Much more has been written about the Green River and the main stem of
the Colorado than about the Colorado above the confluence (the former
Grand River), because all but one of the early float trips began on the
Green. The first reports concerning Powell’s memorable voyages of 1869
and 1871 were his articles published in Scribners Monthly during 1874
and 1875 followed by his formal 1875 report “Exploration of the Colorado
River of the West and Its Tributaries.” As pointed out by Porter (1969,
p. 21), however, Powell’s narrative
is written _as if_ everything chronicled therein occurred during the
first trip. Events which actually occurred in 1871 and 1872 are
reported as happening in 1869. There is no mention of the personnel of
the 1871-72 party, nor is there an indication that there even _was_ a
second trip. The engravings illustrating the report were made from
photographs taken by Beaman and Hillers between 1871 and 1874, but
this fact is not noted.
For these reasons, Porter’s account contains Powell’s diary of the first
(1869) trip and many of the missing photographs, plus his own beautiful
color prints. Much more complete and accurate accounts of the 1871
voyage than those of Powell, including many of the photographs taken by
Beaman and Hillers, were given by Dellenbaugh (1902, 1962), who was a
member of Powell’s 1871 expedition.
Numerous river trips were undertaken in the years following Powell’s
pioneering expeditions. The ill-fated Brown-Stanton voyage of 1889-90
included starts on both the Grand and the Green Rivers. (See section on
“Colorado River.”) More successful were Nathan Galloway and William
Richmond, trappers who left Henrys Fork, Wyo., late in 1896 and reached
Needles, Calif., on February 10, 1897 (Kolb, 1927, p. 338). Trappers
Charles S. Russell, E. R. Monette, and Bert Loper left Green River,
Utah, in three steel boats on September 20, 1907; Russell and Monette
reached Needles in one boat in February 1908, but Loper was drowned.
Dellenbaugh’s 1902 book was carried by the Kolb brothers as a guide for
their 1911 trip down the river (Kolb, 1927). In addition to making
superb still photographs, the Kolb brothers took the first moving
pictures in the canyons, and these are still being shown in the Kolb
Studio on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon. Julius F. Stone and party
traversed the canyons in 1909, and his account (1932) also contains
excellent photographs. E. C. La Rue, of the U.S. Geological Survey, and
assistants made two trips down the Green and Colorado Rivers in 1914 and
1915 and additional trips from 1921 through 1924. Their comprehensive
hydrographic findings and studies, plus excellent photographs, are given
in two reports (La Rue, 1916, 1925). The 1916 report also contains (p.
16-22) a good condensed account of earlier explorations and voyages from
1531 through 1911, taken in part from Dellenbaugh (1902).
As noted earlier, a modern river runners’ guide by Mutschler (1969),
which logs the Green and Colorado Rivers from Green River, Utah, to Lake
Powell, is now available. River mileages in this log were taken from
detailed topographic maps of both rivers prepared under the direction of
Herron (1917). We will visit only a few notable features of the canyons;
the mile-by-mile details for the Green River can be obtained from
Mutschler (1969), and those for the Colorado River, from Baars and
Molenaar (1971, p. 61-99). Several other references are given below, and
additional ones are given by Rabbitt (1969, p. 20-21).
[Illustration: BOWKNOT BEND, of Green River, looking east from west
end of narrow intervening saddle. Upper photograph was taken by E.
O. Beaman on September 10, 1871, during second voyage of Major John
Wesley Powell and his party. Lower photograph was taken from same
camera station on August 19, 1968, by Hal G. Stephens, U.S.
Geological Survey, on expedition led by E. M. Shoemaker to recover
camera stations of the 1871 voyage and rephotograph the scenes to
record changes during the nearly 100 year interval. Note that almost
no changes occurred in the bedrock, or even in the loose rocks, but
that considerable change occurred in the vegetation along the river.
