FLORIZEL'S FOLLY
BOOKS BY JOHN ASHTON.
Crown 8vo., cloth, 7s. 6d. each.
A HISTORY OF THE CHAP-BOOKS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. With 334
Illustrations.
HUMOUR, WIT, AND SATIRE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. With 82
Illustrations.
ENGLISH CARICATURE AND SATIRE ON NAPOLEON THE FIRST. With 115
Illustrations.
MODERN STREET BALLADS. With 57 Illustrations.
* * * * *
SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE. With 84 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., cloth. 3s. 6d.
London: CHATTO & WINDUS, 111 St. Martin's Lane.
[Illustration: _M^{rs} Fitzherbert_ 1792]
FLORIZEL'S FOLLY
BY
JOHN ASHTON
AUTHOR OF
'SOCIAL LIFE IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN ANNE,' 'MODERN STREET BALLADS,'
ETC., ETC.
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WITH THIRTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON
CHATTO & WINDUS
1899
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CONTENTS
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
Early history of Brighthelmstone--Domesday Book--The
Flemings--The French harry the South Coast--At
Brighthelmstone--Defences of the town--Rumours of
the Spanish Armada--Armament of the town 1-13
CHAPTER II.
Escape of Charles II. to France--The story of it--The
'Royal Escape'--Brighton in 1730--In 1736--In 1761--Forty-five
different ways of spelling the name of the
town 14-27
CHAPTER III.
Brighton becomes fashionable--Duke of Cumberland there--His
character--The Royal Marriage Act--His influence
over the Prince of Wales--The Duke and the
King--Bad conduct of the Prince of Wales 28-39
CHAPTER IV.
Mrs. Robinson--Her story of Florizel and Perdita--Her
after-career--Coming of age of the Prince of Wales--His
new establishment--His first visit to Brighton--His
and Colonel Hanger's adventure 40-51
CHAPTER V.
Memoir of, and anecdotes about, George Hanger 52-64
CHAPTER VI.
The Prince goes to Brighton for his health--Description
of Brighton in 1784--Royal visitors--The Prince takes
a house--Weltje--Sam House--Fox and the Prince--Brighton
in 1785 65-80
CHAPTER VII.
The Prince's acquaintance with Mrs. Fitzherbert--His
courtship and marriage--Satirical prints thereon 81-94
CHAPTER VIII.
The Prince's debts--Appeal to the King--His retrenchments--'The
Jovial Crew, or Merry Beggars'--Satirical
prints--Help from Parliament--Schedule of his debts 95-108
CHAPTER IX.
Fox's denial of the marriage--Once more at Brighton--Again
in 1788--The Prince at a fatal prize-fight--His
birthday--Dress at Brighton--The Prince leases his
house at Brighton--Unfilial conduct of the Prince--Probability
of a Regency 109-122
CHAPTER X.
The Prince as a musician--A _bon-mot_ of his--Lady Lade--Her
husband, Sir John--The Prince's pecuniary difficulties--His
dealings with his jeweller--The latter's
story--Another financial mess 123-134
CHAPTER XI.
Rowlandson and Brighton--Poem on the Prince's birthday,
1790--Lord Barrymore--Anecdotes respecting
him and his family 135-148
CHAPTER XII.
The Duke of Norfolk, and anecdotes respecting him--The Duke
of Queensberry, and anecdotes--Charles
Morris--The Prince out shooting--A grand review--French
_émigrés_--Smuggling--The Prince's birthday,
1792--Poem on the _émigrés_ 149-161
CHAPTER XIII.
The _émigrés_--Duchesse de Noailles--The nuns--Camp at
Brighton--The Prince as a soldier--His debts--Interview
with the King--Breaks with Mrs. Fitzherbert--Her
account--Satirical prints--Newspaper paragraphs 162-179
CHAPTER XIV.
Another camp at Brighton--The Prince's second marriage--His
debts--Parliamentary debate thereon--Prince
and Princess at Brighton--'Moral Epistle from the
Pavilion at Brighton to Carlton House'--Manners at
Brighton, 1796--Description of the town 180-193
CHAPTER XV.
Reconciliation of the Prince and Mrs. Fitzherbert--Her
scruples, etc.--The Prince at Brighton--Satirical
prints--The Prince and the Pavilion--Increase of
income--The Prince and his regiment--A race--Guests
at the Pavilion--The Prince and his daughter 194-208
CHAPTER XVI.
