THE GEOMETRY OF THE SPIDER’S WEB
[This chapter, one of the most wonderful in Fabre’s books, is included
in a simplified form in this volume, on account of its interest to such
younger readers as have studied geometry.]
When we look at the webs of the Garden Spiders, especially those of the
Silky Spider and the Banded Spider, we notice first that the spokes or
radii are equally spaced; the angles formed by each consecutive pair
are of the same value; and this in spite of their number, which in the
webs of the Silky Spider sometimes exceeds forty. We know in what a
strange way the Spider weaves her web and divides the area of the web
into a large number of equal parts or sectors, a number which is almost
always the same in the work of each species of Spider. The Spider
darts here and there when laying her spokes as if she had no plan,
and this irresponsible way of working produces a beautiful web like
the rose-window in a church, a web which no designer could have drawn
better with compasses.
We shall also notice that, in each sector, the various chords, parts
of the angular spiral, are parallel to one another and gradually draw
closer together as they near the center. With the two radiating lines
that frame them they form obtuse angles on one side and acute angles on
the other; and these angles remain constant in the same sector, because
the chords are parallel.
There is more than this: these same angles, the obtuse as well as the
acute, do not alter in value, from one sector to another, as far as the
eye can judge. Taken as a whole, therefore, the spiral consists of a
series of cross-bars intersecting the several radiating lines obliquely
at angles of equal value.
By this characteristic we recognize what geometricians have named the
“logarithmic spiral.” It is famous in science. The logarithmic spiral
describes an endless number of circuits around its pole, to which it
constantly draws nearer without ever being able to reach it. We could
not see such a line, the whole of it, even with our best philosophical
instruments. It exists only in the imagination of scientists. But
the Spider knows it, and winds her spiral in the same way, and very
accurately at that.
Another property of this spiral is that if one in imagination winds
a flexible thread around it, then unwinds the thread, keeping it
taut the while, its free end will describe a spiral similar at all
points to the original. The curve will merely have changed places.
Jacques Bernouilli, the professor of mathematics who discovered this
magnificent theorem, had engraved on his tomb, as one of his proudest
titles to fame, the spiral and its double, made by the unwinding of the
thread. Written underneath it was the sentence: _Eadem mutata resurgo._
“I rise again like unto myself.” It was a splendid flight of fancy
which showed his belief in immortality.
Now is this logarithmic spiral, with its curious properties, merely an
idea of the geometricians? Is it a mere dream, an abstract riddle?
No, it is a reality in the service of life, a method of construction
often employed by animals in their architecture. The Mollusk never
makes its shell without reference to the scientific curve. The
first-born of the species knew it and put it into practice; it was as
perfect in the dawn of creation as it can be to-day.
There are perfect examples of this spiral found in the shells of
fossils. To this day, the last representative of an ancient tribe, the
Nautilus of the Southern Seas, remains faithful to the old design, and
still whirls its spiral logarithmically, as did its ancestors in the
earliest ages of the world’s existence. Even in the stagnant waters of
our grassy ditches, a tiny Shellfish, no bigger than a duckweed, rolls
its shell in the same manner. The common snail-shell is constructed
according to logarithmic laws.
[Illustration]
Where do these creatures pick up this science? We are told that the
Mollusk is descended from the Worm. One day the Worm, rendered frisky
by the sun, brandished its tail and twisted it into a corkscrew for
sheer glee. There and then the plan of the future spiral shell was
discovered.
This is what is taught quite seriously, in these days, as the very
last word in science. But the Spider will have none of this theory.
For she is not related to the Worm; and yet she is familiar with the
logarithmic spiral and uses it in her web, in a simpler form. The
Mollusk has years in which to build her spiral, so she makes it very
perfectly. The Spider has only an hour at the most to spread her net,
so she makes only a skeleton of the curve; but she knows the same
line dear to the Snail. What guides her? Nothing but an inborn skill,
whose effects the animal is no more able to control than the flower is
able to control the arrangement of its petals and stamens. The Spider
practices higher geometry without knowing or caring. The thing works of
itself and takes its way from an instinct imposed upon creation at the
start.
The stone thrown by the hand returns to earth describing a certain
curve; the dead leaf torn and wafted away by a breath of wind makes its
journey from the tree to the ground with a similar curve. The curve is
known to science and is called the “parabola.”
