Masséna, André, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling, French general
(1758–1817), 204, 218, 221, 244, 272, 296, 297, App. iv.
Matchin, battle of (9 July 1791), 96.
Maubeuge besieged by the Austrians (1793), 140.
Mauprat, M. de, reforming minister in Parma, 25.
Mauritius, the island of the, taken by the English (1809), 264, 276;
ceded to England by the first Treaty of Paris (1814), 333;
by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.
Maximilian, Archduke, third son of Maria Theresa, Elector-Archbishop
of Cologne in 1789, 40.
—— Joseph, Elector, afterwards King, of Bavaria (1770–1825), his
power increased by the secularisations (1803), 227;
receives Swabia and the Tyrol and takes the title of king (1806),
245;
receives Salzburg (1809), 257;
marries a daughter to Eugène de Beauharnais, 258;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
sends troops to serve under Napoleon at Wagram, 274;
signs Treaty of Ried against Napoleon (8 Oct. 1813), 313, 314;
attacks Napoleon and is defeated at Hanau, 314;
opens the passes through the Tyrol into Italy to the Austrians, 321;
agrees to support Austria and England against Russia and Prussia
(1815), 341;
member of the Germanic Confederation, 342;
gives up the Tyrol and Salzburg to Austria, and receives Rhenish
Bavaria (1815), 344.
Maximum, Law of the, in France, 128;
an instrument of the Terror, 137;
abolished by the Thermidorians, 149;
temporarily imposed by Napoleon, 285.
Mayence, the Archbishop-Elector of, Chancellor of the Holy Roman
Empire, and President of the College of Prince, 54.
—— archbishopric-electorate of, condition in 1789, 39;
merged in France (1801), 193;
given to Bavaria (1815), 344.
—— city of, taken by the French under Custine (1792), 118;
by the Prussians after a long siege (1793), 130;
besieged by Kléber in vain (1795), 172;
taken by the French under Hatry (1797), 193;
capital of a French department, 230;
ceded to Bavaria (1815), 344.
Mecklenburg, the duchies of, their backward state in 1789, 38;
made grand duchies and members of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
342.
Medellin, battle of (28 March 1809), 275.
Medina del Rio Seco, battle of (14 July 1808), 267.
Melas, Michael Baron von, Austrian general (1730–1806), 175, 204, 218.
Menou, Jacques François, Baron de, French general (1750–1810), 156,
224.
Mercy-Argenteau, Florimond Claude, Comte de, Austrian diplomatist
(1722–94), 93, 94, 99.
Merlin [de Douai], Philippe Antoine, Comte, French statesman
(1754–1838), 80, 137, 148, 149, 156, 159, 166, 182, 191, 209, 357.
—— [de Thionville], Antoine Christophe, French politician (1762–1833),
117.
Methuen Treaty, its effect on Portugal, 14, 21, 252.
Metternich, Clement Wenceslas Lothaire, Count, afterwards Prince, von,
Austrian statesman (1773–1859), becomes State Chancellor of
Austria (1809), 275;
opposes Stein’s idea of rousing the national spirit of Germany
against Napoleon, 310, 311;
brings terms agreed on at Reichenbach to Napoleon at Dresden (1813),
311;
lays down the Proposals of Frankfort, 316;
intrigues with Murat, 322;
presses terms offered at Châtillon, 324;
becomes intimate with Castlereagh, 331;
signs Provisional Treaty of Paris, 332;
Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 338;
signs treaty of alliance with England and France against Russia and
Prussia (3 Jan. 1815), 340.
Middle classes in Europe in the 18th century, 7.
Milan, university of, 26;
taken by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
meeting of Lombard delegates at, 175;
taken by Suvórov (1799), 203;
by Bonaparte (1800), 218;
Napoleon crowned King of Italy at (1805), 238;
issues Decree of, establishing the Continental Blockade against
England (1808), 251.
Milanese, the. _See_ Lombardy.
Miles, William Augustus, English diplomatist (1754–1817), 78.
Millesimo, battle of (13 April 1796), 174.
Mincio, battle of the (8 Feb. 1814), 322.
Ministers of the French Directory, 166, 182, 190, 191, 210;
of the Consulate, 216;
of the Empire, 240, 241.
Minorca taken by the English (1798), 195, 264.
Minsk, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of Poland
(1793), 122.
Miollis, Sextius Alexandre François, Comte, French general
(1759–1829), 277.
Miot de Melito, André François, Comte, French administrator
(1762–1841), 256.
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, French statesman
(1749–1791), 54, 56, 60, 61, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 98, 99.
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, Marquis de, French economist (1715–89), 25.
Miranda, Don Francisco, French general (1750–1816), 126, 127.
Mirandola, principality of, united with Modena in 1789, 25.
Mittau, Louis XVIII. settled at, by the Emperor Paul (1797), 206;
ordered to leave (1802), 217.
Modena, duchy of, condition in 1789, 25, 26;
conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
part of the Cisalpine Republic, 192;
of the kingdom of Italy, 255;
granted to Ferdinand IV., 347.
Moeskirch, battle of (5 May 1800), 218.
Moldavia, conquered by the Austrians (1789), 45;
by the Russians (1810), 281;
part of, ceded to Russia (1812), 281.
Möllendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich, Count von, Prussian general
(1725–1816), 153.
Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Duke of Conegliano, French general
(1754–1842), 151, 275, 356, App. iv.
Mondovi, battle of (22 April 1796), 174.
Monge, Gaspard, Comte, French mathematician (1746–1818), 114.
Montbéliard, ceded by Würtermburg to France, 227;
merged in the department of the Doubs, 230;
secured to France by the first treaty of Paris, 333.
Mont-Blanc, Savoy organised as the French department of the, 230.
—— Cenis, 151.
Montebello, battle of (4 June 1800), 218.
—— Duke of. _See_ Lannes.
Montenotte, battle of (12 April 1796), 174.
Montereau, battle of (18 Feb. 1814), 319.
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, French philosopher
(1689–1755), 9.
Montesquiou-Fézensac, Anne Pierre, Marquis de, French general
(1739–98), 117.
—— —— François Nicolas, Abbé-Duc de, French politician (1757–1832),
330.
Monte Video, English expedition to (1806), 264.
Montgelas, Maximilian Joseph Garnerin, Comte de, Bavarian statesman
(1759–1838), 289.
Montluçon, Bonaparte’s treaty with the Vendéan leaders at (1800),
215.
Montmirail, battle of (11 Feb. 1814), 319.
Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc, Comte de, French statesman
(1745–92), 78.
Mont-Terrible, department of, merged in the department of the
Haut-Rhin, 230.
Moore, Sir John, English general (1761–1809), 254, 266, 269, 270.
Moreau, Jean Victor, French general (1761–1813), 168, 178, 186, 193,
194, 203, 211, 218, 219, 234, 235, 312.
Moreaux, Jean René, French general (1758–95), 144, 150.
Morkov, Arcadius Ivanovitch, Count, Russian diplomatist, (♰1827),
243.
Mortier, Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph, Duke of Treviso, French
general (1768–1835), 233, 329, App. iv.
Moscow, occupied by Napoleon (1812), 306.
Moskowa, Prince of the. _See_ Ney.
Moulin, Jean François Auguste, French general (1752–1810), 209.
Mounier, Jean Joseph, French statesman (1758–1806), 51, 55.
Mountain, the French political party, germs in the Jacobin Club
(1792), 107;
the party in the Convention, 116, 117;
attacked by the Girondins, 117;
struggle with the Girondins, 128, 129;
as a party ceases to exist (1795), 156.
Mount Tabor, battle of (16 April 1799), 208.
Mulhouse, Republic of, merged in the Haut-Rhin, 230;
secured to France (1814), 333.
Müller, Jacques Léonard, Baron, French general (1749–1824), 140.
—— Johann von, German historian (1752–1809), 259.
Munich, taken by the French under Moreau (1800), 219.
Münster, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34.
—— bishopric of, part of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), 259;
part of, annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.
—— city of, capital of a French department, 282.
—— Ernest Frederick, Count von, Hanoverian diplomatist (1766–1841),
337.
Murat, Joachim, Grand Duke of Berg, King of Naples, French general
(1771–1815), 239, 259, 267, 283, 306, 322, 345, 346, App. iv.
Murbach, the Abbot of, one of the chief Princes of the Empire in
Alsace, 79.
Murray, Sir John, English general (♰1827), 307.
Musæus, John Charles Augustus, German author (1735–87), 38.
Mustapha IV., Sultan of Turkey (1779–1808), 280, 281.
Mysticism in the 18th century, 10.
Namur, riots against Joseph’s reforms at (1789), 48.
Nancy, Bouillé suppresses a military mutiny at (Aug. 1790), 72, 97,
98.
Nangis, battle of (17 Feb. 1814), 319.
Nantes, Carrier’s atrocities at (1793), 139, 141.
Naples, reforms of Tanucci in, 23;
occupied by the French (1798), and the Parthenopean Republic
founded, 200;
evacuated by the French (1799), and the revenge of Ferdinand, 203;
attacked by Napoleon (1804), 242;
Joseph Bonaparte’s rule in, 256;
Murat king of, 283;
Ferdinand returns to (1814), 346, 359;
behaves moderately, 359.
