The white-backed vulture is a dark brown, almost black, bird, with
a white back and a broad white band on the under surface of each wing,
which is very noticeable when the bird is soaring high in the air
on the watch for carrion.
The two commonest vultures of the Nilgiris are the scavenger and the
white-backed species.
THE FALCONIDAE OR FAMILY OF BIRDS OF PREY
The raptores are not very strongly represented on the Nilgiris. The
only two eagles likely to be seen are Bonelli's eagle (_Hieraetus
fasciatus_) and the black eagle (_Ictinaetus malayensis_). The
plumage of the latter is of much darker hue than that of the former.
Bonelli's eagle is a bold bird that works great havoc among tame
pigeons. It sometimes carries off a barnyard fowl.
The black eagle is content with smaller quarry: young birds, rats,
and snakes, seem to constitute the chief articles of its diet.
Needless to state, the common pariah kite (_Milvus govinda_) is found
on the Nilgiris. This useful bird usually sails in graceful circles
high overhead, looking for food. Its cry is not heard so frequently
on those hills as in the Himalayas, the reason being the different
configuration of the two ranges. The Nilgiris are undulating and
downlike, hence the kites are able, while hovering higher than the
summits of the hills, to see what is happening in the valleys. In
the Himalayas they cannot do this, because the valleys are usually
deep. The kites, therefore, sail there at a lower level than the
hill-tops, and their plaintive _chee-hee-hee-hee-hee_ is heard
throughout the day. It is not a very cheerful sound, so that in this
respect the Nilgiris have an advantage over the Himalayas.
The majority of the kites appear to migrate from the Nilgiris during
the south-west monsoon.
The Brahmany kite (_Haliastur indus_)--the handsome kite with white
head and breast and rich chestnut-red wings--is sometimes seen on
the Nilgiris, but scarcely sufficiently often to merit a place among
the common birds.
The three remaining raptores that are of frequent occurrence on the
hills of South India are the shikra (_Astur badius_), the crested
goshawk (_Lophospizias trivirgatus_), and the kestrel (_Tinnunculus
alaudarius_). The shikra is very like the brain-fever bird in
appearance. It is a little smaller than the common house-crow. The
upper plumage is ashy grey. The tail is of the same hue, but with
broad dark brown cross-bars. In young birds the breast is white with
dark drops; in older birds the drops become replaced by wavy
rust-coloured cross-bars. The eye is bright yellow, as is the cere
or base of the beak. The crested goshawk may be described in brief
as a large shikra with a crest.
The kestrel is the bird known in England as the windhover, on account
of its habit of hovering in mid-air on rapidly-vibrating wings before
pouncing on the lizard or other small fry, for which it is ever on
the watch. This species is about the same size as the shikra. The
head, neck, and tail are grey; the back and wings are dull red. The
lower parts are cream-coloured, spotted with brown.
THE COLUMBIDAE OR DOVE FAMILY
Jerdon's imperial pigeon (_Ducula cuprea_) is a beautiful bird 17
inches long, of which the tail accounts for 7 inches. The prevailing
hue of this pigeon is grey. The head, breast, abdomen, and neck are
suffused with lilac. The back and wings are olive brown. The legs
are dull lake red, as is the bill, except the tip, which is blue.
This fine bird is confined to dense forest; it is said to be fond
of the wild nutmeg.
The Nilgiri wood-pigeon (_Alsocomus elphistonii_) is another
forest-haunting bird. Its prevailing hue is dove grey, with a
beautiful gloss on the back, which appears lilac in some lights and
green in others. The only other ornament in its plumage is a
black-and-white shepherd's plaid tippet. The wood-pigeon is as large
as the imperial pigeon. Of the doves, that which is most often seen
on the Nilgiris is the spotted dove (_Turtur suratensis_). This is
easily distinguished from the other members of the family by its
reddish wings spotted with dark brown and pale buff. The only other
dove likely to be seen at the Nilgiri hill stations is the little
brown dove (_T. cambayensis_), which utters a five-or-six-syllabled
coo.
THE PHASIANIDAE OR PHEASANT FAMILY
This important family includes the pea- and the jungle-fowl and the
various pheasants.
The peacock is not found at altitudes above 4000 feet.
Jungle-fowl are abundant on the Nilgiris. He who keeps his eyes open
may occasionally see one of these birds running across a road in the
hills. This must not lead the observer to think that jungle-fowl spend
most of their time in sprinting across roads. The fact of the matter
is that the fowl tribe do not appreciate their food unless they have
to scratch for it. Paths and roads are highly scratchable objects,
hence they are largely resorted to for food; further, they are used
for the purpose of the daily dust-bath in which every self-respecting
fowl indulges. If these birds are disturbed when feeding or bathing,
they do not make for the nearest cover as most other birds do: they
insist on running across the road, thereby giving the grateful
sportsman a clear shot. The domestic rooster has the same habit. So
has the Indian child. To test the truth of these assertions, it is
only necessary to drive briskly along a street at the side of which
children or fowls are playing in perfect safety. At the sight of the
horse, the child or hen, as the case may be, makes a dash for the
far side of the road, and passes almost under the horse's nose. The
fowl always gets across safely. The child is not so fortunate.