The geometricians speculate still more about this curve; they imagine
it rolling on an indefinite straight line and ask what course the focus
of the curve follows. The answer comes that the focus of the parabola
describes a “catenary,” a line whose algebraic symbol is so complicated
that a numeral will not express it. The nearest it can get is this
terrible sum:
1 + 1/1 + 1/(1.2) + 1/(1.2.3) + 1/(1.2.3.4) + 1/(1.2.3.4.5) + etc.
The geometricians do not attempt to refer to it by this number; they
give it a letter, _e_.
[Illustration]
Is this line imaginary? Not at all; you may see the catenary
frequently. It is the shape taken by a flexible cord when held at each
end and relaxed; it is the line that governs the shape of a sail filled
out by the wind. All this answers to the number _e_.
What a quantity of abstruse science for a bit of string! Let us not be
surprised. A pellet of shot swinging at the end of a thread, a drop of
dew trickling down a straw, a splash of water rippling under the kisses
of the air, a mere trifle, after all, becomes tremendously complicated
when we wish to examine it with the eye of calculation. We need the
club of Hercules to crush a fly.
Our methods of mathematical investigation are certainly ingenious; we
cannot too much admire the mighty brains that have invented them; but
how slow and laborious they seem when compared with the smallest actual
things! Shall we never be able to inquire into reality in a simpler
fashion? Shall we be intelligent enough some day to do without all
these heavy formulæ? Why not?
Here we have the magic number _e_ reappearing, written on a Spider’s
thread. On a misty morning the sticky threads are laden with tiny
drops, and, bending under the burden, have become so many catenaries,
so many chains of limpid gems, graceful chaplets arranged in exquisite
order and following the curve of a swing. If the sun pierce the mist,
the whole lights up with rainbow-colored fires and becomes a dazzling
cluster of diamonds. The number _e_ is in its glory.
Geometry, that is to say, the science of harmony in space, rules over
everything. We find it in the arrangement of the scales of a fir-cone,
as in the arrangement of a Spider’s sticky snare; we find it in the
spiral of a snail-shell, in the chaplet of a Spider’s thread, as in the
orbit of a planet; it is everywhere, as perfect in the world of atoms
as in the world of immensities.
And this universal geometry tells us of a Universal Geometrician,
whose divine compass has measured all things. I prefer that, as an
explanation of the logarithmic curve of the Nautilus and the Garden
Spiders, to the Worm screwing up the tip of its tail. It may not
perhaps be in agreement with some latter-day teaching, but it takes a
loftier flight.
INDEX
Angular Spider, web of, 269, 274-275
Ants, battle between Red and Black, 59-60
habits of Red, or Amazon, 58-59
sense of direction of, 60-61
Banded Spider, eggs and young of, 207-208
hunting habits and prey of, 199-203
nest of, 203-206
telegraph wire of, 242-247
Bees, Carpenter, prey of Tarantula, 214-215
Cotton, 85-88
Dioxys, 47
doorkeeping, 69-77
Gnats as enemies of, 67-69
home-finding instinct of, 49-50
Leaf-cutting, 47, 78-84, 86
Mason, 37-46
Osmia, 47
Resin, 89-92
victims of Crab-spider, 248-249
Zebra, 62-77
Beetles, Hoplia, 192
Truffle-hunting, 171-176
usefulness of, about Bees’ houses, 47-48
Birds, sense of direction of, 57-58
Bluebottle Flies, as scavengers, 134
Bumble-bee, prey of Tarantula, 211-212
Butterfly, hunted by Banded Spider, 200
Cabbage-caterpillars, 161-166
Caddis-worms, 17
study of, 31-32
use of defensive sheath by, 33-34
viewed as insect submarine, 35-36
Carpenter-bee, fight between Tarantula and, 214-215
Caterpillars, Cabbage, 161-166
Pine, 135-160
prey of Hairy Sand-wasp, 95-105
Cats, home-finding instinct of, 52-57
study of, 51-52
Clotho Spider, food of, 239
habits of, 239-241
home of, 236-239
origin of name, 236
Crab-spider, described, 249-250
