IN A TURPENTINE CAMP
The white sands of the Florida coast seem like the pearly gates drawing
reluctantly together behind the departing traveler. The winter has
rolled up like a scroll behind him, enfolding pictures of delights so
different from those which a Northern winter could have given him that
it seems as if for him the ages have rolled back and he is our father
Adam stepping forth from Paradise, while his eyes still cling fondly to
beloved scenes. The swoon of summer is on all the land which lies blue
beyond those pearly gates and the soft odors follow like half-embodied
memories.
Strongest perhaps of these and most gratefully lasting is the resinous
aroma of the Southern pines which clothe the level peninsula in living
green from Tampa to the Indian River, from Fernandina to the Keys. In
the coolest of winter days this odor greets the dawn and lingers behind
the sunset, and though the stronger scent of flowers often overpowers it
for a time it is always there, a permanent delight. Now the fervid heat
of the sun is distilling this from all barrens, for the sap is exultant
in the trees and all the turpentine camps are in full swing.
People who regret the turpentine camps set the day not far ahead, in
three years or in five, when the smoke of the last still will have
vanished and the ruthless ax of the woodsman following will have cut the
last tree for the second-quality lumber which the turpentine-bleeding
process leaves behind. Others say the end of the trees is something like
the end of the world. It has been prophesied almost since the beginning
and has never yet happened. Certain it is that turpentining is to-day
being carried on within a few miles of Jacksonville, Florida’s principal
city, just as ruthlessly as it was a dozen years ago, and though the end
of the world has surely come for the trees in certain tracts, in others
they still give up amber tears of resin under the wounds that are
re-opened weekly that they may continue to bleed.
Young trees grow where the old ones have been taken out and in many a
once-ploughed field stands to-day a young growth that will soon be big
enough to yield a “crop of boxes.” It takes but fifteen years of growth
under favorable circumstances to make a tree large enough to be
profitable. From the time such a tree feels the ax of the turpentiner
until it ceases to bleed profitably may be several years, three at
least. Then if let alone it does not die. The sun which draws rich
aromas from the resin on the long scar leaves behind a seal of hardened
pitch which closes the wound and beneath such bark as is left the sap
rises still to the nourishment of the leaves above. After a few years
the man may come back with his ax and again draw revenue from new wounds
that cut through the yet untouched bark. Another “crop of boxes”
extending through more years depletes the final vitality of the tree.
After that its value is measured only by the worth of the sap-drained
lumber remaining in its trunk.
The Chinese taught the world the first rudiments of the uses of
turpentine. As one follows one art of modern civilization after another
to its source, it is surprising how many of them came from the far
slopes of eastern Asia. It seems sometimes as if the Chinese had grown
old in the arts before we of the Western world began to know there was
any such thing, old and forgetful of most of them but still having
lingering traditions on which we base our first halting experiments.
Through them came to the shores of the Mediterranean in the unremembered
ages the knowledge of the uses of the oil and the gum of the
terebinthine tree, a rudimentary knowledge which modern chemistry has
expanded into a science which touches all arts, from portrait painting
to pavements, from sanitation to seamanship.
Without the distillations from these stately trees of the Florida
barrens the forward march of the world’s progress would go on somewhat
haltingly and for that reason if no other we may well hope that their
destruction may never be accomplished. That conservation must take the
place of destruction is already the cry, and the regulations which would
bring this about would not seem to be difficult to enforce. Methods
which improve the product and prolong the life of the tree are already
coming into vogue from economic reasons. Legislation prompted by these
is already discussed. The awakening of an æsthetic sentiment which will
save to Florida one of her chief beauties, the endless groves of stately
trees where one wanders as in a mighty-columned temple filled with
incense burning upon the altars of the wood gods, may well do the rest.
The world needs turpentine and Florida needs tourists; wisdom may well
be justified of both.
The old, crude method of the turpentine maker was to “box” the tree near
the ground, cutting a considerable cavity in the trunk into which the
sap might drip and collect. Then above this is cut a wide scarf going
just beneath the bark into the sapwood, a scarf whose upper edge draws
down into a point in the middle. In our great-grandmother’s day young
children wore short flaring skirts and projecting white garments
beneath, the lower edges of which were cut into saw points. Looking into
the gold-green depths of a Florida pine wood which is being turpentined
you catch the flash of these white garments beneath the skirts of the
forest as your train rushes by, and you smile. Here is all the world in
pantalets. The flitting perspective flips these before your eyes in
bewildering changes till you recall the lines of one who sang--
Oh, had I lived when song was great,
And legs of trees were limber,
And ta’en my fiddle to the gate
And fiddled in the timber!