Napoleon (1769–1821), crowned Emperor, 238;
his Court, 239;
his ministers, 240, 241;
the camp at Boulogne, 241;
organises the Grand Army, 241, 242;
wins the battle of Austerlitz, 244;
crushes Prussia at Jena, 247;
defeats the Russians at Eylau and Friedland, 248, 249;
holds interview with Alexander at Tilsit, 249, 250;
the Continental Blockade against England, 251;
his rearrangement of Europe, 254–257;
Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
his Polish policy, 261;
the Conference at Erfurt, 262;
makes his brother King of Spain, 267;
takes Madrid, 269;
defeats the Austrians (1809), 272–274;
quarrel with the Pope, 277, 278;
greatest extension of his Empire (1810), 282, 283;
his administration, 283–285;
belief in heredity, 285, 286;
aristocracy, 286, 287;
reforms, 287, 288;
divorces Josephine, 293;
marries Marie Louise, 294;
his differences with Alexander, 299–301;
invades Russia (1812), 305;
his retreat, 306;
first campaign of 1813 in Saxony, 309;
refuses the terms offered him by the allies, 311;
second campaign of 1813 in Saxony, 312, 313;
defeated at Leipzig, 314;
first defensive campaign of 1814 in France, 319;
rejects the terms offered by the allies at Châtillon, 323, 324;
second defensive campaign of 1814 in France, 328, 329;
abdicates, 331;
leaves Elba and returns to France (1815), 351;
defeated at Waterloo, 353;
sent to St. Helena, 355.
_See_ Bonaparte.
Napoleon, King of Rome, birth of, 294;
granted succession to Parma by the Provisional Treaty of Paris
(1814), 332;
but not by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.
Narbonne-Lara, Comte Louis de, French politician (1755–1813), 106,
107, 109.
Nassau, duchy of, increased in 1803, 227;
merged in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), 259;
a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
Nassau-Siegen, Prince Charles Henry Nicholas Otho of, Russian admiral
(1745–1809), 44, 95.
National Assembly. _See_ Constituent Assembly.
—— Guards formed in Paris, 57;
throughout France, 59.
Nationality, the principle of, 2, 3;
extinct in 18th-century Germany, 40;
made the French successful and the Poles fail, 153;
roused against Napoleon in Spain, 298;
in Germany, 293, 314;
rejected by the Congress of Vienna, 360.
Natural limits of France, the Rhine and the Alps, claimed at Basle
(1795), 157;
demanded by the Directory, 170;
recognised secretly by Prussia, 179;
by the Preliminaries of Leoben, 186;
by the Treaty of Campo-Formio, 192;
by the Treaty of Lunéville, 220;
abandoned by Napoleon’s annexations, 282;
offered by the allies at Dresden, 311;
at Frankfort, 316;
opposed by Castlereagh, 318, 324.
Necker, Jacques, French statesman (1732–1804), 49, 51, 56, 58, 61, 74.
Neipperg, Albert Adam, Count (1774–1829), 346, 347.
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, English admiral (1758–1805), 183, 195, 222,
242, 244, 245.
Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count, Russian statesman (1780–1863), 301,
332, 337.
Netherlands, Austrian. _See_ Belgium.
—— The Protestant, or the United Provinces. _See_ Holland.
—— Kingdom of the, formed (1815), 344.
Neufchâtel, belonged to Prussia in 1789, 41;
Berthier created Prince-Duke of, 283, 286;
made a Canton of Switzerland (1815), 345.
Neumarkt, battle of (20 March 1797), 186.
Neutral League of the North, the, 222.
Ney, Michel, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskowa, French general
(1769–1815), 244, 296, 306, 313, 329, 332, 351, 352, 356, App. iv.
Nice, port of, improved by Victor Amadeus III., 26;
taken by the French (1792), 117;
annexed, 118;
formally ceded to France, 174;
formed into a department, 230;
restored to Sardinia (1814), 333.
Niebuhr, Barthold George, German historian (1776–1831), 304.
Nile, battle of the (1 Aug. 1798), 195.
Nimeguen, 149.
Nive, battle of the (9–13 Dec. 1813), 316.
Nivelle, battle of the (10 Nov. 1813), 316.
Noailles, Comte Alexis de, French diplomatist (1783–1835), 338.
Nobility, the European, in the 18th century, 7.
Nootka Sound, 77–9.
Nore, mutiny at the, 183, 193.
Normal School of Paris, founded by Napoleon, 288.
Normandy, the rising in, against the Convention, suppressed, 132, 133.
Norway, 32, 302, 320, 347.
Novi (Bosnia) taken by Loudon (1788), 43.
—— (Italy), battle of (15 Aug. 1799), 204.
Noyades at Nantes, 139.
Nuremberg, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, 35;
retained its independence (1803), 226;
granted to Bavaria (1806), 257.
Oath of the Tennis Court (20 June 1789), 54.
Ocana, battle of (12 Nov. 1809), 276.
Ochakov (Oczakoff), 43, 44, 96.
Oldenburg, duchy of (1815), 282, 300, 342.
Olivenza ceded by Portugal to Spain (1801), 223;
left to Spain by the Congress of Vienna, 348.
Oporto, rising against the French at (1808), 265;
taken by Soult, 270;
recaptured by Wellesley (1809), 275.
Orange, Prince of. _See_ William V., William VI.
Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of (1747–93), 57, 138.
Orsova besieged by the Austrians (1789), 45;
taken by the Prince of Coburg (1789), 88;
ceded to Austria (1791), 88.
Ortenau given to Baden (1807), 258.
Orthez, battle of (27 Feb. 1814), 321.
Osnabrück, the Duke of York bishop of, in 1789, 39;
merged in Hanover (1803), 227;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.
Ostend taken by the Belgian patriots (1789), 64.
Otranto, Duke of. _See_ Fouché.
Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Duke of Reggio, French general (1767–1847),
312, 329, App. iv.
Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, Italian scholar (1710–85), 25.
Pacte de Famille, the, between France and Spain, 14, 20, 77–79.
Pacy, the Norman insurgents against the Convention defeated at (13
July 1793), 131.
Paderborn, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34.
—— bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227;
in the kingdom of Westphalia (1807), 258.
Padua, Manifesto of, 102.
Pahlen, Peter, Count von der, Russian general (♰1826), 221.
Palestine, conquered by Bonaparte (1799), 208.
Palm, John Philip, German bookseller (♰1806), 293.
Palmella, Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, Count, afterwards Duke, of,
Portuguese statesman (1786–1850), 338.
Pampeluna besieged and taken by Wellington (1813), 315, 316.
Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot (1726–1807), 27, 145.
Papacy, the, its temporal power in the 18th century, 24.
Paris, takes part in the Revolution, 56;
riot of 12 July (1789), 57;
the taking of the Bastille, 57, 58;
the King brought to (6 Oct. 1789), 62;
keeps the King prisoner in the Tuileries, 99;
massacre of 17 July (1791), 101;
invades the Tuileries (20 June 1792), 112;
takes the Tuileries (10 Aug. 1792), 113;
massacres in (Sept. 1792), 115;
people of, refuse to support Robespierre, 147;
fights against the Convention, 13 Vendémiaire, 164, 165;
welcomes the Empire, 238;
battle of (1814), 239;
occupied by the allies, 239;
provisional treaty of, 331, 332;
return of Louis XVIII. to, 333;
first treaty of, 333, 334;
return of Napoleon to (1815), 351;
reoccupied by the allies, 353;
second treaty of, 353, 354.
Parker, Sir Hyde, English admiral (1739–1807), 222.
Parma, city of, capital of a French department, 283.
—— Duke of. _See_ Cambacérès.
—— and Piacenza, Duchess of. _See_ Marie Louise.
—— ——, Duke of. _See_ Ferdinand, Louis.
—— ——, duchies of, well governed in the 18th century, 25;
conquered by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
exchanged for kingdom of Etruria (1801), 220;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 283;
granted to Marie Louise by the Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814),
332;
by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.
Parthenopean Republic, founded (1798), 200;
overthrown (1799), 203.
Passau, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1801), 227.
Paul, Emperor, of Russia (1754–1801), his accession (1796), 185;
inclines to war with France, 198;
declares war against France (1798), 202;
receives Louis XVIII., 204;
withdraws his troops from the Continent, 206;
becomes Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, 207;
quarrels with Austria and England, 207;
makes peace with France, 207;
admiration for Bonaparte, 216, 217;
schemes for an invasion of India, 220, 221;
forms Neutral League of the North, 221, 222;
assassinated, 222.
Pavia, the university of, 26.
Peace, Prince of the. _See_ Godoy.
Peltier, Jean Gabriel, French journalist (1765–1825), 133.
Peninsular War: campaign of 1808, 265, 266;
of 1809, 275, 276;
of 1810, 296;
of 1811, 296, 297;
of 1812, 306, 307;
of 1813, 315.
_Père Duchesne_, 142.
Pérignon, Dominique Catherine, Comte, French general (1754–1818), 183,
App. iv.
Pesth, 90, 91.
Pétiet, Claude, French administrator (1749–1805), 182, 190.
Pétion, Jérome, French politician (1753–94), 78, 86.
Pfaffenhofen, treaty of (1796), 180.
Philosophers, the eighteenth century, 4, 9, 17, 38.
Piacenza, Duchy of. _See_ Parma.
—— Duke of. _See_ Le Brun.
Pichegru, Charles, French general (1761–1804), 140, 144, 149, 167,
172, 188, 191, 234, 235.
Piedmont, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, 26;
left to Victor Amadeus (1797), 192;
occupied by the French under Joubert (1798), 200;
occupied by the Austrians (1799), 206;
conquered by Bonaparte (1800), 218;
annexed to France (1801), 220, 230, 255.
