BIRDS OF A MORNING
An early December bird student in northern Florida suffers from
embarrassment of riches. Never elsewhere have I seen so many varieties
of birds in such numbers. Never elsewhere have I seen such abundant
opportunities for watched birds to hide themselves. The live-oaks range
from shrubs to huge trees, their dense, glossy leaves reflecting the
sunlight and making the spaces behind them vague with shadows. These may
be full of birds; except for a twitter or the flirt of a wing you would
never know it. One after another draws away the drapery of Spanish moss
from an entrance and slips in, or a flock may whirl out and into another
tree, portières of gray lace opening to let them out, and closing behind
them as they enter.
I have spent many mornings trying to determine which bird is the first
up. During the hot spell of two weeks ago, when the thermometer danced
in the shade with the eighties all day and sank to sweet slumber with
the sixties at night I was quite convinced that it must be the
mockingbird, just because I heard him first. Then quite a few mockers
used to greet the coming of the sun with melody, rolling golden notes of
delightful song over the dew-wet sands from some topmost twig. Just in
front of the house on the river bank is a group of yuccas, fifteen feet
tall or so, stabbing the soft air in all directions with their
needle-pointed Spanish bayonets.
I fancy every Northerner has to learn the full stabbing power of these
bayonets by experience. A thicket of them is beautiful in its dark green
setting of slim-pointed rosettes and is impassable to a white man as the
outer rim of a British square. It would take a Fuzzy-wuzzy of the
Soudanese tribes to break through in the one case as in the other. I
once read in a novel of a lover who followed the desire of his heart to
Florida, and at the critical moment forced his way to her “penetrating a
thicket of Spanish bayonet.” I now realize that this lover was a man of
steel, else the thicket had penetrated him. Inadvertently I leaned a
little closer to one of these yucca groups the other day, and went to
the repair shop with nineteen punctures, being fortunate that I did not
permanently remain “hung” in the larder of the butcher bird--of whom
more anon.
The top of a yucca is crowned each summer with a most beautiful pyramid
of waxy, pale yellow flowers, a spike several feet tall with drooping
blooms most delightful to behold, followed by pods that are now
approaching maturity, looking much like stubby green bananas ripening to
a glossy brownish red. On the top of one of these pod-pyramids a mocking
bird used to sit during the warm spell, greeting the dawn with golden
uproar. He and his fellows were most lively then, filling the thickets
with harsh chirps when not singing. The songs of different mockers vary
much, but their chirps are alike and are certainly most unmusical. They
are loud, harsh and guttural. The “mia-u-w” of a catbird is a burst of
melody in comparison.
But that singing was all for the hot weather. Suddenly the other night
the wind came up out of the north, the mercury fell in the thermometer
to the late forties, and we all froze to death--not as to our bodies,
which simply grew goose-flesh, but in our minds. Singular thing, the
Northern mind. It comes down to Florida from a country where the winter
mercury dandles the zero mark on its knee mornings. It finds the jasmine
in bloom and butterflies flitting from flower to flower. A few mornings
later it finds the mercury at thirty-eight and frost on the jasmine.
This does not specially trouble the jasmine, but it so freezes the
Northern mind that the Northern body has to sit over roaring fires and
rub its goose-flesh until the temperature rises again. But that is
Florida.
After a second or third forty-degrees-above cold snap the visitor from
frozen climes gets his balance and forgets to shiver, finding the chill
a tonic and the mid-day warmth delightful. So I fancy it is with the
mocking birds. They seem livelier now that cool weather has come, they
chirp and flutter about with much more energy, but not one of them has
opened his mouth in song since the mercury hit fifty. My front-door
friend still sits on his yucca pod part of the day, however, and still I
am puzzled to know when he leaves it and his double comes on duty.