* * * * *
Old elms came breaking from the vine,
The vine streamed out to follow.
And, sweating rosin, danced the pine
From many a cloudy hollow--
and you make sure that the days of old Amphion have come again. Here are
the stately trees that buttress this solemn temple of the deep pine
woods, doing a weaving maypole dance in pantalets. Surely this could
happen only in an American forest.
The pitch sweats from the wood in curdy white cream and imperceptibly
flows down into the boxes cut for it in the base of the tree. When
these boxes are full appear stalwart negroes, often fantastically clad,
dipping the accumulated pitch into buckets and filling casks that are
drawn by solemn mules, whose faces are so inscrutably stupid that they
appear wise with an elder, satyr-like wisdom.
The negroes, in the freedom of the old wood, lose the veneer which
civilization is giving the race and work with a care-free swing. Often
you hear them in the distance singing some song that lilts and croons,
that ignores the studied interrelation of tonic and sub-dominant, that
has neither beginning nor end, but chimes in its minor cadences with the
music of the wind in the tree tops. It might well be impossible to
reduce such songs to the bonds of modern notation. It is a music that
grew in the marrow of the race before tunes were invented--a music grown
sad and fragmentary now, I fear, but surely that which Amphion learned
and to which the free-footed trees danced in his days. The negro of the
pineries is careless, often brutal, always happy-go-lucky, but the men
who employ him say that he works well with right management; in fact, is
the best labor that can be had for the place, and that the business
would not know what to do without him. He surely fits the scene and one
would be sorry to miss him from it.
The old crude method of boxing the trees is, fortunately, rapidly
passing and in the place of the great hole cut in the base of the trunk
one often passes through miles of trees that have flowerpot-like
receptacles hung beneath them to catch the pitch. This means a cleaner
product, longer-lived trees and greater facilities in handling. It means
that when fire sweeps through the barrens as so often happens the blaze
will not get down into the heart of the tree and destroy it. Before this
trees which were boxed deeply would hold the fire in their light-wood
hearts till it had eaten them out and the stately columns, reeling and
sagging drunkenly, would finally fall in ruin, leaving but a burnt-out
crater where once they stood.
The mule teams bring the casks of pitch to the still on creaking wagons.
The big copper, flask-like top is taken off the great copper kettle and
barrel after barrel is hoisted and dumped in till it is full, scores of
barrels of pitch from thousands of trees being required for one run. The
fire is started beneath the kettle and the pitch warmed up a bit till
the chips which have been collected with the sap have risen to the
surface and been skimmed off. The cover is replaced and connected with
the great copper worm which winds down and round in big convolutions in
a great tank of water which shall cool it. Then a tiny stream of water
is set flowing by way of a spigot into the pitch kettle and the fire is
pushed again. The refining heat melts the dross and the very spirit of
the tree begins to bubble forth, is caught up by the steam from the
water which is introduced and carried over into the great copper worm
whence both flow, cooled and condensed by the surrounding water. But the
two cannot mingle and in the end the floating turpentine is siphoned off
and the residual water allowed to flow away.
By what alchemy of a subtler kind than any yet applied by man the tree
draws from the gray Florida sand, from the black humus scattered through
it, from the flooding rains of summer and the long glories of winter
suns and the winds of space, this aromatic essence of pungency and fire
no man can say. These are things for a deeper chemistry than that yet
taught in the schools to fathom. So desired is it by artist and artisan
that in a year more than three quarters of a million casks are shipped
from Southern ports to the markets of the world, a massing of results
that might well astound the Confucian alchemists of the elder race who
first worked on the gum of the terebinthine tree.
After some hours of heat all the turpentine has passed from the retort
and the spigot is turned at the bottom of the tank that the residue may
run off. In the old-time rough working of boxed trees this was a dark,
viscid liquid which soon hardened in cooling into a brittle mass which
is known the world over as rosin. To-day one may well be surprised and
delighted to stand by the still when the liquid is drawn off and see
what he gets. Instead of the dark mass he will see a pellucid flood
which is dipped into the casks in which it is to harden and be shipped,
at first a pale amber wine which might have got its color from the same
source as that juice of the grape which flows from the vats in Italian
vineyards. You may dip flowers in this liquid and take them out coated
with a brittle transparency which is beautiful to look at and which will
keep them, hermetically sealed and preserved, till a rough touch
shatters the glassy envelope and it falls in splintered fragments. This
is the finest rosin, the “water white” of the trade, bringing the
distillers a matter of ten dollars or so a cask. The next best grade is
known as “window glass,” almost the equal of the other in purity, and
from that the quality runs down through grade after grade till the
old-time opaque, dark red rosin stands at the bottom of the list. Twelve
grades in all are commonly quoted by the trade.