Two species of jungle-fowl have partitioned the Indian peninsula
between them. The red species (_Gallus ferrugineus_) has
appropriated the part of India which lies between Kashmir and the
Godavery; while the grey jungle-fowl (_G. sonnerati_) has possessed
itself of the territory south of the Godavery. The third jungle-fowl
(_G. lafayetti_) has to be content with Ceylon, but the size of its
name very nearly makes up for its deficiency in acres!
Davison is my authority for stating that the _Strobilanthes whitiani_,
which constitutes the main undergrowth of many of the forests of the
Nilgiris, seeds only once in about seven years, and that when this
plant is seeding the grey jungle-fowl assemble in vast numbers to
feed on the seed. They collect in the same way for the sake of bamboo
seeds. The crow of the cock, which is heard chiefly in the morning
and the evening, is not like that of the red jungle-fowl. It has been
syllabised _kuk-kah-kah-kaha-kuk_. The call of the hen may be
expressed by the syllables _kukkun-kukkun_.
The red spur-fowl (_Galloperdix spadicea_) is perhaps the most
abundant game bird of the Nilgiris. It is quite partridge-like in
shape. Both sexes have red legs and a patch of red skin round the
eye. The feathers of the cock are dull red with blue edges, while
those of the hen are black with broad buff margins. The cock may be
described as a dull red bird with a grey head and some buff scale-like
markings, and the hen as a grey bird, heavily barred with black.
The only quail commonly seen on the Nilgiris is the painted bush-quail
(_Microperdix erythrorhynchus_). A bird in shape like a partridge,
but not much larger than a sparrow, is probably this species. The
prevailing hue is umber brown with coarse black blotches. The cock
has the breast white and the head black with a white eyebrow. The
head of the hen is dull red. The bill, legs, and feet of both sexes
are red.
THE CHARADRIIDAE OR PLOVER FAMILY
This very large family includes the plovers, sandpipers, and snipes.
It is not very well represented on the Nilgiris. In winter snipe and
woodcock visit those mountains and afford good sport to the human
residents, but all have gone northward long before the summer visitors
arrive.
Several species of sandpiper likewise visit the Nilgiris in winter;
one of these--the wood sandpiper (_Totanus glareola_)--tarries on
until after the beginning of summer. This is a bird as large as a
dove; its plumage is speckled brown and white. It looks somewhat like
a snipe with a short bill. It lives on the margins of ponds and
constantly wags its apology for a tail.
THE RALLIDAE OR RAIL FAMILY
The rails are not well represented on the Nilgiris.
The water-hen (_Gallinula chloropus_) is common on the lake at
Ootacamund. This is an olive-green bird about the size of a pigeon.
Its bill and forehead are red; there is a patch of white under the
tail. This species swims like a duck.
Another rail which may be seen sometimes in the Botanical Gardens
at Ootacamund is the white-breasted water-hen (_Amaurornis
phoenicurus_). This is a black bird with the face, throat, and breast
white. There is a chestnut-hued patch under the tail.
THE ARDEIDAE OR HERON FAMILY
Almost the only member of the heron family that visits the Nilgiri
hill stations is the pond-heron or paddy-bird (_Ardeola grayii_).
A colony of these birds pursues its avocations on the margin of the
lake at Ootacamund, but I believe that I am right in saying that the
paddy-birds of Ootacamund go to the plains for nesting purposes.
_PART III_
_The Common Birds of the Palni Hills_
_THE COMMON BIRDS OF THE PALNI HILLS_
For the benefit of those who visit Kodikanal I have compiled a list
of the birds most commonly seen at altitudes of over 5000 feet in
the Palni hills. I must here state that I have no first-hand knowledge
of the avifauna of those hills, and the list that follows is based
on the observations of Dr. Fairbank, made nearly 40 years ago.
The avifauna of the Palni is a comparatively restricted one: which
is in part doubtless explained by the comparatively small area of
the higher ranges that is covered by forest.
The great majority of the birds that follow have been described in
the chapter on the birds of the Nilgiris, and I have contented myself
with merely naming such.
THE CORVIDAE OR CROW FAMILY
1. _Corvus macrorhynchus_. The Indian corby. This is not very abundant
above 5500 feet.
2. _Dendrocitta rufa_. The tree-pie. This does not appear to occur
above 5000 feet.
