1709-1723.
PRIVATE HOUSES BUILT--QUEEN ANNE'S GIFTS--LAST STONE OF S.
PAUL'S--WREN DEPRIVED OF HIS SALARY--HIS PETITION--'FRAUDS AND
ABUSES'--INTERIOR WORK OF S. PAUL'S--WREN SUPERSEDED--PURCHASE OF
WROXHALL ABBEY--WREN'S THOUGHTS ON THE LONGITUDE--HIS DEATH--BURIAL
IN S. PAUL'S--THE END.
Heroick souls a nobler lustre find,
E'en from those griefs which break a vulgar mind.
That frost which cracks the brittle, common glass,
Makes Crystal into stronger brightness pass.
Bp. Thos. Sprat, quoted in _Parentalia_.
The year 1709 passed in steady work, and has little but finishing
touches to the churches to be recorded, unless some of the various
private houses built by Wren belong to this period. A house for Lord
Oxford, and one for the Duchess of Buckingham, both in S. James's Court;
two built near the Thames for Lord Sunderland and Lord Allaston; one for
Lord Newcastle in Queen's Square, Bloomsbury; and a house, so large and
magnificent that it has been divided in late years into four, in Great
Russell Street. This house was afterwards occupied by Wren's eldest son,
and in turn by his second son Stephen.
Sir Christopher himself, while keeping the house in Whitehall from which
his letters are dated, had received from Queen Anne the fifty years'
lease of a house at Hampton Green at a nominal rent of 10_l._ a
year;[234] he must have found great refreshment in going there
occasionally by the then undefiled Thames, to country rest and quiet.
Queen Anne was uniformly gracious and friendly to her Surveyor, and
presented him with a buhl cabinet inlaid with red tortoiseshell of
remarkably handsome work and design.[235]
The following year saw the crown put to the labour of thirty-five years.
Mr. Christopher Wren, who had been a year old when the first stone was
laid, now laid the last stone of the lantern above the Dome of S. Paul's
in the presence of his father, Mr. Strong the master-builder, his son,
and other free and accepted masons, most of whom had worked at the
building. The scene could hardly be better painted than in the words of
Dean Milman:[236]
'All London had poured forth for the spectacle, which had been
publicly announced, and were looking up in wonder to the old man
... who was on that wondrous height setting the seal, as it were,
to his august labours. If in that wide circle which his eye might
embrace there were various objects for regret and disappointment;
if, instead of beholding the various streets of the city, each
converging to its centre, London had sprung up and spread in
irregular labyrinths of close, dark, intricate lanes; if even his
own Cathedral was crowded upon and jostled by mean and unworthy
buildings; yet, on the other hand, he might survey, not the
Cathedral only, but a number of stately churches which had risen at
his command and taken form and dignity from his genius and skill.
On one side the picturesque steeple of S. Mary-le-Bow; on the other
the exquisite tower of S. Bride's, with all its graceful, gradually
diminishing circles, not yet shorn of its full and
finely-proportioned height. Beyond, and on all sides, if more
dimly seen, yet discernible by his partial eyesight (he might even
penetrate to the inimitable interior of S. Stephen's, Walbrook),
church after church, as far as S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, perhaps
Greenwich, may have been vaguely made out in the remote distance;
and all this one man had been permitted to conceive and execute;--a
man not originally destined or educated for an architect, but
compelled as it were by the public necessities to assume the
office, and so to fulfil it, as to stand on a level with the most
consummate masters of the art in Europe, and to take his stand on
an eminence which his English successors almost despair of
attaining.'
[_THE WORK OF ONE MAN._]
There then the Cathedral stood, complete externally in its stately
beauty, the work of one man, who, it has been truly said, 'had the
conception of a painter as well as an architect.' View the Cathedral
when and where we will, with every disadvantage of smoky atmosphere and
lack of space, it yet fascinates the eye by the perfection of its lines
and the majesty of the whole effect, so as to leave no power of
criticising petty defects. Such was the triumphant success achieved by
Wren's patient genius, but
Envy will merit as its shade pursue;
and a series of troubles fell upon him.
There will always be a number of people who imagine that anything can be
procured by money, and that for the sake of money anything and
everything will be done. People of this mind considered that Sir
Christopher Wren prolonged the process of building S. Paul's in order to
prolong his own enjoyment of the 200_l._ a year which was the salary he
had himself chosen, though it was considered utterly inadequate by the
Commissioners when first the work began.
Accordingly in 1696-7, a clause was inserted in the Act 'for the
completing and adorning S. Paul's' 'to suspend a moiety of the
Surveyor's salary until the said Church should be finished; thereby the
better to encourage him to finish the same work with the utmost
diligence and expedition.'[237]
No doubt they considered that the Cathedral could be finished off
regardless of details, and so left like the shell of an ordinary house
to be adorned by any chance person; and to this end they offered their
grim 'encouragement'!
It was an insult to a man like Wren, who had again and again--as in the
case of Greenwich--given his skill for nothing, and it was doubly unjust
because, what delays there were, sprang from the conceit and ignorance
of the S. Paul's Commission. Wren protested, but took no active step
until he had seen the Dome of his beloved Cathedral completed.
Then he sent in a petition to Queen Anne as follows:--
'The most humble petition of Sir Christopher Wren
'Sheweth,
'That there being a Clause in an Act of Parliament which suspends a
moiety of your Petitioner's salary at S. Paul's, till the building
be finished, and being obstructed in his measures for completing
the same, by the arbitrary proceedings of some of the Commissioners
for that fabric,--
'Your Petitioner most humbly beseeches your Majesty graciously to
interpose your Royal Authority so as that he may be suffered to
finish the said building in such manner and after such designs as
shall be approved by your Majesty or such persons as your Majesty
shall think fit to appoint for that purpose; and your Petitioner,
etc.,
'CHRISTOPHER WREN.'
['_FRAUDS AND ABUSES._']
This petition was sent to the Commissioners, whose reply was, that when
Sir Christopher had acted without their approbation his performances had
proved very faulty;(!) they then digressed into remarks on their own
devotion to the Queen's service, and into a series of petty charges
against some of the workmen employed in the Cathedral, especially the
bell-founder, Richard Phelp, and Richard Jennings the master-carpenter,
whom they charged with a variety of frauds and abuses, and begged should
be at once dismissed; they also venture to assert that 'Sir Christopher,
or some employed by him, may be supposed to have found their advantage
in this delay.' There is little attempt at proof in this reply of the
Commissioners, but much supposition and conjecture. A pamphlet, 'Frauds
and Abuses at S. Paul's,' published anonymously at this time, sets out
all their suspicions in detail. Sir Christopher replied in a pamphlet
entitled 'An Answer to Frauds and Abuses in S. Paul's,' and laid a
petition before the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London,
in which he sets out his grievances, how little power had been really
given to him and how far he had 'been limited and restrained.'
'However,' he says, 'it has pleased God so far to bless my sincere
endeavours, as that I have brought the building to a conclusion so
far as is in my power, and I think nothing can be said now to
remain unperfected, but the iron fence round the Church, and
painting the Cupola, the directing whereof is taken out of my
hands, and therefore I hope I am not answerable for them, nor that
the said suspending clause can, or ought, to affect me any further
on that account. As for painting the Cupola, your Lordships know
that it has been long under consideration; that I have no power
left me concerning it; and that it is not yet resolved in what
manner to do it, or whether at all. And as for the iron fence, it
is so remarkable and so fresh in memory, by whose influence and
importunity it was wrested from me, and the doing of it carried in
a way which I venture to say will ever be condemned. I have just
this to observe further, that your Lordships had no hand in it; and
consequently ought not share in the blame that may attend it.'
He then asks them for their warrant for the payment of the arrears,
amounting to more than 1,300_l._, which were due to him, and says he
will ever be ready in the future, to give his advice and assistance in
anything about the said Cathedral. Archbishop Tenison and Bishop
Compton laid Wren's petition before the Attorney-General, Sir Edward
Northey, who pronounced 'that Sir Christopher Wren's case was very hard,
but that the terms of the Act were so positive that it could not be
overridden, but the Commissioners ought in justice to find some remedy.'
Wren then addressed the House of Commons in a petition in which he
repeats that his 'measures for completing the Cathedral are wholly
over-ruled and frustrated.'
[_A REMEDY FOUND._]
The House considered the matter, and cut the knot by declaring the
Cathedral to be finished, and directing the payment of all the arrears
of the architect's salary.
Their prompt decision gratified Sir Christopher, who contrasts it with
the conduct of the Commission, 'which was such as gave him reason enough
to think that they intended him none of the suspended salary if it had
been left in their power to defeat him of it.'
The attacks on Jennings, whom Wren firmly defended, fell to the ground:
they probably had as little foundation as the 'Screw Plot,' by which at
a Thanksgiving, by one man's moving a few of the bolts and screws, the
whole dome was to fall in.[238] The bell-founder Phelps, who had removed
the faulty bell put up by Wightman under the direction of the
Commissioners, also triumphed: he offered to give a bond to the Dean and
Chapter to recast the bell at his own expense if, after a year's trial,
they were dissatisfied with it: as this offer was never claimed, Wren
justly says that they were either content with the bell or else showed
great neglect. Until the last few years it was the only bell possessed
by the Cathedral.
To perfect S. Paul's some things had still to be done, and, rather than
these should suffer, Wren was willing still to undergo the slights and
annoyances of the other S. Paul's Commissioners, amongst whose names one
wishes that of Sir Isaac Newton did _not_ appear, without clear evidence
that he stood by his early patron and friend. One hopes it may have been
so, certainly he was not a frequent attendant at the meetings.
[_DECORATION OF S. PAUL'S._]
Within the Cathedral there was some important work to do. Gibbons'
carving had to be completed, and the beautiful iron-work gates on either
side of the choir had yet to be set up. For this work Wren employed a M.
Tijou, at that time a famous worker in iron, though no account of him is
to be obtained at the present day. Possibly he was one of the French
refugees. Wren saw both the carving and the gates successfully finished.