The flowing sap in the Florida pine trees is as susceptible as that of
the Northern sugar maples to heat or cold. In the months of winter,
December, January and February, little pitch is collected. In early
summer or late spring the flow is best. But as the pine of the Southern
forests is more stately and taciturn than the maple, so the movements of
life within its veins are slower and more dignified. On a warm spring
morning in Vermont you may hear the patter of the sap in the pails and
see it drip from the very trees. A man may watch a Southern pine for
long before he sees any amber tear pass from the trunk into the
receptacle placed to hold it. That drumming of the rising sap is never
heard.
The solemn quiet of the flat-woods seems to be on the whole thing, and
it is no wonder that the songs the negroes sing while working in the
woods have minor cadences in them. One must learn to know these lonesome
and at first monotonous pine forests before he understands them and
comes to love them. Once that is accomplished, their charm for him is
perennial. The endearing aroma of the pines follows him far and seems
most potent when the fervent warmth of spring suns turns his thoughts
toward the cool winds of Northern hillsides.
So long as the southwest winds follow his home-bound ship, so long he
sniffs, or thinks he sniffs, the wild freedom of the pine levels, and
the chant of the wind in the sparse tree tops seems to come to his ears
and whine that wild, minor, endless tune of the elder world, fragments
of which the care-free negroes chant as they gather the pitch and scar
anew the bleeding trunks. It takes a change of weather and the rough
burr of a northeaster to change this. Then he smells once more the cool
brine swept far out of arctic seas. His ears lose the minor cadences and
prick to welcome the major uproar of surf that bellows hoarse on Grand
Manan and sends white surges playing follow-your-leader over the gray
rocks of Marblehead, leaps the rough cliffs of Scituate and rolls in
fluffy masses of spindrift far inland on the sands of Cape Cod. Then
only is the charm broken and he breathes deep of the home wind and knows
that it is blowing to him across a cool land, one yet but gray-green
with the first impulses of spring, but dearer and more beautiful than
all others.
INDEX
A
Abu Kasim, 32.
_Achrosticum aureum_, 117, 146.
Adam, 155, 215, 232, 234, 236, 239, 276.
Æneid, 168.
Afreet, 32, 236, 237, 243.
Ajax, 47.
Alder, 156.
Alice-in-Wonderland, 175.
Allamanda, 234.
Alligator, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108,
144, 145, 190, 222, 223, 224,
226, 227, 259, 260, 269.
Amaryllis, 146.
Amberjack, 251.
Ampelopsis, 54.
Amphion, 280, 281.
_Anarcharis canadensis_, 32.
Anastasia Island, 87.
Andalusia, 94.
_Andropogon_, 55.
_Arctatus_, 56, 59.
_Scoparius_, 56.
Angel fish, 251, 252.
Angleworm, 142.
Anhinga, 159.
_Anosia plexippus_, 19, 24.
_Berenice_, 24.
Apple, 49.
Baldwin, 56.
Apple, Custard, 176, 177.
Golden, 49.
Apple tree, 49.
_Ardea wardi_, 163.
Ash, swamp, 141, 142, 157.
Aster, purple, 55.
_Elliottii_, 55.
B
Bahamas, 108, 119, 127, 192, 208.
Balthazar, 95.
Bamboo, 141, 142.
Bananas, 40, 86, 101, 105, 114, 150.
Bass, 147, 150, 220, 225.
Large-mouthed black, 142, 147.
Northern, 150.
Straw, 142, 149.
Wide-mouthed, 151, 234, 257.
Bayberry, 70, 88, 113.
Beans, 109.
Cherokee, 210.
Bear, 84.
Begonia, 113.
Ben Hur, 248.
Bethlehem, 94.
Birds:
Anhinga, 159.
_Ardea cœrulea_, 209.
_Wardi_, 163, 209.
Blackbird, 126, 166, 183, 195, 234, 272, 273.
Crow, 112, 115, 116, 122, 166.
Redwing, 113, 126, 166, 194.
Rusty, 166.
Bluebird, 3, 48, 112, 126, 184.
Bobolink, 107.
Bunting, painted, 218, 219.
Bay-winged, 3.
Butcher, southern, 41, 194, 203, 206.
Buzzard, 8, 9.
Turkey, 183.
Cardinal, 44, 45, 69, 70.
Catbird, 11, 12, 40, 202.