Pigot, Sir Henry, English general (1752–1840), 195.
Pilnitz, Conference between the Emperor Leopold and King Frederick
William at (1791), 102;
the Declaration of, 103;
its effect on France, 106.
Pisa, the university of, 24, 200.
Pitt, William, English statesman (1759–1806), 28, 45, 78, 86, 97, 120,
125, 126, 166, 167, 169, 184, 189, 190, 225, 243, 245, 264.
Pius VI., Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope (1717–99), 24, 66, 76, 175,
177, 200, 203, 217.
—— VII., Gregorio Barnabé Luigi Chiaramonti, Pope (1742–1834), 217,
220, 229, 230, 238, 277, 278, 347.
Plain, deputies of the Centre in the Convention called the, 117, 129,
156.
Pleswitz, armistice of (3 June 1813), 309.
Plettenberg, the Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Münster in 1789, 39.
Pléville de Peley, Georges René, French admiral (1726–1805), 190, 196.
Podolia, province of, taken by Russia at the second partition of
Poland (1793), 122.
Poland, its extinction impending in 1789, 14;
Catherine’s policy in the first partition of, 18;
Prussia’s share of, and aims on, 30;
treaty of Warsaw with Prussia, 85;
refuses to surrender Thorn and Dantzic (1790), 87;
attempts at reform, 103, 104;
the Constitution of 1791, 104, 105;
invaded by the Russians (1792), 121;
attacked by the Prussians (1793), 122;
second partition of (1793), 122;
causes of the failure of the attempt at constitutional reform, 123;
insurrection in (1794), 151;
victory of the Russians, 151, 152;
final partition and extinction of Polish independence (1795), 152;
comparison between French and Polish revolutions, 152, 153;
looked favourably on by the Directory, 206;
Napoleon’s campaign in 1807, 248, 249;
Napoleon’s Polish policy, 261;
creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, 261;
serfdom abolished in, 289;
the Emperor Alexander’s ideas on (1814), 339;
final rearrangement of (1815), 342.
Police, Ministry of General, established in France (1796), 182;
abolished under the Consulate, but restored under the Empire, 241.
Polignac, Armand Jules Marie Heraclius, Comte, afterwards Duc de,
French politician (1771–1847), 235.
Polish Legion formed for the service of France (1797), 206.
Pombal, Sebastian José de Carvalho-Mello, Marquis of, Portuguese
statesman (1699–1782), 22.
Pomerania, Prussian, its backward state in 1789, 29.
—— Swedish, possession of, gave the King of Sweden a voice in the Diet
of the Empire, 34;
occupied by the French under Brune (1808), 250, 254, 279;
exchanged for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), 320;
given to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.
Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19.
Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Polish patriot, French general
(1762–1813), 121, 122, App. iv.
—— Stanislas, King of Poland (1732–98), 104, 122, 151, 152.
Ponte Corvo, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, 24;
Bernadotte made Prince of (1806), 277.
Pontine marshes drained by Pope Pius VI., 24.
Popes. _See_ Pius VI., Pius VII.
Porentruy, district of, merged in the department of the Haut-Rhin,
230.
Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, French statesman (1745–1807), 214, 215.
Portugal, its condition in 1789, 14, 21, 22;
declares war against the French Republic (1793), 120;
treaty of San Ildefonso (1796), 183;
England comes to the help of, 184;
attacked by Spain, and forced to cede Olivenza by the treaty of
Badajoz (1801), 223;
Napoleon’s schemes against, 252;
to be divided by treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), 252, 253;
conquered by the French, 253;
rises in insurrection against the French, 265;
English army sent to, 265;
freed from the French by the Convention of Cintra, 266;
invaded by the French under Masséna (1810), 296;
their repulse (1811), 297;
deserted by Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.
Portuguese Legion, formed by Junot, for the service of France, 253.
Posen, province of, taken by Prussia in the second partition of Poland
(1793), 122;
given back to Prussia (1815), 342.
Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovitch, Prince, Russian statesman
(1736–1791), 43, 44, 45, 96.
Potocki, Stanislas Felix, Polish statesman (1745–1805), 121.
Potsdam, treaty of (3 Nov. 1805), 247.
Pozzo di Borgo, Charles Andrew, Count, Russian diplomatist
(1764–1842), 301, 337.
Praga, suburb of Warsaw, stormed by Suvórov (4 Nov. 1794), 152.
Prague, congress of (1813), 311.
Prairial, the insurrection of 1st, in Paris (1795), 155, 156.
Prefectures, Bonaparte’s establishment of, in France, 230.
Preliminaries of Leoben signed (17 April 1797), 186.
Pressburg, treaty of (26 Dec. 1805), 245.
Prieur [of the Côte-d’Or], Claude Antoine, French statesman
(1763–1832), 133, 134.
—— [of the Marne], Pierre Louis, French statesman (1760–1827), 133.
Prince-Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, 39, 40.
_Profession de Foi du Vicaire Savoyard_, Rousseau’s, 10.
Proposals of Frankfort (1813), 316, 317.
Provera, John Nicholas, Baron, Austrian general (1747–1801), 176.
Prussia, administrative decay in, 5;
serfdom in, 5;
a member of the Triple Alliance, 13;
condition in 1789, 28–30;
policy of, 30, 31;
intervention in Holland (1787), 32;
influence in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, 34;
position of, in 1789, 84;
anti-Austrian policy, 84–86;
alliance with Austria against France (1792), 109;
its share in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
in the third partition of Poland (1795), 152;
more anti-Austrian than anti-French, 152;
makes treaty of Basle with the French Republic (1795), 156, 157;
becomes protector of North Germany, by the conclusion of the line of
demarcation, 170, 171;
its great increase in importance by the secularisations of 1803,
227;
neutrality violated by the French (1805), 244;
advantages obtained by its policy of neutrality, 246;
desires to fight France, 246, 247;
crushed at Jena, and occupied by the French, 247;
deprived of its Rhenish Westphalian and Polish provinces (1807),
250;
reorganisation of, under Stein and Scharnhorst, 289–291;
becomes the recognised leader of the revived German national spirit,
292;
Stein’s reforms completed by Hardenberg, 303;
foundation of the University of Berlin, 303, 304;
obliged to allow Napoleon to traverse it, and to send him a contingent
(1812), 304;
rises against the French, 308, 309;
receives part of Saxony (1815), 341;
and part of Prussian Poland, 342;
obtains large Rhenish province, 344;
gets Swedish Pomerania, 347;
as a result of the period becomes the preponderant German power,
359.
_See_ Frederick William II., Frederick William III.
Public Safety, Committee of. _See_ Committee.
Pyramids, battle of the (21 July 1798), 195.
Pyrenees, campaigns in the, 133, 140, 144, 150, 151, 315, 316.
Quatre Bras, battle of (16 June 1815), 352.
Quedlinburg, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.
Quiberon Bay, defeat of the French _émigrés_ at (June 1794), 154.
Quinette, Nicolas Marie, Baron, French administrator (1762–1821), 210.
Raab, battle of (14 June 1809), 273.
Rabaut de Saint-Étienne, Jean Paul, French politician (1743–93), 52.
Raclawice, battle of (4 April 1794), 151.
Radet, Étienne, Baron, French general (1762–1825), 278.
Ragusa, Duke of. _See_ Marmont.
Ramel, Jean Pierre, French general (1768–1815), 356.
—— de Nogaret, Jacques, French politician (1760–1819), 182.
Rapinat, Jacques, French administrator (1750–1818), 199, 209.
Rasomovski, Andrew, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian diplomatist
(1751–1836), 323, 337.
Rastadt, Congress at, 186, 192, 202.
Ratisbon, bishopric of, granted to the Elector of Mayence (1803), 225;
to the King of Bavaria (1805), 260.
—— a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, where the Imperial Diet met,
35, 225, 257.
Reason, the Worship of, in Paris, 141;
attacked by Danton and Robespierre, 142.
Receivers-general of taxes, their establishment under the Consulate,
215.
Reden, Baron, Dutch diplomatist (♰1799), 87.
Regency, Portuguese, formed (1808), 266.
Reggio, duchy of, belonged to the Duke of Modena in 1789, 25;
merged in the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192.
—— Duke of. _See_ Oudinot.
Regnier, Claude Ambroise, Duke of Massa, French statesman (1736–1814),
216, 239, 240, 241.
Reichenbach, conference, Congress and convention of (June 1790), 87,
88;
treaty of (17 June 1813), 310.
Reichskammergericht. _See_ Tribunal, Imperial.
Reichstag. _See_ Diet, Imperial.
Reign of Terror in France. _See_ Terror.
Reinhard, Charles Frédéric, Comte, French diplomatist (1761–1837),
210.
Renier, Paolo (♰1789), Doge of Venice in 1789, 27.
Repnin, Nicholas Vassilievitch, Prince, Russian general (1734–1801),
44, 96.
Retreats, famous military: Moreau’s, from Bavaria (1796), 178;
Moore’s, from Salamanca (1808–09), 269, 270;
Napoleon’s, from Moscow (1812), 306.
Reubell, Jean François, French statesman (1747–1807), 150, 156, 165,
169, 179, 181, 191, 209.
Réunion, island of (Isle of Bourbon), restored to France (1815), 348.
Reuss, the principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation
(1815), 343.
Reuss, Prince Anton von (1738–96), 87.
Réveillon, Jean (1796), sack of his house at Paris (June 1789), 56.
Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis Marie de la, French statesman (1753–1824),
165, 171, 181, 182, 209.