But for the east end of the Cathedral he had a magnificent design which
is unfulfilled to this day. He intended to inlay the columns of the apse
with rich marble, to use a considerable amount of colour and gilding,
and to place over the Altar a hemispherical canopy supported on four
writhed pillars of the richest Greek marbles, with proper decorations of
architecture and sculpture: he had prepared his model and the needful
drawings, Bishop Compton had even received some specimens of marble from
a Levant merchant in Holland, but unluckily the colours and the class of
marble were not what Wren desired, and the plan waited for a better
opportunity, which, in Wren's lifetime, never came. Thus, of all this
grand design, the only trace is the painting of the apsidal pillars, in
imitation of lapis lazuli, which was meant as a temporary experiment,
and the model of the canopy in the possession of the Dean and Chapter.
Hardly anything could be done which would more enhance the interior
beauty of S. Paul's than the erection of this canopy.
Besides the adornment of the east end of the Cathedral there was also
that of the dome to be accomplished. The decoration of S. Paul's is so
vexed a question that one almost fears to touch upon it, but the
statement in the 'Parentalia' is explicit.
'The judgement of the Surveyor was originally, instead of painting
in the manner it is now performed, to have beautified the inside of
the Cupola with the more durable ornament of mosaic work, as it is
nobly executed in the Cupola of S. Peter's in Rome, which strikes
the eye of the beholder with a most magnificent and splendid
appearance; and which, without the least decay of colour, is as
lasting as marble, or the building itself. For this purpose he had
projected to have procured from Italy four of the most eminent
artists in that profession; but as this art was a great novelty in
England, and not generally apprehended, it did not receive the
encouragement it deserved; it was imagined also that the expense
would prove too great, and the time very long in execution; but
though these, and all objections were fully answered, yet this
excellent design was no further pursued.'
In weighing the value of this evidence as to Sir Christopher's views, it
is important to remember that the 'Parentalia' was, though edited by
Stephen the grandson, actually written by Christopher, the son who was
constantly with his father and shared in his interests, and had himself
seen, and no doubt described to Sir Christopher that very cupola of S.
Peter's, of which he speaks.
The question of the iron fence round the Cathedral, of which Wren made
mention in his petition, was much in his thoughts; he wished it to be
low, and made of hammered iron, the Commissioners were determined that
it should be high, and made of cast iron.
Wren, who doubtless intended to employ Tijou, and have a low, graceful
railing which would throw up the height and solid grandeur of the
Cathedral, repeatedly expressed his opinion; but the majority overruled
him, and the Cathedral was imprisoned by a high, heavy, clumsy fence,
the gates of which were sedulously closed, and were but too apt an
emblem of the manner in which the Cathedral was soon shut off from its
true uses. A century later, and Bishop Blomfield could say, 'I never
pass S. Paul's without thinking how little it has done for
Christianity.' Now the iron fence has departed,[239] and with it all
possibility of such a reproach.
During all this time Wren was engaged on the Abbey repairs and the
affairs of Chelsea College. The Duke of Ormonde sends him a summons in
November, 1713, the more pressing, as several Commissioners are out of
town, to meet him 'at twelve of the clock at his Grace's house at the
Cockpitt, in order to give directions for the cloathing of the Invalide
Companys who are in a perishing condition for want thereof, not having
been cloathed for near these three years past.' The death of Evelyn and
that of Sir Stephen Fox had lost to Chelsea Hospital its two best
friends, but doubtless the Duke and Sir Christopher were able to provide
for this emergency.
We hear of Wren at this time busied as of old for the Royal Society,
going, with his son and Sir Isaac Newton, to inspect a house in Crane
Court,[240] and finally buying it as a residence for the Society.
Again he appears with Newton, and the son who seems to have been his
constant companion, going down to Greenwich as visitors of the Royal
Observatory there and making their report upon it. As Flamsteed hated
Newton, and greatly resented any formal visitation, the expedition must
have taxed even Wren's peace-making powers, but Flamsteed never seems to
have quarrelled with him.
[_DEATH OF QUEEN ANNE._]
In the summer of the following year 'good Queen Anne' died, and with her
all real chance of the return of the Stuart family, despite the gallant
and devoted attempts made for 'Prince Charlie' in 'the '15' and 'the
'45.' The sixth and last English reign which Wren was destined to see
began in 1714 with the accession of George I.
The S. Paul's Commission was renewed, with, of course, Wren's name upon
it, but the annoyances of his position increased.
In his design, S. Paul's stood complete with a plinth over the
entablature, and with statues on the four pediments only. The
Commissioners took it into their heads that a balustrade with vases was
greatly needed, and that it should be put up, unless Wren could 'set
forth in writing, under his hand, that it is contrary to the principles
of architecture and give his opinion in a fortnight's time.' This looks
very like a device for tormenting the old man of eighty-five, and
revenging themselves for their previous defeat. Exactly within the
fortnight Wren sent an answer which certainly shows no trace of failing
powers.
'I take leave, first, to declare that I never designed a
balustrade. Persons of little skill in architecture did expect, I
believe, to see something they had been used to in Gothick
structures; and ladies think nothing well without an edging. I
should gladly have complied with the vulgar taste but I suspended
for the reasons following.'
The technical reasons are given, and he adds:
'that as no provision was originally made in my plan for a
balustrade, the setting up one in such a confused manner over the
plinth must apparently break into the harmony of the whole machine,
and, in this particular case, be _contrary to the principles of
architecture_.'
Nothing daunted, either by Wren's reasons or his sarcasm, and regardless
of their implied promise, the wise Commissioners of the Cathedral set to
work on their balustrade.
[_DISMISSED FROM HIS OFFICE._]
This transaction belongs to the autumn of 1717. In the April of the
ensuing year, George I., who cared nothing about art or architecture,
and who only wished to gratify his German favourites, was easily
prevailed upon to dismiss Sir Christopher Wren from that post of
Surveyor-General which he had held for forty-eight years, and to bestow
it upon William Benson, a favourite's favourite, as ignorant and
incapable as he was grasping and unscrupulous. There was probably but
little outcry, for, as Steele[241] had truly said,
'Nestor,' under which name he described Wren, 'was not only in his
profession the greatest man of that age, but had given more proofs
of it than any man ever did; yet for want of that natural freedom
and audacity which is necessary in commerce with men, his personal
modesty overthrew all his public actions.'
The person least disposed to make a complaint was Wren himself. Finding
his patent superseded, he quietly retired to his house at Hampton Court,
saying, 'Nunc me jubet Fortuna expeditius philosophari.[242] One other
comment he made, as a note to the date (April 26, 1718) of this
dismissal: '[Greek: Hoti anestê Basileus hetepos hos ouk êdei ton
Iôsêph: kai ouden toutôn tô Galliôni emelen.][Maltese Cross]'[243]
It is some satisfaction to know that Benson so disgraced himself as in
five years' time to be dismissed, and narrowly escaped a prosecution by
the House of Lords. Pope held him up to deserved scorn in the 'Dunciad,'
where he also says:
While Wren with sorrow to the grave descends,
but this, one is glad to think, tells rather what might have been Sir
Christopher's state of mind than what it really was.
Wren had had the interest of watching his eldest son's career in
Parliament as member for that borough of Windsor which he had himself
represented.
This son's wife had died, and in 1715 he married again. His second wife
was Constance, daughter of Sir Thomas Middleton, and widow of Sir Roger
Burgoyne; by this marriage he had another son, named Stephen. On this
occasion Sir Christopher bought the estate of Wroxhall Abbey[244] in
Warwickshire, which had belonged to the Burgoynes and was heavily
encumbered. Sir Christopher is said to have stayed at the Abbey
occasionally, and to have designed the kitchen garden wall which is
built in semicircles. It was probably when he thus became a Warwickshire
Squire that he gave the designs for S. Mary's Church at Warwick, designs
entirely different from those adopted in the present building, which is
said to have been designed and built by one Francis Smith, a mason in
the town.
[_LONGITUDE AT SEA._]
But the greater part of Wren's declining years was spent at Hampton
Court, from which he went up to London to watch the progress of the
works at Westminster Abbey, the surveyorship of which he still kept. A
report was spread that the ceiling of the Sheldonian Theatre, in which,
as a piece of mechanical construction, Sir Christopher took great pride,
was giving way. Careful examination proved this to be a perfectly
groundless rumour, and no further annoyance arose to disturb the calm
evening of the old man's life. To be 'beneficus humano generi,' as he
said, had ever been his aim and wish. He now employed his leisure in
looking over old papers on astronomy and mathematics and the method of
finding out the longitude at sea. It had been long considered by the
general world as impossible to find out as was the secret of perpetual
motion, and the attempt at either discovery was treated with equal
ridicule. The merchants, and captains of merchant ships were, however,
from bitter experience of vessels and crews wrecked or lost, aware of
the immense importance of the discovery of the longitude, if it could
be made. They presented, in 1714, a petition to Parliament, begging that
a reward might be offered 'for such as shall discover the same.' This,
after due consideration, was done by a Bill, passed rapidly through both
Houses, offering a reward of 20,000_l._. for the discovery.[245]
The subject was one which greatly occupied Wren, who all his life had
been interested in sailors and sea matters. He amused himself by
throwing his latest thoughts on the longitude into the form of three
cryptographs:[246]
1. OZVCVAYINIXDNCVOCWEDCNMALNABECIRTEWNGRAMHHCCAW.
2. ZEIYEINOIEBIVTXESCIOCPSDEDMNANHSEFPRPIWHDRAEHHXCIF.
3. EZKAVEBIMOXRFCSLCEEDHWMGNNIVEOMREWWERRCSHEPCIP.
A copy, signed by Halley as a true one, of this cipher was sent to the
Royal Society in 1714 by Wren's son. Probably Sir Christopher had not
perfected his instruments sufficiently to proclaim his discovery, and
did not wish either to lose his idea, or, when later on he disclosed it,
to appear as a plagiarist in case a similar method had suggested itself
to anyone else. Old age had weakened Wren's limbs, but had had little
effect on his clear understanding; his scientific pursuits interested
him still, and were among the employments of those few leisure years
which closed a life of incessant work. He gave, however, the greater
part of his time and care to the diligent study of the Holy Scriptures,
which all his life he had loved; and thus, serene and gentle as ever,
waited for his summons.
[_HIS DEATH._]
Once a year it was his habit to be driven to London, and to sit for a
while under the dome of his own Cathedral. On one of these journeys he
caught a cold, and soon afterwards, on February 25, 1723, his servant,
thinking Sir Christopher slept longer after dinner than was his wont,
came into the room and found his master dead in his chair, with an
expression of perfect peace on the calm features.