_Ceophlœus pileatus_, 161.
Chickadee, 45, 46.
Coot, 165.
Cormorant, 7, 8, 209, 210.
_Corvus, Americanus_, 43, 113, 259.
_Ossifragus_, 43, 259.
Crane, 165.
Sandhill, 164.
Crow, fish, 113, 258, 259.
Florida, 43.
Cuckoo, 4.
Yellow-billed, 107.
Dove, 183, 184.
Mourning, 183.
Duck, 1, 42, 225.
“Raft,” 236.
Wood, 149.
Eagle, bald, 210, 227.
Egret, 209.
Finch, 43.
Flycatcher, 20, 43, 69, 206.
Goldfinch, 115.
Goose, wild, 22.
Canadian, 137.
Grackle, Florida, 166, 183.
Grebe, pied-billed, 33, 34, 35, 36.
Grosbeak, cardinal, 61, 62.
Gulls, 1, 210, 238, 259.
Blackbacks, 1.
Brownbacks, 1, 210.
Herring, 1.
Kittiwake, 1.
Heron, 58, 59, 169, 209, 225.
Florida, 58, 81, 82.
Florida great blue, 209, 258.
Florida little blue, 227.
Great blue, 58, 163.
Little Green, 161.
Wards, 58, 163, 167, 168.
White, 261.
Hawk, 161, 218.
“Killy,” 194.
Sharp shinned, 202.
Sparrow, 193, 194.
Jay, blue, 69, 80, 115.
Florida, 115.
Junco, 3.
Kingfisher, 160.
Kinglet, 5, 77.
Golden-crowned, 3.
Ruby-crowned, 3.
Loon, 159.
Martin, 3.
Meadow lark, 126, 196.
Mockingbird, 11, 12, 39, 40, 41, 42, 89, 193, 201, 202, 203, 272, 273.
Owl, 2.
Florida barred, 191, 192.
Screech, 190.
Pelican, 1, 6, 7, 89, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 210.
Pigeon, 112.
Passenger, 183.
Plover, kildeer, 150.
Semi-palmated, 89.
Quail, 184.
Red bird, 77, 115, 272.
Robin, 3, 11, 48, 69, 112, 126, 195, 196.
Shrike, loggerhead, 41, 42, 193, 203.
Snake bird, 160.
Sparrow, 43, 69.
Chipping, 3.
English, 2, 204.
Fox, 3.
Song, 3.
Swallow, chimney, 3.
White-bellied, 3, 5, 272.
Tanager, scarlet, 273.
Thrush, hermit, 89.
Titmouse, 69.
Tufted, 46, 70.
Turkey, water, 159, 160, 161, 261.
Wild, 228.
Vireo, 272.
Vulture, black, 183, 260, 261.
Warbler, 5, 42, 43, 69, 77.
Myrtle, 2, 3, 4, 113.
Pine, 3.
Wilson’s, 3.
Yellow-rump, 114.
Woodpecker, 69.
Woodpecker, Partridge, 47.
Pileated, 160.
Red-bellied, 205.
Red-headed, 47, 48, 77, 204.
Wren, Carolina, 69.
Biscayne Bay, 64.
Blackberry, 52, 218.
Bladderwort, 235.
Purple, 234.
Bleriot, 9.
Blitzen, 88.
Bluebeard, 240.
Bohenia, 234, 240.
Boisduval, 215.
Bouganvillea, 234, 240.
Bream, 220, 225, 256.
Buckeye, 27.
Buckthorn, 112.
Bulrush, 168, 181.
Buttercup, 181.
Butterflies:
_Anosia berenice_, 24.
_Plexippus_, 19, 24.
_Basilarchia disippus_, 20, 21.
Eros, 20.
_Floridensis_, 20.
_Hulsti_, 24.
_Catopsilia eubule_, 18.
_Dione vanillae_, 21, 22.
_Eudamus proteus_, 15.
Fritillaries, 21.
Georgian satyr, 218.
_Heliconius charitonous_, 13.
Monarch, 19, 20, 24, 55, 148.
_Neonympha eurytus_, 218.
_Phocion_, 218.
Nymphs, spangled, 217.
_Papilio_, 217.
_Ajax_, 206.
_Asterias_, 214.
Cresphontes, 52, 206, 213, 214.
Palamedes, 214.
_Thoas_, 213.
_Troilus_, 214, 215.
_Turnus_, 148.
_Pieris monuste_, 213.
Queen, 23, 24.
Skipper, 16.
Long-tailed, 15, 217.
Silver-spotted, 217.
Southern white, 211, 213.
