grandfather, to occasional attacks of mental aberration, Henry was, on
the testimony even of his enemies, one of the best men that ever lived.
His strongest asseveration was "Forsooth," at a time when it was
customary for men, and even women, to use profane language in the freest
manner. He was "wholly given to prayer, Scriptures, and alms-deeds." A
Bishop who was his confessor for ten years, bore witness that he had
during that time, "never confessed a mortal sin." In person, Henry was
not handsome, having the large, strongly-marked features of his Valois
ancestors: but his hands and feet were extraordinarily small; so much so
that a pair of his boots (still preserved) can only be worn by a woman
of slender proportions. His hair and eyes were dark brown. He
married--
MARGUERITE, second daughter of Rene of Anjou, King of Naples, and
Isabelle of Lorraine: born at Pont a Mousson, Mar. 23rd, 1429, and
baptized in Toul Cathedral: married by proxy, in St. Martin's Church,
Tours, Apr. 10th [?], and in person at Titchfield Abbey, Hants, Apr.
22nd, 1445: died at Chateau Dampierre, near Saumur, in Normandy, Aug.
25th, 1482: buried in Angers Cathedral. The hope expressed in the text
as to the Christian character of Marguerite is not a mere baseless
imagination. There is evidence showing that in her later years at least,
she possessed and was familiar with a French Bible: and in those days
persons did not, as a rule, read the Scriptures in their own language as
a mere matter of form or custom.
(B) By Owain Twdwr:--
2. Tacina (this singular name is authenticated by occurring on the
Patent Roll, 32 B. VI.) born 1429-30, married Reginald, 7th Lord Grey de
Wilton, and left issue.
3. Edmund, born at Hadham, 1431; created Earl of Richmond, Mar. 6th,
1453; died Nov. 1-3, 1456; buried, first at Caermarthen, afterwards at
St. David's. Married--
Margaret, only child and heiress of John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, and
Margaret Baroness Beauchamp of Bletshoe: born at Bletshoe, Apr. 1443:
married, 1455: [remarried (2) Henry Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire, and (3)
Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby]: died at Westminster, July 5th, 1509 [the
date usually given is June 29th; but her Inquisition gives July 5]:
buried in Westminster Abbey. Generally known as Margaret Countess of
Richmond. She is the "Lady Margaret," whose name has been given to
professorships, lectures, streets, &c.
4. JASPAR, born at Hatfield, about 1432: created Earl of Pembroke, Nov.
23rd, 1452, and Duke of Bedford Oct. 28th, 1485: died Dec. 21st, 1495:
bur. at Keynsham. According to some writers, his illegitimate daughter
Helen married William Gardiner, squire and citizen of London, and was
mother of Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester. He married (but left
no legitimate issue),
Katherine, daughter of Richard Earl Rivers and Jaquette de St. Pol, and
sister of Queen Elizabeth Widville: married at Court, in or before
1490-1.
5. Owain, born at Westminster, about 1434; monk in Westminster Abbey.
6. Katherine, or Margaret, born and died 1436.
ISSUE OF HENRY VI.:--
EDWARD, born at Westminster, Oct. 13th, 1453; created Prince of Wales,
Mar. 15th, 1454; murdered after battle of Tewkesbury, on the field, May
4th, 1471: buried in Tewkesbury Abbey. Married--
ANNE, second and youngest daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
(and by courtesy of Warwick) and Anne Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick:
born at Warwick Castle, 1454: married at Amboise, July or August, 1470:
[re-married to King Richard III.]: died of consumption, at Westminster
Palace, Mar. 16th, 1485: buried in Westminster Abbey. Some writers have
endeavoured to show that the ceremony at Amboise was only a betrothal,
and that the actual marriage never took place. The best authors,
however, are of the contrary opinion: and the strongest evidence is
afforded by the language of Warwick's own henchman, John Rous, who
distinctly terms the Prince "_primus maritus prenobilissimae Dominae
Annae_."
ISSUE OF EDMUND EARL OF RICHMOND:--
King HENRY VII., surnamed _Le Doyen des Rois_: born at Pembroke Castle,
July 26th, 1456: died of gout, at Richmond, Apr. 22nd, 1509; buried at
Westminster. An interesting portrait of Henry VII. is drawn for us by
Humphrey Brereton, who on arriving at
"Beggrames Abbey in Little Britain,
Whereas the English Prince did lie,"
was obliged to inquire of the porter how he was to recognise the Earl of
Richmond, to whom he brought letters and money from the Princess
Elizabeth.
