Cock-fighting—Its illegality—Public recognition of it—Description
of company at a cock-fight—High stakes—Bull-baiting—Debate thereon
in the House of Commons—Prize-fighting—Famous pugilists—George IV.
as a patron of the Ring—Attempts to put down prize-fighting—Female
physical education—Cudgel-playing, and other sports.
COCK-FIGHTING was another way of gambling—a barbarous pastime, yet of
great antiquity, and, changing the name of the combatants to quails,
or partridges, extending all over the world, especially in the East.
The Greeks had their Cock-fights, the Romans fought both cocks and
quails. Of its introduction into England there is no certain date,
but Fitz-Stephen, who died in 1191, mentions schoolboys as fighting
their cocks on Shrove Tuesday. Edward III., Henry VIII., Elizabeth,
and Cromwell, all prohibited Cock-fighting; yet, so popular was it,
that no prohibition was of any avail, and the Royal fulminations passed
unheeded, and fell into desuetude almost as soon as uttered.
In the time of which I write, Cocking was a recognized sport, publicly
advertised. _Morning Post_, January 5, 1805: “Cocking, to be Fought
on Monday, January 7, 1805, and continue all the week, at the Cock
Pit Royal, South side of St. James’s Park, the Gentlemen of Suffolk,
and the Gentlemen of Hampshire’s MAIN OF COCKS, for Five Guineas the
battle, and One Hundred Guineas the odd. To begin fighting each day
precisely at Half-past Five o’clock.” Indeed, “Cock-fighting, Shooting,
and Military Carriages” were advertised.
The Cock Pit Royal was in Bird Cage Walk, St. James’s Park, and was a
great institution, until the expiration of its lease in 1816, when the
landlord refused to renew. Of a sketch of its interior (by Rowlandson,
and Pugin, in their “Microcosm of London”) the following description is
given, which will better help to illustrate the _sport_ than any words
of mine, as the account is contemporary:
“This print may, without undue partiality, be acknowledged to excel
that of Hogarth, upon the same subject. It is different in one
particular: here the satire is general, not personal; a collection
of peers and pickpockets, grooms and gentlemen, _bons-vivants_ and
bullies; in short, a scene which produces a medley of characters, from
the highest to the lowest, has seldom been painted with an adherence
to nature so strict and so interesting. The principal figure in the
front row seems to anticipate the loss of the battle; his neighbour
to the right appears to have some _eggs in the same basket_; whilst a
stupid sort of despair in the countenance of the next figure proclaims
that all hope is lost; the smiling gentleman on his left seems to be
the winner. The clenched fists and earnest features of the personage
in the same row, between two sedate contemplaters of the fight, make
one feel that sort of interest which arises from a belief that victory
depends upon only a little assistance being given at that particular
moment to the bird upon whose side he has betted. In the centre, and on
the highest row behind, are two figures, apparently intended as hurling
defiance to the whole company; they are certainly offering odds, which
no one is disposed to take. A little to the left, and just above the
smart officer with a cocked hat, is a group inimitably portrayed.
A parcel of _knowing ones_, who have betted pretty high, finding
themselves in the _wrong box_, appear very desirous of _edging off_,
and are attacking all together a personage who has been too much for
them; his attitude is expressive, and, with his fingers thrust into his
ears, seems to indicate that he will take no more bets; whilst the two
figures (one in a cocked hat) to the left appear to enjoy the humorous
expedient.... On the right we discover a pugilistic exhibition, and
at a little distance horsewhips and sticks brandished in the air; all
these are the natural accompaniments of the scene. Upon the whole,
this picture has great merit, and conveys a more perfect idea of the
confusion and bustle of a Cockpit than any description.” This was
written in 1808-9.
Sometimes very large sums depended upon these combats—_vide_ _Morning
Post_, April 28, 1800: “A _main of cocks_ is to be fought this week at
Newmarket, as interesting to the sporting world as that, last summer,
at York. The match is _ostensibly_ made between Mr. Cussans, and Mr.
Germain; but Sir Harry Vane Tempest, and others we could name, are
supposed to be the real principals. It is for 1,000 guineas a side, and
forty guineas each battle. Great sums are depending, and much money
will be sported.”
The last Act against Cock-fighting was 12 and 13 Vic., cap. 92 (August
1, 1849); but if any one imagines that, therefore, this _amusement_ is
extinct, he is very much mistaken.
Another cruel, yet intensely national sport, was Bull-baiting. Hardly
a country town of note but had its “Bull-ring”; and, although the bull
had but a circumscribed range, being tied by a rope to a stake, yet the
dogs did not always get the best of the combat, and many a tyke met
his death, or went a limping cripple for the remainder of his days. I
have already noted one bull-baiting in the account of the _Jubilee_
rejoicings at Windsor in October, 1709, and that must suffice.