The case of Miss Seymour--Satirical prints thereon--The
Prince at Brighton, 1806--His birthday--The Green
Man--Visit of the Princess Charlotte 209-222
CHAPTER XVII.
Final rupture between the Prince and Mrs. Fitzherbert--That
lady and William IV.--Her kindly relations with
the Royal Family--Her death--The King's illness--The
Regency--Visitors at the Pavilion--Queen Charlotte
there--The 'Royal Rantipoles' 223-243
CHAPTER XVIII.
The Regent and Admiral Nagle--A quiet time at the
Pavilion--The Regent's extravagance--His yacht--Sham
fight, and caricature thereon--A cruise to the
French coast--Royal visitors--The Regent's statues--'High
Life Below Stairs,' etc.--Satirical prints--Closing
days--Last appearance at the Pavilion 244-260
CHAPTER XIX.
The books by Nash and Brayley on the Pavilion--Description
and history of the building--Its exterior--Entrance
hall--Red Drawing-room 261-272
CHAPTER XX.
The Chinese Gallery--The Music Room--The Yellow
Drawing-room--The Saloon--The Green Drawing-room 273-284
CHAPTER XXI.
The Banqueting Room--The Library--Royal Bedroom--North
and South Galleries--Queen Adelaide's apartments--Great
Kitchen--Chapel--Stables--Riding
House 285-300
CHAPTER XXII.
Visit of William IV.--Alterations contemplated--Visit of
the King and Queen--Story of the Duke of Cambridge--Alterations
in the Pavilion--The Royal Family snowed
up Queen Victoria's first visit--Second visit--Third,
with the Royal children--Fourth, and last--The
Pavilion dismantled--Sold to the Corporation of
Brighton 301-308
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ILLUSTRATIONS
MRS. FITZHERBERT. _Condé, after Cosway._ 1792.
_Frontispiece_
ATTACK MADE BY THE FRENCH UPON BRIGHTHELMSTONE,
1545 _To face p._ 9
GEORGE IV. AS PRINCE OF WALES. (_Artist
unknown._) _February 1, 1782_ " 36
GEORGEY IN THE COALHOLE. _Gillray._ _July 1,
1800_ " 53
RETURNING FROM BROOKS'S. _Gillray._ _April
18, 1784_ " 72
WIFE AND NO WIFE; OR, A TRIP TO THE
CONTINENT. _Gillray._ _March 27, 1786_ " 92
LOVE'S LAST SHIFT. _Gillray._ _February 26,
1787_ " 102
CAPTAIN MORRIS. _Gillray._ _July 23, 1790_ " 157
A VOLUPTUARY UNDER THE HORRORS OF
DIGESTION. _Gillray._ _July 2, 1792_ " 167
THE RAGE. _Newton_ or _O'Keefe_ del.,
_W. Hintin_ sculpt. _November 22, 1794_ " 177
THE GUARDIAN ANGEL. _Gillray._ _April 22,
1805_ " 211
HIGH LIFE BELOW STAIRS. _J. R. Cruikshank._
_March 25, 1819_ " 256
WEST FRONT OF THE PAVILION. _A. Pugin._
1825 " 271
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FLORIZEL'S FOLLY
CHAPTER I.
Early history of Brighthelmstone--Domesday Book--The Flemings--The
French harry the South Coast--At Brighthelmstone--Defences of the
town--Rumours of the Spanish Armada--Armament of the town.
We who live in these latter days, when Brighton, the
'London-on-the-Sea,' has a standing population of 115,873,[1] and
contains 19,543 houses, can hardly realize its small beginnings. That
it was known to the Romans there can be no doubt, for, about 1750, an
urn was dug up near the town, which contained a thousand _denarii_,
ranging from Antoninus Pius to Philip; and others have since been
found. In the Anglo-Saxon time Brighthelmstone was a manor, and the
great Earl Godwin succeeded in the lordship of it to his father,
Ulnoth. On his banishment from the kingdom, this manor, with his other
possessions, was seized by King Edward, but, afterwards, he recovered
it, and held it until his death, on April 14, 1053, when it lapsed into
the hands of his son Harold, who held it until his death at the Battle
of Senlac, on October 14, 1066.
