EMBRYOLOGY.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG.--We must here first speak of the ovum or
germ, which is secreted by the ovary of the mare. Every time she comes
in season (which occurs every three weeks during the hot weather) this
ovum passes down the tubes before the womb as before mentioned, where
it remains a few days and then dies if she is not put to the horse; but
if, during the time this ovum is in the womb she is put to the horse
and one of the spermatozoa from the semen of the horse comes in contact
with it (the ovum) and a union of these takes place, then the rest of
the semen dies and passes away, and the neck of the womb contracts
gradually until it is perfectly tight. These two little bodies begin
to grow when united and form the foetus, or foal. The foetus may be
for convenience divided into three parts, viz.: the foetus proper, the
navel string, and the placenta. The placenta is the part which is found
covering the foal and is attached to the little pea-like elevations
on the inside of the womb. This covering is found to be full of small
blood vessels which finally unite to form two larger vessels, known as
the navel veins. These carry the blood up through the navel opening of
the foal and then to its heart. By the action of the heart it is forced
all through the body of the foal and returned again to the heart. It is
then forced down another artery to the navel opening, along the navel
cord, into the placenta again, where it is distributed through the
small blood vessels. When the blood comes down this cord from the foal
it is in its impure state, and while it is passing through these small
vessels in the placenta it comes very close to the small blood vessels
in the womb. The blood is cleansed and nourished from the blood of its
mother by a process similar to that which was spoken of when describing
the lungs. The foetus, or foal, does not grow so fast the first month
as it does later on. At the age of seventeen weeks the first hair
appears on the lips and the tip of the tail. Between the thirty-fifth
and the fortieth week the foal begins to show signs of life, and is
completely covered with hair. After this time it grows very rapidly
and may be seen moving around by watching the flank closely. The mare
carries her foal eleven months, but in some cases an aged mare has been
known to carry her foal over twelve months. In rare cases young mares
may lack a few days of eleven months.
The Average Periods of Gestation of Domestic Animals.
Mare 11 months
Ass 12 months
Cow 9 months
Sheep 5 months
Goat 5 months
Sow 3-1/2 months
Bitch 9 weeks
Cat 8 weeks
Note--A mare having been served by a stallion may occasionally in the
course of four or five weeks, manifest a desire for a second visit from
the male; is again served and conceives both times. This is known as
superfoetation. Such a case has been recorded by a veterinarian; the
animal in question, a mare, giving birth to a horse colt and a mule
colt, both dead. The mare had been covered by a jack and subsequently
by a horse.
SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.--The veterinarian is occasionally called upon to
give an opinion as to the pregnancy or non-pregnancy, of an animal and
consequently should familiarize himself with the various indications
which tend to prove the absence, or presence, of this condition. As a
rule, when the mare conceives, heat, or the desire for the male, is
no longer observable, and, on being led to the horse, she not only
refuses to receive his caresses, but assumes the offensive, viciously
striking and biting at him until led away. Soon the hair becomes more
glossy, and the mare becomes quieter in disposition. This change is
usually well marked in mares that are of a vicious disposition. The
abdomen gradually enlarges as pregnancy advances, the right side being
a little larger than the left. This enlargement is especially well
marked in the cow. In some cases the beating of the foetal heart may
be heard with the assistance of the stethoscope. Such an examination
is, however, very likely to give rise to mistakes. After the eighth
month well-marked symptoms of pregnancy are manifested, the belly at
this time being considerably distended, the back sinking, etc. Before
this time it is, however, impossible to make a positive statement as to
the condition of the animal except by making a very close and thorough
examination per rectum. The rectum should be cleared out by means of an
enema (injection) of tepid water; the hand and arm should be well oiled
and passed into the rectum. The region of the uterus being reached, an
examination may be made of its condition. As the time for parturition
approaches, the ligaments relax to a greater or less degree, and
a well-marked depression or sinking in the lumbosacral region may
be observed, the udder or bag enlarges, and milk is secreted.