Revolution, the reasons why it began in France, 7, 8.
_See_ France.
Revolutionary Propaganda, decreed by the Convention (18 Nov. 1792),
118;
its effect on the character of the war, 125;
the decree repealed (16 May 1793), 133;
idea adopted by the Hébertists, 141;
formally abandoned by the Thermidorian Committee of Public Safety,
148, 159.
—— Tribunal. _See_ Tribunal.
_Révolutions de Paris_, important journal edited by Loustalot, 61.
Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, Comte, French general (1771–1814), 256,
296.
Rhine, the, declared the natural boundary of France, 157;
crossed by Moreau (1796), 178;
by Moreau (1797), 186;
by Blücher (1813), 318.
—— Confederation of the, formed by Napoleon (1806), 245;
its members, 260, 261;
replaced by the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342, 343.
Ricci, Scipio de, Bishop of Pistoia, Italian statesman (1741–1810),
24, 83.
Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie du Plessis, Duc de,
French statesman (1766–1822), 357.
Ried, treaty of (8 Oct. 1813), 313, 314.
Riga, besieged by the French under Macdonald (1812), 307.
Rivers, stipulations on the navigation of, 349.
Rivière, Charles François de Riffardeau, Marquis, afterwards Duc de,
French _émigré_ (1763–1827), 235.
Rivoli, battle of (14 Jan. 1797), 176.
—— Duke of. _See_ Masséna.
Roberjot, Claude, French politician (1753–99), 202.
Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore de, French statesman
(1758–1794), opposes intervention of France on behalf of Spain
(1790), 78;
moves motion preventing election of deputies of the Constituent to
the Legislative Assembly, 105;
opposes war with Austria, 105;
a leader in the Convention, 117;
attacked by Louvet, 117;
views on the King’s trial, 119;
his struggle with the Girondins, 129;
member of the Committee of Public Safety, 133;
his position and character, 134, 135;
attacks the Hébertists, 142;
establishes the Worship of the Supreme Being, 146;
overthrown in Thermidor (1794), 146, 147;
guillotined, 147.
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de, French general
(1725–1807), 107.
Rödt, Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Constance in 1789, 39.
Roggenbach, Baron Joseph Sigismund of, Prince-Bishop of Basle in 1789
(♰1794), 39.
Roland de la Platière, Jean Marie, French administrator (1734–93),
110, 112, 114.
—— Manon Jeanne, Madame (1754–93), her salon, 116.
Roliça, battle of (17 Aug. 1808), 265.
Romagna, the, part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), 192.
Roman Empire, the Holy. _See_ Empire.
Roman Republic, the, established (1798), 200;
overthrown (1799), 203.
Rome, administration of the Popes at, 24;
occupied by French troops (1798), 200;
evacuated by them, 203;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 255;
declared the second city of the Empire, 277, 278;
capital of a French department, 283;
restored to the Pope (1815), 347.
Rosas, taken by the French (3 Feb. 1795), 150, 151.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Genevese philosopher (1712–78), 9, 10, 41,
146.
Roussillon, 130, 140.
Ruffo, Alvaro, Commander, afterwards Prince, Neapolitan diplomatist
(♰1825), 338, 346.
Rügen, island of, belonged to Sweden in 1789, 32.
_See_ Pomerania, Swedish.
Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, Bavarian statesman (1753–1814), 37.
Russia, condition and growth of, under Catherine, 18, 19;
invaded by the Swedes (1788–90), 45, 95;
obtains increase of territory by the treaty of Jassy (1792), 96;
her share in the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
in the third partition (1795), 152;
accession of Paul, 185, 198;
her intervention in the war with France and its results, 206, 207;
disapproves of war with England, 221;
murder of Paul (1801), 221;
trade of, 234;
joins the coalition against Napoleon (1805), 242, 243;
defeated at Eylau, 248;
and Friedland, 249;
results, 249;
cessions made to, by the treaty of Tilsit, 249, 250, 261;
grumbles at the Continental Blockade, 261, 300;
attitude towards Austria (1809), 272;
annexes Finland, 278, 299, 302;
its cessions from the Turks in 1812, 281;
incited by England to war with France, 301;
invaded by Napoleon (1812), 305, 306;
drives out the French, 306;
its share in the overthrow of Napoleon, 334;
its annexations from Poland (1815), 341, 342;
a result of the period its taking a prominent place in European
polity, 359, 360.
_See_ Alexander, Catherine, Paul.
Russian Armament, the (1788), 45.
Rymnik, battle of the (12 Aug. 1789), 45.
Sacilio, battle of (16 April 1809), 273.
Safety, Public, Committee of. _See_ Committee.
Saint-Aignan, Paul Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, Marquis de, French
diplomatist (1782–1831), 316.
Saint-André, André Jeanbon, _called_, French administrator
(1749–1813), 133.
Saint Bernard, the Great, 218.
Saint Bernard, the Little, 151.
Saint-Claude, abbey of, in the Jura, 6.
Saint-Cloud, the Councils removed to from Paris, 210;
Bonaparte’s _coup d’état_ of 18 Brumaire (1799) at, 211.
Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion de. _See_ Gouvion.
Saint-Gall, the canton of, created by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.
Saint-Gothard, Suvórov’s passage of the (1799), 204.
Saint Helena, Napoleon deported to (1815), 355.
Saint-Helens, Alleyne Fitzherbert, Lord. _See_ Fitzherbert.
Saint-Just, Louis Léon Antoine Florelle de, French politician
(1767–94), 133, 135, 138, 140, 142, 147.
Saint Lucia, island of, ceded to France (1783), 19;
restored to England by the first treaty of Paris (1814), 333;
by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.
Saint-Marsan, Filippo Antonio Maria Asinari, Marquis de, Italian
diplomatist (1761–1828), 338.
Saint Ouen, Declaration of (2 May 1814), 332, 333.
Saint-Petersburg, threatened by the Swedes (1790), 95.
Saint Priest, Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de, French _émigré_,
Russian general (1776–1814), 328.
Saint-Vincent, battle of (14 Feb. 1797), 183.
Saint-Vincent, Sir John Jervis, Earl. _See_ Jervis.
Salamanca, Moore’s advance to (1808), 269;
battle of (22 July 1812), 306.
Saliceti, Christophe, French politician (1757–1809), 256.
Salkief, circle of, in Poland, ceded to Russia (1807), 261.
Salm, petty German principalities (1789), 34;
territories in Germany annexed by Napoleon (1810), 282.
—— Salm, Constantine Alexander, Prince of (1762–1828), 79.
Salomon, Gabriel René, French politician (♰1792), 60.
Salzburg, the Archbishop of, alternate president of the College of
Princes in 1789, 34.
Salzburg, archbishopric of, made into an electorate for the Grand Duke
Ferdinand of Tuscany (1803), 225, 229;
ceded to Bavaria (1809), 257, 274;
restored to Austria (1815), 344.
San Domingo, Bonaparte’s attempt to reconquer (1802), 232.
—— Ildefonso, treaty of (19 Aug. 1796), 183.
—— Sebastian, threatened by the French (1794), 144;
taken by the French (1795), 157;
stormed by Wellington (1813), 315, 316.
Saorgio, battle of (29 April 1794), 144.
Saragossa, siege of (1809), 275.
Sardinia, kingdom of, condition in 1789, 26, 27;
attacked by the French (1792), 117;
subsidised by England, 126;
restored to Victor Emmanuel I., with the addition of Genoa, 346;
got back Savoy (1815), 354.
_See_ Charles Emmanuel III., Victor Amadeus IV., Victor Emmanuel I.,
_also_ Nice, Piedmont, Savoy.
Savigny, Frederick Charles von, German jurist (1779–1861), 304.
Savona, Pope Pius VII. imprisoned at, 278.
Savoy, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, 26;
conquered by the French (1792), 117;
annexed to France, 118;
ceded by the King of Sardinia (1797), 174;
made into the department of Mont-Blanc, 230;
left to France (1814), 333;
restored to the King of Sardinia (1815), 354.
Saxe-Coburg, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
342.
—— —— Saalfeld, Prince Francis Josias of. _See_ Coburg, Prince of.
—— Gotha, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.
—— Hildburghausen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation
(1815), 343.
—— Meiningen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
343.
Saxe-Teschen, Duke Albert of, Austrian general (1738–1822), 113.
Saxe-Weimar, duchy of, 38;
made a Grand Duchy and a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
342.
_See_ Charles Augustus.
Saxony, electorate of, its condition in 1789, 38;
receives Lower Lusatia, and made a kingdom (1806), 259;
a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
invaded by Schill (1809), 293;
occupied by Napoleon (1813), 309;
proposition to merge it in Prussia rejected (1814), 339, 340;
part of, ceded to Prussia (1815), 341;
a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
_See_ Frederick Augustus.
Schaffhausen, Thurgau, separated from the canton of, by Bonaparte
(1803), 228.
Scharnhorst, Gerard David von, Prussian general (1755–1813),
reorganised the Prussian army, 290, 291, 308;
mortally wounded at Lützen, 309.
Scheldt, navigation of the, declared free by the National Convention,
118.
Schérer, Barthélemy Louis Joseph, French general (1747–1804), 173,
190, 202, 203.
Schill, Friedrich, Prussian officer (1773–1809), 293.
Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, German poet (1759–1805), 9, 38.
Schimmelpenninck, Roger John, Count, Dutch statesman (1761–1825), 254.
Schleiermacher, Ernst Friedrich, German philosopher (1779–1834), 304.