A few years previously it had been made the subject of a debate in
the House of Commons, where much special pleading in its favour was
exhibited. On May 24, 1802,[53] Mr. John Dent, M.P. for Lancaster,
moved that the Bill to prevent Bull-baiting and Bull-running be read a
second time. Sir Richard Hill pleaded the cause of the poor bulls, not
very eloquently, but as earnestly as he could. He pointed out that an
Act had been passed for the abolition of Bull-baiting in Ireland, and
he called upon the Irish members to support this Bill.
Then up rose the Right Hon. W. Windham, M.P. for Norwich, and he
contended that the cruelty was no greater than that comprised in the
sports of hunting, shooting, and fishing. “If the effects of one were
to be viewed through the medium of a microscope, why were not the
consequences of the other to be scrutinized with equal severity?” In
the course of a long speech he warmed to his view of the subject,
until, at last, in the fervour of his eloquence, he burst into the
following: “He believed that the bull felt a satisfaction in the
contest, not less so than the hound did when he heard the sound of the
horn which summoned him to the chase. True it was, that young bulls,
or those that were never baited before, showed reluctance to be tied
to the stake; but those bulls, which, according to the language of the
sport, were called _game_ bulls, who were used to baiting, approached
the stake and stood there, while preparing for the contest, with the
utmost composure. If the bull felt no pleasure, and was cruelly dealt
with, surely the dogs had also some claim to compassion; but the fact
was, that both seemed equally arduous in the conflict; and the bull,
like every other animal, while it had the better side, did not appear
to feel unpleasantly; it would be ridiculous to say he felt no pain;
yet, when on such occasions he exhibited no sign of terror, it was a
demonstrable proof that he felt some pleasure.”
Mr. Courtenay rose to a much greater height. Said he: “What a glorious
sight to see a dog attack a bull! It animates a British heart—
‘To see him growl, and snap, and snarl, and bite,
Pin the bull’s nose, and prove instinctive might.’
Besides, if bull-baiting was given up, the characteristic of our
British dogs, so classically celebrated in the Augustan age of
literature, would be totally lost. Claudian says: ‘Magnaque taurorum
fracturæ colla Britannæ.’ Symmachus mentions seven Irish bull-dogs:
‘Septem Scottici canes,’ as then first produced in the circus at Rome,
to the great admiration of the people.’”
General Gascoyne considered it an amusement which the lower orders were
entitled to; and it was “with regret he observed a disposition in many
of the members to deprive the poor of their recreations, and force them
to pass their time in chaunting at conventicles.”
Then the gentle William Wilberforce rose, and rebuked the former
speakers, telling them that he thought the subject had been treated
with too much levity. “The evidence against the practice was derived
from respectable magistrates. From such evidence he had derived a
variety of facts, which were too horrid to detail to the House.
A bull—that honest, harmless, useful animal—was forcibly tied
to a stake, and a number of bull-dogs set upon him. If he was not
sufficiently roused by the pain of their attacks, the most barbarous
expedients were hit upon to awake in him that fury which was necessary
to the amusement of the inhuman spectators. One instance of the latter
kind he would state. A bull had been bought for the sole purpose of
being baited; but, upon being fixed to the stake, he was found of so
mild a nature that all the attacks of the dogs were insufficient to
excite him to the requisite degree of fury; upon which those who bought
him refused to pay the price to the original owner, unless he could be
made to serve their purposes: the owner, after numberless expedients,
at last sawed off his horns, and poured into them a poignant sort of
liquid, that quickly excited the animal to the wished-for degree of
fury. When bulls were bought merely for the purpose of being baited,
the people who bought them wished to have as much diversion (if
diversion, such cruelty could be called) as possible, for their money.
The consequence was that every art, even fire, had been employed to
rouse the exhausted animal to fresh exertions, and there were instances
where he had expired in protracted agonies amidst the flames. It had
been said, that it would be wrong to deprive the lower orders of their
amusements, of the only cordial drop of life which supported them under
their complicated burthens. Wretched, indeed, must be the condition of
the common people of England, if their whole happiness consisted in the
practice of such barbarity!”
Sheridan joined Wilberforce; but the Bill was thrown out by 64 to 51;
and the practice of Bull-baiting was only declared illegal in 1835,
when it was included in the Act against Cruelty to Animals, 5th and 6th
William IV., cap. 59.
There was yet another brutal sport, not wholly unconnected with money
and betting, which was then at its apogee, and that was Prize-fighting.
This decade was at its Augustan period, when the ruffians, who mauled
each other for lucre’s sake, were petted and fêted as much as ever
were the gladiators in the time of Rome’s decline—the names of the
pugilists then living being those of the greatest renown in the history
of the prize ring. Even people who are not tainted with a love of the
“Noble Art of Self-defence” must have heard of Jem Belcher, John Gully,
page to George IV., and M.P. for Pontefract; Dutch Sam, Tom Crib, and
his black adversary Thomas Molineaux; these names are as familiar to
every schoolboy as those of the Homeric heroes. It was an age of
muscle, not of brains; and the use of the fists was encouraged as the
arbiter in disputes which nothing but a little blood-letting could
appease, in preference to the duels, or to that utter abhorrence of all
Englishmen—the knife.