They buried him near his daughter in the south-east crypt of S. Paul's,
by one of the windows, under a plain marble slab with this inscription:
'Here lieth Sir Christopher Wren, the builder of this Cathedral Church
of S. Paul, &c., who died in the year of our Lord MDCCXXIII., and of his
age XCI.'
The spite of those who had hampered his genius in life showed itself
again after his death. The famous inscription, written by his
son:--'Subtus conditur hujus Ecclesiae et Urbis Conditor Christophorus
Wren, qui vixit annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed bono publico.
Lector, si Monumentum requiris circumspice.'[247]--was placed in the
crypt, and in the Cathedral itself there was nothing to preserve the
memory of its architect.
This has in later years been remedied and the inscription is now in gold
letters over the door of the north transept. Some of Sir Christopher's
plans have, as has been shown, been executed; and further, the Cathedral
has been set in green turf, and all around it is cared for instead of
neglected, the once empty campanile is filled by twelve bells, whose
music floats down over the roar of London, as if out of the sky itself,
and the Dome is filled by vast congregations in the way which Sir
Christopher almost foresaw.
In the Cathedral his memory is cherished; but in the city of London,
which he rebuilt from its ashes, no statue has been erected to him, no
great street has been honoured by taking as its own the name of
Christopher Wren, though a name
On fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be fyled.
FOOTNOTES:
[234] This lease was renewed to his eldest son in 1737 for 28-1/2
years, running on from 1758.
[235] Now in the possession of Mrs. Pigott.
[236] _Annals of S. Paul's_, p. 432.
[237] It must be to this that Wren refers in his letter to his son,
p. 282.
[238] _Documents illustrating, &c._, p. 62.
[239] The Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's removed the fence in 1874,
and substituted the present open, low one, thus removing a
blemish from the exterior of the Cathedral.
[240] The Royal Society occupied this house, till 1847, when it was
pulled down to make room for the new Record Office.--_Hist. R.
S._, p. 399. Weld.
[241] _The Tatler_, No. 52, 1709. Both the paper and its note
contain eloquent tributes to Wren. It is remarkable that
Steele wrote this at the very time Wren's salary was first
'suspended.'
[242] 'Now Fortune commands me to apply myself more closely to
Philosophy.'
[243] 'Then another king arose which knew not Joseph.'--_Acts_ vii.
18. 'And Gallio cared for none of these things.'--_Acts_
xviii. 17.
[244] Now spelt Wroxall. This property remained in the hands of Sir
Christopher's direct lineal descendants (five Christophers
held it in succession) until 1861. Wren's son and heir died in
1747, and is buried in Wroxhall Abbey; his son Christopher
displeasing him, he left away much of the estate to his
stepson, Sir Roger Burgoyne. At the death of the elder
Christopher many of the great architect's plans and drawings
were bought by Mr. Justice Blackburn, who presented them to
All Souls' College. The _Parentalia_ was principally written
at Wroxhall by Sir Christopher's son Christopher, and was
published by his second son Stephen Wren, M.D., in 1750. See
_Worthies of Warwickshire_, p. 852, and _Biog. Hist. of
England_, vol. iii. p. 329. Noble.
[245] The reward was adjudged in two portions of 10,000_l._, to Mr.
J. Harrison in 1726 and 1775, for making two chronometers,
which gave the longitude within 10' 45" of the truth. Rewards
were offered for further discoveries. The Board of Longitude
was abolished in 1828.--_Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, vol. ii.
p. 258-267. Sir David Brewster.
[246] These cryptographs were first published by Sir David Brewster
in his _Life of Sir Isaac Newton_, vol. ii. p. 263, ed. 1855.
No key was found until Mr. Francis Williams, of Grange Court,
Chigwell, sent the following:
1. WAcCHhMArGNwETrICeBAnLAmNCdEWcOUcNDxINiVAvCUzO.
Wach magnetic balance wound in vacuo.
(One letter a misprint).
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
2. FIcXHhEArDHwIPrPEeSHnANmDEdSPcOIcSExTUiBEiONiEYieZ.
Fix head hippes handes poise tube on eye.
(One letter a misprint).
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIIII.
3. PIcPEhSCrRewWErMOeVInNGmWHdEEcLScFRxOMiBEvAKzE.
Pipe screwe moving wheels from beake.
Omitted letters make CHR. WREN, MDCCXIV.
The three last omitted Z,s occurring in the first part of each
cipher to show that that part must be taken _last_.--_Report
of the British Association for 1859._
[247] 'Beneath is laid the builder of this church and city,
Christopher Wren, who lived more than ninety years, not for
himself, but for the good of the State. Reader, if thou ask
for a monument, look around thee.'
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX I.
_REVERENDO PATRI DOMINO CHRISTOPHORO WREN, S.T.D. ET D. W.
CHRISTOPHORUS FILIUS HOC SUUM PANORGANUM ASTRONOMICUM D. D. XIII.
CALEND. NOVEM. ANNO 1645_, p. 73.
Si licet, et cessent rerum (Pater alme) tuarum
Pondera, devotae respice prolis opus.
Hic ego sidereos tentavi pingere motus,
Coelicaque in modulos conciliare breves.
Quo (prolapsa diù) renoventur tempora gyro,
Seculaque, et menses, et imparilesque dies.
Quomodo Sol abeat, redeatque, et temperet annum,
Et (raptum contra) grande perennet iter;
Cur nascens gracili, pleno orbe refulget adulta,
Cur gerat extinctas menstrua luna faces.
His ego numinibus dum cito, atque ardua mundi,
Scrutor, et arcanas conor inire vias,
Adsis, O! faveasque, pater, succurre volanti
Suspensum implumis dirige prolis iter,
Ne male, praecipiti, nimium prae viribus audax
(Sorte sub Icarea) lapsus ab axe ruam:
Te duce, fert animus, studiis sublimibus hisce
Pasci, dum superas detur adire domos.
APPENDIX II.
_CHURCHES, HALLS, COLLEGES, PALACES, OTHER PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AND
PRIVATE HOUSES, BUILT AND REPAIRED BY SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN._
_Churches._
S. Alban, Wood Street. | S. Lawrence, Jewry.
* All Hallows, Bread Street. | S. Magnus, London Bridge.
" Lombard Street. | S. Margaret Lothbury, Pattens,
" Upper Thames St. | Rood Lane.
All Saints, Isleworth. | S. Martin, Ludgate Hill.
S. Andrew, Holborn. | S. Mary, Abchurch.
" by the Wardrobe. | " Aldermanbury.
SS. Anne & Agnes. | " Aldermary.
S. Anne, Soho (?). | " at Hill.
* S. Antholin, Watling St. | " le Bow.
S. Augustine. | * " Somerset.
* S. Bartholomew, Bartholomew | " Woolnoth.
Lane. | S. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish St.
* S. Benedict, Gracechurch Street.| S. Matthew, Friday Street.
* " Fink, Threadneedle | S. Michael, Bassishaw.
Street. | " Cheapside.
S. Benedict, Paul's Wharf. | " Cornhill.
S. Bride, Fleet Street. | * " Crooked Lane.
Chichester Cathedral. | * " Queenhithe.
Christ Church, Newgate. | " Royal, College Hill.
* S. Christopher, Threadneedle | S. Mildred, Bread Street.
Street. | * " Poultry.
S. Clement Danes, Strand. | S. Nicholas, Cole Abbey.
" Eastcheap. | S. Olave, Jewry.
Dartmouth Chapel, Blackheath. | S. Paul's Cathedral.
* S. Dionysius, Back Church. | S. Peter's Abbey, Westminster.
S. Dunstan in the East. | " Cornhill.
S. Edmund the King, Lombard | Salisbury Cathedral.
Street. | S. Stephen, Coleman Street.
S. Faith (Crypt of S. Paul's). | " Walbrook.
S. George, Botolph Lane. | S. Swithin, Cannon Street.
S. James, Garlickhithe. | S. Vedast, Foster Lane.
" Westminster.
* Signifies that the church has been destroyed.
_Halls._
Mercers Company. | Saddlers Company
* Grocers " | Cordwainers "
Drapers " | Paper Stainers "
* Fishmongers " | Curriers "
* Goldsmiths " | Masons "
Skinners " | * Plumbers "
Merchant Taylors " | Innholders "
Haberdashers " | Founders "
* Salters " | Coopers "
Ironmongers " | Tilers and Bricklayers "
Vintners " | Joiners "
* Dyers " | Weavers "
Brewers " | Plasterers "
* Leathersellers " | Stationers "
Cutlers " | Apothecaries "
Bakers " | Pinmakers "
Tallow Chandlers " | Coachmakers "
Girdlers " |
Many of these buildings have been considerably altered since Wren's
time, and many are now let as warehouses, or turned to other uses.
_Colleges._
Christ Church, Oxford. | Pembroke, Cambridge.
Emmanuel, Cambridge. | * Physicians, Warwick Lane,
Holy Trinity " London.
" Oxford. | Queen's (?) Oxford.
Morden, Blackheath. | Sion, London.
_Palaces._
Hampton Court. Kensington. * Newmarket. Winchester.
_Other Public Buildings._
Alderman's Court, Guildhall. | Middle Temple, front of.
Archbishop Tenison's Library. | Monument, the.
Ashmolean Museum. | Monument { to Edward V. &
Bohun's Almshouses, Lee. | { Richard, Duke of York
Bushey Park, { Pavilion. |
{ Ranger's house at.| Observatory, Greenwich.
Chapter House, S. Paul's. | * Royal Exchange, London.
* Custom House, Port of London. | Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford.
Deanery, St. Paul's, London. | Temple Bar.
Hospitals, { Chelsea College. | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
{ Greenwich. | Theatre in Salisbury Court.
London, City of. | Tower of London.
Merchant Taylors' Almhouses, | Windsor, Town Hall.
London.
_Private Houses._
Allaston's, Lord, London. | Fawley Court, Oxon.
Bloomsbury, two in. | Marlborough's, Duchess of, London.
Buckingham's, Duchess of, | Oxford's, Earl of, London.
London. | Sunderland's, Lord, London.
Chichester, two at. | Windsor, two at.
Cooper's, Madam, London.