I should rather say that Harold held two of the three manors of
Brighthelmstone, for his father, Godwin, had given the other to a
man named Brictric, for his life only. This was the manor called
'Brighthelmstone-Lewes;' the other two were 'Michel-ham' and
'Atlyngworth.' It is thus described in Domesday Book, A.D. 1086:
'Radulfus ten. de Will'o, Bristelmestane. Brictric tenuit de dono
Godwini. T. R. E. et m^o, se def'd p. 5 hid' et dimid'. Tra' e' 3 car.
In d'nio e' dimid' car. et 18 vill'i et 9 bord' cu' 3 car. et uno
servo. De Gablo 4 mill' aletium. T. R. E. val't 8 lib. et 12 sol. et
post c. sol., modo 12 lib.
'In ead' villa, ten^t Widardus de Will'o 6 hid' et una v^a et p'tanto
se defd'.
'Tres aloarii tenuer' de Rege E., et potuer' ire quolibet. Un^o ex eis
habuit aula': et vill'i tenuer' partes alior' duor. T'ra e' 5 car. et
est in uno M. In d'nio un' car. et dim', et 13 vill'i, et 21 bord', cu'
3 car. et dimid': ibi 7 ac' p'ti et silva porc. In Lewes 4 hagæ. T. R.
E. val't 10 lib., et post 8 lib., modo 12 lib.
'Ibide' ten' Wills. de Watevile Bristelmestune de Willo. Ulovard
tenuit de Rege E. T'c et modo se defd' p. 5 hid' et dim'. T'ra e' 4
car. In d'nio e' 1 car. et 13 vill'i, et 2 bord' cu' una car'. Ibi
Æccl'a.
'T. R. E. val't 10 lib'. et post 8 lib', modo 12 lib'.'
TRANSLATION.
'Ralph holds of William (de Warren[2]) Bristelmestune. Brictric held
it from the gift of Earl Godwin. In the time of King Edward, and now,
it defends itself for 5 hides[3] and a half. The (arable) land is 3
carucates.[4] In demesne is half a carucate, and 18 villeins[5] and 9
bordars.[6] Of the Gabel (customary payment) 4 thousands of herrings.
In the time of King Edward it was worth 8 pounds and 12 shillings, and,
afterwards, 100 shillings. Now, 12 pounds.
'In the same vill,[7] Widard holds of William 6 hides and 1 virgate;[8]
and, for so much, it defends itself.
'Three aloarii (customary tenants) held it of King Edward, and could
go where they pleased. One of them had a hall, and the villeins held
the portions of the other two. The land is 5 carucates, and is in one
manor. In demesne one carucate and a half, and 14 villeins and 21
bordars, with 3 carucates and a half; there are 8 acres of meadow, and
a wood for hogs. In Lewes 4 hagæ.[9] In the time of King Edward it was
worth 10 pounds, and, afterwards, 8 pounds; now 12 pounds.
'In the same place William de Wateville holds Bristelmestune of
William. Ulward held it of King Edward. Then, and now, it defends
itself for 5 hides and a half. The land is 4 carucates. In demesne is 1
carucate, and 13 villeins, and 2 bordars with one plough.[10] There is
a church.
'In the time of King Edward it was worth 10 pounds, and, afterwards, 8
pounds; now, 12 pounds.'
We thus see how small was the population of the three manors in the
time of William the Conqueror, and it is useful to note that there
is no mention whatever of fisheries or fishermen except the Gabel of
herrings. Concerning this matter Lee[11] propounds a very interesting
theory. He says:
'From the surnames of some of the most ancient families in the town
of _Brighthelmston_, the phrase and pronunciation of the old natives,
and some peculiar customs there, it has, with great probability, been
conjectured, that the town had, at some distant period, received a
colony of _Flemings_. This might have happened soon after the Conquest,
for we read of a great inundation of the sea, about that time, in
_Flanders_; and such of the inhabitants of the deluged country
as wanted new habitations could not have anywhere applied with a
greater likelihood of success than in _England_. _Matilda_, Queen of
_William_ the _Conqueror_, was their countrywoman, being daughter to
_Baldwin_, Earl of _Flanders_. At her request, _William de Warren_,
her son-in-law, would have readily given a band of those distrest
emigrants a settlement on one of his numerous manors; and, as they had
been inhabitants of the maritime part of _Flanders_, and lived chiefly
by fishing, _Brighthelmston_ was the most desirable situation for them
within the territory of that nobleman.