Sulphur, big, 55.
Cloudless, 18.
Little, 8, 55.
Orange, 51.
Viceroy, 20, 21, 24.
Butterwort, 125.
C
Cactus, 210, 241.
Calapogon, 182.
Caliban, 79.
Canary, 115.
Cardinal, 44, 45, 69, 70.
Caribou, 88.
Caribbean Sea, 107.
Carnation, 176.
Carrot, 214.
Catbird, 11, 12, 40, 201.
Catbrier, 78.
Caterpillar, 51.
Catfish, 149, 151.
_Catopsilia eubule_, 18.
Cat-tail, 234.
Cedar, 61, 70.
Red, 88.
Celery, 25, 257.
Chameleon, 269, 270, 271.
Channel cats, 29, 31.
Chapman, 8.
Charleston, 1.
Cherry, Carolina laurel, 216.
Chestnut, 50, 109.
Chickadee, 45, 46.
Circe, 246.
Clethra, 177, 217.
Cobra, 36.
Cock robin, 166.
Cocoanut, 109, 239.
Cod, 3.
_Ceophlæus pileatus_, 161
Columbus, 27.
Convolvulus, 76.
Coon, 154, 176.
Coot, 165.
Coreopsis, 181.
Cormorant, 7, 8, 209, 210.
_Corvus americanus_, 43, 113, 259.
_Ossifragus_, 43, 259.
County, Alachua, 164.
Brevard, 254.
Dade, 213, 254.
St. Lucie, 164, 253.
Cows, aquatic, 30.
Crab, 30.
Cramer, 215.
Crane, 165.
Sandhill, 164.
Cricket, 188, 189.
Crow, fish, 113, 258, 259.
Florida, 43.
Chrysanthemum, 91.
Cuba, 107.
Cuckoo, 4, 107.
Cunner, northern, 251.
Cypress, 53, 57, 59, 67, 234, 241, 258, 268.
Swamp, 58, 235.
Root, 81.
Stump, 81.
D
Daisy, 181.
Dancer, 88.
Daytona, 178.
Deer, 84, 227.
_Dendroica coronata_, 2.
De Soto, 9, 63.
Diamond back, 172.
_Dione vanillæ_, 21, 22.
Doctor’s lake, 33.
Dog fennel, 50.
Dogwood, 267.
Donkey, 88.
Doubleday, 215.
Dove, 183, 184.
Mourning, 183.
Dragon fly, 25, 206.
_Drosera brevifolia_, 123.
Duck, 1, 42, 225.
“Raft,” 236.
Wood, 149.
Dunder, 88.
E
Eagle, bald, 210.
Easter, 234, 240, 241.
Eden, 97, 232, 233, 234, 240.
Edwards, 215.
Eel, 147.
Egg plant, 109, 245.
Egret, 209.
Elm, 11, 101.
Es-Sindibad, 243.
_Eudamus proteus_, 15.
Euphrates, 32.
Eve, 155, 215, 232, 234, 236.
Everglades, 108, 119, 122, 234, 253, 254.
Evergreens, 57.
F
Falstaff, Jack, 189.
Ferns:
_Achrostichum aureum_, 117, 146.
_Osmunda_, 164, 168.
_Cinnamomea_, 146.
_Regalis_, 146, 168.
Polypody, northern, 92.
Southern, 92, 100, 101.
Fernandino, 64, 276.
Finch, 43.
Fir, 29.
Firefly, 170.
Fishes, Amberjack, 251.
Angel, 251, 252.
Bass, 147, 150, 220, 225.
Large-mouthed black, 142, 147, 234.
Northern, 150.
Straw, 142, 149.
Wide-mouthed, 151, 257.
Bream, 220, 225, 257.
Catfish, 149, 151.
Channel, 29, 31.
Cod, 37.
Crab, blue, 30.
Cunner, northern, 251.
Garfish, 151, 220, 225.
“Grunt,” 251.
Menhaden, 131.
Mud, 150.
Mullet, 33, 141, 209, 257.
Perch, salt-water, 251.
Shrimp, 32.
Sunfish, 148, 149.
Trout, sea, 149, 220.
Flag, 223.
Flat woods, 110, 116, 152, 164, 241, 266.
Flycatcher, 20, 43, 69, 206.
Fort Drum, 199.
Fort Pierce, 112, 129, 164, 178, 199.
Fox, 154, 176.
Fritillary, 21.
Frog, 34, 188, 262, 274.
Bull, northern, 189.
Southern, 189, 190.
Tree, 126.
Frost weed, 268.
Fuzzy wuzzy, 39.