3. _Machlolophus haplonotus_. The southern yellow tit. Occurs at
Kodikanal, but is not very common there.
THE CRATEROPODIDAE OR BABBLER FAMILY
4. _Crateropus canorus_. The jungle babbler. This rarely ascends
higher than 5000 feet.
5. _Trochalopterum fairbanki_. The Palni laughing-thrush. This
species is peculiar to the Palnis and the Anamallis. The head is very
dark brown, almost black, with a broad white eyebrow. The cheeks are
grey, as are the chin, throat, and breast. The back, wings, and tail
are olive brown tinged with rusty red. The abdomen is bright rufous.
The noisy cries of this bird are among the most familiar sounds of
Kodikanal. It is destructive to peaches and raspberries.
6. _Pomatorhinus horsfieldi_. The southern scimitar-babbler. This
is not nearly so abundant on the Palnis as on the Nilgiris.
7. _Zosterops palpebrosa_. The Indian white-eye. A common bird.
8. _Iole icteria_. The yellow-browed bulbul. _Otocompsa
fuscicaudata_. The southern red-whiskered bulbul or hill-bulbul. As
in the Nilgiris so in the Palnis, this is the most abundant bird on
the higher hills.
9. _Molpastes haemorrhous_. The Madras red-vented bulbul. The higher
one ascends, the rarer this bird becomes.
10. _Hypsipetes ganeesa_. The southern black bulbul.
11. _Myiophoneus horsfieldi_. The Malabar whistling-thrush or idle
schoolboy. This fine but shy bird is found on the streams up to 6000
feet. It is a bird as large as a crow, with glossy black plumage,
in which are patches of bright cobalt blue.
It is better known to the ear than to the eye. It emits a number of
cheerful whistling notes.
THE SITTIDAE OR NUTHATCH FAMILY
12. _Sitta frontalis_. The velvet-fronted blue nuthatch. This bird
is found in every part of the Palnis where there are trees.
THE DICRURIDAE OR DRONGO FAMILY
13. _Chaptia aenea_. The bronzed drongo. This species is not often
seen at altitudes of more than 5000 feet above sea-level.
It is like the common king-crow in appearance, but the plumage is
glossed with a bronze sheen, and the tail is less markedly forked.
THE SYLVIIDAE OR WARBLER FAMILY
14. _Orthotomus sartorius_. The tailor bird. This has been seen as
high as 5500 feet above the sea-level.
15. _Prinia socialis_. The ashy wren-warbler.
16. _Prinia inorata_. The Indian wren-warbler. This is very like the
ashy wren-warbler in appearance. Its upper plumage is earthy-brown,
and not reddish brown, and it does not make during flight the curious
snapping noise so characteristic of _P. socialis_.
THE LANIIDAE OR SHRIKE FAMILY
17. _Lanius erythronotus_. The rufous-backed shrike.
18. _Pericrocotus flammeus_. The orange minivet. This beautiful bird
occurs from the bottom to the top of the Palnis.
19. _Pericrocotus peregrinus_. The little minivet. This is a bird
of the plains rather than of the hills. But as Fairbank observed it
in the Palnis as high as 5000 feet, it is given a place in this list.
_Cock_: Head and shoulders slaty grey, lower back deep scarlet, wings
black with red bar, tail black with red at tip, chin and throat
blackish, breast scarlet; lower plumage orange yellow. _Hen_: upper
parts grey, lower parts creamy white, wing brown with yellow or orange
bar, tail black with red tip.
This species is smaller than a sparrow, but the tail is 3 inches long.
THE ORIOLIDAE OR ORIOLE FAMILY
20. _Oriolus melanocephalus_. The black-headed oriole. This species
has been seen as high as 5000 feet above the sea-level. The cock is
bright yellow, with a black head and some black in the wings and tail.
The hen is of a much duller yellow and has the back tinged with green.
THE STURNIDAE OR STARLING FAMILY
Fairbank does not mention the jungle myna (_AEthiopsar fuscus_) in
his list of the birds of the Palnis (_Stray Feathers_, vol. v, 1877).
Yet this is precisely the myna one would expect to find on the Palnis,
and it should be looked for.
21. On the other hand, the Brahmany myna (_Temenuchus pagodarum_),
which is essentially a bird of the plains, is said by Fairbank to
occur "well up the hillsides."
Of the common myna (_Acridotheres tristis_), he writes: "This is
common around villages at 4000 feet."
22. _Temenuchus pagodarum_. The Brahmany myna. Head and recumbent
crest black. Wings black and grey. Tail brown with a white tip.
Remainder of plumage rich buff. Beak blue with yellow tip. Legs bright
yellow.