'The _Flemings_, thus settled at _Brighthelmston_, were led, by habit
and situation, to direct their chief attention to the fishery of the
Channel. Besides obtaining a plentiful supply of fresh fish of the best
kind and quality for themselves and their inland neighbours, they,
every season, cured a great number of herrings, and exported them to
several parts of the Continent, where the abstinence of Lent, vigils,
and other meagre days, insured them a constant market. The inhabitants
of the town, now classed into _landsmen_ and _seamen_, or _mariners_,
profited respectively by the advantages of their situation. The former,
whose dwellings covered the _Cliff_, and part of the gentle acclivity
behind it, drew health and competence from a fertile soil. The latter,
residing in two streets under the _Cliff_, found as bountiful a
source of subsistence and profit in the bosom of the sea. In process
of time the _mariners_ and their families had increased so far as to
compose more than two-thirds of the population of the town, and had
a proportionate share of the offices and internal regulation of the
parish.'
The people of Brighthelmstone were subject, in common with all the
coast, to invasion and reprisals to the English raids on France, and
their ships and boats were occasionally taken, and their fishery
interrupted. In 1377 the French harried the South Coast, spoiled the
Isle of Wight, and burnt Rye, Portsmouth, Dartmouth, Plymouth, and
Hastings. There is no record of Brighthelmstone being attacked, but
the French came parlously near, as Holinshed tells us: 'Winchelsie
they could not win, being valiantlie defended by the abbat of Battell
and others. After this, they landed, one day, not far from the abbeie
of Lewes, at a place called Rottington (Rottingdean), where the prior
of Lewes and two knights, the one named sir Thomas Cheinie, and the
other, sir John Falleslie, having assembled a number of the countrie
people, incountred the Frenchmen, but were overthrowen; so that there
were slaine about an hundred Englishmen; and the prior, with the two
knights, and an esquier called John Brokas, were taken prisoners,
but yet the Frenchmen lost a great number of their owne men at this
conflict, and so, with their prisoners, retired to their ships and
gallies, and, after, returned into France.'
As far as I have read, Brighthelmstone had peace until 1514, when
Holinshed tells us: 'About the same time, the warres yet continuing
betweene England and France, Prior Jehan (of whom ye have heard before
in the fourth yeere of this King's reigne), a great capteine of the
French navie, with his gallies and foists[12] charged with great
basilisks[13] and other artillerie, came on the borders of Sussex, in
the night season, at a poore village there, called Brighthelmston, and
burnt it, taking such goods as he found. But, when the people began to
gather, by firing the becons, Prior Jehan sounded his trumpet, to call
his men aboord, and by that time it was daie. Then certeine archers
that kept the watch, folowed Prior Jehan to the sea, and shot so fast,
that they beat the gallie men from the shore; and wounded manie in the
foist; to the which Prior Jehan was constreined to wade, and was shot
in the face with an arrow, so that he lost one of his eies, and was
like to have died of the hurt; and, therefore, he offered his image of
wax before our ladie at Bullongne, with the English arrow in the face
for a miracle.'
These archers, who so stoutly resisted the French, were, according to
Lee, the land-owners and others of the adjacent country, as well as
the inhabitants of the sea-coast, who were obliged to keep _watch_
and _ward_ whenever there was the least appearance of danger. The
_Watch_, called _Vigiliæ minutæ_, in the King's mandate to the Sheriff,
was nocturnal, and seldom exacted, unless an immediate descent was
apprehended. The _Ward_ consisted of men-at-arms, and _hobilers_, or
_hoblers_. The latter were persons who seem to have been bound to
perform that service by the nature of their tenure. They were a sort
of light cavalry, dressed in jackets called _hobils_, and mounted on
fleet horses. The bold stand made against the French who landed at
Rottingdean in 1377 was principally by the _Watch_ and _Ward_ of this
coast, which had been divided into districts, entrusted to the care of
some baron or religious house by certain Commissioners called _Rectores
Comitatus_. Thus it was that the Prior of Lewes and the Abbot of Battle
were placed at several times at the head of an armed power, to oppose
actual or threatened invasion. Certain hundreds and boroughs were
also obliged, under pain of forfeiture, or other penalty, to keep the
beacons in proper condition, and to fire them at the approach of an
enemy, in order to alarm and assemble the inhabitants of the Weald.