He is a rather interesting fellow, this double, whom I need not have
mistaken for the mocker at all, he is so different a bird. Yet he is
about the same size, white beneath and with a good deal of gray in his
upper works. Bill and tail differ from those of the mocker; still, at a
distance of a hundred feet a casual glance did not enlighten me. I am
still wondering if there is method in this quiet substitution. The
double is a loggerhead shrike, the Southern butcher-bird. He feeds upon
small birds, and he might well choose the perch which the mocker had
just vacated as a most desirable hunting stand. Small birds flitting
back and forth in the early morning would hear the mocker singing and
know that he would never harm them. Then an hour or two later, flying by
in perfect confidence, they would find themselves in the crooked beak of
the loggerhead, to be impaled on one of the thorns of the yucca beneath
the perch and there dissected at leisure, or left to wait while the
loggerhead takes his ease, “hung” as we say of ducks and snipe.
Does the loggerhead take the mocking bird’s perch with forethought,
bearing the opportunity in mind and trusting to the resemblance, or is
it just a case of a convenient perch with both birds? He who can read
the loggerhead’s mind may be able to tell me. So far I have failed to
catch the butcher bird at his butchery, and though I look doubtfully at
those convenient Spanish bayonet tips as I pass, I find I am the only
innocent thus far impaled on them.
Of these small birds that the loggerhead might capture the very name is
legion. All warblers seem to be here, and if they are difficult to keep
track of in the North, here they are well nigh impossible. I find a
live-oak tree full of uncountable flocks. I get the glass on one bird,
and before I can begin to note his characteristics he has flitted like a
shadow and another with far different markings is in his place. Birds
that one knows at a glance may thus be noted at a glance, but the rarer
varieties crowd in upon these until the mind in trying to distinguish
and remember becomes inextricably confused and finally gives up in
despair. I am beginning to believe that every small bird in Chapman’s
“Birds of Eastern North America” is in convention on the west bank of
the St. Johns. Some wiser and more farsighted man than I will have to
tell how many varieties of warblers, finches, sparrows, and flycatchers
may be seen on one good day in early December on the lower banks of the
big river of Florida.
It is a relief to cross the trails of some more easily seen songsters.
Take the Florida crows, for instance. These are a relaxation rather than
a study. They lack the sardonic virility of their Northern cousins,
these fish crows. They are smaller, not so strong of flight, and their
call has none of the deep “caw, caw, caw” of our bird of canny humor.
Their flight is flappy and less certain, and their cries have a humorous
gurgle in them that seems hardly grown up. They seem like boys that have
just reached the age when the voice breaks with a queer croak in it that
makes you laugh. _Corvus americana_ seems most of the time to be on
definite business. In Massachusetts I have found him in the main
forceful, dignified, and seemingly doing something worth while. _Corvus
ossifragus_ just straggles along with his fellows, having a mighty good
time, and croaking hysterically about it.
It is a poor half-hour for birds when I do not find one of these flaming
fellows the cardinals setting the thicket on fire. In the warm weather
the cardinals were accustomed to whistle to me. The call, loud and
clear, has a round cheeriness in it that should drive away all
melancholy. The cardinal does not seem in the least afraid of me. If I
approach him he may fly away at the last moment, but more often he
simply sidles around the tree in a stiff, wooden sort of way that he
has, remaining quiet if just a few strands of moss are between us. He
seems to do this with deprecatory awkwardness, as if he knew he dazzled
and tried to be humble about it. I do not think it can be to get out of
sight altogether. If so it is a mistaken caution, for his flame will
burn through quite a bit of gray moss, and where it is shielded by the
deep, shiny green of live-oak leaves it flares only the brighter by the
contrast.
His wife is even more beautifully clad, and though her olive green and
ashy gray ought to make her less conspicuous the telltale cardinal
blazes on crest, wings and tail, and I am likely to see her about as far
as her flaming consort. I have not heard the female sing, though in
defiance to the usual custom among song birds she is said to, a softer
and even prettier song than that of her vivid mate. But even the male
cardinal does not sing when it is cold, and I have not heard a note from
any of them since the mercury got down to the forty neighborhood.