THE EULABETIDAE OR GRACKLE FAMILY
23. _Eulabes religiosa_. The southern grackle or hill-myna. This bird
occurs in the forests of the Palnis between elevations of 4000 and
5000 feet. It is familiar to every one as a cage bird. A glossy black
bird with a white wing bar. The wattles, legs, and bill are yellow.
THE MUSCICAPIDAE OR FLYCATCHER FAMILY
24. _Ochromela nigrirufa_. The black-and-orange flycatcher.
25. _Stoparola albicaudata_. The Nilgiri blue-flycatcher.
26. _Cyornis tickelli_. Tickell's blue-flycatcher. Less common than
on the Nilgiris.
27. _Culicicapa ceylonensis_. The grey-headed flycatcher.
28. _Rhipidura albifrontata_. The white-browed fantail flycatcher.
Fairbank did not find this bird at altitudes over 4000 feet.
THE TURDIDAE OR THRUSH FAMILY
29. _Pratincola atrata_. The southern pied bush-chat or hill-robin.
Not nearly so abundant on the Palnis as on the Nilgiris.
30. _Merula simillima_. The Nilgiri blackbird. In spring its
delightful song gladdens the groves of the higher Palnis.
31. _Copschychus saularis_. The magpie-robin. Has been observed as
high as 5000 feet. The cock is black, and the hen grey, with a white
breast and white in the wings and tail. The distribution of the black
and white is like that in the common magpie.
THE FRINGILLIDAE OR FINCH FAMILY
32. _Passer domesticus_. The common sparrow. Does not occur much above
5000 feet.
THE HIRUNDINIDAE OR SWALLOW FAMILY
33. _Hirunda javanica_. The Nilgiri house-swallow.
THE MOTACILLIDAE OR WAGTAIL FAMILY
34. _Anthus nilgirensis_. The Nilgiri pipit. Common on the grassy
fields at the summit of the Palnis.
THE NECTARINIDAE OR SUNBIRD FAMILY
35. _Arachnecthra minima_. The tiny sunbird or honeysucker. Common
from 4000 feet upwards.
THE DICAEIDAE OR FLOWER-PECKER FAMILY
36. _Dicaeum concolor_. The Nilgiri flower-pecker. This frequents
the flowers of the parasitic _Loranthus_.
37. _Dicaeum erythrorhynchus_. Tickell's flower-pecker. This
species does not appear to ascend the Palnis to any great height.
It is abundant at the foot of the hills.
THE PICIDAE OR WOODPECKER FAMILY
38. _Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus_. Tickell's golden-backed
woodpecker. As in the Nilgiris so in the Palnis, this is the common
woodpecker.
39. _Brachypternus aurantius_. The golden-backed woodpecker. This
is the common woodpecker of the plains: it ascends the Palnis to
elevations of 5000 feet. This is distinguishable from the foregoing
species by its smaller size, and in having the rump velvety black
instead of crimson.
40. _Liopicus mahrattensis_. The yellow-fronted pied woodpecker.
This plains species ascends the Palnis to elevations of 5000 feet.
It is much smaller than either of the two foregoing species. The
plumage is spotted black and white, with a patch of red on the abdomen.
There is a yellow patch on the forehead. The cock has a short red
crest.
THE CAPITONIDAE OR BARBET FAMILY
41. _Thereiceryx viridis_. The small green barbet. (The coppersmith
does not ascend higher than 4000 feet.)
THE ALCEDINIDAE OR KINGFISHER FAMILY
42. The only kingfisher found in the Palnis seems to be the
white-breasted kingfisher (_Halcyon smyrnensis_), but this species
is confined to the lower hills.
THE UPUPIDAE OR HOOPOE FAMILY
43. The Indian hoopoe (_Upupa indica_) occurs on the lower ranges,
but does not appear to ascend the hills as far as Kodikanal.
THE CYPSELIDAE OR SWIFT FAMILY
44. Swifts are not abundant in the Palnis. The only one observed by
Fairbank was the common Indian swift (_Cypselus affinis_), seen at
an elevation of 3000 feet. This is easily distinguished by the white
band across the rump.
THE CUCULIDAE OR CUCKOO FAMILY
45. _Hierococcyx varius_. The hawk-cuckoo.
46. _Eudynamis honorata_. The Indian koel. This species is not common
on the Palnis.
47. _Centropus sinensis_. The common coucal or crow-pheasant. This
is not very common.
THE PSITTACIDAE OR PARROT FAMILY
48. _Palaeornis columboides_. The blue-winged paroquet.
49. _Loriculus vernalis_. The Indian loriquet or love-bird.
THE STRIGIDAE OR OWL FAMILY
50. _Ketupa zeylonensis_. The brown fish-owl. A large bird with
aigrettes. The eyes are bright yellow. The legs are devoid of feathers.