Schlieffen, Friedrich von, Prussian general (♰1791), 63, 65, 94, 95.
Schönbrunn, treaty of (15 Feb. 1806), 247.
Schönfeld, Wilhelm Christoph von, Prussian general (♰1797), 65, 93.
Schulenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von, Prussian statesman
(1730–1802), 126.
—— —— Albert, Count von, Saxon diplomatist (1772–1853), 338.
Schulz, pastor of Gielsdorf, the case of, 10.
Schwartzberg, two principalities of, recognised as states of the
Germanic Confederation (1815), 343.
Schwartzenberg, Prince Charles Philip von, Austrian general
(1771–1820), 294, 305, 312, 313, 318, 319, 320, 328, 329, 350,
353.
Schweitz, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.
Séance Royale, held by Louis XVI. (23 June 1789), 54.
Sebastiani, François Horace Bastien, Comte, French general
(1772–1851), 275, 280.
Secularisation of the ecclesiastical states of the Empire proposed by
France, 170;
agreed to at Lunéville (1801), 220;
its tendency, 226;
carried out (1803), and its effects, 226, 227.
Security, General, Committee of. _See_ Committee.
Selim III., Sultan of the Ottoman Turks (1761–1808), 44, 88, 89, 96,
280, 281.
Senate of France, established by the Constitution of the Year VIII.,
its functions, 214;
given power to dissolve the Tribunate and Legislative Body (1803),
232;
offers the title of Emperor to Napoleon (1804), 236;
its position under the Empire, 240, 284;
appoints a Provisional Government (1814), 330;
declares Napoleon dethroned, 331.
Serfdom in Europe in the 18th century, 5, 6;
abolished in Hungary by Joseph II., 16;
the Russian peasant partly protected from, by his village
organisation, 19;
prevalent in Prussia, 29, 30;
abolished in Denmark (1788), 32;
abolished in Baden (1783), 37;
its existence a cause of the failure of the Poles to maintain their
independence, 152;
disappeared from Central Europe under the influence of the French
Revolution and Napoleon, 288, 289;
abolished in Prussia by Stein, 290;
its general abolition a permanent result of the period, 361.
Sérurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, French general (1742–1819), App. iv.
Servan, Joseph, French general (1741–1808), 114.
Servia, conquered by the Austrians under Loudon (1789), 45;
independence recognised by the Turks (1812), 281.
Shumla, 281.
Sicily, not much affected by Tanucci’s reforms, 23;
held by the English for Ferdinand IV., 256, 264.
Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount. _See_ Addington.
Sieges: Acre (1799), 208;
Alessandria (1799), 203, 204;
Alexandria (1801), 224;
Almeida (1811), 296;
Antwerp (1814), 321;
Badajoz (1812), 306;
Bayonne (1814), 316, 321;
Bender (1789), 45;
Burgos(1812), 307;
Cadiz (1810–12), 296, 297;
Cairo (1801), 224;
Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), 306;
Condé (1793), 130;
Dantzic (1806–7), 248, 249;
Dantzic (1813–14), 319;
Dunkirk (1793), 130, 140;
Gaeta (1807), 256;
Genoa (1799–1800), 205, 206, 218;
Giurgevo (1790), 88;
Hamburg (1813–14), 319, 320;
Ismail (1789–90), 45, 96;
Landau (1793), 140;
Le Quesnoy (1793), 130;
Lille (1792), 114, 118;
Lyons (1793), 131, 140;
Magdeburg (1813–14), 319;
Mantua (1796–97), 175, 176;
Mantua (1799), 203;
Maubeuge (1793), 140;
Mayence (1793), 130;
Mayence (1795), 172;
Mayence (1797), 193;
Ochakov (1788), 43, 44;
Orsova (1789–90), 45, 88;
Pampeluna (1813), 316;
Riga (1812), 307;
San Sebastian (1813), 315, 316;
Saragossa (1809), 275;
Stettin (1813–14), 319;
Tarragona (1812), 307;
Toulon (1793), 140;
Valenciennes (1793), 130;
Warsaw (1794), 151, 152.
Siena, 24, 283.
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Comte, French statesman (1748–1836), 53, 54,
60, 150, 156, 159, 165, 166, 182, 197, 209, 219, 211, 213, 357.
Silesia, the Prussian Army of, formed under Blücher (1813), 309;
defeated the French at the Katzbach, 319;
crosses the Rhine, 318;
cut to pieces by Napoleon, 319.
Silistria, taken by Kutuzov (1811), 281.
Siméon, Joseph Jerome, Comte, French administrator (1749–1842), 259.
Sistova, congress of (1790–91), 88;
treaty of (4 Aug. 1791), 89.
Slave trade, the Negro, condemned by the Congress of Vienna at the
demand of Castlereagh (1815), 348, 349.
Smith, Sir William Sidney, English admiral (1764–1840), 145, 208.
Smolensk, 305, 306.
Socialism opposed even by the Hébertists, 141.
Soleure, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.
Soltikov, Ivan, Count, Russian general (1736–1805), 43.
Somo Sierra, Napoleon forces the pass of the (1808), 269.
Sotin de la Coindière, Pierre, French administrator (1764–1810),
Minister of Police (1797), 190.
Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalmatia, French general
(1769–1851), 269, 270, 275, 296, 297, 315, 316, 321, 332, App. iv.
Sovereignty of the people, the doctrine of, 2.
Spain, allied to France by the Pacte de Famille, 14;
its condition in 1789, 20, 21;
the reforms of Aranda, 21;
demands the help of France against England in the Nootka Sound
affair (1790), 78;
declares war against France (1793), 119;
subsidised by England, 126;
invades France, 130;
defeated by the French (1794), 140;
invaded by the French (1795), 144;
weary of the war with France, 154;
makes peace with France at Basle (1795), 157;
makes alliance with France at San Ildefonso, and attacks England,
183;
fleet defeated off Cape St. Vincent (1797), 183;
Bonaparte’s communications with, 223;
attacks Portugal, and gets Olivenza by the treaty of Badajoz (1801),
223;
cedes Louisiana to France, 232;
agrees at Fontainebleau for the partition of Portugal, 252, 253;
course of politics in, 266, 267;
Napoleon makes Joseph Bonaparte king of (1808), 267;
the Spanish people rise against the French, 267, 268;
Napoleon in Spain, 268–70;
the guerilla war against the French, 297;
evacuated by the French (1813), 315;
lost Trinidad, but kept Olivenza at the Congress of Vienna
(1814–15), 348;
reactionary policy of Ferdinand VII. in (1815), 358.
_See_ Charles IV., Ferdinand VII., Joseph, Peninsular War.
Spanish Armament, the (1790), 78.
Spielmann, Anton, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist (♰1738–1813),
Austrian representative at Reichenbach (1790), 87.
Spires, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34;
and one of the Princes holding largest fiefs in Alsace, 79.
—— bishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine merged in
Baden (1803), 227.
—— city of, taken by Custine (1792), 118.
Splügen pass, forced by Macdonald (1800), 219.
Stäblo, Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34.
Stackelberg, Gustavus, Count von, Russian diplomatist (♰1825), 337.
Stadion, John Philip Charles Joseph, Count, Austrian statesman
(1763–1824), tried to rouse Germany against Napoleon, 270, 271;
succeeded by Metternich (1809), 275;
inspired by Gentz, 292;
Austrian plenipotentiary at Châtillon (1814), 323.
Staps, Friedrich (1792–1809), schemed to assassinate Napoleon, 293.
State, doctrine of the, 4, 292.
States of the Church. _See_ Papal States.
States-General of France, summoned (1788), 43;
a financial expedient, 49, 50;
the elections to, 50, 51;
struggle between the Orders, 52, 53;
declares itself the National Assembly, 53.
_See_ Constituent Assembly.
Stein, Henry Frederick Charles, Freiherr von, Prussian statesman
(1757–1831), a Knight of the Empire, 40;
his reforms in Prussia, 290;
dismissed by Napoleon’s orders, 291;
pressed Alexander to war with Napoleon, 301;
his work completed by Hardenberg, 303;
at the Russian headquarters (1812), 304;
summoned the Estates of Prussia at Königsberg, 308;
his idea of rousing a German national spirit abandoned by the allied
monarchs (1813), 310;
present at the Congress of Vienna, 337.
Stéphanie Tascher de la Pagerie (1789–1860), married to the Hereditary
Grand Duke of Baden (1806), 258.
Stettin, French garrison left in (1813), 308;
besieged (1813–14), 319.
Stewart, Hon. Sir Charles, afterwards Lord, English general and
diplomatist (1778–1854), 301, 323, 337.
—— Robert, Viscount Castlereagh. _See_ Castlereagh.
Stockach, battle of (25 March 1799), 202.
Stralsund, taken by the French (1807), 250.
Strasbourg, Archbishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 34;
one of chief Princes of the Empire in Alsace, 79.
—— archbishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine ceded
to Baden (1803), 227.
Stuart, Hon. Sir Charles, English general (1753–1801), 184, 195.
—— Sir John, English general (1762–1810), 256.
Stuttgart, 37, 38, 178.
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albufera, French general (1770–1826),
275, 297, 307, 315, App. iv.
Sudermania, Duke of. _See_ Charles XIII., King of Sweden.
Supreme Being, Worship of the, established by Robespierre (1794), 146.
Suspects, Law of the, 137.
