[1] The Metropolis of Tarsus and Adana, although it is, geographically,
in Asia Minor, falls under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the
Patriarch of Antioch and is therefore omitted here.
[2] See authorities for these statements in an essay by the present
writer, published in the _Michigan Law Review_, vol. VI., 1907-1908,
pp. 50-52, and entitled, “Roman Law and Mohammedan Jurisprudence,” Part
I.
[3] See Publication No. 3 of the American-Hellenic Society, entitled
_Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the Beginning of the
European War_, June, 1918.
[4] The present writer, in carrying on researches dealing with Asia
Minor, came upon Dr. Dieterich’s study, and, after reading it, thought
that it would be better to publish this essay than to write a new one,
inasmuch as he noticed that, with the exception of a few observations
which were to be expected from a German writer, the author gives,
on the whole, an accurate and impartial account of the condition of
things in Asia Minor, and does not seem to share the views of many of
the civil and military officials of Germany, who consider that the
existence of the Hellenic element there is detrimental to the interests
of Deutschtum. It seemed, therefore, that no better testimony could be
found than that adduced by a subject of Kaiser Wilhelm on the material
and intellectual strength of Hellenism in Asia Minor, which is the
latest bugbear of the Teutons and the target of Turkish cruelty.
[5] See an account of this interview in a Greek pamphlet entitled _How
Germany Destroyed Hellenism in Turkey_, by G. Mikrasianou, 1916, and
particularly the confidential letter of the Turkish Minister of the
Interior, Talaat Bey (now Prime Minister), dated May 14, 1914, to the
Governor of Smyrna, reproduced in _Le Temps_ of July 20, 1916, and the
English translation of it in Publication No. 3 of the American-Hellenic
Society, p. 70.
[6] Supplement to the Greek White Book, entitled _Ministère des
Affaires Étrangers, Documents Diplomatiques, Supplément_, 1913-1917,
Nos. 1 and 4.
[7] Oftentimes the name of the school embodies that of the donor, as,
_e.g._, Marasleion, Zographeion, Theologeion are named from Marasles,
Zographos and Theologos.
[8] A much earlier and well-known English traveler calls Smyrna “the
lovely, the crown of Ionia, the ornament of Asia.” (See _Travels in
Asia Minor and Greece_, by Richard Chandler, ed. N. Revett, vol. I., p.
73, ed. 1825.)
[9] See Gaston Deschamps, _Sur les routes d’Asie_, 1894, p. 152.
[10] Das Griechentum Kleinasiens, von Dr. Karl Dieterich, in _Länder
und Völker der Türkei_ (Schriften des Deutschen Vorderasienkomitees,
herausgegeben von Dr. jur. et phil. Hugo Grothe, Leipzig, 1915).
[11] A political treatment of the “Greek Question” was presented in a
pamphlet of the Vorderasienkomitee, under the title, _Die asiatische
Türkei und die deutschen Interessen_, Leipzig, 1913, S. 23-26.
[12] The successors of Alexander the Great.
[13] So Michael Psellus (11th-12th century) of Nicomedia, Michael
Attaliates (11th century) from Attalia in Pamphylia, Nicetas Acominatos
(12th-13th century) from Phrygia, Georgius Pachymeres (13th-14th
century) of Nicæa; Nicephoros Gregoras (14th century) from Pontus.
The two latter are, also, our chief source of information about the
invasion of Asia Minor by the Turks. Cf. K. Krumbacher, _Geschichte der
byzantinischen Litteratur_, 2, München, 1897, §§ 126 and 128.
[14] Cf. J. Strzygowski, _Kleinasien, ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte_,
Leipzig, 1903.
[15] K. Krumbacher, _Gesch. der byzantin. Litteratur_, 2, § 358.
[16] Cf. Von der Goltz, _Anatol. Ausflüge_, Berlin (1896), S. 70 ff.
[17] As to the type of the Anatolian Turks, see L. Heermann,
_Rückerinnerungen aus dem Orient_ (Aschaffenburg, 1886, S. 13, 126);
A. Philippson, _Das Mittelmeergebiet_, 2, (Leipzig, 1906, S. 197);
H. Gelzer, _Geistliches und Weltliches aus dem griechisch-türkischen
Orient_ (Leipzig, 1900, S. 185); R. Fitzner, _Anatolien_ (Leipzig,
1902, S. 19).