The secretion of milk sometimes appears long before the time of
parturition, and has frequently been noticed to take place in animals
that have never been bred. As a rule the animal shows slight uneasiness
for a day or two before parturition, slight abdominal pain, etc., being
manifested. About this time the vulva becomes larger, and presents more
or less tumefaction. There may also be observed a flow of mucous taking
place from the vulva for a day or two before parturition.
INDEX
HORSE
Descriptive Anatomy, 5
Dissection, 6
BONES
Osteology
Back Bones, 11
Breast Bone, 12
Cannon Bone, 13
Carpus, 13
Cervical Vertebrae, 11
Classes of Bones, 9
Coccygeal Vertebrae, 12
Coffin Bone, 14
Contents of Bones, 9
Distal Phalanx, 14
Dorsal Vertebrae, 11
Femur, 15
Fibula, 16
Fore-arm Bone (large), 13
Fore-arm Bone (small), 13
Hip Bones, 12
Hock Bones, 16
Humerus, 12
Knee, 13
Loin Bones, 11
Lumbar Vertebrae, 11
Median Phalanx, 14
Metacarpal, 13
Metatarsus, 17
Neck Bones, 11
Os Coronae, 14
Os Metacarpi Magnus, 13
Os Metatarsi Magnum, 17
Os Naviculare, 15
Os Pedis, 14
Os Suffraginis, 14
Ossa Metatarsi Parva, 17
Ossa Metacarpi Parva, 14
Pastern Bone (large), 14
Pastern Bone (small), 14
Patella, 15
Pelvic Bones, 12
Proximal Phalanx, 14
Radius, 13
Ribs, 12
Rump Bones, 12
Sacral Vertebrae, 12
Scapula, 13
Sesamoid Bones, 14
Shoulder Blade, 13
Shoulder Bone, 12
Shuttle Bone, 15
Skeleton, 7
Skull, 10
Splint Bones (fore limb), 14
Splint Bones (hind limb), 17
Sternum, 12
Stifle Bone, 15
Structure of Bones, 8
Tail Bones 12
Tarsus, 16
Thigh Bone, 15
Tibia, 16
Ulna, 13
JOINTS
ARTHROLOGY
Adipose Tissue, 22
Cartilage, 21
Connective Tissue, 21
Elastic Tissue (Yellow), 22
Fat, 22
Ligaments, 22
Synovial Membranes, 23
Synovia, 23
Joints
Carpus, 25
Classes of Joints, 24
Coffin Joint, 26
Elbow Joint, 24
Fetlock Joint, 25
Hip Joint, 26
Hock Joint, 26
Joints of the Front Leg, 24
Joints of the Hind Leg, 26
Knee Joint, 25
Motion in Joints, 24
Pastern Joint, 25
Shoulder Joint, 24
Stifle Joint, 26
Tarsus, 26
MYOLOGY
Abdominal Muscles, 32
Back Muscles, 30
Coccygeal Muscles, 30
Deep Layer of Muscles, 31
Gluteal Muscles, 30
Gullet Muscles, 30
Head Muscles, 30
Hip Muscles, 30
Involuntary Muscles, 35
Leg Muscles (front), 33
Leg Muscles (hind), 34
Muscles, 28
Neck Muscles, 30
Pharynx Muscles, 30
Shoulder Muscles, 32
Superficial Layer of Muscles, 29
Tail Muscles, 30
Voluntary Muscles, 30
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Air Cells, 53
Bladder, 56
Bowels, 41
Breathing, Normal, 55
Bronchial Tubes, 53
Canine Teeth, 49
Cementum (or crusta petrosa), 48
Dentine (or ivory), 48
Digestive Apparatus, 37
Enamel, 48
Fallopian Tubes, 62
Female Genital Organs, 62
Generative, 58
Incisor Teeth, 49
Kidneys, 56
Larynx, 53
Liver, 43
Lungs, 54
Male, 58
Mammary Glands, 65
Molar Teeth, 49
Nasal Chambers, 52
Nostrils, 52
Organs of Respiration, 52
Ovaries, 62
Pancreas, 43
Penis, 61
Permanent Teeth, 49
Rectum, 42
Respiration, 54–55
Respiratory System of the Horse, 52