This list, which is, I fear, imperfect, only professes to give such
buildings as were actually built or repaired; there are, besides, a
large number of unexecuted designs.
* Signifies that the building has been destroyed.
APPENDIX III.
Sir Christopher Wren left the rough drafts of four tracts on
architecture, which are printed in the 'Parentalia,' and a few notes on
Roman and Greek buildings, some of which Mr. Elmes transcribed in his
'Life;' they are for the most part very technical and are incomplete.
The copy of the 'Parentalia' now in my hands contains the autograph
draft of a Discourse on Architecture, which, as I think, has never been
printed; it appears to me to be of great interest. It is therefore given
entire, though I regret I cannot give the quaint prints of Noah's Ark,
the Tower of Babel, Babylon, &c., with which the original is
illustrated. The two former prints tally so exactly with the
descriptions in the 'Discourse'--the print of the ark containing a small
section, an elevation, and a vignette of a man feeding one of the
creatures, besides a large drawing of the floating Ark--that I incline
to think they were engraved, either by Wren himself, or from his
drawings. Engraving was an art he well understood. He divides with
Prince Rupert the honour of the invention of mezzo-tint. The prints are
numbered Pl. IV. and V. respectively, and have no signature.
_Discourse on Architecture._
Whatever a man's sentiments are upon mature deliberation, it will be
still necessary for him in a conspicuous Work to preserve his
Undertaking from general censure, and so for him to accomodate his
Designs to the gust of the Age he lives in, thô it appears to him less
rational. I have found no little difficulty to bring Persons, of
otherwise a good genius, to think anything in Architecture would be
better then what they had heard commended by others, and what they had
view'd themselves. Many good Gothick forms of Cathedrals were to be seen
in our Country, and many had been seen abroad, which they liked the
better for being not much differing from ours in England: this humour
with many is not yet eradicated, and therefore I judge it not improper
to endeavour to reform the Generality to a truer taste in Architecture
by giving a larger Idea of the whole Art, beginning with the reasons and
progress of it from the most remote Antiquity; and that in short
touching chiefly on some things, which have not been remarked by others.
The Project of Building is as natural to Mankind as to Birds, and was
practised before the Floud. By Josephus we learn that Cain built the
first City, _Enos_, and enclosed it with Wall and Rampires; and that the
Sons of Seth, the other son of Adam, erected two Columns of Brick and
Stone to preserve their Mathematical Science to Posterity, so well built
that thô ye one of Brick was destroy'd by the Deluge, ye other of Stone
was standing in ye time of Josephus. The first Peece of Naval
Architecture we read of in Sacred History was the _Arke_ of _Noah_, a
work very exactly fitted and built for the Purpose intended.
It was by measure just 6 times as Long as Broad, and the Heighth was 3/5
of the Breadth. This was the Proportion of the Triremes afterwards. The
Dimensions, and that It was 3 Stories high, and that It had a Window of
a Cubit Square is only mention'd; but many things sure were of necessity
to be contrived for Use in this Model of the Whole Earth.
First, One small Window was not sufficient to emit the Breath of all the
Animals; It had certainly many other Windows as well for Light as Air.
It must have Scupper-Holes and a large Sink and an Engin to Pump It; for
It drew, as I compute, with all its Cargo and Ballast, at least 12 foot
Water. There must be places for Insects the only Food of some Birds and
Animals. Great Cisterns for Fresh Water not only for Land Animals, but
for some Water fowl and Insects. Some Greens to grow in Tubs, the only
food of Tortoises and some Birds and Insects; since we certainly have
learnt that nothing is produced by Spontaneous Generation, and we firmly
believe there was no new Creation. I need not mention stairs to the
several Stories, with many other things absolutely necessary for a
year's Voyage for Men and Animals, thô not mention'd in the Story, and
Providence was the Pilot of this Little World, the Embrio of the next.
Most certainly Noah was divinly qualified not only as a Preacher of
Righteousness but the greatest Philosopher in the 'Historia Animalium'
that ever was; and it was Work enough for his whole Family to feed them,
and take care of the young Brood; for in a year's time there must be a
great increase in the Ark, w^{ch} was food for the Family, and the
Beasts of Prey.
The first Peece of Civil Architecture we meet with in Holy Writ is the
Tower of Babel. Providence scatter'd the first Builders, so the Work was
left off, but the Successors of Belus the son of Nimrod probably
finished It and made it His Sepulchre, upon his Deification.
It was built of Burnt Brick Cemented with Bitumen.
Herodotus gives us a surprizing Relation of it w^{ch} being set down by
measure is not beside our subject to observe. It consisted of Eight
several Stories; the First was one Stade, or 625 foot square, and of the
same measure in Height upon which were rais'd seven more, w^{ch} if they
were all equal with the First would amount to 2,500 foot, which is not
credible: the Form must be therefore Pyramidal and being adorn'd on the
outside with Rows of Galleries in divers stories diminished in Height in
Geometrical Proportion; so the whole Mass would have the Aspect of Half
an Octaedron, which is that of all the Egyptian Pyramids.
These Corridors being Brick wasted in more than 1600 years: and it was
these which Alexander actually began to Repair, not the whole Bulk, as I
suppose.
How Herodotus had his measures I question, for He flourish'd but 100
years before Alexander's Conquests of Babylon, so it was then 1500 years
Old.
I proceed next to those mighty Works of Antiquity the Wonderful
_Pyramids_ of Egypt yet remaining without considerable decay after
almost 4000 years: for 2000 years agoe, they were reckon'd by Historians
of Uncertain Original.
I cannot think any Monarch however Despotick could effect such things
meerly for Glory; I guess there were reasons of State for it.
Egypt was certainly very early Populous, because so Productive of Corn
by the help of Nile, in a manner without labour. They deriv'd the River
when it rose, all over the Flat of the Delta; and as the People
increas'd, over a great deal of Land that lay higher. The Nile did not
always Flow high enough for a great Part of the then inhabited Country,
and without the Nile, They must either Starve or prey upon those who had
Corn; This must needs create Mutiny and Bloodshed, to prevent which it
was the Wisdom of their ancient Kings and Priests to Exact a certain
Proportion of Corn, and lay it up for those who wanted the benefit of
the Rivers when it disappointed their sowing.
Thus Joseph lay'd up for seven years, and sur'ly He was not first: this
Provision being ever so essentially necessary to support the Popularity
and consequently the Grandure of the Kingdom; and continued so in all
Ages, till the Turks neglected all the upper Canales except one which
still suppli'd Alexandria. Now what was the consequence? It was not for
the Health of the Common People nor Policy of the Government for them to
be fed in Idleness: great Multitudes were therefore imploy'd in that
which requir'd no great Skill, the Sawing of Stone Square to a few
different scantlings, nor was there any need of Scaffolding or Engines,
for hands only would raise them from step to step: a little teaching
serv'd to make them set Line: and thus these great Works in which some
Thousands of hands might be imploy'd at once, rose with Expedition: the
difficulty was in mustering the men to move in order under proper
Officers, and probably with Musick, as Amphion is said much about the
same Age to have built the walls of Thebes with his Harp; that is Musick
made the Workmen move exactly together without which no great weight can
be moved, as Seamen know, for the Sheet Anchor will by no means be moved
without a fiddle to make men exert their United force in equal time:
otherwise they pull one against another and lose great part of their
force.
The next observable Monument of great Antiquity which yet remain is the
Pillar of Absolom.
By the description given of it, and what I have learnt from Travellers
who have seen it, we must allow it to be very Remarkable though not
great.
It is compos'd of seven Pillars six about in a Hexagon, and one in the
middle and the Tholus solid, a large Architrave, Frize and Cornice lie
upon the Pillars which are larger in proportion to their height then
what we now allow to the Tuscan order, so likewise is the Entablature
larger.
This whole composition though at least 30 foot high, is all of the one
Stone, both Basis, Pillars and Tholus cut as it stood out of the
adjacent Cliff of white Marble.
I could wish some skilful Artist would give us the exact dimensions to
inches, by which we might have an idea of the Antient Tyrian manner;
for it was probable Solomon by his correspondence with King Hiram
employ'd the Tyrian Artists, in his Temple; and from the Phoenicians I
derive as well the Arts as the Letters, of the Graecians, thô it may be,
the Tyrians were Imitators of the Babylonians, and they of the
Egyptians. Great Monarchs are ambitious to leave great Monuments behind
them, and this occasions great Inventions and Mechanick Arts.
What the Architecture was that Solomon used we know little of, though
Holy Writ hath given us the general dimensions of the Temple, by which
we may in some manner collect the Plan but not of all the Courts.
Villapandus hath made a fine Romantick Piece after the Corinthian Order,
which in that age was not used by any Nation: for the First Ages used
grosser Pillars then Dorick. In after Times they began to refine from
the Dorick, as in the Temple of Ephesus (the United Work of all Asia)
and afterwards improved into a Slenderer Pillar, and Leavy Capital of
various inventions which they called Corinthian. So that if we run back
to the Age of Solomon, we may with reason believe they used the Tyrian
manner, as gross at least as the Dorick, and that the Corinthian manner
of Villapandus is meer fancy: Nay when long after Herod built the
_Atrium Gentium_, he that carefully considers the description in
Josephus will find it to be a Tripple Portico, and thick Pillars of the
grosser Proportions which being whole stones of an incredible Bulk--our
Saviour's Disciples admired them: _Master_, said they, _see what stones
are here_! Titus would have sav'd this noble structure, but a soldier
throwing a torch upon the Roof which was Cedar planks covered with
Bitumen, it easily took Fire and consumed the whole Building. All the
City was thus covered flat with Bitumen (easily gathered from the Lake
of Sodom) and upon the flat roofs the Jews celebrated under Palm-boughs
the Feast of Tabernacles.
The Body of the First Temple was gilt upon Bitumen, which is good Size
for gilding and will preserve the timber. The Roof and Cedar Wainscot
within being carved with Knotts was gilded all over with a thick Leaf,
so I understand the word _Overlay'd_; for if it was cover'd with plate
apply'd over the knots and Imbossments the gold nails to fix it on would
have increased the Weight of the plate, whereas the quantity of the
Nails is reckoned but small in Proportion. The Doors might be plated
over and nail'd, and the Hinges and Bars, called Chains, might be solid;
for these were afterwards stripp'd when the Egyptians pillaged the
Temple in the Reign of Rehoboam.