"He weareth a gown of velvet black,
And it is cutted above the knee,
With a long visage and pale and black--
Thereby know that Prince may ye:
A wart he hath (the porter said),
A little alsoe above the chinn,
His face is white, his wart is redd,
No more than the head of a small pinn."
King Henry VII. married--
Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Edward IV. [See next section.]
II. HOUSE OF YORK.
RICHARD Duke of York, only son of Richard of Conisborough, Earl of
Cambridge, and Anne Mortimer: born Sept. 21st, 1410 (Inquisition) 1412
(Patent Roll): created Duke of York 1425: killed, battle of Wakefield,
Dec. 30th, 1460: buried first at Pomfret, and afterwards at Fotheringay.
The only known portrait of this Prince is in the "Neville window" of
Penrith Church: it exhibits him as fair-complexioned and rather
good-looking, wearing a moustache and a small pointed beard. He
married--
CICELY, fourth daughter of Ralph Neville, first Earl of Westmoreland,
and his second wife Joan Beaufort: surnamed _Proud Cis_, and _The Rose
of Raby_: born probably at Raby, date unknown, about 1418: married about
1437: died at Berkhamsted Castle, May 31st, 1495: buried at Fotheringay.
In the coffin of the Duchess, tied round her neck with a silver ribbon,
was found "a pardon from Rome, which, penned in a very fine Roman hand,
was as fair and fresh to be read as if it had been written but
yesterday." Cicely's portrait will be found with that of her husband in
the church at Penrith: she also is fair and handsome, her face
suggesting more embonpoint than his, and the expression not quite free
from that haughtiness which might be expected from her character.
THEIR ISSUE:--
1. Henry, born about 1438, godson of Henry VI.; died young.
2. ANNE, born about 1439: married, (1) probably in childhood, Henry de
Holand, Duke of Exeter, from whom she was divorced at her own suit, Nov.
12th, 1472: (2) after the death of her elder daughter, and while he was
still a squire (Inquisition), namely, after Feb. 3rd, 1474 (Patent
Roll), Thomas St. Leger, afterwards (before Nov. 28th, 1475) knighted,
and made Master of the Hounds (Patent Roll; Harl. MS. 433): died at
birth of younger daughter, Jan. 12th, or 14th, 1476 (Inquisition):
buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, with second husband, who
survived her for at least five years. Portrait, in Sandford's
Genealogical History of Kings of England, is not suggestive of beauty.
3. EDWARD IV., surnamed _The Rose of Rouen_: born at Rouen, Apr. 29th,
1441; died at Westminster Palace, Apr. 9th, 1483; buried St. George's
Chapel, Windsor. News of his death was received at York on the 7th,
from which it has been inferred that the date given by all writers, the
ninth, is a mistake; but the report might be premature. He married--
ELIZABETH, eldest daughter of Richard Widville, Earl Rivers, and
Jaquette de St. Pol: born at Grafton Regis, probably about 1438:
[married (1) about 1452, John Grey, 2nd Lord Grey of Groby]: married (2)
at Grafton Regis, May 1st, 1464; died at Bermondsey Abbey, June 7th,
1492; buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on Whit Sunday.
4. Edmund, Earl of Rutland, born at Rouen, May 17th, 1443; murdered by
Lord Clifford, after battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31st, 1460; buried first
at Pomfret, afterwards Fotheringay.
5. William, died young.
6. John, died young.
7. Humphrey, died young.
8. Elizabeth, married, in or before 1463, John de La Pole, Duke of
Suffolk: died 1503.
9. GEORGE, born at Dublin, probably 1450; created Duke of Clarence,
1461, Earl of Warwick and Salisbury, Mar. 25th, 1473: died in the Tower
of London, Feb. 18th, 1478: buried in Tewkesbury Abbey. Married--
ISABEL, elder daughter of Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury and (by
courtesy) of Warwick, and Anne Beauchamp, Countess of Warwick: born at
Warwick Castle, Sept. 5th, 1451; married in Lady Church, Calais, July
11th, 1469: died at Warwick Castle, Dec. 16th, or 22nd, 1476; buried in
Tewkesbury Abbey.