Suvórov, Alexander Vassilivitch, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian
general (1729–1800), gallantry at the siege of Ochákov (1788), 44;
defeats the Turks at Foksany and the Rymnik (1789), 45;
stormed Ismail, and served at Matchin (1790–91), 96;
defeated the Poles at Zielence and Dubienka (1792), 121, 122;
defeated Kosciuszko at Maciejowice, and took Warsaw (1794), 152;
defeats the French at Cassano and the Trebbia, and conquers Northern
Italy (1799), 203;
defeats Joubert at Novi, and crosses the Alps, 204;
repulsed by the French, 205;
accuses the Austrians of causing his failure, 207.
Svenska Sound, battle of (9 July 1790), 95.
Swabia, part ceded to Bavaria, 245;
part to Würtemburg, 258.
Sweden, its condition in 1789, 32, 33;
at war with Russia and Denmark, 45, 46;
makes peace with the Danes (1789), 46;
the _coup d’état_ of Gustavus III. (1789), 46;
peace with Russia, 95, 96;
death of Gustavus III., 110;
neutral in the war against France, 120, 124, 171;
loses Pomerania and Finland, 250, 254;
revolution in, and dethronement of Gustavus IV. (1809), 278, 279;
Bernadotte elected Prince Royal (1810), 279;
exchanges Pomerania for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), 320;
cession of Norway confirmed by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.
_See_ Bernadotte, Charles XIII., Gustavus III., Gustavus IV.
Switzerland, its condition in 1789, 41;
its neutrality in the war against France, 120, 125, 171;
headquarters of French diplomacy, 156;
and of the _émigrés_ diplomacy, 166, 167;
revolution of 1798, 198, 199;
invaded by the French and the Helvetian Republic formed, 199;
Masséna’s campaign in (1799), 204, 205;
reorganised by Bonaparte as the Confederation of Switzerland (1803),
228, 229;
neutrality of, violated by the allies (1814), 318;
independence and neutrality guaranteed by the treaty of Paris
(1814), 334;
reorganised, and given a fresh constitution by the Congress of
Vienna (1815), 344, 345.
Syria, Bonaparte’s campaign in (1799), 208.
Tagliamento, Bonaparte forces the passage of the (16 March 1797), 185,
186.
Talavera, battle of (27 July 1809), 275.
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Bishop of Autun, afterwards
Prince of Benevento, French statesman (1754–1838), consecrates the
Constitutional bishops in France (1790), 70;
appointed Foreign Minister (1797), and advocated the _coup d’état_
of 18 Fructidor, 190;
resigned (1799), 210;
advised Bonaparte to the _coup d’état_ of 18 Brumaire, 210;
Foreign Minister under the Consulate, 216;
Grand Chamberlain of the Empire, 239;
Foreign Minister under the Empire, 241;
created Prince of Benevento, 277;
his policy after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, 329, 330;
President of the Provisional Government of France, 330;
gets the Bourbons accepted, 331;
negotiates the first treaty of Paris, 333;
French plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), 338;
his masterly attitude, 338, 339;
signs treaty with Austria and England against Russia and Prussia (3
Jan. 1815), 340;
dismissed by Louis XVIII. (1815), 357.
Tallien, Jean Lambert, French politician (1769–1820), 166.
Talma, François Joseph, French actor (1763–1826), 262.
Tanucci, Bernardo, Marquis, Italian statesman (1698–1783), 4, 23.
Taranto, Duke of. _See_ Macdonald.
Targovitsa, Confederation of, asks Catherine’s aid to overthrow the
Polish Constitution of 1791, 121.
Tarragona, English failure before (1812), 307.
Tauroggen, convention of (1812), 308.
Temeswar, the Banat of, invaded by the Turks (1788), 43.
Tennis Court, Oath of the (20 June 1789), 54.
Terror, the Reign of, weapons of, forged, 128;
Robespierre deemed the author of, 135, 147;
the system of, 135–138;
the deputies on mission, 136, 137;
revolutionary tribunal, 137, 138;
the Terror in the provinces, 138, 139;
excused by France because of the success of the Committee of Public
Safety against the foreign foes, 141;
Danton believed it too stringent, 143;
rose to its height (June-July 1794), 145, 146;
system abandoned, 148.
—— the White, in France (1815), 356, 357.
Tetterborn, Baron von, Russian general (♰1836), 308.
Teutonic Order, the, suppressed by Hardenberg in Prussia, 303.
Texel, Dutch fleet in the, captured by French hussars (1795), 149;
blockaded by the English fleet, 184, 193;
defeated in the battle of Camperdown (1797), 194;
captured by the English (1799), 205.
Theo-philanthropy, new religion started in France, 181, 182.
Thermidor, overthrow of Robespierre on the 9th, 147.
Thermidorians, rule of the, 148, 149, 154–157;
their foreign policy, 156, 157.
Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford. _See_ Rumford.
Thorn, promised to Prussia by the Poles (1790), 85;
but not surrendered (1791), 87;
obtained by Prussia at the second partition of Poland (1793), 122;
restored to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 342.
Thouret, Jacques Guillaume, French politician (1746–94), 100.
Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron, Austrian statesman (1734–1818), becomes
Austrian Foreign Minister, 126;
his policy, 153, 154;
in favour of continuing the war with France, 169;
delayed the treaty of Campo-Formio as long as he could, 192;
retired from office, 220.
Thurgau, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.
Thuriot de la Rozière, Jacques Alexis, French politician (1758–1829),
133.
Thurn and Taxis, Prince of, as Imperial Commissary, summoned the Diet
of the Empire (1792), 108.
Ticino, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.
Tiers État, Order of the, in the States-General, its struggle with the
privileged Orders, 51, 53;
declares itself the National Assembly, 53.
Tillot, Guillaume Léon du, Marquis of Felino, Italian statesman
(1711–1774), 25.
Tilsit, the meeting of Napoleon and Alexander at, 249, 250;
the treaty of (7 July 1807), 250.
Tirlemont, 48, 64.
Titles abolished in France by the Constituent Assembly, 60.
Tloczow, circle of, ceded to Russia (1807), 26.
Tobac, battle of (1789), 45.
Tobago, ceded by England to France (1783), 19;
ceded to England by the treaty of Paris (1814), 333;
cession recognised by the Congress of Vienna, 348.
Tolentino, treaty of (19 Feb. 1797), 177;
battle of (3 May 1815), 346.
Toleration, Napoleon insists on religious, in Europe, 289.
Töplitz, treaty of (9 Sept. 1813), 313.
Torgau ceded by Saxony to Prussia (1815), 341.
Torres Vedras, Masséna repulsed from the lines of (1810), 296.
Tortona, fortress of, built by Victor Amadeus III., 27.
Toulon, 139, 140.
Toulouse, battle of (10 April 1814), 332.
Trafalgar, battle of (21 Oct. 1805), 244, 245.
Trautmannsdorf, Count Albert von, Austrian statesman (1749–1817), 47,
64.
Treaties: Amiens (1802), 225;
Badajoz (1801), 223;
Bartenstein (1807), 248;
Basle (1795), 156, 157;
Bucharest (1812), 281;
Campo-Formio (1797), 192, 193;
Chaumont (1814), 327, 328;
Fontainebleau (1807), 252, 253;
Ghent (1814), 341;
Jassy (1792), 96;
Kalisch (1813), 308;
Kiel (1814), 320;
Lunéville (1801), 219, 220;
Paris, Provisional (1814), 331, 332;
Paris, First (1814), 333, 334;
Paris, Second (1815), 353, 354;
Pfaffenhofen (1796), 180;
Potsdam (1805), 247;
Pressburg (1805), 245;
Reichenbach (1813), 310;
Ried (1813), 313, 314;
San Ildefonso (1796), 183;
Schönbrunn (1806), 247;
of 3 Jan. 1815, secret, 341;
of 1756, 11, 12, 19;
Sistova (1791), 89;
Tilsit (1807), 250;
Tolentino (1797), 177;
Töplitz (1813), 313;
Verela (1790), 95–96;
Versailles (1783), 13, 19, 28;
Vienna (1809), 274;
Vienna (1815), 350;
Warsaw (1790), 85.
Trebbia, battle of the (17–19 June 1799), 203.
Treilhard, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French statesman (1742–1810), 148,
166, 195, 209.
Trent, Macdonald joined by Brune at (1800), 219.
—— bishopric of, granted to Austria (1803), 226.
Trèves, the Archbishop of, an Elector in 1789, 34;
one of the chief Princes of the Empire, with fiefs in Alsace, 79;
electorate abolished (1803), 225.
—— city of, taken by the French (1795), 150;
capital of a French department, 230.
—— electorate of, well governed in 1789, 40;
conquered by the French under Moreaux (1795), 150;
ceded to France, 193, 225;
given to Prussia (1815), 344.
Treviso, Duke of. _See_ Mortier.
Tribunal, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire
(Reichskammergericht), 35.
—— the Revolutionary, of Paris, established (March 1793), 128;
its powers and effect, 137;
its system of work, 138;
its powers increased (June 1794), 146, 147;
condemns Carrier, 149.
Tribunate, formed by the Constitution of the Year VIII., its
functions, 214;
reduced to fifty members (1805), 240;
suppressed (1808), 284.
Trieste ceded to Napoleon (1809), 274.
Trinidad, island of, taken by the English (1797), 264;
ceded to England by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 348.
Triple Alliance, the, of England, Holland, and Prussia, formed 1788,
13, 32.
Tronchet, François Denis, French jurist (1726–1806), 215.
Truguet, Laurent Jean François, Comte, French admiral (1752–1839),
166, 190.
Tudela, battle of (23 Nov. 1808), 269.