That Herod did more than the Upper Portico doth not appear, for the
substruction under the Portico was certainly Solomon's Work. The whole
Hill Moriah was wall'd upright by him from the bottom of the Valley
which render'd a broad Area above for all the Buildings of the Courts.
This is the work in which were us'd stone of 10 and 12 Cubits, call'd as
well they might _Costly Stones_.
Now it may well be inquired how in an uneven craggy Country, as it is
about Jerusalem, such mighty Loads of Stone could be brought. I shall
give my thoughts.
Solomon had an Army of Labourers in his Works; now suppose 12 Cubits
long and 2 broad, and 1 thick, this would amount to 648 of our solid
feet, which in marble would be 64 Tuns and more. Eight men can draw a
Tun, but the ground being hilly, we will allow 10 men to a Tun which
would be 640 men. Now how all these men can be brought to draw together
I show as follows. First, 10 men draw in a Rope (as bargemen with us) at
the end of this Rope is a Spring-tree (as our Coachmen use for ye two
fore Horses) to each end of which is a rope so 20 men can draw in the
second rank; each rope hath again its Spring-tree, and so on to a sixth
rank each rank doubling the number and supposing 10 men to govern the
rest (possibly with Musick) makes the number 640 men; and this will be
found readier than capsterns, and by this means much vaster stones may
be mov'd and even by Barbarous People without Engins. I cannot otherwise
see what need Solomon had of such great multitudes of Labourers as
_Threescore and ten Thousand Bearers of Burdens_, and _Fourscore
Thousand Hewers of stone in the Mountains_, &c. Probably too they were
employ'd by Months, and the rest were by turns to till the ground and
bring food for the Labourers that the Country Work might proceed.
The Walls of Babylon were most stupendious Works, built with Brick and
Cement with Bitumen; the Height of them, according to Herodotus, was Two
Hundred Royal Cubits, and the Breadth Fifty; which in our measure
(reckoning every Royal Cubit with Herodotus 1 foot 9 inches which is 3
inches above the common cubit measure) makes the Height 375 foot and the
Breadth 93 ft. 9 in.
In these Walls were one hundred gates of Brass with Ornaments in
Architecture of the same metal. Besides the first Wall, (which was
encompassed with a wide and deep Foss always supply'd with water the
sides of which were Lin'd with Brick) was an inner Wall built of near
the same strength, thô not altogether of the same Breadth.
The extent of the City must add to the Surprise which being a Square
contained a Front on every Side of one hundred and Twenty Stadia, that
is Fifteen of our miles, and makes up in the whole Threescore miles.
Another stupendious Fabrick of I think also Tyrian architecture, was the
monument of Porsenna, King of Etruria. This Sepulchre we have describ'd
by Pliny, with the particular Dimensions in Feet which I have
accordingly Delineated.
First, a Basis of squar'd stone fifty foot high rais'd the Pile above
any vulgar contiguous Buildings which being solid only in those Parts
that bore weight was so contriv'd within-side as to form a very
intricate Labyrinth, into which whoever enter'd without a clew of thread
would not be able to find the way out. Upon this Basis stood five
Pyramids of 150 foot high; Four in the Angles, and one in the Centre;
Bodies call'd Pyramids thô it is manifest they must have been so cut off
as to have a large space on the Top to carry a Second Story of Four more
lofty Pyramids of 100 foot high; and over them a third Order of Five
more. Now how these could be borne is worth the consideration of an
architect. I conceive it might be thus perform'd securely.
Set half Hemispherical Arches, such as we make the heads of Niches, but
lay'd back to back, so that each of these have its Bearing upon three
Pyramids of the Lower Order, that is two angular ones and the middle
Pyramids; and these cutting one another upon the Diagonals will have a
firm bearing for all the Works above.
Pliny mentions a Brass Circle and Cupola, lay'd upon the Five Lower
Pyramids, not I suppose to bear anything, but chiefly for Ornament, and
to cover the stone work of the Arches upon the strong Spandrells of
which if another Platform were rais'd upon that might the upper
structure be built and the whole have a stupendious effect, and
seemingly very open. Pliny took his Description of this extraordinary
Pile from the Measures set down by Varro, a diligent and therefore
credible author, who probably might have taken his Dimensions when it
was standing before the absolute conquest of Etruria by the Romans; the
summary then of this prodigious Edifice (erected to show the Vanity of
the Eastern Monarchy could be exceeded by the Italians) may be thus
compriz'd.
The Basis of the whole was 300 ft. square, and 50 ft. high; upon which
stood Five Pyramids each of 75 ft. square at 150 ft. high; upon which
rested the Brazen Circle and Cupola, stil'd by Pliny _Petasus_, (which I
take to be a Brass Covering securing the Arches) from which hung little
Bells by Chains, which sounded as they mov'd by the Winds.
The Four Pyramids of the Second Order of 100 ft. high standing upon the
Circle or Brim of the _Petasus_ as upon an Entablature, were evidently
the Four First Angular Pyramids continu'd to an Apex, or near to a
Point, so each will be in all from the Basis 450 ft. high, and rise as
high as the _Petasus_; above which was again a Platform containing the
Third Order of Five more Pyramids, of which the four angular Pyramids
rested firmly upon the keys of the Diagonal Sections of the half
Hemispherical Vaultings, which were called by the Ancients _Conchae_
resembling the heads of Niches joyn'd back to back. This Platform I take
to have been round as being the Horizontal Section of the _Petasus_; and
the Bases of the Five Upper Pyramids would be contiguous, and thus
would be of the same shape and as high as the same below, as Varro
asserts with some suspicion, fearing how they would stand, but I with
confidence, the Proportions persuading, which indeed are very fine.
The Heighth to the Breadth of the Basis is 6 to 1. The Heighth of the
Pyramids to the Brass _Petasus_ is 2 to 1, but taking in their whole
heighth it would have 4 to 1, but allowing the Point of the Pyramid to
be taken off (as it ought) and allowing for the Brasen Brim and Bells it
will be 250 foot, above which was the Floor that bore the Five upper
Pyramids of 4 to 1, so the Heighth is 550 foot as 6 to 11.
I have ventured to put some Ornaments, at ye Top belonging to the Tuscan
superstition, (They then us'd not Statues) They are Golden Thunderbolts,
so the whole will be 600 foot high, that is double to the Basis and the
Heighth to the Brass circle will appear half the Face, or like the
Façade of a Tuscan Temple, to which the Breadth of the Brim of the
_Petasus_ and the Bells supply the Place of an Entablature:
I have been the longer in this Description because the Fabrick was in
the Age of Pythagoras and his School, when the World began to be fond of
Geometry and Arithmetick.
N.B. In all the Editions of Pliny for _Tricenum_ read Tricentinûm as the
sense requires.
At the end of the Discourse on Architecture is an elevation, drawn
in pen and sepia, of the tomb of Mausolus, as Sir Christopher
supposed from Pliny's account that it must have been constructed.
It is drawn to a scale, with indications of statues, of which he
supposed there to have been forty-eight. It is remarkable how
closely Sir Christopher's conjectural elevation tallies with what
recent excavations have brought to light.
INDEX.
Abbot, Bishop of London, 11, 14;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 24
Académie Royale des Sciences, 148
Addison, 74, 179
All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by Wren, 232;
destruction of, 232, 234
-- -- Lombard Street, rebuilt by Wren, 271, 272
-- -- Thames Street, 240
All Saints, Isleworth, 298
Andrewes, Lancelot, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chichester,
of Ely, of Winchester, kindness of, to Matthew Wren, 6, 7;
his prophecy, 10, 13;
his death, 14;
funeral of, at St. Saviour's, Southwark, 15;
care of, in giving church preferment, 31;
chaplain sent to the New Forest by, 40;
appointment of Mr. Bois by, 46;
quoted by Bishop Wren, 62;
church views of, 120;
legacy of, to Pembroke College library, 134
'Annals of England,' 20, 58, 77, 122
Anne, Queen, 300, 301, 305, 317, 320, 327
'Annual Register,' the (1765), 174
Arches Court, The, origin of the name, 184
Architecture, 119, 148, 150, 171, 184, 197, 240, 268, 290, 329;
Discourse on, by Sir C. Wren. _See_ Appendix III., 340
Artillery Company, the, 185
Ashburnham, Mr., 75
Ashmole, Mr. Elias, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, 217
Atterbury, Dean of Westminster, and Bishop of Rochester, 203, 209
Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, 91
Ayliffe's 'Oxford,' 125, 141
Bancroft, Archbishop, 14
Barrow, Dr. Isaac, eulogy of, on Christopher Wren, 128, 129
Barwick, Dr., Dean of Durham, of S. Paul's, 'Life of,' 72, 76, 85,
110, 112, 115, 120, 140
Bathurst, Dr., 144, 145, 270, 271
'Beauties of England and Wales,' 16
Bedloe, witness in the Popish plot, 227
Benson, William, appointed by George I. to supersede Wren, 329, 330
Bernini, Giov., 145, 149
Billing, A., 'Restoration of the Church of S. Sepulchre,' 183
Bird, Francis, sculptor, 300, 304
'Black Book of the Garter,' the, 4, 68
Blenheim Palace, building of, by Vanbrugh, 286
Blenheim, victory of (1704), 301
'Blue Book of the Garter,' the, 68
Blunt, 'Key to the Holy Bible,' 46
Bois, Mr. John, 46
Bow Church. _See_ S. Mary-le-Bow
Boyle, Robert, 283
Brewster, Sir David, 'Life of Newton,' 330
British Association, the, report of, for 1859, 333
Brouncker, Lord, 124, 126, 143
Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, 279
Burton, Henry, 251
Busby, Dr., head-master of Westminster, 41, 300
Bushnell, John, 179
Butler, Bishop of Bristol, 65
Butler, Samuel, 130
Cambridge, 6, 15, 45, 216
Canova, Antonio, 192
Catechism, the, clergy compelled to use, 22, 50
Cave, Dr. William, 240
Cemeteries, Wren's plan for placing outside London, 307
Chardin, Sir John, 230, 231
Charles I., his journey to Spain as Prince of Wales, 7-9;
his coronation in Scotland, 16;
sets up his standard at Nottingham (1642), 60;
sends a pardon to Laud, 70;
his flight from Oxford, 75;
his death, 86;
his bust by Bernini, 149;
proposed monument to, 209, 210
Charles II., escape of, after the battle of Worcester, 91;
letter of, to Monk from Breda, 112;
entry of, into London, 117;
encouragement given by, to the founding of the Royal Society,
124, 130;
spirited behaviour of, at the Fire of London, 156;
first stone of the Royal Exchange laid by, 178;
portion of the tax on coal given to building of S. Paul's by,
198;
palace at Newmarket built for, 225;
death of, 246
Chelsea College, building of the hospital at, 239, 240, 300, 326,
327
Chichester, sack of, by the Parliamentary troops, 79, 123
-- cathedral of, spire repaired by Wren, 243
Christ Church, Newgate, repaired by Wren, 260
Christ Church, Oxford, gateway at, built by Wren, 232
'Church Quarterly Review,' the, 65, 123
Cibber, Caius, 207
City churches, the. _See_ Names of Churches.