The call is a series of grunts.
THE VULTURIDAE OR VULTURE FAMILY
51. _Neophron ginginianus_. The smaller white scavenger vulture.
This occurs up to at least 5000 feet. Fairbank did not observe any
other vultures on the higher hills, but it is unlikely that
_Pseudogyps bengalensis_ (the white-backed vulture), _Gyps indicus_
(the long-billed vulture), and _Otogyps calvus_ (the black or
Pondicherry vulture) do not visit the higher hills. These three birds
should be looked for, especially the first.
THE FALCONIDAE OR FAMILY OF BIRDS OF PREY
52. _Ictinaetus malayensis_. The black eagle. Not very common.
53. _Milvus govinda_. The common pariah kite. Fairbank did not see
this above 3000 feet.
54. _Haliastur indus_. The Brahmany kite. Occurs up to at least 4000
feet.
55. _Tinnunculus alaudarius_. The kestrel.
THE COLUMBIDAE OR DOVE FAMILY
56. _Alsocomus elphistonii_. The Nilgiri wood-pigeon.
The spotted and the little brown doves (_Turtur suratensis_ and _T.
cambayensis_) are found only on the lower hills.
THE PHASIANIDAE OR PHEASANT FAMILY
57. _Gallus sonnerati_. The grey jungle fowl. Not so common as on
the Nilgiris.
58. _Galloperdix spadicea_. The red spur-fowl. Not common.
59. _Microperdix erythrorhynchus_. The painted bush-quail.
THE CHARADRIIDAE OR PLOVER FAMILY
A few snipe and woodcock visit the Palnis in winter.
THE PODICIPEDIDAE OR GREBE FAMILY
60. _Podicipes albipennis_. The little grebe or dabchick. This bird
never leaves the water. It is smaller than a dove. It has no tail.
It is dark glossy brown in colour with chestnut on the sides of the
neck.
_APPENDICES_
_I. Vernacular Names of Himalayan Birds_
_II. Vernacular Names of Nilgiri Birds_
_I. VERNACULAR NAMES OF HIMALAYAN BIRDS_
Ababil . . . . . . . swallow
Akku . . . . . . . . common cuckoo
Argul . . . . . . . lammergeyer
Ban-bakra . . . . . black bulbul, rusty-cheeked scimitar-babbler
Ban-sarrah . . . . . black-throated jay
Ban-titar . . . . . hill partridge
Bara bharao . . . . large hawk-cuckoo
Batasi . . . . . . . Indian swift
Bater . . . . . . . quail
Bhimraj . . . . . . racquet-tailed drongo
Boukotako . . . . . Indian cuckoo
Bulaka . . . . . . . brown wood-owl
Bulbul . . . . . . . bulbul
Bunchil . . . . . . cheer pheasant
Chakru . . . . . . . chakor partridge
Chaman . . . . . . . cheer pheasant
Chanjarol . . . . . woodcock
Chil . . . . . . . . kite
Chir . . . . . . . . cheer pheasant
Chitla . . . . . . . spotted dove
Chitroka fakhta . . spotted dove
Chota fakhta . . . . little brown dove
Chukar . . . . . . . chakor partridge
Digg-dall . . . . . blue magpie
Dhal kowa . . . . . corby
Dhor fakhta . . . . ring-dove
Dogra chil . . . . . crested serpent eagle
Durkal . . . . . . . black bulbul
Gagi . . . . . . . . slaty-headed paroquet
Gidh . . . . . . . . vulture
Gir-chaondia . . . . white-capped redstart
Gonriya . . . . . . house-sparrow
Gugi . . . . . . . . ring-dove
Herril . . . . . . . cheer pheasant
Hud-hud . . . . . . hoopoe
Il . . . . . . . . . kite
Jel butara . . . . . Himalayan pied kingfisher
Jumiz . . . . . . . imperial eagle
Kabk . . . . . . . . chakor partridge
Kaindal . . . . . . hill partridge
Kalesur . . . . . . kalij pheasant
Kalij . . . . . . . kalij pheasant
Kali-pholia . . . . white-capped redstart
Kaljit . . . . . . . Himalayan whistling-thrush
Kangskiri . . . . . spotted dove
Kastura . . . . . . Himalayan whistling-thrush, grey-winged ouzel
Kasturi . . . . . . grey-winged ouzel