Brighthelmstone had yet another hostile visit from the French, and to
this we are indebted for the earliest recorded view of the town. It
occurred in 1545, and Holinshed gives us the following short and pithy
account of the affair.
'After this, the eighteenth of Julie, the admerall of France, monsieur
Danebalte, hoised up sailes, and with his whole navie came forth into
the seas, and turned on the coast of Sussex before Bright Hampsteed;
and set certein of his soldiers on land, to burne and spoile the
countrie: but the beacons were fired, and the inhabitants thereabouts
came downe so thicke, that the Frenchmen were driven to flie with losse
of diverse of their numbers; so that they did little hurt there.'
[Illustration: ATTACK MADE BY THE FRENCH FLEET UPON BRIGHTHELMSTONE,
1545.]
The French then tried the Isle of Wight, and got the worst of it, so
returned to Sussex. 'The French Capteins having knowledge by certeine
fishermen, whom they tooke, that the King was present, and so huge
a power readie to resist them, they disanchored, and drew along the
coast of Sussex; and a small number of them landed againe in Sussex,
of whome, few returned to their ships: for diverse gentlemen of
the countrie, as sir Nicholas Pelham and others, with such power as
was raised upon the sudden, tooke them up by the waie, and quickelie
distressed them. When they had searched everie where by the coast, and
saw men still readie to receive them with battell, they turned sterne,
and so got them home againe without anie act acheived worthie to be
mentioned. The number of the Frenchmen was great, so that diverse of
them that were taken prisoners in the Ile of Wight, and in Sussex, did
report that they were three score thousand.'
This descent on Brighthelmstone is admirably shown in a water-colour
drawing on parchment in the MS. Department of the British Museum
(Cotton MSS., Aug. 1, vol. i. 18), which measures 3 feet by 2 feet; it
is here reproduced. A tracing of it was engraved in 'Archæologia,' vol.
xxiv., p. 298, as an illustration of a paper read by Sir Henry Ellis
before the Society of Antiquaries, April 14, 1831.
Here we find the town, _apparently_, just where it is now, with a
'felde in the midle of the towne,' but with some houses on the beach
opposite what is now Pool Valley, on the east side of which houses the
French are landing. The following are the explanations inserted in the
drawing:
'The Bekon of the Town.'
'The Wynde Mylles.'
'The towne of Brithampton.'
'Hoove Church.'
'Hove Village.'
'A felde in the midle of the Town.'
'The town Fyre Cage.'
'The Valley coming from Ponyng betwixt Brithampton and the village
Hove.'
'Upon this west parte may lond [ML over C] persons unletted by any
provisions there.'
'The east parte of Brithampston rising only on Cleves (cliffs) high.'
'Here landed the Galeys.'
'Shippes may ride all somer within di. a myle the towne in V fathome
water.'
'These grete Shippes ryding hard abord shore by shoting into the hille
and valies over the towne, so sore oppresse the towne that the Countrey
dare not adventure to reskue it.'
In consequence of this attack, Lee says that 'The town of
_Brighthelmston_, thus harassed by frequent alarm, and the desultory
attacks of an active enemy, resolved to erect fortifications, which
might afford them some protection in future. Accordingly, at a Court
Baron held for the manor of Brighthelmstone-Lewes, on the 27th of
September, 1558, the Lords of the manor granted to the inhabitants of
the town, a parcel of land on the cliff between Blacklyon street and
Ship street, and about two hundred and sixteen yards westward from the
lower end of East street, thirteen feet in length and sixteen feet
in breadth, to build thereon a storehouse for armour and ammunition,
afterwards called the _Blockhouse_. This parcel, however, was only part
of the site of that building; for, at a Court Baron held for the Manor
of _Atlyngworth_, on the 3rd day of January 1613, the homage presented
that the north side of the said building stood on the demesne lands of
that manor. The _Blockhouse_, the walls of which were about eight feet
in thickness, and eighteen feet in height, was circular, and measured
50 feet in diameter. Several arched apartments in its thick walls were
repositories for the powder and other ammunition for the defence of the
town. In front of it, towards the sea, was a little battery called the
_Gun Garden_, on which were mounted four pieces of large iron ordnance.