For complete list of, see Appendix II., 338
City Church and Churchyard Protection Society, 191;
Report of, 205
City companies' halls rebuilt by Wren, 266.
For list of, see Appendix II., 339
Clarendon, Lord, 19, 20, 23, 47, 110, 121, 160
Claypole, Richard, 99
Coal, portion of tax on, granted for the rebuilding of S. Paul's,
198
Coghill, Faith, 91, 176, 177
Collier, 'Ecclesiastical History,' 20
Common Prayer. _See_ Prayer Book
Compton, Bishop of London, 220, 279, 323, 324
Convocation, meeting of, in S. Paul's (1661), 119, 120
Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, of Oxford, 22, 24, 27, 215
Cosin, Dean of Peterborough, Bishop of Durham, 153
Coverdale, Bishop Miles, 219
Cowley, Abraham, 124, 147
Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 91, 99, 102
Cromwell, Richard, 103
Custom-house, the, rebuilt by Wren, 176
Dale, Rev. T. P., rector of S. Vedast's, Foster Lane, imprisonment
of, 273
Davenport, 'Oxfordshire Annals,' 25
'Decoy Duck,' the, a pamphlet against Archbishop Williams, 59
Denham, Sir John, 127, 139
De Ros, Lord, 'The Tower of London,' 211
Dore, Abbey of, 19
Doyley, 'Life of Sancroft,' 165, 166
Dunton, John, leader of the expedition against the Sallee
pirates, 20
Duppa, Dr. Brian, Bishop of Salisbury, appointed executor of
Archbishop Laud's will, 71;
Archbishop Tenison secretly ordained by, 123
East Knoyle, living of, held by Dr. Wren, 31, 32, 33
Elmes, 'Life of Sir C. Wren,' 90, 97, 200, 230
Ely, 44, 45
Ely House, 118, 119
Ely, Bishop of. _See_ Wren; Turner
Emmanuel College, Chapel of, built by Wren, 215, 216
Evelyn, John, 'Diary' of, 15, 49, 50, 51, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 114,
117, 118, 127, 145, 146, 154, 155, 181, 206, 209, 215, 217,
226, 228, 229, 230, 242, 244, 260, 286, 287, 302
-- -- death of, 304
Exchange. _See_ Royal Exchange
Fawley Court built by Wren, 245
Fell, Bishop of Oxford, 220
Fergusson 'Hist. of Architecture,' 15, 184, 192
-- 'Illustrated Handbook of Architecture,' 139
Fifty new churches, Act for building the, 305
Fire of London, the, 155, 159, 175, 184, 185, 187, 191, 192, 204,
219, 243, 288
Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal, 216, 299, 327
Fogg, Captain, pillage of S. George's Chapel by, 67
Fox, Sir Stephen, 239, 269, 327
'Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common
Prayer,' 120
Freemasons, the Order of, 147, 200, 285
Frogley, Richard, Wren's carpenter, 142
Fuller, Dr. Thomas, 6, 10
Garter, the Order of the, 4, 5, 16, 34-36, 67, 68, 80, 81, 123, 217
Garth, Samuel, physician and poet, 265
George I., 329
George, Prince, 235, 300
Gibbons, Grinling, 194, 195, 242, 252, 253, 324
Gibbs, James, pupil of Wren's builder of S. Mary-le-Strand and
S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 233, 286, 305
Goddard, Dr., Warden of Merton College, 77, 78, 103, 104, 105, 124,
125
Godwin, 'De Præsulibus Angliae Commentarius,' 57, 94
Grainger, 'Biographical History of England,' 59, 149, 231
Great Haseley, detection of a murder at, 38
Greenwich Hospital, 269, 299
-- Observatory, 216, 327
-- Palace, 127
Gresham College, London, 98, 103, 105, 123, 240
Gresham Professors. _See_ Ward's 'Lives of'
Grey, 'Examination of Neale's Hist. of the Puritans,' 62, 86, 122
Griffiths, Matthew, Rector of S. Mary Magdalene's, Fish St. 248
Gustavus Adolphus, his George and Garter, 37, 67
Hackett, Dr., 18
Hall, Bishop of Norwich, 58
Halley, Dr., 247, 299, 333
Hampton Court Palace, Wren's alterations at, 267, 268.
Hare, A. C., 'Walks in London,' 119, 252
Harris, Renatus, builder of the organ at S. James', Westminster,
243;
at S. Paul's, 274, 275
Hatton, E. 'New View of London,' 219, 262, 271, 272
Hawkins, Sir John, monument of, at S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, 287.
Hawksmore, Nicholas, a pupil of Wren's, 206, 286, 293, 305
Henchman, Bishop of London, 154, 222
Henley-on-Thames, 38, 75, 159
Henry VI., 4
Hewet, Dr., 99
Heylin, 'Cyprianus Anglicus,' 15, 22, 44
Hoare, Sir R., 'History of Wiltshire,' 33
Holder, Dr. 42, 177, 222, 223, 261, 300
Holder, Mrs., 42, 176, 223, 224, 225, 261, 300
Hooke, Robert, 159, 246, 247
Hope, Right Honourable, A. J. B. B. 'Worship in the Church of
England,' 65
Hoskyns, C. Wren, 3, 231
Hoskyns, Sir John, 231
Hudson, Dr., chaplain to Charles I., 75
Hume, 'History of England,' 102
Hyde, Mr., 110, 111, 112, 113, 115.
_See_ Clarendon.
Inigo Jones, 42, 93, 127, 166, 243, 269
Ipswich, Disturbances at, stirred up by Prynne, 44, 45;
Tower church at, 65.
James I., visit of, to Cambridge, 6;
plans the Spanish match, 7;
his opinion of Bishop King, 222
James II., Inscription on Monument effaced by, 208;
continues Wren on S. Paul's commission, 248;
Declaration by, of liberty of conscience, 260;
Abdication of, 263;
Residence of, at S. Germain's, 283
Jarman, the city architect, 266
Jeffreys, Judge, his letter to Pepys, 161, 162
Jennings, Richard, Wren's master carpenter, 159, 200, 321, 323
Juxon, Bishop of London, 17, 49, 86, 109;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 118
Ken, Prebendary of Winchester, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 220, 234,
260
Kennet, Bishop, 122
Kensington Palace, additions to, made by Wren, 268
King, Bishop of London, his gravestone, 222
Knolles, 'Historie of the Turks,' 19
Lake, Bishop of Chichester, 260
Lalanne, L., 'Dictionnaire Historique de la France,' 149
Lambeth Palace, 41, 47, 48, 239
Lane, Mr. Peter, Rector of S. Bennet's, Paul's wharf, 243
Lathbury, 'History of Book of Common Prayer,' 123
Laud, Bishop of S. David's, of London, Archbishop of Canterbury,
advice of, respecting chaplains for the Prince of Wales, 7;
form of penance, and reconciliation for a renegado prepared with
Bishop Wren by, 20;
measures taken by, against the lecturers, 22;
his treatment of the foreign congregations, 23, 24;
works at S. Paul's carried on by order of, 41, 42;
yearly report of, to the King, 45;
impeachment and imprisonment of, in the Tower, 48, 50;
his refusal to escape, 61;
Trial of, 69, 70;
his execution on Tower Hill, 70;
order of, respecting altar-rails, 249
Lecturers, measures taken against, 22, 27
Lenthall, William, Speaker of the House of Commons, 38, 79
Le Soeur, Hubert, his statue of King Charles, 195
Littleton, Lord Keeper, 57
Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 217, 226, 260, 281
Longitude, the, attempts to discover accurately, 215, 331, 332
London, city of, 25, 41, 98, 142, 154, 155, 179, 186, 188, 335.
_See_ Fire; Plague; Tower.