Koak . . . . . . . . koklas pheasant
Koin . . . . . . . . Indian turtle-dove
Kokia-kak . . . . . Himalayan tree-pie
Kokla . . . . . . . kokla green-pigeon, koklas pheasant
Koklas . . . . . . . koklas pheasant
Kolsa . . . . . . . kalij pheasant
Krishen-patti . . . blue-headed rock-thrush
Kuil . . . . . . . . koel
Kukera . . . . . . . kalij pheasant
Kukku . . . . . . . cuckoo
Kukrola . . . . . . koklas pheasant
Kupak . . . . . . . common hawk-cuckoo
Kupwah . . . . . . . cuckoo
Kyphulpakka . . . . Indian cuckoo
Kyphulpakki . . . . Indian cuckoo
Machi bagh . . . . . Himalayan pied kingfisher
Madana suga . . . . slaty-headed paroquet
Maina . . . . . . . myna
Miouli . . . . . . . great Himalayan barbet
Mohrhaita . . . . . changeable hawk-eagle
Moraugi . . . . . . Bonelli's eagle
Neoul . . . . . . . great Himalayan barbet
Nilkant . . . . . . blue magpie
Niltau . . . . . . . rufous-bellied niltava
Okhab . . . . . . . lammergeyer
Pahari maina . . . . jungle myna
Pahari tuiya . . . . slaty-headed paroquet
Painju . . . . . . . white-cheeked bulbul
Panduk . . . . . . . dove
Patariya masaicha . grey-winged ouzel
Perki . . . . . . . dove
Peunra . . . . . . . hill partridge
Phupu . . . . . . . cuckoo
Pilak . . . . . . . oriole
Plas . . . . . . . . koklas pheasant
Pokras . . . . . . . koklas pheasant
Popiya . . . . . . . common hawk-cuckoo
Puli . . . . . . . . spotted wing
Ram chakru . . . . . hill partridge
Roli . . . . . . . . hill partridge
Sadal . . . . . . . changeable hawk-eagle
Safed gidh . . . . . scavenger vulture
Sahili . . . . . . . scarlet minivet
Sahim . . . . . . . ashy drongo
Sakdudu . . . . . . hoopoe
Satangal . . . . . . imperial eagle
Shah bulbul . . . . paradise flycatcher
Sibia . . . . . . . sibia
Sim kukra . . . . . woodcock
Sim tital . . . . . woodcock
Takpo . . . . . . . Indian cuckoo
Toitru fakhta . . . little brown dove
Traiho . . . . . . . great Himalayan barbet
Tuktola . . . . . . Western-Himalayan scaly-bellied green woodpecker
Turkan . . . . . . . Western-Himalayan pied woodpecker
Tusal . . . . . . . bar-tailed cuckoo-dove
Tutitar . . . . . . woodcock
Ulak . . . . . . . . corby
Zakki . . . . . . . brown flycatcher
Zird phutki . . . . grey-headed flycatcher
_II. VERNACULAR NAMES OF NILGIRI BIRDS_
Adavikodi . . . . . grey jungle-fowl
Adavi nalla gedda . black eagle
Adiki lam kuravi . . sparrow
Boli kadi . . . . . white-breasted water-hen
Boli kodi . . . . . moorhen
Buchi gadu . . . . . white-breasted kingfisher
Buruta pitta . . . . Indian skylark
Chandul . . . . . . crested lark
Chilluka . . . . . . paroquet
Chinna ulanka . . . wood sandpiper
Chinna wallur . . . shikra
Chitlu jitta . . . . Nilgiri flower-pecker
Chitti bella guwa . little brown dove
Dasari pitta . . . . scimitar-babbler, fantail flycatcher
Garud alawa . . . . Brahmany kite
Garuda mantaru . . . Brahmany kite
Gola kokila . . . . pied crested cuckoo
Goranka . . . . . . common myna
Gudi konga . . . . . paddy bird
Guli gadu . . . . . white-backed vulture
Gurapa madi jitta . Indian pipit
Jali dega . . . . . shikra
Jambri kodi . . . . moorhen
Jitta kodi . . . . . red spear-fowl
Jutu pitta . . . . . crested lark
Kadai . . . . . . . painted bush quail
Kakka . . . . . . . black crow
Kakki . . . . . . . black crow
Kakkara jinuwayi . . spotted munia
Kalli kaka . . . . . crow-pheasant
Kalu prandu . . . . kite
Kaltu koli . . . . . grey jungle-fowl
Killi . . . . . . . paroquet
Kokku . . . . . . . paddy bird