[18] On these old Church Acts is based the instructive investigation of
A. Waechter, _Der Verfall des Griechenthums in Kleinasien im 14. Jhd._,
Leipzig, 1903.
[19] TRANSLATOR’S NOTE: There are at present twenty-two Metropolitans
in Asia Minor, or better, including that of Tarsus and Adana, which
is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch,
twenty-three.
[20] On the question of the racial characteristics of the Greeks of
Asia Minor, cf. A. von Luschan, _Verhandlungen d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkde.
zu Berlin_, 15 (1888), S. 47-60; _Archiv f. Anthropol._, 19 (1889-90),
S. 31-53; _L’Anthropologie_, I., p. 679 ff., II., p. 25 f.
[21] Specimens of the Pontic and Cappadocian dialects of today are to
be found in A. Thumb’s _Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache_,
2 (Strassburg, 1910), S. 294-298. Grothe, in his treatise, _Meine
Vorderasienexpedition 1906 u. 1907_, Bd. II., S. 175, calls attention
to the dialect of the Greeks of Farash in the southern Antitaurus.
[22] Exact statistics as to the number of Greeks in Cappadocia are
given by R. M. Dawkins, in the _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, 30
(1910), pp. 109-132, 267-291.
[23] For more exact information, see H. Kiepert, _Die griechische
Sprache im pontischen Küstengebirge, Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkde.
in Berlin_, 25 (1890), S. 317 ff.
[24] Only the two largest rivers of western Asia Minor, the Mæander and
the Sangarios have, in a characteristic manner, kept their old names in
the form of Menderes and Sakkaria.
[25] These texts, so interesting for the history of trade, are
reproduced by D. Georgiades in _La Turquie actuelle_, Paris, 1892, pp.
197 ff., 218 ff., 224 ff.
[26] The statistical data are based on Cuinet, _La Turquie
d’Asie_ (Paris, 1890-95), II. and III., completed from Baedeker,
_Constantinopel und Kleinasien_, 2 (1914).
[27] In a similar way, in more recent times, the German excavations of
Priene and Miletus have benefited the neighboring Greek settlements.
Cf. H. Gelzer, _Geistliches und Weltliches_, S. 231.
[28] Also called Kuru-Chesme, _i.e._, “dry fountain.” The place seems
to have a Greek name, Ξεροκρένε as its prototype, though no place of
this name is provable in Byzantine times.
[29] Details about the history of this school are to be found in K.
Krumbacher, _Populäre Aufsätze_ (Leipzig, 1909), S. 251 ff.
[30] These statistics about the schools are derived from Cuinet, as
above cited.
[31] As to the decrease of the Turkish population of Asia Minor
and its causes, see L. Heermann, _Rückerinnerungen aus dem Orient_
(Aschaffenburg, 1886), S. 128 Anm.; R. Fitzner, _Anatolien_, S.
20 f.; on the increase of the Greeks: K. Humann, _Verhandlgn. d.
Gesellsch. f. Erdkde. zu Berlin_, 7 (1880), S. 249-252; R. Fischer,
_Mittelmeerbilder_, N. F. (Leipzig, 1907), S. 401 f.
[32] Hugo Grothe, too, in _Die Asiatische Türkei und die deutschen
Interessen_ (_Der neue Orient_, S. 25, 9 Heft), pleads for a
closer feeling between the Germans and the Asia Minor Greeks. So,
too, Blankenburg, Heft 1 of the _Schriftensammlung des Deutschen
Vorderasienkomitees, Die Zukunftsarbeit der deutschen Schule in der
Türkei_.
[33] It is to be remembered that the higher professional places in the
towns of Asia Minor are filled almost exclusively by Greeks. Teachers,
doctors and engineers are for the most part Greeks and therefore among
the higher engineering and administrative officials of the Anatolian
and the Bagdad railways there are many Greeks.
[34] The “Association d’Orient” in Athens.
[35] See, for example, E. Naumann, _Vom Goldnen Horn zu den Quellen des
Euphrat_ (1893), S. 208.
[36] For complete details and examples illustrating these relations,
see D. E. Oeconomides’ above cited work, pp. vii and viii.