Tuileries, Palace at Paris, 62, 99, 100, 112, 113, 129, 155, 164, 165.
Turin, observatory at, built by Victor Amadeus III., 26;
threatened by Bonaparte (1796), 174;
occupied by Suvórov (1799), 203.
Turkey, travelling to decay, 14;
Joseph declares war against, 17;
campaign of 1788 against the Russians and Austrians, 43, 44;
accession of Sultan Selim (1789), 44;
campaign of 1789, 45;
Prussia negotiates with, 45, 85;
campaign of 1790 against the Austrians, 88;
treaty of Sistova (1791), 89;
campaign of 1790–91 against the Russians, 96;
treaty of Jassy (1792), 96;
looked with favour on the French Revolution, 171;
defeated by Bonaparte in Syria and Egypt (1799), 208;
French army in Illyria to threaten, 256;
its general policy (1796–1807), 280;
revolution in, and accession of Mahmoud (1807–08), 280, 281;
war with Russia (1809–12), 281;
treaty of Bucharest (1812), 281.
_See_ Abdul Hamid, Mahmoud, Mustapha, Selim.
Turreau, Louis Marie, Baron, French general (1756–1816), 141.
Tuscany, its prosperity under the Grand Duke Leopold, 24, 25;
declares war against France (1793), 120;
makes peace with France, 157, 171;
occupied by the French (1799), 200;
evacuated by them, 203;
restored to the Grand Duke Ferdinand (1800), 206;
made into the kingdom of Etruria (1801), 220;
annexed to Napoleon’s Empire (1808), 255;
Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of, 283;
restored to Ferdinand (1815), 347.
_See_ Ferdinand II., Leopold.
Two Sicilies, kingdom of the. _See_ Naples.
Tyrol, the opposition to Joseph’s reforms in, 15;
Joseph suspends his edicts, 66;
pacified by Leopold (1790), 84;
invaded by Bonaparte (1797), 186;
by Macdonald (1800), 219;
ceded to Bavaria (1805), 245;
Hofer’s insurrection in (1809), 273, 274;
restored to Austria by Bavaria (1815), 344.
Ulm, 35, 243, 244.
United States of America, 145, 159, 160, 242, 341.
Universities: Berlin, 303, 304;
Bonn, 40;
Cracow, 105;
Göttingen, 39;
Jena, 38;
Mannheim, 37;
Milan, 26;
Parma, 25;
Pavia, 26;
Pisa, 24;
Siena, 24.
University of France founded by Napoleon, its constitution, 288.
Unterwalden, canton of Switzerland maintained by Bonaparte (1803),
228.
Unzmarkt, battle of (22 March 1797), 186.
Uri, a canton of Switzerland, 41, 228.
Vadier, Marc Guillaume Alexis, French politician (1736–1828), 149,
155.
Valais, the, declared an independent Republic (1803), 228;
annexed by Napoleon (1810), 283;
made a canton of Switzerland by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 345.
Valence, Pope Pius VI. dies at (1798), 203.
Valencia, taken by Moncey (1809), 275.
Valenciennes, taken by the English and Austrians (1793), 130.
Valmy, battle of (20 Sept. 1792), 115.
—— Duke of. _See_ Kellermann.
Valsarno, battle of (26 Oct. 1813), 315.
Vancouver Island, the affair of Nootka Sound (1790), 77, 78;
the Spaniards claim, 79.
Vandamme, Dominique René, Comte, French general (1770–1830), 309, 312,
313.
Van der Mersch, John Andrew, Belgian general (1734–92), 48, 64, 93.
Van der Noot, Henry Charles Nicholas, Belgian statesman (1735–1827),
48, 64, 65, 92, 93, 94.
Vandernootists or Statists, Belgian political party, 47, 48, 92, 93.
Van der Spiegel, John, Baron, Dutch statesman, Grand Pensionary of
Holland, 65, 93.
Varennes, the flight of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette from Paris
(June 1791), stopped at, 100.
Vauchamps, battle of (14 Feb. 1814), 319.
Vaud, Pays de, revolts against Berne (1798), 199;
made an independent canton of Switzerland by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 344.
Venaissin, the county of the, 76, 333, 354.
Vendée, La, the insurrection in, 128, 130, 131, 141, 143, 180, 181,
215.
Vendémiaire, the insurrection of 13th (5 Oct. 1795), in Paris, 164,
165.
Venice, condition of the Republic in 1789, 27;
remained neutral in the war against the French Republic, 124;
promised to Austria in exchange for Lombardy at Leoben, 186;
occupied by Bonaparte (1797), 191, 192;
ceded the Ionian Islands to France, 192;
ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), 192;
conclave met at (1799), 206;
occupied by Brune (1800), 219;
ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), 220;
ceded to the kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg (1805),
245, 255;
granted to Austria by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 347.
Verdun, taken by the Prussians (1792), 114, 115.
Verela, treaty of (14 Aug. 1790), 95, 96.
Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, French politician (1753–93), 106, 114,
116, 129.
Verona, belonged to Venice in 1789, 27;
punished by Bonaparte for the murder of French soldiers (1796), 191;
Schérer attacked at, 202.
Versailles, the States-General meets at (May 1789), 51;
invaded by the women of Paris (5 Oct. 1789), 62.
—— the treaty of (1783), 13, 19, 28.
Veto, the question of the, in the Constituent Assembly, 61.
Vicenza, Duke of. _See_ Caulaincourt.
Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia (1726–96), 26, 27, 63, 117, 126,
173, 174.
—— Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia (1759–1824), 346, 354.
—— Victor Claude Perrin, _called_, French general (1764–1841), 269,
275, 276, 297, App. iv.
Vienna, the inscription on the Emperor Joseph’s statue at, 66;
Bernadotte insulted at (1798), 198;
the French approach (1801), 219;
occupied by Napoleon (1805), 244;
and (1809), 273;
treaty of (1809), 274;
and (1815), 350.
—— the Congress of, 336, 350, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345,
347, 348, 349.
_Vieux Cordelier_, the, 142, 143.
Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre de, French admiral
(1763–1806), 242, 244, 245.
Vimeiro, battle of (21 Aug. 1808), 265, 266.
Vins, Charles, Baron de, Austrian general (♰1794), 88.
Virtue, Reign of, Robespierre’s belief in a, 146.
Visconti, Ennius Quirinus, Italian antiquary (1751–1818), 24.
Vittoria, taken by the French (1795), 151;
battle of (21 June 1813), 315.
Volhynia, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of
Poland (1793), 122.
Volta, Alessandro, Italian man of science (1745–1827), 26.
Voltaire, François Marie, Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778),
6, 9.
Vonck, Francis, Belgian politician (1752–1797), 48, 93.
Vonckists, Belgian political party, 48, 65, 92, 93.
Vyborg, the Swedish fleet blockaded in the Gulf of (1790), 95.
Wagram, battle of (6 July 1809), 274.
Walcheren, the English expedition to (1809), 276.
Waldeck, principality of, a state of the Germanic Confederation
(1815), 343.
—— Prince Christian Augustus of, Austrian general (1744–98), 184.
Wallachia, invaded by the Austrians (1789), 45;
conquered by the Russians (1810), 281.
Warsaw, treaty made at, between the Poles and Prussia (29 March 1790),
85;
occupied by Kosciuszko (1794), 151;
besieged by the Prussians, 151;
taken by the Russians, 152;
ceded to Prussia (1795), 152;
Napoleon enters (1807), 248;
given to Russia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), 342.
Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, founded by Napoleon (1807), 259, 261;
Western Galicia ceded to, by Austria (1809), 274;
dissolved (1815), 342.
Waterloo, battle of (18 June 1815), 353.
Watteville, Nicholas Rodolphe de, Swiss statesman (1760–1832), 228.
Wattignies, battle of (16 Oct. 1793), 140.
Weimar, headquarters of the German literary movement, 38.
_See_ Saxe-Weimar.
Wellesley, Hon. Sir Arthur, Duke of Wellington. _See_ Wellington.
—— Richard, Marquis, English statesman (1760–1842), 295.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, English general (1769–1852),
defeated the Danish army at Kioge (1807), 252;
sent to Portugal (1808), 265;
defeats the French at Roliça and Vimeiro, 265, 266;
recalled, 266;
again sent to Portugal (1809), 275;
takes Oporto, 275;
defeats the French at Talavera, 275, 276;
forms the Anglo-Portuguese army, 296;
campaign of 1810, 1811, 296, 297;
campaign of 1812 and victory of Salamanca, 306;
wins battle of Vittoria (1813), 315;
invades France, and wins battles of the Nivelle and the Nive (1813),
316;
wins battle of Orthez (1814), 321;
his attitude towards the Duc d’Angoulême, 326, 327;
defeats Soult at Toulouse, 332;
succeeds Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary at the Congress of
Vienna (1815), 341, 349;
signs the treaty of Vienna, 350;
takes command of the allied armies in Belgium, 352;
defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, 353.
Werden, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), 227.
Wessenberg-Ampfingen, Johann Philip, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist
(1773–1858), 337.
West India Islands, the French, taken by the English, 154;
restored at the Peace of Amiens (1802), 232;
recaptured (1809), 264;
restored except Saint Lucia and Tobago (1815), 348.
Westphalia, kingdom of, formed by Napoleon (1807), 250;
its limits, 258;
administration, 258, 259;
member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260.
Wetzlar, seat of the Imperial Tribunal of the Empire, 35;
taken by Hoche (1796), 186;
merged in the electorate of Mayence (1803), 225.