Although salt cedar (tamarisk) had been introduced into this country
from the Mediterranean area long before 1871, it had not yet spread
to this area, but the bare islands shown in the earlier photograph
are covered by salt cedar in the 1968 photograph. (Fig. 62)]
[Illustration: Figure 62, lower image]
All travelers down the Green River embarking from Green River, Utah, or
above, were impressed with Bowknot Bend (fig. 62), so named by Powell
and his men (1875, p. 54) near the beginning of Labyrinth Canyon, which
they also named for its deeply entrenched meanders. The upper photograph
in figure 62 was taken by Beaman on September 10, 1871, looking eastward
from the west end of the narrow saddle separating the upper and lower
reaches of the river; the lower photograph was taken from the same point
on August 19, 1968, by Hal G. Stephens nearly 97 years later. Although
there are changes in the vegetation, as described in the caption, there
are virtually no visible changes in the bedrock. Nevertheless, the
distant future will likely see a breakthrough, whereby Green River will
shorten itself by about 7 miles (Herron, 1917, pl. 15C). It is
interesting to note that the vertical cliffs of Wingate Sandstone in and
west of Bowknot Bend are only a few hundred feet above the river,
whereas, because of the gentle northward dip of the beds and the gentle
southward grade of the rivers, the Wingate cliffs are more than 2,000
feet above the two rivers at Grand View Point and Junction Butte, at the
southern tip of Island in the Sky.
At the mouth of Horseshoe Canyon, about 3 miles below Bowknot Bend, we
pass a large rincon where the Green River shortened its course by about
3 miles. Some idea of the rincon’s antiquity is gained from the facts
that the river is now some 350 feet lower than at cutoff time, whereas
Bowknot Bend (fig. 62) has shown no visible deepening in 97 years. This
rincon was not noted by Powell or other early voyagers, seemingly
because they did not happen to climb the banks at this point, but it is
quite noticeable on modern topographic maps and on aerial photographs.
This rincon and Jackson Hole along the Colorado River may be as old as
late Tertiary (fig. 80).
At a point reported to be 350 yards above the mouth of Hell Roaring
Canyon, which enters from the east about 3½ miles below the rincon, an
early day trapper named Julien left his mark. Stone (1932, p. 69, pl.
39A) seems to have been the first river runner to find (from a
description given him by a Mr. Wheeler at Green River), record, and
photograph the inscription shown in figure 63. Mutschler (1969, p. 31)
indicated that this inscription is carved on a massive Moenkopi
sandstone bed about 40 feet above the canyon floor. A similar
inscription by Julien was found in Cataract Canyon, 31 miles below the
confluence, but it is now covered by Lake Powell (Mutschler, 1969, p.
65).
Some boaters are met by car and taken out to Moab or Green River via the
Horsethief Trail (fig. 1), just north of the park. The road along the
river here continues south for 6½ miles to the mouths of Taylor and
Upheaval Canyons, where it becomes the White Rim Trail.
[Illustration: INSCRIPTION BY JULIEN, near mouth of Hell Roaring
Canyon, thought to have been carved by Dennis Julien, an early day
trapper. Photograph by K. Sawyer, August 1914, member of expedition
led by E. C. La Rue (1916). (Fig. 63)]
Coming down the Green River, we enter Canyonlands National Park where
the Grand-San Juan county line meets the Emery-Wayne county line (fig.
1), about 2¼ miles north of Taylor and Upheaval Canyons. The National
Park Service had three successful test wells put down in Taylor Canyon,
and water under artesian pressure was found in the White Rim Sandstone
at depths of 373 to 482 feet. When funds become available, they hope to
complete one or more of these wells and pump the water up to Island in
the Sky, where two dry holes were drilled earlier.
About 5½ miles below Upheaval Canyon is an interesting ruin on a hill in
the middle of a large nearly closed loop of the river enclosing Fort
Bottom. This was noted by Dellenbaugh (1902) during Powell’s 1871 trip
and was described in more detail by Mutschler (1969, p. 33-34):
The ruin consists of two, two-story, interconnected, crudely circular
towers, and a third separate, completely collapsed tower, built on the
summit of the bluff with a commanding view downriver and of Fort
Bottom. Other collapsed structures are present on the summit, and a
slab-lined cist is present beneath the Moss Back ledge west of the
towers. The ruin was built of dry laid masonry and most of the mud
plaster on the inside has been washed away, leaving the structure in
danger of imminent collapse. Please do not climb the walls!