10. Thomas, born 1451; died young.
11. RICHARD III., born at Fotheringay, Oct. 2nd, 1452, and as is said,
with hair and teeth fully grown: surnamed _Crookback_: created Duke of
Gloucester, 1461: killed on Bosworth Field, Aug. 22nd, 1485; buried at
Leicester. He had dark auburn hair, and dark blue eyes. Married--
ANNE, widow of Edward Prince of Wales [see last section]: married (by
force, against her own consent) in Westminster Abbey, after Feb. 17th,
1472 (Paston Letters) and before May 9th, 1474. (Patent Roll.) Miss
Strickland's suggested date, Mar. 30th, 1473, is probably about the true
one. Portrait in Rous Roll; another engraved in Strickland's _Lives of
the Queens_.
12. Margaret, born 1453; married, at Damme, in Flanders, July 3rd, 1468,
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy: died at Malines, Nov. 28th, 1503:
buried at Malines. Portrait engraved in Paston Letters.
13. Ursula, died young.
ISSUE OF EDWARD IV. AND ELIZABETH WIDVILLE:--
1. Elizabeth, born at Westminster, Feb. 11th, 1466: married to King
Henry VII., Jan. 18th, 1486: died in the Tower, Feb. 11th, 1503: buried
at Westminster. Portrait engraved in Strickland's _Queens_.
2. Mary, born at Windsor, Aug. 14th, 1466; affianced, 1481, to Frederic
I., King of Denmark; died unmarried, at Greenwich, May 23rd, 1483:
buried at Windsor. Her coffin was opened in 1817, when her corpse was
found in perfect preservation; the hair of "exquisite pale gold," the
eyes "a beautiful blue, unclosed and bright."
3. Cicely, born 1469: affianced, Dec. 26th, 1474, to James IV. King of
Scotland (broken off): married (1) at Court, before Dec. 1487, John
Viscount Welles; (2) without royal licence, between Feb. 1503 and Jan.
1504, Thomas Kyme: died at Quarr Abbey, Isle of Wight, Aug. 24th, 1507:
buried at Quarr.
4. EDWARD V., born in the Sanctuary, Westminster, Nov. 4th, 1470:
baptized in Westminster Abbey; created Prince of Wales, July 1st, 1471;
knighted Apr. 18th, 1475: murdered in Tower of London, after July 6th
[exact day much disputed], 1483. Supposed to have been buried in Tower,
and afterwards removed to Westminster Abbey.
5. Margaret, born Apr. 10th, and died Dec. 11th, 1472: buried in
Westminster Abbey.
6. Richard, born at Shrewsbury, May 28th, 1474, and created Duke of
York, same day: knighted Apr. 18th, 1475: Earl of Nottingham, Earl
Marshal, Jan. 12th, 1477; Duke of Norfolk, Feb. 6th, 1477: died and
buried with eldest brother. (There seems to be very little doubt that
this is the truth, and that Perkin Warbeck was an impostor. It is,
however, not improbable that he was an illegitimate son of Edward IV.)
Richard Duke of York married--
Anne, only child and heir of John Mowbray, fifth and (of his family)
last Duke of Norfolk, and Elizabeth Talbot: born Dec. 10th, 1472,
probably at Framlingham: married in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster,
Jan. 15th, 1477: died young, before her husband: buried at Westminster.
7. Anne, born at Westminster, Nov. 2nd, 1475: married Feb. 4th, 1495,
Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk: died between Nov. 22nd, 1510, and
Feb. 1512: buried at Framlingham.
8. George, Duke of Bedford: born at Windsor, probably in 1477: died
young, before 1482: buried at Windsor.
9. Katherine, born at Eltham, about Aug. or Sept., 1479: married at
Court, before Oct. 1495, William Courtenay, Earl of Devon: vowed
widowhood, July 13th, 1511: died at Tiverton, Nov. 15th, 1527; buried at
Tiverton.
10. Bridget, born at Eltham, Nov. 10th, 1480: nun at Dartford, 1486-92:
died at Dartford, 1517: buried at Dartford.
(_By Elizabeth Lucy_, Edward IV. had two children--
1. Arthur Plantagenet, Viscount Lisle, born at Lille, 1462 and died in
the Tower, Mar. 3rd, 1542, leaving female issue: 2. Elizabeth, married
to Thomas Lumley, son of George, second Lord Lumley, whom he
predeceased; left issue.)