Adjoining the _Blockhouse_, on the east, stood the _Townhouse_, with a
dungeon under it for the confinement of malefactors. From the summit of
this building rose a turret, on which the town clock was fixed.
'At the same time, with the _Blockhouse_, were erected four Gates
of freestone (three of which were arched) leading from the Cliff to
that part of the town which lay under it; _viz._ the _East-gate_ at
the lower end of _East-street_; the _Portal_, vulgarly miscalled
the _Porter's-gate_, which was less than any of the others, and
stood next the _East-gate_; the _Middle-gate_, opposite the end of
_Middle-street_, commonly called the _Gate of all nations_; and
the _West-gate_, which stood at the end of _West-street_. From the
_East-gate_, westward, there was, at the same time, a wall built about
fifteen feet high, and four hundred feet long, where the _Cliff_ was
most easy of ascent: and, from the termination of that wall, a parapet,
three feet high, was continued on the verge of the _Cliff_ to the
_West-gate_, with embrasures for cannon. The _Blockhouse_ was built
at the expense of the mariners of the town; but the gates and walls
seem to have been erected partly, if not wholly, at the expense of
Government.
'The upland part of the town, thus effectually secured on the south,
might also, in case of any emergency, be rendered pretty secure on
its three other sides, by cutting trenches at the ends of the streets
which led into the town; or barring the enemy's entrance with lumber
carriages and household furniture, while the inhabitants annoyed them
from every quarter.'
From 1545 to 1586 Brighthelmstone lived in peace; but when rumours
of the Spanish Armada, which was in preparation, began to be bruited
about, the town's folk had a scare, for a fleet of fifty vessels were
descried off the town, apparently waiting for a favourable opportunity
of landing. The terrified inhabitants lit the beacons, and sent off,
post haste, to Lord Buckhurst, the Lord Lieutenant of the county, for
assistance and protection. His lordship immediately attended with as
many armed men as he could hurriedly muster, and posted them on the
brow of the cliff between Brighthelmstone and Rottingdean, so that he
might oppose the enemy should they try to land at either place. During
the ensuing night, his force increased to the number of 1,600 men, and
a considerable number of Kentish men were on their march to join him.
However, when morning dawned, the ships were still there, but no one on
board seemed to show any disposition to land; so a few boats belonging
to the town plucked up heart of grace, and ventured out a little way to
reconnoitre this fleet, when they discovered, to their very great joy,
that it only consisted of Dutch merchantmen, laden with Spanish wines,
detained in the Channel by contrary winds!
But at the end of July, 1558, when the Armada was an accomplished fact,
Brighthelmstone went to work in earnest to defend itself; and they then
had in the town belonging to the Government, six pieces of great iron
ordnance and ten 'qualivers.'[14] Luckily, they were not needed, and
after the memorable storms of 1703 and 1705 the sea so encroached, that
the _Blockhouse_ and Gun Garden, together with the walls and gates,
were sapped, and finally disappeared through stress of weather.
[Illustration: Decorative motif]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Census, 1891.
[2] Earl of Surrey, son-in-law of William the Conqueror.
[3] A hide is an indeterminate quantity of land, varying from 20 to
4,000 acres. Eyton says it was a fiscal value, and not a superficial
quantity.
[4] As much land as eight oxen could plough in a season--80 to 144
acres.
[5] Peasants, not serfs.
[6] Lord Coke says they were 'Boors holding a little house, with some
land of husbandry, bigger than a cottage.'
[7] Manor.
[8] A perch of 16½ feet, or 5½ square yards.
[9] Haga was a house in a city or borough--some think a shop.
[10] Eight oxen.
[11] 'Ancient and Modern History of Lewes and Brighthelmstone,' etc.,
printed for W. Lee, the editor and proprietor, Lewes, 1795, p. 458.
[12] A foist was a light galley, a vessel propelled both by oars and
sails.
[13] Heavy ordnance, which, in the fifteenth century, could carry stone
balls of 200 lb. weight.
[14] Or caliver, a kind of harquebuse or musket--the lightest firearm,
except the pistol, and it was used without a rest.
[Illustration: Decorative panel]