eggs of, 251-252
hunting practices of, 248-249
nest of, 251-252
young of, 253-256
Crickets, prey of Yellow-winged Wasps, 106-112
Dioxys-bee, 47
Dog, truffle-hunting by, 171-173
Doorkeeping Bees, 69-77
Dragon-flies, 18
prey of Banded Spider, 200
Flesh-flies, Gray, as scavengers, 134
Flies, as prey of Wasps, 113-118
Bombylii, as parasites, 130-131
scavenger work done by, 133-134
Wasps preyed on by, 120-123, 131
Gad-flies, hunted by Wasps, 113-118
Geometry of Spider’s web, 276-283
Glass pond, described, 28-30
Gnats, as enemies of Bees, 67-69
Cabbage-caterpillar victim of, 165-166
Grasshoppers, prey of Banded Spider, 200
prey of Tarantula, 213
Gray Worm, hunting of, by Hairy Sand-wasp, 95-105
Great Peacock Moth, 167-170
Greenbottle Flies, as scavengers, 133-134
Honey, of Cotton-bees, 88
of Mason-bees, 37-38
Instinct in animals compared with genius in men, 197-198
Labyrinth Spider, habits of, 264-265
nest of, 260-264
web of, 259-260
young of, 264-265
Leeches, in pond, 18
Locust, prey of Banded Spider, 201-203
Microgaster, enemy of Cabbage-caterpillar, 165-166
Midge, Cabbage-caterpillar preyed on by, 165-166
Mole, effect of Tarantula’s poison on, 217-218
Mollusk, curve of shell of, 278-280
Mosquitoes, grubs of, 18
Moths, Great Peacock, 167-170
Pine, 157-160
Nautilus, curve of shell of, 278-280
Newt, orange-bellied, in pond, 17
Parasites, insect, 125-132
Pigeons, home-finding instinct of, 57
Pine Caterpillars, 135-160
cocoons and moths of, 157-160
eggs of, 136-138
habits of, 141-144
procession habit of, 145-153
weather prophesied by, 154-156
winter homes of, 141
young of, 138-140
Pond, studies in a, 17-30
Pond-skaters, 17
Processionaries, Pine Caterpillars called, 136
study of, 145-153
River-snails, found in pond, 18
Scavengers, Flies as, 133-134
School, account of early, 182-194
Shellfish, varieties of, in pond, 18
Silky Spider, telegraph wire of, 242-247
Snails, pond and river, 18
Sparrow, effect of Tarantula’s poison on, 216-217
Spiders, Angular, 269
Banded, 199-208, 269
Bird, 257, 258
Clotho, 236-241
Crab, 248-256
Garden, 272
Labyrinth, 257-265
poisonous qualities of, 209
Silky, 269
Tarantula, 209-235
telegraph wire of, 242-247
Water, 258
web building by, 266-283
Stelis-wasp, as enemy of Mason-bee, 43-44
Tadpoles, in pond, 17, 22
Tarantula, American, 257, 258
Black-bellied, 210
description of, 210
eggs and young of, 221-232
fight with Carpenter-bee described, 214-215
flight of young, 232-235
food of young, 228-232
home of, 210-211
hunting methods of, 211-214, 218-220
poison of, 216-218
Truffle-hunters, 171-176
Wasps, Fly-hunting, 113-124
Golden, as parasites, 128-130
Hairy Sand, 93-105
hunting of Crickets by Yellow-winged, 106-112
hunting practices contrasted with Tarantula’s, 218
Mutilla, 126-128
preyed on by Flies, 120-123
Stelis, as enemies of Mason-bee, 43-44
Water-beetles, in pond, 17
escape of Caddis-worms from, 33-34
Water-boatmen, 18
Water-scorpions, 18
Weather prophets, Pine Caterpillars as, 154-156
Web, building of Spider’s, 266-275
geometry of Spider’s, 276-283
Weeds, decomposition of, in stagnant water, 29-30
Whirligigs, in pond, 17
Zebra Bees, appearance of, 62
doorkeeping by, described, 69-77
eggs and young of, 66-67, 69-70
Gnat enemy of, 67-69
homes of, 62-65
Transcriber’s Notes
Variant spelling and hyphenation have been preserved as printed;
simple typographical errors have been corrected.
In the Table of Contents, the printed page numbers were all off by
10: page 7 should read page 17, page 21 should read page 31, and so
on. The page numbers have been updated for the plain text version of
this book. (The HTML and e-reader versions do not use page
references in the ToC.)
The following changes were also made:
Page 86:
dead and dry, however, never fresh ones. [added period]
Page 183, illustration:
The fire was not exactly lit for us. [changed from colon]
Page 277:
lines obliquely at angles of equal value. [added period]
Page 285, Index:
habits of Red, or Amazon, [added comma]