ISSUE OF GEORGE DUKE OF CLARENCE:--
1. Child, born at sea, off Calais, Apr. 1470: died at birth; buried at
Calais.
2. Margaret, born at Farley Castle, Aug. 14th, 1473: married at Court,
before 1494, Sir Richard Pole: created Countess of Salisbury (or rather
formally recognised as such by inheritance) Oct. 14th, 1513: beheaded on
Tower Hill, May 27th, 1541: buried in the Tower. Left issue.
3. Edward, Earl of Warwick: born at Warwick Castle, Feb. 21st, 1475:
beheaded on Tower Hill, Nov. 28th, 1499: buried at Bisham.
4. Richard, born at Tewkesbury Abbey, Oct. 6th, 1476: died at Warwick
Castle, Jan. 1st, 1477: buried at Warwick.
ISSUE OF RICHARD III. AND ANNE:--
Edward, born at Middleham Castle, 1476 (Rous Roll): created Earl of
Salisbury 1477; Prince of Wales, Aug. 24th, 1483: knighted Sept. 8th,
1483: died at Middleham, "an unhappy death," Mar. 31st, 1484: buried at
Middleham.
III. DE HOLAND OF EXETER.
John de Holand, second son (but eventual heir) of John, first Duke of
Exeter, and Elizabeth of Lancaster (sister of Henry IV.): born Mar.
29th, 1396 (Inquisition): created Duke of Exeter, in consequence of his
father's attainder, 1443: beheaded on Goodwin Sands, Aug. 5th, 1447;
buried in Church of St. Catherine by the Tower, London. Inventor of the
rack,[#] long called "the Duke of Exeter's daughter." Married--
[#] I am anxious to correct here a mistake into which I fell in a note
to the early editions of _Lettice Eden_, where it is suggested that the
Duke of Exeter who invented the rack might have been Henry himself. The
testimony of dates made that appear probable which I have now
ascertained was certainly not the case: and the characters of the two
Dukes were less known to me at that time.
(A) Anne, daughter of Edmund Earl of Stafford and Princess Anne of
Gloucester: widow of Edmund Mortimer, last Earl of March: married 1439:
died Sept. 20th or 24th, 1433 (Inquisition): buried in Church of St.
Katherine by the Tower.
(B) Briatiz, natural daughter of D. Joam I., King of Portugal, and widow
of Thomas 13th Earl of Arundel: marriage licence dated Jan. 20th, 1433
(Patent Roll): died Oct. 23rd, 1439: buried at Arundel.
(C) Anne, daughter of John de Montacute, third Earl of Salisbury, and
Maud Francis: widow of (1) Sir Richard Hankford, and (2) Sir John
Fitzlewes: died Nov. 28th, 1457 (Inquisition): buried in Church of St.
Katherine by the Tower. There are certain items of bequest, and
peculiarities of expression, by which Lollardism may always be detected
in the last will of any person: and the testament of Anne Montacute
bears a decidedly Lollard tone, as beseemed her martyred father's
daughter.
His ISSUE. By _Anne Stafford_:--
1. HENRY, third and last Duke of Exeter: born in the Tower, June 27th,
1430, and baptized same day in St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, his
sponsors being King Henry VI., Cardinal Beaufort, and his grandmother,
Princess Anne, Countess of Stafford (Prob. AEt. 36 Hen. VI. 43):
drowned, in sea between Dover and Calais, body cast ashore at Dover,
date unknown, authorities differing greatly: some give 1473, some 1474,
some 1475. He was very likely buried at Dover. No portrait known. He
married--
ANNE, eldest sister of Edward IV. [See first section.]
2. (_By Anne Montacute_.) Anne, born 1440-1, married (1) in infancy,
before Feb. 5th, 1442 (_Patent Roll_) John, Lord Neville of Raby: he
died while she was still a child, 1451, and she married (2) by Papal
dispensation, about 1456, his uncle, Sir John Neville: (3) 1473, James,
9th and last Earl Douglas: date of death unknown: buried in Black
Friars' Church, London.