Fort Bottom also contains a cabin believed to have been used by Butch
Cassidy and the Wild Bunch (Baker, 1971, p. 198).
At about the mouth of Millard Canyon, we leave Labyrinth Canyon and
enter Stillwater Canyon, aptly named by members of the 1869 Powell
voyage (Dellenbaugh, 1902, p. 276). The beginning of Stillwater Canyon
is marked by vertical walls of the White Rim Sandstone. From here
Powell’s men observed a butte to the southwest thought to resemble a
fallen cross and named it “Butte of the Cross.” Farther downstream they
realized they had been looking at two buttes, a small one in front of a
larger one, so the feature was renamed “Buttes of the Cross.” An aerial
view of Buttes of the Cross is shown in figure 64.
[Illustration: BUTTES OF THE CROSS, looking southwest from the air.
Millard Canyon enters Green River in foreground, North Point is in
right middle ground, Orange Cliffs are in background, and Henry
Mountains form right skyline. White Rim Sandstone forms White Rim
near mouth of Millard Canyon and near Anderson Bottom at left
middle. (See fig. 65.) Buttes are Wingate Sandstone capped by
Kayenta Formation; slopes down to prominent ledge are Chinle
Formation, Moss Back Member forming the ledge; steep and gentle
slopes between ledge and White Rim are Moenkopi Formation.
Photograph by National Park Service. (Fig. 64)]
About 2 miles below the mouth of Millard Canyon, at Anderson Bottom, we
reach one of the most interesting features on the river—the most recent
rincon of a major river in the park, if not in the entire canyon
country. Although some rincons are more recent, they are along minor
tributaries such as Indian Creek (fig. 73). The cutoff at Anderson
Bottom probably took place during the Pleistocene Epoch, whereas most of
the others along the main rivers probably occurred during the Tertiary
Period (fig. 80). An aerial view of the Anderson Bottom rincon is shown
in figure 65, and a sketch of the drainage change is shown in figure 66.
This feature was noted and correctly interpreted by Powell and his men,
who applied the name Bonita Bend to the sharp new course the river took
after the cutoff.
Continuing through Stillwater Canyon, we pass Turks Head (figs. 23, 24)
and head for the confluence of the Green River with the Colorado River.
Figure 67 shows the canyon just west of the confluence. The lowest and
largest cliff above the river is the upper member of the Hermosa
Formation, overlain by the slopes and thin ledges of the Rico Formation.
The massive sandstone at the top of the canyon wall is the Cedar Mesa.
Junction Butte and Grand View Point are on the right skyline.
We have already viewed the confluence and Cataract Canyon from the land
and from the air (figs. 59-61); soon we will see them from the Colorado
River.
[Illustration: Petroglyph]
[Illustration: ANDERSON BOTTOM RINCON, aerial view looking
southeast. Jointed White Rim Sandstone forms the clifflike canyon
walls and the mesa in middle of Anderson Bottom. Green River is now
about 60 feet lower than former channel at right. Photograph by
National Park Service. (Fig. 65)]
[Illustration: DRAINAGE CHANGES AT ANDERSON BOTTOM RINCON. River
shortened itself about 2 miles by this cutoff. (Fig. 66)]
[Illustration: STILLWATER CANYON, of Green River, viewed from a
point on the south rim about 1 mile above (west of) confluence with
the Colorado River. Upper photograph was taken by E. O. Beaman on
September 16, 1871, during second Powell voyage. Lower photograph
was taken from same camera station on August 23, 1968, by Hal G.
Stephens, U. S. Geological Survey. (See caption for figure 62.) Note
that there are no noticeable changes in rocks or bushes away from
the river but that sand bars in the early photograph are covered
with salt cedar (tamarisk) in the later photograph, as described for
figure 62. (Fig. 67)]
[Illustration: Figure 67, lower]