G
Gallilee, 32.
Gall berries, 112, 120.
Garfish, 151, 220, 225.
Gentian, blue, 78.
Georgian satyr, 218.
Goldenrod, 54.
Goldfinch, 115.
Goose, Canadian, 137.
Wild, 22.
Grackle, Florida, 166, 183.
Grape, 54, 73, 267.
Scuppernong, 52, 53.
Wild, 10, 265.
Grapefruit, 102, 178, 197, 198, 199, 204, 206.
Grove, 207.
Grasses, _Andropogon_, 50.
_Arctatus_, 56, 59.
_Scorparius_, 56.
Flat-bladed, 69.
Pampas, 55.
Purple wood, 55, 59, 67.
Saw, 165, 166, 167.
Wire, 184, 220.
Grasshopper, 16, 50, 51, 189, 193.
Long-horned, 187, 188.
Lubber, 79, 80.
Short-horned, 78, 82.
Grebe, pied-billed, 33, 34, 35, 36.
Greenbrier, 54, 73, 111.
Grosbeak, cardinal, 61, 62.
Grote, 215.
“Grunt,” 251.
Guava, 109, 110, 114, 176.
Gull, 1, 210, 238, 259.
Black-back, 1.
Brown-back, 1, 210.
Herring, 1.
Kittiwake, 1.
Gum tree, 57.
Gum, sour, 53.
Sweet, 53, 56, 57, 67, 69.
H
“Hardpan,” 198.
Haroun-al-Raschid, 236.
Harpies, 168.
Hastings, 101, 102, 182.
Hawk, 160.
“Killy,” 194.
Sharp shinned, 202.
Sparrow, 193, 194.
_Heliconius charitonus_, 13.
Heliopsis, 181.
Hemlock, 89.
Heron, 58, 59, 169, 209, 225.
Florida, 58, 81, 82, 209.
Florida big blue, 258.
Great blue, 58, 163.
Little green, 160.
Ward’s, 58, 163, 167, 168.
Hesperides, 49.
Hiawatha, 148.
Hibiscus, 113, 240.
Holland, 215.
Holly, 89, 264, 266.
Honeysuckle, 69, 268.
Hornet, white-faced, 15.
Horsebrier, 54.
Horse-chestnut, 27.
_Houstonia cærulea_, 182.
_Purpurea_, 182.
_Rotundifolia_, 182.
Huckleberry, low-bush black, 112.
Hyla, 127.
I
Indian River, 108, 109, 111, 114, 122,
129, 132, 144, 156, 175, 178, 186, 200,
203, 208, 212, 216, 236, 254, 276.
Ipomea, 17.
Ivy, English, 64, 72, 91.
J
Jabberwock, 84, 85.
Jacksonville, 9, 30, 50, 84, 111, 129, 212, 263, 277.
Jamaica, 107.
Japanese plum, 27.
Jasmine, 26, 40, 68, 70, 73, 76, 111, 256, 266, 268.
Jay, blue, 69, 80, 115.
Florida, 115.
Junco, 3.
K
Keats’ St. Agnes’ Eve, 2.
Keys, 276.
Key West, 250, 251.
King Arthur, 37.
Kingfisher, 160.
Kinglet, 5, 77.
Golden-crowned, 3.
Ruby-crowned, 3.
Kittiwake, 1.
Knight’s Key, 250.
Kumquat, 102, 109.
L
Lake, Clearwater, 234, 235, 241.
Okeechobee, 108, 118, 140, 253.
Sawgrass, 254.
Worth, 231, 233, 236.
Lemon, 109.
Lichen, 51.
Lilies, atamasco, 267.
Easter, 147.
Fairy, 267.
Yellow pond, 122.
_Limnanthemum lacunosum_, 108.
Linnæus, 215.
“Little Cane Slough,” 221, 227.
Lizard, 143, 236, 269, 270, 271.
“Blue-tail,” 271.
Chameleon, 269, 270, 271.
“Red-headed,” 271.
“Scorpion,” 271.
“Skink, five-lined,” 271.
Locust, 79.
Longfellow, 7.
_Lonicera grata_, 268.
Loon, 159.
Loquat, 26, 27, 28, 147, 148.
M
Madeira vine, 148.
Magnolia, 210.
_Glauca_, 214.
Manatee, 144.
Mandalay, 26.
Mandarin, 50, 63.
Mangrove, 30, 134, 157.
Maple, 56, 57, 158.
Swamp, 53, 56, 118.
Fort Marion, 17, 96.
Martin, 3.
Matanzas River, 90.
Meadow lark, 126, 196.