Konda lati . . . . . red-vented bulbul
Kumpa nalanchi . . . pied bush-chat
Kundeli salawa . . . Bonelli's eagle
Kutti pitta . . . . hawk-cuckoo
Lak muka . . . . . . white-breasted kingfisher
Likku jitta . . . . tailor-bird
Machayarya . . . . . fantail flycatcher
Malla gedda . . . . kite
Manam badi . . . . . Indian skylark
Manati . . . . . . . fantail flycatcher
Manju tiridi . . . . scavenger vulture
Meta kali . . . . . Indian pipit
Namala pitta . . . . scimitar-babbler
Nella borawa . . . . Pondicherry vulture
Niala pichiki . . . Indian skylark
Nila buchi gadu . . common kingfisher
Papa . . . . . . . . scavenger vulture
Papa parundu . . . . scavenger vulture
Paria prandu . . . . kite
Pedda sida . . . . . jungle babbler
Pigli pitta . . . . red-vented bulbul
Pit pitta . . . . . ashy wren-warbler
Pittri gedda . . . . scavenger vulture
Poda bella guwa . . spotted dove
Puli pora . . . . . spotted dove
Rajali . . . . . . . Bonelli's eagle
Sarrava koli . . . . red spur-fowl
Sowata guwa . . . . little brown dove
Tangada goranka . . pied crested cuckoo
Tella borawa . . . . scavenger vulture
Than kudi . . . . . sunbird
Tinna kuruvi . . . . spotted munia
Tondala doshi gadu . kestrel
Tondala muchi gedda kestrel
Tonka pigli pitta . paradise flycatcher
Torra jinuwayi . . . red munia
Touta pora . . . . . little brown dove
Turaka pigli pitta . hill or red-whiskered bulbul
Uri pichiki . . . . sparrow
Vichuli . . . . . . white-breasted kingfisher
Wal konda lati . . . paradise flycatcher
Yerra belinchi . . . rufous-backed shrike
Yerra kodi . . . . . red spur-fowl
INDEX
Abrornis superciliaris, 113
Accipiter cooperi, 171
Aceros nepalensis, 122
Acridotheres tristis, 60, 199, 240
Actinodura egertoni, 110
AEgithaliscus erythrocephalus, 41, 106
AEthiopsar fuscus, 61, 199, 239
AEthopyga nepalensis, 119
-- scheriae, 76
Alauda gulgula, 210
ALAUDIDAE, 210
ALCEDINIDAE, 79, 121, 215, 243
Alcedo ispida, 215
Alcippe nepalensis, 109
Alcurus striatus, 112
Alder, 22
Almora, 22, 29, 41 _seq._, 51, 54, 59, 65, 67, 87, 97
Alseonax latirostris, 63, 115
Alsocomus elphistonii, 226, 246
Amadavat, 205
Amaranthus, 25
Amaurornis phoenicurus, 230
Anamallis, 236
Andaman Islands, 217
Anemone, 18, 25
"Animal colouration," 171
Anthipes moniliger, 116
Anthus nilgirensis, 209
-- rufulus, 209
Aquila helica, 125
Arachnecthra asiatica, 210
-- lotenia, 212
-- minima, 211, 242
-- zeylonica, 212
Arboricola torqueola, 104, 126
ARDEIDAE, 230
Ardeola grayii, 231
Argul, 92
Arisaema jacque-montii, 53
Astur badius, 224
Babblers, 42 _seq._, 48, 107, 109, 111, 187, 236
Babul, 16
Bageswar, 23
Baker, Stuart, 84
Baldwin, 100
Banbakra, 45, 143
Barakheri stream, 20
Barbets, 26, 79, 121, 174 _seq._, 214, 243
Bar-wing, rufous, 110
Bee-eater, 27
Begonia, 17
Benog, 102
Berberry, 17
Bhabar, 15
Bhimraj, 55
Bhim Tal, 20
Bhotias, 23
Birch, 17
"Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin," 142
Birds of prey, 125
Blanford, 85
Blood-pheasant, 99
Blue jay, 27
Borax, 23
Boukotako, 85
Brachypodinae, 138
Brachypternus aurantius, 243
Brain-fever bird, 83, 86, 219
British Museum, 172
Broken Pekoe Bird, 85
BUCEROTIDAE, 122
Bulbul, 27, 35, 42, 49, 50 _seq._, 112, 138
Buller, Sir Walter, 171
Buntings, 72
Burma, 152
Bush-chat, 66 _seq._
Butcher-birds, 56
Caccabis chucar, 103
Calls of birds, 36
Campophaga melanoschista, 114
Cape, the, 18
CAPITONIDAE, 79, 121, 214, 243
CAPRIMULGIDAE, 218
Carpodacus erythrinus, 207
Catreus wellichi, 101
Centauria, 18, 25