Passing from the puzzling opacity of live-oak groves and palmetto scrub
I found myself later in a country far better fitted for hunting birds by
sight. That was one of the interminable stretches of long-leaved pine
forest of which this part of Florida is largely made. Here are trees
that shoot up straight as arrows, sixty to a hundred feet high. Rarely
is there a limb in the first fifty feet and the plumed tops seem to
intercept the vivid sunlight but little. Under foot the carpet of twelve
to fifteen inch needles is well called pine straw. It is a place of
singular silence and a bewildering sameness. Along interminable levels
you may look for what seem endless miles between these straight trunks
till they draw together in the gray distance and, in kindness, shut off
the view. One needs a compass and provisions to plunge, a wandering
submarine, beneath this sea of similarity, and I skirted its edge only,
lest I get lost and spend my days in an unending circuit.
Slipping along this polishing carpet of needles I heard what I at first
took to be the familiar note of chickadees. Yet it was not that either.
It was too throaty and lacked the gleeful definiteness of the chickadee.
In fact it was a poor attempt.
Soon I saw the birds, gleaning in a gray group, hanging this way and
that just as chickadees do. They had decided crests and I quite readily
recognized them for the tufted titmouse which in this country takes the
place of the chickadee.
The flock passed busily on and for a moment the silence of the place was
impressive. A gentle wind was slightly swaying the tops of these tall
trees, but there was no song of the pines to be heard. Underfoot
partridge berry and pipsissewa, pyrola and club moss, which by right
should always grow under pines, were not to be seen. Only the rich brown
of the pine straw and the dark mould of decaying fallen trunks was
there. Here and there a tiny shrub, usually a scrub live-oak, put out a
feeble green, but it was not enough to break the monotony of melancholy
that seemed to pervade the place. It was broken, though, in another
moment. There was a whirr of wings and half-a-dozen birds dived,
seemingly out of heaven, each on his own route, whirled with a whirrup
of wings and lighted lightly as an athlete each on his chosen tree
trunk.
It was like a circus act. For a moment each bird remained motionless,
his stiff tail feathers jammed into the trunk below him, his head drawn
back as if awaiting a signal, and through the melancholy silence came a
creaking “k-r-r-k, kr-r-r-k.” It might have been a weather-vane swaying
in the wind or it might have been tree toads. But it was neither. It was
simply the voice of a flock of red-headed woodpeckers. These birds are
rare in my locality North, but they seem here to be familiar spirits of
the wood. Smaller and less beautiful than partridge woodpeckers, they
seem much like them in their antics, which are always clown-like and
amusing. They tap wood and pull grubs as if they knew I was looking at
them and wanted to make the little farce as funny as possible.
The circus clown might well take the spirit of his antics from the
actions of red-headed woodpeckers in a Southern pine forest. After
scrambling in a jerky ludicrousness up a stub one would pause on the top
of it motionless for a time, reminding me of an awkward boy trying to
pose as Ajax defying the lightning. Then another would dive at him in
full flight, driving him from his perch at the last moment, only to take
it and assume the exact pose of the former, the whole thing done with
the alert precision of a pair of good circus performers. Then the
substitute, still motionless, would give his little treetoad-like creak,
as if saying in humorous humility, “How’s that for an act?” Taine, the
historian, has written of the immense loneliness of the pine barrens.
But it is to be supposed that Taine was never entertained there by a
flock of red-headed woodpeckers. But then, there are people whom
vaudeville makes lonely.
I have not named the half of the birds I can identify of a morning in
this great aviary, nor have I named the two that pleased me most. One
was just plain bluebird, a young bird of a silent flock that slipped
through the trees of the town. This young bird had not yet his mature
plumage, and he hung behind and peered about in an uncertain way as if
much impressed with the wonders of this new place to which mother had
brought him, but still a bit lonesome and unsettled. I was right glad to
see bluebirds. I have looked in vain so far for robins. The other is a
bird that came with the cold snap and hangs about the tip of the Orange
Park dock almost a quarter of a mile out in the river, without visible
means of support. He hides under the stringers when I approach him, but
I have had several good views, and if I know a snow bunting when I see
one, this is he. What business he has so far South is more than I can
tell, and he seems to feel an alien by the way he clings to the
seclusion of the dock. Perhaps he came on the wrong boat and is only
waiting for a return ticket. At any rate I was glad to see him and I
wish him a safe return.