ISSUE OF HENRY DUKE OF EXETER:--
ANNE, probably born about 1455: married Thomas Grey of Groby, son of
John Lord Grey and Queen Elizabeth Widville. Miss Strickland says that
the marriage took place at Greenwich, in October, 1466, but gives no
authority. There may have been a formal betrothal at that date, but the
exact date of the marriage is extremely doubtful. On the one hand, the
royal assent to the marriage-settlements, which in all ordinary cases
preceded the marriage, is dated Jan. 4th, 1473 (Patent Roll, 12 Edw.
IV., Part 2): yet mention is therein made of Anne as the wife of Thomas
Grey, which would seem to indicate that the ceremony had already taken
place. If Thomas Grey were really created Earl of Huntingdon on the 4th
of August, 1471, the fact would imply a strong probability that he was
then married to Anne, or at least on the immediate eve of marriage.
Lady Anne Grey was dead on July 18th, 1474, when negotiations were
entered into for the second marriage of her husband (Patent Roll, 12
Edw. IV., Part 2). Portrait and place of burial unknown; character
imaginary.
IV. NEVILLE OF WARWICK.
Richard Neville, eldest son of Ralph, first Earl of Westmoreland, and
his second wife Joan Beaufort: born 1400, created Earl of Salisbury,
Feb. 1st, 1439: beheaded at Pomfret, Christmas, 1462: buried at Bisham,
Feb. 15th, 1463. Married--
Alesia, eldest daughter and heir of Thomas de Montacute, fourth Earl of
Salisbury, and Alianora de Holand: born 1407, married in or before 1439;
died 1463, buried at Bisham Feb. 15th.
THEIR ISSUE:--
1. Joan, married William Earl of Arundel after Aug. 17th, 1438, when his
marriage was granted to her father (Patent Roll), and before May 10th,
1459.
2. Cicely, married, 1434, Henry Beauchamp, Duke of Warwick: died July
28th, 1450. (Dugdale says that she married, secondly, 1448-9, John
Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester: but this is doubtful.)
3. RICHARD, Earl of Warwick, surnamed the _King-Maker_; killed at
Barnet, Easter Sunday, Apr. 14th, 1471; buried at Bisham. Married--
ANNE, daughter and eventual heir of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick,
and his second wife Isabel Baroness Le Despenser: born at Caversham,
July 13th, 1429: married 1434: died between 1490 and Michaelmas 1493.
4. Thomas, killed at Wakefield, and buried at Bisham Feb. 15th, 1463.
Married (but left no issue),
Maud, daughter and heir of Richard Stanhope, knight: married after May
10th, 1459; died Aug. 30th, 1497: buried at Tateshale.
5. JOHN, born before May 14th, 1431 (Patent Roll), created Earl of
Northumberland on defection of the Percys, and on resigning that title,
Marquis of Montague, Mar. 25th, 1470: killed at Barnet, Apr. 14th, 1471:
buried at Bisham. Married--
Isabel, daughter and heir of Sir Edmund Ingoldesthorp: married before
July 19th, 1459 (Close Roll): [re-married Sir William Norris of
Yattenden]: died 1477, and buried at Bisham.
6. GEORGE, Bishop of Exeter Nov. 25th, 1455. Lord Chancellor, 1460;
Archbishop of York consecrated June 17th, 1465: died 1476.
7. Alesia, married, Henry Lord Fitzhugh: living June 1st, 1475 (Patent
Roll).
8. Eleanor, married about 1459, Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby:
buried in Church of St. James, Garlick-hithe.
9. Ralph, died young.
10. Katherine, married (1) after May 10th, 1459, William Lord Bonvile
(2) before July 18th, 1461 (Patent Roll) William Lord Hastings: died in
or after 1503: buried at Ashby-de-la-Zouche. She was mother of Cicely
Bonvile, second wife of Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset.
11. Robert, died young.
12. Margaret, married after 1458, John de Vere, thirteenth Earl of
Oxford: died after 1486; buried at Earl's Colne.
ISSUE OF RICHARD EARL OF WARWICK:--
1. ISABEL, Duchess of Clarence [see second section],
2. ANNE, Princess of Wales and Queen [see second section].
ISSUE OF JOHN MARQUIS MONTAGUE:--
1. George, created Duke of Bedford, Jan. 5th, 1470, and affianced to
Princess Elizabeth: died minor, May 4th, 1483: buried at Sheriff Hutton.