London Bridge, 204, 262, 288
-- Stone, 219
Long Parliament, the, 56, 68, 103
Longman, 'Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul's in London,' 198,
222, 273, 293
Louvre, the, 148, 149
Lysons, 'Environs of London,' 298
Macaulay, 'History of England,' 261, 281
Marah, 'Life of Archbishop Juxon,' 18
Marlborough, Duchess of, 285, 286
-- Duke of, 301, 302
Mary, Princess, her marriage, 49
-- Queen, her arrival in England, 263;
employs Wren to rebuild Hampton Court, 267;
her death, 268
Maw, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 7
'Memorials of the See of Chichester,' 79, 123, 245
Merchant Taylors' School, 6
Milford, Rev. R.N., 33
Milman, 'Annals of S. Paul's Cathedral,' 197, 203, 318
Milton, 122, 232
Monk, George, afterwards General, 71, 72, 103, 112, 114
Monument, the, built by Wren, 207;
inscriptions on, 207, 208
Morley, Bishop of Winchester, 220
Morton, Bishop of Durham, 112
Motley 'Life of Barnevelde,' 61
Neale, 'History of the Puritans,' 58
Neile, Bishop of Rochester, of Lichfield, of Lincoln, of Durham,
of Winchester, and Archbishop of York, 10, 11, 13, 57, 70
Newcourt, 'Repertorium,' 118, 183, 218, 222, 241, 243, 249, 250,
273
Newmarket, hunting palace built for Charles II. at, 225
Newport, Lord, 218
Newton, Sir Isaac, 154, 193, 232, 246, 247, 324, 327
Noble, 'Biographical History of England,' 225, 330
Non-jurors, the, 264, 281
Norris, Lord, 38, 39
Norwich, diocese of, overrun with lecturers, 22;
weavers at, Bishop Wren's treatment of, 23, 25
Notes and queries, 90
Oates, Titus, 226
Oldenburg, Mr., Secretary of the Royal Society, 299
Oughtred, the Rev. W., 78;
his death from joy at the Restoration, 79
Oxford, 25, 31, 74, 75, 90, 93, 140, 144, 192, 217, 232
Papin, Denys, inventor of Papin's Digestor, 229, 230
Parentalia, the, 26, 32, 34, 66, 74, 82, 87, 90, 98, 153, 154, 155,
177, 200, 201, 203, 223, 235, 247, 281, 325, 326, 330
Pascal, 101, 102, 148
Pearson, Dr., His sermon at Bishop Wren's funeral, 160
Peck, 'Desiderata Curiosa,' 46, 75, 160
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 6, 134;
Consecration of chapel of, 162;
Bishop Wren buried at, 160;
Matthew Wren buried at, 161;
Sir C. Wren's son educated at, 265
Pepys' Diary, 118, 142, 143, 144, 156, 158, 161, 175, 178, 182, 228
Perier, Madame, 'Vie de Pascal,' 102
Peter the Great at Sayes Court, 286, 287
Peterhouse, Cambridge, 15, 17, 45, 88, 153, 160
Petty, Dr., afterwards Sir William, 89, 124, 125
Phelp, Richard, bell-founder, 321, 323
Philosophical Society, the, 126
Philosophy Act, the, kept at Cambridge, 6;
at Oxford, 93
Physicians, College of, built by Wren, 265
Pierce, Edward, sculptor under Wren, 207
Pigott, Mrs., only surviving descendant of Sir C. Wren, 231, 304,
317
Plague, the (in 1636), 25; (in 1665), 142, 143, 144, 154, 243
Plot, Dr., 142, 300
Pope, 'Moral Essays,' 208
-- 'Dunciad,' 330
Popish Plot, the, 227
Portland, Earl of, 282, 303
Portland quarries, the, 221, 279
Prayer Book, the, 65, 69, 118
-- of Edward VI., the first, 121
Prynne, William, 44, 45, 50, 70
'Quench Coal,' pamphlet by Prynne, 44
'Querela Cantabrigiensis,' 76
Raikes, Captain, 'History of the Honourable Artillery Company,' 185
Randolph, Thomas, 90
Red Book of the Garter, the, 68
Renegado, form of penance and reconciliation for, 19, 20
Restoration, the, 79
Rooke, Laurence, Astronomy Professor at Gresham College, 125, 128
Rowe, Sir Thomas, 34, 35
Royal Exchange, the, rebuilt by C. Wren, 178
Royal Society, the, 95, 124, 129, 141, 145, 154, 159, 193, 194,
203, 208, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 246, 284, 299,
327, 333;
'History of,' by Sprat, 95
-- 'History of,' by Weld, 124, 327
Ryswick, peace of (1697), 271
Ryves, Dr., Bruno, Dean of Chichester, and of Windsor, and
Registrar of the Garter, 123
S. Alban's, Lord, 146, 148, 241
-- Alban's, Wood St., rebuilt by Wren, 248
-- Andrew's, Holborn, rebuilt by Wren, 259, 297
-- Andrew's-by-the-Wardrobe, rebuilt by Wren, 271
SS. Anne and Agnes' Church, rebuilt by Wren, 218
S. Anne's, Soho, 300
-- Antholin's, Watling St., rebuilt by Wren, 233;
destruction of, 234
-- Augustine's Church, 234
-- Bartholomew's, Bartholomew Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 218;
destroyed to give site for the Sun Fire-office, 219
-- Bartholomew's Day (1662), 122
-- Bennet's, Gracechurch St., rebuilt by Wren, 250;
destruction of, 250
-- Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, rebuilt by Wren, 243
-- Bennet Fink, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
destruction of, 194
S. Bride's, Fleet St., rebuilt by Wren, 219, 220
-- Christopher-le-Stocks, repaired by Wren, 185
-- Clement Danes, rebuilt by Wren, 233
-- -- Eastcheap, rebuilt by Wren, 252
-- Dionysius or S. Dionis, Back Church, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
destruction of, 194
-- Dunstan's in the East, repaired by Wren, 287, 288
-- Edmund the King, rebuilt by Wren, 267
-- Faith (crypt of S. Paul's), built by Wren, 262
-- George's, Botolph Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 194
-- George's Chapel, Windsor, 4, 5, 67, 68, 209
-- Gregory's Church, 41, 99, 250
-- James's, Garlickhithe, rebuilt by Wren, 243
-- -- Westminster, built by Wren, 241, 242, 310
-- John's College, 31, 71
-- Lawrence, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 206
-- Magnus, London Bridge, 5;
rebuilt by Wren, 204, 297
-- Margaret's, Fish St., 5
-- -- Lothbury, rebuilt by Wren, 267
-- -- Pattens, rebuilt by Wren, 259
-- Martin's-in-the-Fields, 191;
rebuilt by Gibbs, 233
-- Martin's, Ludgate Hill, rebuilt by Wren, 248
-- Mary's, Abchurch, rebuilt by Wren, 252
-- -- Aldermanbury, rebuilt by Wren, 207
-- -- -at-Hill, 191
-- -- -le-Bow, rebuilt by Wren, 183
S. Mary-le-Strand, built by Gibbs, 233, 305
-- -- Somerset, rebuilt by Wren, 273
-- -- Woolnoth, repaired by Wren, rebuilt by Hawksmore, 206
-- -- Magdalene, Fish St., rebuilt by Wren, 248
-- Matthew's, Friday St., rebuilt by Wren, 250
-- Michael's, Bassishaw, rebuilt by Wren, 219
-- -- Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 191
-- -- Crooked Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 262;
destruction of (1830), 262
-- -- Queenhithe, repaired by Wren, 207
-- Mary's, Royal College Hill, rebuilt by Strong, Wren's
master-mason, 272
-- Mildred's, Bread St., rebuilt by Wren, 240
-- -- Poultry, rebuilt by Wren, 205;
destruction of, in 1872, 205
-- Nicholas, Cole Abbey, rebuilt by Wren, 206
-- Olave's, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 194
-- Paul's Cathedral, old, repairs of, 41, 42;
attacked by the Puritan mob (1640), 46-47;
meeting of the Convocation of Canterbury at (1661), 119;
Wren's proposed repairs of, 139, 140, 154;
burning of, in the Great Fire (1666), 156, 158;
removing the ruins of, 165;
Sancroft's letters to Wren respecting, 166, 168;
Wren's account of the effect of the fire upon, 169, 170, 171;
sale of the ruins of, for the rebuilding of parochial churches,
186, 187;
ruins of, blown up with gunpowder, 187, 188;
New or present building, different designs for, and Wren's model
of, 196, 197;
first stone of, laid by Wren, 200;
Wren's care in laying the foundations of, 201;
Bishop Compton's address to obtain contributions for, 220;
quarries of Portland stone set apart for, 221;
the crypt of, finished, 261, 262;
part of the money for, taken by Parliament for the expenses of
King William's wars, 273;
placing of the organ in, 273, 274, 275;
opening of the choir of, 279;
Wren's order against swearing among the workmen in, 285;
morning-prayer chapel of, opened, 288;
burial of Jane Wren in, 300;
thanksgiving for the victory of Blenheim at, 301;
covering of the dome of, with lead, 303;
last stone of, laid by Wren's son, 318, 319;
the iron gates set up in, 324;
Wren's design for east end of, 324, 325;
iron fence round, 326;
design of the commissioners to put up a balustrade, in, 328;
late improvements in, 334
S. Peter's, Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 233;
charitable legacies belonging to, 233
-- Sepulchre's Church, 182, 183
-- Stephen's, Coleman St., rebuilt by Wren, 205
-- -- Walbrook, rebuilt by Wren, 192, 225, 226
-- Swithin's, Cannon St., rebuilt by Wren, 219
-- Vedast's, Foster Lane, steeple of, added by Wren, 273
Salisbury Cathedral, Wren's work at, 17
Sancroft, Dr., Dean of S. Paul's and Archbishop of Canterbury,
appointed a S. Paul's commissioner, 154;
sermon of, after the Fire, 1, 5;
letters of, to Sir C. Wren, 166-168;
contributions of, to the building of S. Paul's, 220;
imprisonment of, in the Tower, 260, 261;
refuses to take the oath of allegiance to William III., 264
Savoy conference, the, 120
Sayes Court occupied by Peter the Great, 286, 287
Scarborough, Sir Charles, 78, 224
Scudamore, Lord, 19
'Sessional Papers, R. I. B. A.,' 267, 268
Seven Bishops, the, trial of, 235, 260
Seward, 'Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons,' 222
Sheldon, Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury, 140, 146
Sheldonian Theatre, the, built by Wren, 140, 331
Sherlock, Dean of S. Paul's, 281
Simpson, Dr. Sparrow, 'Documents illustrating the History of
S. Paul's,' 27, 274, 280, 288, 323
Smith, Bernard, or Father, builder of organ at S. Paul's, 275, 288
South, Dr., 69, 141
Spain, expedition of the Prince of Wales to, 7, 9
'Spectator, the,' 179
Sprat, Dr., Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester,
his account of the meetings of the Royal Society, 95;
'History of Royal Society,' 95;
letters of, to Christopher Wren, 105, 132, 133;
his sermon before the Commons, 209;
is succeeded by Atterbury, 289
Steele, Sir R., 'The Tatler,' 239
Strafford, Lord, 48, 49, 50
Strong, Edward, Wren's master-mason, 272, 284, 297, 303
-- Thomas, brother of Edward, 200
Tangiers, fortifications of, 132
Tenison, Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury,
his secret ordination by Bishop Duppa, 123;
founding of a library at S. Martin's by, 226;
building of the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Conduit St., by, 243
Temple Bar, built by Wren, 179
Tijou, M., worker in iron, maker of the gates in S. Paul's, 324,
326