Melba, 188.
Menhaden, 131.
Miami, 178, 181.
Milkweed, 175.
Mistletoe, 62, 77.
Moccasin, cotton-mouthed, 173.
Water, 34, 36.
Mocking bird, 11, 12, 39, 40, 41, 42, 89, 193, 200, 201, 203, 272, 273.
Monarch, 19, 20, 21, 24, 55, 148.
Morgan, 240.
Morning glory, 17.
Moss, 44, 73, 265.
Club, 46.
Gray, 51, 58, 59, 111, 264.
Spanish, 63, 116, 235.
Moth, forester, 218.
Mrs. Partington, 254.
Mudfish, 150.
Mullet, 30, 144, 209, 257.
Muskmelon, 175, 176.
Myrtle, 121, 164, 168.
N
Nautilus, 237.
_Neonympha eurytus_, 218.
_Phocion_, 218.
Nymph, spangled, 217.
O
Oak, 12, 50, 77, 115, 116, 264, 265.
Live, 1, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 33,
38, 42, 44, 45, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 69, 73, 80, 159.
River, 80.
Scrub, 46.
Water, 157, 159.
Oberon, 77.
Oleander, 67, 70, 71, 72, 113, 240.
Pink, 232.
White, 232.
Oppossum, 154, 176, 196.
Orange, 49, 52, 60, 103, 106, 108, 109, 115, 193, 216, 244, 272.
Blossoms, 18, 27, 52, 176, 195, 201.
Grove, 51, 55, 59, 64, 65, 102, 103, 150, 256, 273.
Puppy, 51.
Tree, 50, 56, 99, 110, 244, 272.
Orchid, 20.
Ormond, 178.
Osceola, 178, 253.
_Osmunda_, 164, 168.
_Cinnamomea_, 146.
Regalis, 146, 168.
Owl, 2.
Florida barred, 190, 192.
Screech, 190.
P
Palatka, 110.
Palm, 86, 117, 125, 195, 232, 243.
Cocoanut, 110, 238, 248.
Royal, 110.
Silver, 248.
Palm Beach, 177, 181, 184, 231, 243, 244, 245.
West, 233, 255.
Palmetto, 1, 45, 82, 84, 89, 92, 101, 110, 111, 120,
140, 153, 154, 156, 158, 161, 162, 166, 168, 169,
171, 179, 190, 210, 219.
Cabbage, 110, 164.
Sabal, 153.
Saw, 235, 243, 244.
Scrub, 82, 83, 88, 153, 154, 165, 166, 223.
Palmetto blooms, 147, 148.
“Palmetto Leaves,” 61.
Pan, 238.
Papaw, 175, 176, 248.
_Papilio ajax_, 206.
_Asterias_, 214.
_Cresphontes_, 52, 206, 213, 214.
_Palamedes_, 214.
_Thoas_, 213.
_Troilus_, 214, 215.
_Turnus_, 148.
Paradise, 237, 238, 276.
Parsley, 214.
Partridge berry, 46, 267.
Passion vine, 234.
Peacock, 214.
Pelican, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 137, 138.
Pelican Island, 131, 133.
Pelican rookery, 202.
Pepper, 245.
Perch, salt water, 251.
Persian, 32.
Peter, 31.
Pharaohs, 240.
Phlox, 268.
Pickerel week, 122, 182, 235.
_Pieris monuste_, 213.
Pigeon, 112.
Passenger, 183.
Pine, 4, 6, 80, 152, 153, 180, 181, 183, 184,
193, 202, 227, 232, 235, 243, 267, 273.
Dwarf, 233.
Long-leaved, 7, 45, 53, 64, 120, 177, 241, 256.
Northern, 57, 67.
Pitch, 29, 140.
Southern, 26, 276.
White, 29, 87.
Yellow, 78.
Pineapple, 114, 116, 150.
_Pinguicula lutea_, 125, 127.
_Pumila_, 125.
Pipewort, 234.
Pipsissewa, 46.
Pizzarro, 240.
Pitch, 278, 280, 282, 286.
Plover, “kildeer,” 150.
Semi-palmated, 89.
Poinciana, royal, 248.
Poinsettias, 91, 101.
Polecat, 154.
Polypody, northern, 92.
Southern, 92, 100, 101.
Ponce de Leon, 158, 178.
Prancer, 88.
Prospero, 79.
Puck, 77.
Puritan, 63.
Pyrola, 46.
Q
Quail, 184.
R
Rabbit, cotton-tailed, 154.
Raccoon, 154, 196, 225, 227.
Rat, 155, 192.