2. John, probably died young, and buried at Salston.
3. Anne, married (1) Sir William Stonor (2) ... Fortescue: dead, Nov.
14th, 1494 (Inquisition).
4. Elizabeth, married (1) Thomas Lord Scrope of Masham (2) Sir Henry
Wentworth: died Sept. 20th, 1517: buried Black Friars' Church, London.
5. Margaret, married (1) before Nov. 14th, 1494 (Inquisition) Sir John
Mortimer, (2) Robert Downes, (3) in or before 1507, Charles Brandon Duke
of Suffolk: died Jan. 21st, 1528 (Inquisition).
6. Lucy, married (1) before Nov. 14th, 1494 (Inquisition) Sir Thomas
Fitzwilliam, (2) Sir Anthony Browne; died at Bagshot, Mar. 25th, 1533,
buried at Bisham, 31st. (Harl. MS. 897, fol. 76.)
7. Isabel, aged 23, Nov. 14th, 1494 (Inquisition): married, (1) Ranulph
Dacre (2) before Nov 14th, 1494, William Huddlestone, Esq., (3) Sir
William Smith: died in or before 1516-7.
V. EXPENDITURE OF EDWARD IV.
Only three of this King's Issue Rolls are extant for the period covered
by the story--for the Easter and Michaelmas terms of 1469, and for the
Easter term of 1471. They are unpublished, and a few of the more
remarkable items can scarcely fail to be interesting.
For the Easter term (March to September) of 1469, the personal expenses
of the King were--for wardrobe (purchase of silk, cloth, &c.), L1231
16s. 3-1/2d.: and for jewels, L744 13s. 4d.: those of the Queen, L209
7s.: of the "Lady Princess" (though her "diet" and that of the chaplains
is reckoned together,) L100. The expenses, board, and safekeeping of
Henry VI. are set down at L146 13s. 4d. The keep of four lions, two in
Spain, and two in the Tower, costs L10. L33 6s. 8d., divided among
three Orders of Friars, suffices for the royal alms.
The account for the Michaelmas term contains less worth noting. We are,
however, there told that the annual allowance to the Queen, "considering
the great expense of Elizabeth and Mary our daughters," was L400. There
are entries of L33 6s. 8d. for "the diet and custody of Henry Beauford
in the Tower"--namely, the Duke of Somerset--and of L13 3s. 6d. for the
clothing of Henry Percy, also a prisoner in the Tower.
But never was a state paper penned of deeper interest than the one Roll
extant for 1471--for those six months which included the battles of
Barnet and Tewkesbury, the murders of King Henry and his son, the
massacre (for it can be called by no lighter term) of the Lancastrian
nobles, and the imprisonment of Queen Marguerite and the young Princess
of Wales. The business-like entry on May 16th,--"To the Lord King, in
his chamber, at Tewkesbury, fifty shillings"--strikes the reader with
something like a shudder, from the fearful contrast between the scenes
that were passing at Tewkesbury and that fifty shillings squandered on
some frivolous pleasure. The items of expenditure run as follows:--
Expenses of the Queen (one item
including "the victualling of
the Tower") . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L177 18s. 3 1/2d.
Plate, gold and silver . . . . . . . . . 223 15s. 4d.
Jewellery and goldsmiths' work . . . . . 55 1s. 9d.
Wardrobe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1905 14s. 6d.
Armour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3s. 4d.
Horse, a Spanish jennet . . . . . . . . 10 0s. 0d.
Travelling expenses . . . . . . . . . . 9 19s. 0d.
Wine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 13s. 0d.
Paid to Florentine merchants . . . . . . 6266 13s. 4d.
Household expenses . . . . . . . . . . . 26,536 9s. 0d.
Expenses of the King's chamber
(gifts, trinkets, bets, and all
sundries) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9456 10s.
Divine service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Alms and oblations . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6s. 8d.
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,885 14s. 6 1/2d.
There is a further entry of L135, paid for various articles, of which
jewels and medicine are alone indicated; and also of L180 paid to Henry
Lord Grey, to discharge all the King's debts to him.
These are simply the private expenses, no military nor state charges
being quoted, except in the one instance where the victualling of the
Tower and the Queen's expenses are entered together at L124 10s., and it
is impossible to say what proportion of the sum referred to either. The
list speaks for itself.
VI. FICTITIOUS PERSONS.