Tilbury Fort, 216
Torricelli, his invention of the barometer, 100, 101
Tower of London, the, 44, 58, 59, 69, 71, 87, 114, 115, 187, 210,
211, 260, 261
Tradescant, John, collector of the objects of natural history in
the Oxford Museum, 217
Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, 235
Trinity College, Oxford, 144, 145, 146
Trinity College, Cambridge, 146
Turner, Bishop of Ely, 260
Vanbrugh, Sir John, 286, 305
Van Vianen, Christian, 37
Ven, Colonel, 68
Verrio, painter, his work at Whitehall and Windsor, 252
Wadham College, Oxford, 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 105
Waller, Edmund, 9, 196
Waller, Sir William, sack of the city of Chichester by, 79, 123
Wallis, Dr., 77, 78, 112, 141, 222, 223
Walpole, 'Anecdotes of Painting,' 37, 268
Walworth, Sir William, his tomb, 262
Ward, 'Lives of the Gresham Professors,' 79, 89, 128, 226
Ward, Dr. Seth., Bishop of Exeter, of Salisbury, 90, 124, 125, 171,
206
'Warwickshire Worthies,' 3, 330
Weather-clock, the invention of, by Wren, 89
Weavers, the, at Norwich, 23
Weld, 'History of the Royal Society,' 124, 193, 327
Westminster Abbey, 57, 230, 289, 293, 320, 331
-- School, 41, 57, 69, 90, 231
White, Bishop of Peterborough, 260, 281
Whitehall, 144, 149, 252, 299, 317
Whittington, Sir Richard, 272
Wilkins, Dr. John, Bishop of Chester, 74, 77, 93, 94, 95, 124, 206
William, Prince of Orange, 49
William III., 208, 263, 268, 299
Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York, 57, 59
Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, 220
Winchester, Wren's scheme for palace at, 234, 235
-- House, conference at, 10, 11
Windsor, 4, 16, 37, 40, 68, 263, 264, 265, 300
Wiseman, attack of the mob on Westminster Abbey, led by, 57
Wood, 'Athenæ Oxonienses,' 153
-- 'Fasti,' 223
Wood, Philip, carvings of, 253-255
Woodward, Dr., 202, 203
Worcester, battle of (1651), 91, 93
'Workman, the British,' 253
Wren, Capt, 161, 162
-- Charles, son of Bishop Wren, 161
Wren, Christopher, Dr., birth of, 5;
education of, 31;
given the living of Fonthill Bishops, 31;
of East Knoyle, 31;
made Dean of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter, 34;
made rector of Great Haseley, 38;
building at Windsor for Charles I. designed by, 40;
his care for the treasures of the Order of the Garter, 67;
letter of, to the Knights of the Garter, 80, 81;
death of, 96
Wren, Sir Christopher, birth of, 32;
sent to school at Westminster, 41;
his Latin letter to his father, 42, 43;
goes to Oxford, 73, 74;
his life there, 77, 78;
his translation of the 'Clavis Aurea,' 78, 79;
his early Inventions, 88, 89, 90;
friendship of, with Evelyn, 93, 94;
made Gresham professor of astronomy, 97;
his first lecture, 97, 98;
discovery of the barometer by, 101;
origin of the Royal Society in meetings in his rooms, 124;
is made Savilian professor, 125;
and doctor of civil laws at Oxford and Cambridge, 126;
his letter to Lord Brouncker on Experiments, 126, 127;
writes the preamble to the Charter of the Royal Society, 129;
declines the commission to direct the fortifications of
Tangiers, 132;
his designs for the chapel at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 134;
his letter to Dr. Bathurst, 144;
his journey abroad, 146;
his journal, 149-152;
his return to London and inspection of S. Paul's, 154;
his plan for rebuilding the city after the fire, 157, 158, 172,
173;
Sancroft's letters to him as to the patching of S. Paul's,
166-171;
his work at Salisbury Cathedral, 171;
letter of, to Faith Coghill, 177;
his marriage, 178;
rebuilding of the Exchange by, 178;
building of Temple Bar by, 178;
petition of, to Charles II., 180-182;
rebuilding of Bow Church by, 183-184;
of S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 184;
is made a member of the Honourable Artillery Company, 185;
resigns the Savilian astronomy professorship, 186;
appointed architect of S. Paul's, 187;
clears away the ruins of old S. Paul's, 187;
his experiment in blowing up the tower with gunpowder, 188;
his use of a battering ram, 188;
birth of his eldest son, 191;
repair of S. Mary-at-Hill by, 191;
building of S. Stephen's, Walbrook, by, 192, 225;
knighted by Charles II., 194;
rebuilding of Drury Lane by, 196;
salary as architect of S. Paul's, 196;
his model for S. Paul's, 196-198;
lays the first stone of S. Paul's, 200;
death of his wife, 203;
his second marriage, 203;
rebuilding of eight city churches by, 204-207;
building of the Monument by, 207;
his designs for a monument to Charles I., 209;
building of the chapel at Emmanuel College by, 216;
of the Observatory at Greenwich, 216;
birth of his daughter Jane, 217;
rebuilding of five more city churches by, 218, 219;
the marking out of the dome of S. Paul's by, 222;
death of his second wife, 226;
elected President of the Royal Society, 228;
Christ Church gateway built by, 232;
All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by, 232;
S. Peter's, Cornhill, and S. Clement Danes rebuilt by, 233;
his design for a palace at Winchester, 234, 235;
Chelsea Hospital built by, 240;
S. James's, Westminster, built by, 241;
Chichester Cathedral repaired by, 245;
Fawley Court built by, 245;
made Controller of the Works, 246;
elected member for Plympton, 247;
eight more city churches built by, 248-252;
death of his sister Susan, 261;
buildings by, erected at Windsor, 264, 265;
College of Physicians built by, 265;
halls of city companies rebuilt by, 266;
Hampton Court palace rebuilt by, 257, 268;
scheme of, for Greenwich Palace, 269;
his difficulties in placing the organ of S. Paul's, 273;
invention by, of a pulpit on wheels, 280;
letter of, to his son in Paris, 282, 283;
chosen Grand Master of the Freemasons, 285;
Marlborough House built by, 286;
S. Dunstan's-in-the-East repaired by, 287, 288;
statement of, as to repairs of Westminster Abbey, 289-293;
elected member for Weymouth, 298;
death of his daughter Jane, 300;
second letter of, to his son, 302, 303;
letter of, on church building, 305-313;
private houses built by, 317;
last stone of S. Paul's laid by his son, 318;
attack on, by S. Paul's Commissioners, 320;
his petition to Queen Anne, 320, 322;
his unfulfilled design for east end of S. Paul's, 324, 325;
dismissal of, by George I., from the post of surveyor-general,
329;
purchase of Wroxhall Abbey by, 330;
his studies and papers in cipher respecting the longitude at sea,
331, 332;
his death 333;
his burial and monument, 334
Wren Christopher, son of Sir C. Wren, 200, 265, 269, 281, 282, 283,
302, 303, 304, 318, 330
Wren, Francis, 5
-- Geoffrey, 4, 5
-- Jane, daughter of Sir C. Wren, 217, 269, 288, 300, 301
-- Matthew, birth and education of, 6;
sent with the Prince to Spain, 7, 8;
return and statement of, to three Bishops respecting the Prince
of Wales, 10-13;
elected Master of Peterhouse, 15;
made Dean of Windsor, 16;
his marriage, 16;
made Bishop of Hereford, 17;
Clerk of the Closet, 17;
service composed by, for the Reconciliation of Renegados, 19, 20;
made Bishop of Norwich, 23;
translated to Ely, 44;
his care for his diocese, 45, 46;
Sir Harbottle Grimston's and Hampden's attack upon him, 48, 49;
officiates at the marriage of Princess Mary, 49;
resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal, 51;
articles of accusation drawn up against him in the Commons, 55;
his imprisonment, 58;
his defence, 61-66;
death of his wife, 85;
his life in the Tower, 86;
refuses freedom on Cromwell's terms, 100;
his conferences with Dr. Barwick, 110-113;
released from prison, 115, 116;
revision of the Prayer Book by, 120;
consecration and dedication of Pembroke Chapel by, 152;
second visitation, 153;
death and funeral of, 159, 160, 161
Wren, Matthew, son of Bishop
Wren, 60, 78, 85, 88, 92, 103, 112, 124, 160, 161, 194
-- Stephen, grandson of Sir C. Wren, 224
-- Susan, daughter of Dean Wren, 34, 41.
_See_ Holder.
-- Thomas, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162, 224
-- William, 4, 5
-- Sir William, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162
Wrenne, ancient form of spelling Wren, 4
Wrenne, John, 4
Wroxhall Abbey, purchase of, by Sir C. Wren, 330
York, Duke of, 160, 185, 228, 234.
_See_ James II.
LONDON: PRINTED BY
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Transcriber's note:
Separate characters 'oe' are used for the 'oe' ligature.
Each chapter begins with a separate chapter page and summary, followed
by a separate epigraph page, and an additional chapter heading. The
redundant chapter headings have been removed.
Quoted matter was printed with a reverse, or hanging indentation, with
the first line of each quotation on the normal margin and the remaining
lines indented. This indentation was repeated on each new page. These
quotations are rendered here by simply indenting all the quoted matter.
The reference made in Archbishop Laud's diary, quoted on p. 48,
would seem to be to Isaiah 50 (i e., 'l').
Words found only when hyphenated across lines were handled according to
modern usage. A number of words are found both with and without hyphens
in mid-line, and are left as printed.
Irregularities in the punctuation of the Index have been corrected. The
entry for Nicholas Hawksmore was incorrectly placed, and has been moved
to its proper position. An incorrect page reference for the Tower of
London (pp. 211, 212) was changed to pp. 210, 211 where the White Tower
is discussed.
The following corrections, most of them sins of omission, presumably by
the printer, are corrected, except as noted. There is a discrepancy in
the quotation marks on p. 64 which is not readily resolved, and has been
left as printed.
Corrections:
p. 32 _March_ 1631[.] (O.S.) Removed.
p. 43 foveasque sinu.['] Removed.
p. 64 of Popish recusants.['] ... not to say _sic?_.
p. 76 propriety of our goods[.] Removed.
p. 89 n. 56 an interesting [a]ccount Added.
p. 127 made as bi[g] as a tennis-ball Added.
p. 149 n.102 in the fire[ ]at Whitehall Space added.
p. 153 n. 105 repeated at [t]he consecration Added.
p. 167 [']Sir,--Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury Added.
p. 245 n. 190 _Memorials of the See of Chichester_,
p. 306[.] Added.