Rattlesnake, 85, 172.
Razorback, 81, 84, 85, 189, 190.
Redbird, 77, 115, 272, 273.
Resin, 278.
Revolution, 17.
Robin, 3, 11, 48, 69, 112, 126, 195, 196.
Roc, 243.
Rockledge, 178.
Rose, 64, 71, 72, 76, 86.
Bride, 256.
Cherokee, 67, 68, 70, 72, 78, 177, 203, 266, 268.
Marechal Neil, 91.
Tea, 86, 91.
Rubber tree, 210.
Rushes, 121.
S
Saggitaria, 235.
Sanford, 255, 256, 257.
Sanhedrim, 63.
Santa Claus, 9, 86, 87, 88, 90.
Sargasso Sea, 118.
Scudder, 215.
Scutch, 50.
Sea trout, 149, 220.
Sedge, 31, 68, 181.
Senna, wild, 18.
Seminoles, 90, 94, 111, 255.
Sesbania, 71.
Shaddock, 200.
Shakespeare, 89.
Shrike, loggerhead, 41, 42, 193.
Shrimp, 32.
Skipper, 16.
Long-tailed, 15, 217.
Silver-spotted, 217.
_Smilax auriculata_, 54.
Wild, 267.
Snakes:
Cobra, 36.
Diamondback, 172.
Gopher, 154, 155.
Green, 210.
Hog-nosed, 37.
Indigo, 154.
Moccasin, cotton-mouthed, 173.
Water, 34, 36.
Rattler, 85, 172, 174.
Snake bird, 150.
Snipe, 42.
Soudanese, 39.
South Beach, 87.
Spanish bayonets, 39.
Spanish Main, 89.
Spanish moss, 38.
“Spanish needles,” 211.
Sparrow, 43, 69.
Chipping, 3.
English, 2, 204.
Fox, 3.
Song, 3.
Spice bush, 70, 168.
Spruce, 29.
St. Andrew’s cross, 89.
St. Augustine, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 99, 104, 105, 108, 111.
St. Johns River, 7, 9, 12, 23, 27,
28, 31, 33, 43, 49, 53, 61, 82,
254, 257, 259, 261, 264.
St. Lucie River, 113, 144, 156, 158, 161, 178, 181, 220.
St. Peter’s-wort, 78.
Stoll, 215.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 61.
Stowe place, 73, 74.
Strecker, 215.
Sugar cane, 1, 101, 105.
Sundew, 123, 124, 182.
Sumac, 10, 52.
Swallow, chimney, 3.
White-bellied, 3, 5, 272.
Sweet potato, 16, 17, 19, 76.
Sycamore, 57, 109.
T
Taine, 47, 48.
Tampa, 276.
Tanager, scarlet, 273.
Tarleton, 17.
Teach, 240.
Terebinthine tree, 278.
Thrush, hermit, 89.
Tiger swallowtail, 148.
Tillandsia, 116.
Titania, 77.
Titmouse, 69.
Tufted, 46, 70.
Toad, tree, 47.
Tomato, 109, 245.
Tomoka, 156.
Trade winds, 26, 185, 212.
Trinculo, 79.
Trinidad, 26.
Trout, 257.
Tuberose, 26.
Tupelo, 53, 54.
Turkey, water, 159, 160, 161, 261.
Wild, 228.
Turpentine camp, 277.
Turtle, 159.
Twain, Mark, 269.
U
Ulysses, 198.
_Utricularia_, 123, 125.
_Inflata_, 108, 182.
_Subulata_, 123.
_Vulgaris_, 122.
V
Venus, 186.
Viburnum, 267.
Viceroy, 20, 21, 24.
_Viola blanda_, 116.
_Lanceolata_, 116.
Violet, 64, 116.
English, 91, 176.
White, 116.
Vireo, 272.
Virginia creeper, 53, 54.
Vulture, black, 183, 260, 261.
W
Warbler, 5, 42, 43, 69, 77.
Myrtle, 2, 3, 4, 113.
Pine, 3.
Wilson’s, 3.
Yellow-rump, 114.
Water hyacinth, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37.
Water moccasin, 34, 36.
White City, 112, 163.
Whip-poor-will, southern, 274.
Willow, 114, 116, 145, 146, 158.
Brittle, 147.
Swamp, 115.
Wistaria, 15.
Woodpecker, 69.
Partridge, 47.
Pileated, 160.
Red-bellied, 205.
Red-headed, 47, 48, 77, 204.
Wren, Carolina, 69.
Y
Yucca, 39, 41, 42.
Z
Zebra, 13, 55, 217.