Doubtless, boxing is commendable in many ways, and should form part
of every man’s physical education, not only to the great advantage of
his muscular system, and consequent good health, but, should occasion
ever require the use of his fists, he is armed at once with weapons in
whose use he is well trained; but that is very different from two men,
possibly very good friends, spending long months in getting themselves
in the best possible physical condition for pounding each other into
a mass of bruised jelly, in order to put some money in their pockets,
and afford sport and amusement to a parcel of debased brutes, whatever
their social position might be.
The Prince of Wales in his younger days was, to a small extent, a
“Patron of the Ring,” _i.e._, he once went to a meeting which took
place at Smitham Bottom, near Croydon, on June 9, 1788, where he saw
three fights, one between the celebrated John Jackson—whose beautiful
tomb is in Brompton Cemetery—and Fewterel, of Birmingham; and, on
Jackson’s winning, he sent him, by the hand of his friend, Colonel
Hanger, a bank-note. The next fight was between Stephen Oliver,
nicknamed “Death,” with a Jew, named Elisha Crabbe, which ended in
“Death’s” defeat; and the third encounter was between two outsiders.
Again he was present at three fights which took place on the Brighton
race-course, on August 6, 1788. In the third—which was between
Tom Tyne, “the Tailor,” and Earl—Tyne hit his opponent a sharp,
left-handed blow on the side of the head, which drove him against
the rail of the stage. He fell insensible, and expired very shortly
afterwards. The Prince of Wales openly expressed his determination to
never again witness a prize-fight—and this he kept—also to settle
an annuity on Earl’s widow and children; but history is silent as to
whether this was ever carried out.
Of course, then as now, the better-thinking portion of the nation
discountenanced these blackguard exhibitions, which were mainly
supported by the “fast” set of that day—the JERRY HAWTHORNS and
CORINTHIAN TOMS of the next decade. It is refreshing to read such
paragraphs as the following:
_Morning Post_, January 11, 1808: “PRIZE FIGHTING. We are happy to hear
that there is some prospect of this most disgraceful and mischievous
practice being put an end to by the interference of the Legislature.
The consequences resulting from it become every day more and more
serious, and, without a vigorous effort to terminate the evil, we may
shortly expect to find numerous families reduced to the extremes of
poverty and wretchedness, in consequence of those who have hitherto
supported them by their industry having given themselves up to idleness
and blackguardism, by entering the foul ranks, and becoming the
constant associates of prize-fighting vagabonds.”
_Ibid._: “The magistrates are _beginning_ to do their duty; they, last
week, dissolved a meeting of Boxers who were sparring for money. His
Majesty’s Navy wants able-bodied men, and those lovers of fighting
could hardly complain, if they were compelled to box with _French_
instead of _English_ men.”
_Morning Post_, February 3, 1808: “PRIZE FIGHTING. We are rejoiced to
find that we have not in vain called attention to the growing evil
of this disgraceful, mischievous, and baleful practice. Mr. Justice
GROSE, in his Charge to the Grand Jury, yesterday, particularly noticed
its pernicious effects, and forcibly urged the necessity of a speedy
remedy; and we may, therefore, hope, ere long, to see the progress of
this species of blackguardism and vice effectually arrested. We shall
take an early opportunity of offering some further reflections upon the
subject.”
But nothing came of it. It is now illegal, but we know well enough,
that fights frequently take place. The police are half-hearted over
it, knowing it to be a thankless task even to effect a capture; for no
magistrate ever inflicts more than a very nominal punishment, either on
principals or accessories.
[Illustration: CUDGEL PLAYING—1800.]
That the physical education of the fair sex was attended to, long
before these days of female gymnastic exercises, is evidenced by the
following advertisement in the _Morning Post_, February 20, 1810:
“PATENT GRAND EXERCISE FRAMES particularly intended for Young Ladies,
the use of which will not only remove deformities, but will infallibly
produce health, strength, symmetry, beauty, and superior elegance of
deportment,” &c.
The lower classes in the Metropolis were naturally debarred from
manly sports, by want of room; so that almost their sole muscular
exercise was Skittles. But, in the country, a wholesome rivalry was
engendered among the rustic youth, by means of foot-racing, wrestling,
and Cudgel-playing. The latter still survives in Berkshire, where many
a crown has been cracked at the Scouring of the White Horse (of late
years fallen into desuetude), and many an old “gamester” still lingers,
who can tell long yarns of the hats he has won. At fairs, too, and
holidays, the young lasses used to race for smocks, and many sports
were in vogue that are now never practised, save when resuscitated at
some Harvest Home, or some country school feast.
[Illustration]
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