Salivary Glands, 39
Scrotum, 58
Semen, 61
Sheath, 61
Spleen, 43
Sperm, 61
Spermatic Cords, 60
Stomach, 40
Teeth, 48
Teeth Tables (comparative), 51
Temporary Teeth, 49
Testicles, 59
Ureters, 56
Urethra, 57
Urinary System, 56
Uterus, 62
Vagina, 64
Vas Deferens, 60
Vesiculae Seminales, 60
Vulva, 64
Windpipe or Trachea, 53
Wolf Teeth, 49
Womb, 62
ANGIOLOGY
Arteries, 70
Blood, 67
Blood-vascular System, 67
Capillaries, 71
Circulation, 69
Corpuscles, 67
Course of Blood, 71
Heart, 68
Liquor Sanguinis, 68
Lymphatic System, 72
Veins, 71
NEUROLOGY
Brain, 73
Spinal Cord, 73
AESTHESIOLOGY
Anatomy of the Foot, 78
Dermis, 77
Ear, 75
Epidermis, 77
Eye, 75
Foot Sole, 80
Foot Frog, 80
Foot Wall, 79
Frog of Foot, 80
Hair, 77
Skin, 76
Sole of Foot, 80
Wall of Foot, 79
EMBRYOLOGY
Development of Young, 81
Gestation of Domestic Animals, 82
Pregnancy, 82
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Abomasum, 46
Air Cells, 53
Aves, 20
Back Bones, 18
Bowels, 46
Bronchial Tubes, 53
Carnivora, 19
Cervical, 18
Chewing Cud, 46
Coccygeal, 18
Comparative Osteology, 17
Cud Chewing, 46
Digestive System, 44
Dorsal, 18
Fourth Stomach, 46
Genital Organs of the Bull, 65
Genital Organs of the Cow, 66
Gullet, 44
Hip Bones, 19
Honey Comb, 45
Larynx, 53
Liver, 46
Loin Bones, 18
Lumbar, 18
Lungs, 54
Mammary Glands, 66
Many-plies, 45
Neck Bones, 18
Normal Breathing, 55
Nostrils, 55
Oesophagus, 44
Omasum, 45
Omnivora, 19
Paunch, 45
Pelvis Bones, 19
Penis, 65
Process of Digestion, 47
Respirations per Minute of Different Animals, 54
Respiratory System of the Ox, 55
Reticulum, 45
Rumen, 45
Ruminantia, 44
Ruminantia (cud chewing animals), 18
Rumination, 47
Rump Bones, 18
Sacrum, 18
Salivary, 44
Sheath, 65
Skull, 18
Spermatic Cord, 65
Stomach, 45
Tail Bones, 18
Teeth, 44
Teeth, Front, 44
Teeth, Molars, 44
Testicles, 65
Thoracic Cavity (lung cavity), 55
Tongue, 44
Trachea, 53
Urethra, 66
Uterus, 66
Urinary System of the Ox, 58
Vertebrae, 18
Windpipe, 53
Womb, 66
PRESS OF
SWEENEY, VARNEY & STRAUB
PORTLAND, OREGON
Spelling_inconsistencies:
after-birth/afterbirth
anus/annus
areolor/areolar
blood vessels/blood-vessels/bloodvessels
Œsophagus/oesophagus
pully/pulley
sweeney/sweeny
tendinous/tendonous
vertebræ/vertebrae/vertebraes
principle/principal not used strictly in accordance with present day usage
Spelling corrections:
angilogy → angiology
Corpulscles → Corpuscles
cusion → cushion
Dessection → Dissection
discribing → describing
feltock → fetlock
femer → femur
Fermoro-popliteal → Femoro-popliteal
form → from
Forth → Fourth
heapitic → hepatic
lumlosacral → lumbosacral
mammelia → mammalia
Many Plies → Many-plies
mostened → moistened
muscles plays → muscles play
oposite → opposite
pannisulus → panniculus
planter → plantar
prefrom → perform
protracters → protracter
skining → skinning
thench → thence
through → though
vasiculae → vesiculae
Voscular → Vascular
End of Project Gutenberg's Notes on Veterinary Anatomy, by Charles J. Korinek