White Terror in France in 1815, 356, 357.
Wickham, William, English diplomatist (1768–1845), 166, 167, 182.
Widdin, the Pasha of, defeated at Foksany (1789), 45.
Wieland, Christoph Martin, German poet (1733–1813), 38.
William V., Prince of Orange, and Stadtholder of the United
Netherlands (1748–1806), 31, 32, 149, 179, 227.
—— VI., Prince of Orange, and I. King of the Netherlands (1772–1843),
314, 320, 321, 344.
—— Prince Royal, afterwards King, of Würtemburg (1781–1864), 337.
—— IX., Landgrave, afterwards Elector and Grand Duke of Hesse-Cassel
(1743–1821), 6, 38, 157, 225, 227, 250, 258, 337;
made a Grand Duke and member of the Germanic Confederation (1815),
342.
—— Prince, of Prussia, afterwards German Emperor (1797–1888), 337.
Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, English general (1777–1849), 301.
Wintzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, Russian general (1770–1818), 319,
320, 328, 338.
Wissembourg, lines of, stormed by the Austrians (1793), 139.
Wittenberg, ceded to Prussia by Saxony (1815), 341.
Wittgenstein, Louis Adolphus Peter, Prince of Sayn-, Russian general
(1769–1843), 309.
Wolf, Frederick Augustus, German scholar (1759–1824), 304.
Wolkonski, Nicholas, Prince Repnin-, Russian general (1778–1845), 337.
Worms, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire,
34;
one of the chief princes in Alsace, 79.
—— city of, headquarters of Condé’s army of French _émigrés_, 106;
taken by Custine, 118.
Worship of Reason at Paris (1793), 142.
—— of the Supreme Being, 146.
Wrede, Charles Philip, Prince von, Bavarian general (1767–1838), 338.
Würmser, Dagobert Sigismund, Count, Austrian general (1724–97), 40,
130, 139, 140, 175, 176.
Würtemburg, duchy of, condition in 1789, 37, 38;
invaded by Moreau (1796), 180;
made an electorate (1803), 225;
receives extension of territory, 227;
invaded by Napoleon (1805), 244;
made a kingdom (1806), 245;
receives Austrian Swabia, 258;
state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260;
of the Germanic Confederation (1815), 342.
_See_ Charles Eugène, Frederick, Frederick Eugène.
Würtzburg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman
Empire, 35.
Würtzburg, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), 227;
exchanged for Salzburg (1809), and made a Grand Duchy, 260;
a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, 260.
—— city of, taken by Jourdan (1796), 177.
York, Frederick, Duke of, English general (1763–1827), 39, 127, 130,
140, 205.
—— von Wartenburg, John David Louis, Count, Prussian general
(1759–1830), 308.
Zettin, taken by the Austrians (1790), 88.
Zielence, battle of (18 June 1792), 122.
Zubov, Prince Plato, Russian statesman (1767–1822), 221.
Zug, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228.
Zurich, battle of (26 Sept. 1799), 204.
—— canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), 228;
made one of the presiding cantons of the Helvetian Diet (1815), 345.
Zweibrücken. _See_ Deux-Ponts.
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| FOOTNOTES: |
| |
| [1] _Joseph II. und Leopold von Toscana._ By the Ritter von |
| Arneth: Vienna, 1872. |
| |
| [2] Vehse’s _Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy |
| of Austria_, English translation. London, 1856, vol. ii. p. 305. |
| |
| [3] _Memoirs of the Court Aristocracy and Diplomacy of |
| Austria_, by E. Vehse, translated by Franz Demmler. London: |
| 1856, vol. ii. p. 334. |
| |
| [4] _L’Europe et la Révolution Française_, by Albert Sorel, |
| vol. ii. p. 50. |
| |
| [5] _A History of the French Revolution_, by H. Morse Stephens. |
| Vol. i., chapter i. gives a detailed account of the method of |
| election. |
| |
| [6] On Mirabeau’s proposed Ministries, see _A History of the |
| French Revolution_, by H. Morse Stephens, vol. i., pp. 246 and |
| 247. |
| |
| [7] Sorel, _L’Europe et la Révolution Française_, vol. ii. p. |
| 69. |
| |
| [8] Sorel, _L’Europe et la Révolution Française_, vol. ii. p. |
| 194, footnote. |
| |
| [9] Coxe’s _Hist. of House of Austria_, ed. 1847, vol. iii. p. |
| 552, footnote. |
| |
| [10] _Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: Diplomatische |
| Correspondenzen._ Ed. by P. Bailleu, vol. i. p. 41. |
| |
| [11] Bailleu, _op. cit._ vol. i. p. 48. |
| |
| [12] Alison’s _Lives of Lord Castlereagh, and Sir Charles |
| Stewart_, vol. ii p. 241. |
| |
| [13] Fain, _Manuscrit de l’An_ 1813, pp. 297, 298. |
| |
| [14] Las Cases, _Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène_, vol. vii. pp. 56, |
| 57. |
| |
+------------------------------------------------------------------+
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The Dark Ages, 476–918
By C. W. C. OMAN, M. A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.
Forming Volume I. of PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
‘Notwithstanding its modest scale, this volume (Period I.) will be
valued by all historical students as supplying a real want in our
historical literature, and supplying it well.... He paints on a small
scale, it is true, but his touch is sure and his insight keen. For
the accuracy of his facts his historical reputation is a sufficient
guarantee.’—=Times.=
‘Though on a comparatively small scale, Mr. Oman’s sketch is complete
and vivid. His insight and acumen in appreciating the bearing of events
and in estimating the influence of personal character are particularly
striking, whilst his pleasing and picturesque style makes the perusal
of his work as enjoyable from the literary as it is instructive from
the historical point of view.’—=Glasgow Herald.=
‘A high place must be assigned to the work of Mr. Oman.’—=Oxford
Magazine.=
‘The publishers of these volumes of European History have taken in
hand a task that is to be highly commended, since, we believe, there
does not exist in English any series dealing continuously with such
a subject, from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West down to our
own century.... No better exponent of this era (Period I.), so full of
difficulties and complications, could have been chosen.’—=Journal of
Education.=
_Crown 8vo. With Coloured Maps. 6s._
The Ascendancy of France, 1598–1715
By H. O. WAKEMAN, M.A., All Souls College, Oxford.
Forming Volume V. of PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY.
‘Mr. Wakeman’s summary has an orderly sequence, and his narrative has
clearness and coherence that must be accounted, in the circumstances,
quite admirable.’—=Saturday Review.=
‘We are well pleased to accord to this volume (Period V.) the warm
welcome which we have already given to the seventh and first volumes of
this valuable series.’—=Educational Times.=
‘This work, which deals with Period V. in the series of books on
Periods of European History, fully maintains the reputation of that
admirable series, wherein a connected view of modern European history
is attempted to be given.’—=Daily Chronicle.=
‘In giving us the fifth of the Periods of European History, Mr. Wakeman
has produced an excellent sketch, both clear and concise.’—=Oxford
Magazine.=
‘To the two volumes of this well-planned series which Mr. Oman and
Mr. Stephens have respectively published, there now comes a third
instalment, written by Mr. H. O. Wakeman, which is well worthy to stand
side by side with its predecessors.... Mr. Wakeman’s book is a sound,
able, and useful one, which will alike give help to the student, and
attract the cultivated general reader.’—=Manchester Guardian.=
_In Eight Volumes. Crown 8vo. With Maps and Plans._
PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY
General Editor—ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A.,
Student of Christ Church, Oxford.
The object of this series is to present in separate Volumes a
comprehensive and trustworthy account of the general development
of European History, and to deal fully and carefully with the more
prominent events in each century.
The Volumes embody the results of the latest investigations, and
contain references to and notes upon original and other sources of
information.
It is believed that no such attempt to place the History of Europe in
a comprehensive, detailed, and readable form before the English Public
has yet been made, and it is hoped that the Series will form a valuable
continuous History of Mediæval and Modern Europe.
=Period I.—The Dark Ages.= A.D. 476–918. By C. W. C. OMAN,
M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. 7_s._ 6_d._
[_Already published._
=Period II.—The Empire and the Papacy.= A.D. 918–1272. By T.
F. TOUT, M.A., Professor of History at Victoria University,
Manchester.
=Period III.—The End of the Middle Ages.= A.D. 1272–1494. By R.
LODGE, M.A., Professor of History at the University of Glasgow.
=Period IV.—Europe in the 16th Century.= A.D. 1494–1598. By A.
H. JOHNSON, M.A., Historical Lecturer to Merton, Trinity, and
University Colleges, Oxford.
=Period V.—The Ascendancy of France.= A.D. 1598–1715. By H. O.
WAKEMAN, M.A., Fellow of All Souls College, and Tutor of Keble
College, Oxford. 6_s._ [_Already published._
=Period VI.—The Balance of Power.= A.D. 1715–1789. By A.
HASSALL, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. [_In the
press._
=Period VII.—Revolutionary Europe.= A.D. 1789–1815. By H. MORSE
STEPHENS, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford. 6_s._ [_Already\
published._
=Period VIII.—Modern Europe.= A.D. 1815–1878. By G. W.
PROTHERO, Litt. D., Professor of History at the University of
Edinburgh.
Transcriber’s Notes:
- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- Text enclosed by equals is in bold font (=bold=).
- Blank pages have been removed.
- Advertisements have been moved to the back.
- Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.
- Some spelling and hyphenation variations have been made consistent.
- Appendix tables left split over two pages due to excessive width.