Marshall P. Wilder describes a punishment common in China:
The cangue is a large square board that fits about the neck,
and besides being very heavy and uncomfortable, is considered
a great disgrace, for it has the prisoner’s name and crime
pasted on it. In order to make the punishment more severe, the
prisoner is often condemned to be taken to the place where the
crime was committed and made to stand near the store or house
where the nature of his crime, as well as his name, is plainly
to be read by every passer-by. This is a terrible punishment,
for the Chinese are very sensitive about being publicly
shamed.--“Smiling ‘Round the World.”
(618)
See EVIDENCE, PROVIDENTIAL.