, 304-305, 414, 420 _n._
Villeneuve-Bargemont, Vicomte A. de, 197
Villermé, L. R., 171, 491 _n._
Villey, E., 327 _n._
Vinet, A. R., 509
Voltaire, and the Physiocrats, 5; 32;
his _L’Homme avec Quarante Écus_, 41 _n._; 43;
Adam Smith and, 51 _n._; 52 _n._
Wage fund theory, Stuart Mill and, 361-362, 374;
Walker and, 362 _n._, 549;
Cairnes and, 374; 456
Wages, the Physiocrats and, 43;
Condillac on, 49-50;
Adam Smith on the relation of, to rent, 64 _n._;
Smith’s theory of, 80;
Ricardo and, 114, 157-163;
Sismondi and, 176 _n._;
Stuart Mill and, 360 _n._, 369-370; 353;
the law of, of the Classical School, 360-362;
Cobden on, 360-361;
the “brazen law” of, 361, 426, 433, 453 _n._, 528;
Böhm-Bawerk and the Classical school and, 520;
final utility and, 527-528;
the productivity theory of, 527-528, 549-550;
the Hedonists and, 541;
relation of, to profit, 550-551;
and interest, Henry George on, 565;
relation of, to the increase in rents, 566 _and n._
Wagner, A., 222, 393 _n._, 394, 396 _nn._, 401 _n._, 403, 414, 416,
431 _n._, 433 _n._;
and State Socialism, 438 _and n._, 439, 440-441, 443 _n._, 444;
and the State and the individual, 442
Wakefield, Gibbon, 349 _n._
Walker, A., 550 _n._
Walker, F., 362 _n._, 549-552
Wallace, A. R., and land nationalisation, 561, 577
Wallas, Graham, 159 _n._
Walras, L., on Free Trade, 30; 75;
J. B. Say and, 114;
and land nationalisation, 155, 561, 571, 572 _n._, 573-577;
and “scarcity,” 351; 521 _n._, 522 _n._; 376, 380, 392 _and n._;
on the State, 413; 495, 529 _n._;
his economic system, 533-536, 541-542; 537, 538 _n._, 540 _n._, 544;
and rent and profit, 552;
and the individual and the State, 573-574;
and the confiscation of rent, 574-577; 631 _n._
War of Independence, American, 103-104, 202
Waring, Colonel, 253 _n._
Watt, James, 65
Wealth, the Physiocratic conception of the circulation of, 18-26;
a material element, in the Physiocratic view, 27;
Quesnay regards agriculture as the source of all, 56;
Adam Smith’s view of the origin of, 56-57;
Adam Smith on, 83;
solely a product of the soil, in the Physiocratic view, 348
_Wealth of Nations_, 51 _et seq._, 353
Webb, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney, 170, 221, 387, 580, 581, 583, 584, 585, 586
Weber, Max, 381 _n._
Weill, G., 202 _n._, 203 _n._, 226 _n._
Weitling, W., 323
Wellington, Duke of, 366
Wells, H. G., 580
West, Sir E., 147 _n._, 149 _n._
Weulersse, G., 5 _n._, 22 _n._, 26 _n._
Wieser, F. von, 522 _n._
William II, Emperor of Germany, 446, 507
Wilson, G., 96 _n._
Wirth, M., 416 _n._, 417 _n._
Wollemborg, 503 _n._
Wolowski, L., 304
Woman question, Saint-Simonism and, 254;
Fourier and, 254
“Working men’s associations,” 305-306, 319
Worms, R., 590 _n._
Würtemberg, Tariff Union between Bavaria and, 268
Young, A., 136 _n._, 371
Yule, Udny, 407 _n._
Zola, É., 254 _n._
Zollverein, formation of the, 268; 280
_Zollvereinsblatt_, 280 _n._, 288