Centropus sinensis, 219, 244
Cephalopyrus flammiceps, 48
Certhia discolor, 113
-- himalayana, 55
CERTHIIDAE, 55, 113
Ceryle lugubris, 79, 121
Chaetura indica, 216
-- nudipes, 123
Chakor, 103
Chalcophaps indica, 98
Chaptia aenea, 237
CHARADRIIDAE, 104, 126, 229, 246
Cheer, 100
Chimarrhornis leucocephalus, 69
Chloropsis malabarica, 191
Choughs, 25, 29, 30, 106
Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus, 83
Chrysocolaptes gutticristatus, 214, 242
Coccystes jacobinus, 219
Collocalia francicia, 217
-- fuciphaga, 217
Colorado, 18
Colt's-foot, 17, 25
COLUMBIDAE, 97, 125, 225, 246
Columbines, 17, 25
Coonoor, 186, 196, 199, 206 _seq._, 212, 214
Coppersmith, 26, 215
Copschychus saularis, 241
Coracias indica, 32
Corby, 26, 29
CORVIDAE, 29, 105, 185, 235
Corvus macrorhyncus, 29, 105, 185, 235
-- splendens, 29, 87
Coturnix communis, 102, 126
Coucal, 219
CRATEROPODIDAE, 42, 49, 107, 187, 236
Crateropus canorus, 188
Crow, 105, 235
-- black, 35
-- grey-necked, 22
-- jungle, 29
Cryptolopha Jerdoni, 148
-- xanthoschista, 56, 146
Cuckoo-dove, 99, 125
Cuckoo, European, 26
Cuckoos, 82 _seq._, 123, 219, 244
Cuckoo-shrike, 114
CUCULIDAE, 82, 123, 219, 244
Cuculus canorus, 82, 84, 123
-- micropterus, 85, 124
-- poliocephalus, 123
-- saturatus, 85, 123
Culicicapa ceylonensis, 63, 202, 241
Cuming, E. D., 137
Cyanops franklini, 121
Cyornis melanoleucus, 117
-- rubeculoides, 116
-- superciliaris, 63, 115
-- tickelli, 202, 241
Cypress, 17
CYPSELIDAE, 81, 123, 216, 244
Cypselus affinis, 81, 244
-- melba, 82
Dabchick, 247
Daisies, 17, 25
Dandelion, 17, 25
Darjeeling, 105 _seq._, 107, 109 _seq._, 113 _seq._, 115, 117 _seq._,
125, 136
Darwinian theory, 171
Davison, 191, 228
Delhi, 24
Dendrocitta himalayensis, 31, 106
-- rufa, 236
Dendrocopus auriceps, 77 _seq._
-- cathpharius, 120
-- himalayensis, 78
Deodar, 17, 22
Dhakuri, 24 _seq._
Dhanpur, 23
Dhobi bird, 67, 153
DICAEIDAE, 77, 119, 212, 242
Dicaeum concolor, 213, 242
-- erythrorhyncus, 213, 242
-- ignipectus, 77, 119
DICRURIDAE, 53, 113, 196, 237
Dicrurus ater, 53, 141
-- longicaudatus, 54, 113
Dig-dall, 31
Dimorphism, 83
Dissemurus paradiseus, 55
Dove, 26, 97, 125, 225, 246
Drongo, 53, 113, 196, 237
Ducula cuprea, 225
Eagles, 93, 125, 245
Eastern Himalayas, 105
Edelweiss, 18, 25
"Eha," 50, 139, 204
Emberiza stewarti, 73
-- stracheyi, 72
Eudynamis honorata, 83, 86, 219, 244
-- taitensis, 171
Eulabes religiosa, 240
EULABETIDAE, 240
Evergreen oaks, 17
"Exile," 95
Fairbank, Dr., 235, 239 _seq._, 244, 246
Fairy blue-chat, 64
FALCONIDAE, 93, 125, 223, 245
Finches, 71, 118, 207, 241
Finn, 136, 221
Fir, silver, 17
Flower-peckers, 77, 119, 212, 242
Flycatchers, 22, 27, 56, 62 _seq._, 114 _seq._, 200, 240
"Forests of Upper India," 18
Forktail, 117, 151 _seq._
Francolinus vulgaris, 103, 126
FRINGILLIDAE, 71, 118, 207, 241
Gagar, 20 _seq._
Galerita cristata, 210
Gallinula chloropus, 230
Galloperdix spadicea, 228, 246
Gallus ferrugineus, 228
-- lafayetti, 228
-- sonnerati, 228, 246
Game birds, 99
Garhwal, 76
Garrulax albigularis, 44, 107
-- leucolophus, 107
Garrulus bispecularis, 33, 106
-- glandarius, 34
-- lanceolatus, 33
Garwalis, 23
Gecinus chlorolophus, 120
-- occipitalis, 120
-- squamatus, 78
Gennaeus albicristatus, 100
-- leucomelanus, 125
Gentians, 17, 25
Glaucidium brodiei, 89, 124
Gneiss, 19
Godavery, 228
Gola river, 20
Grackles, 240
Graculus eremita, 30, 106
Grammatophila striata, 108
Granite, 18 _seq._
Grebes, 247
Green-pigeon, 26
Grey-backed shrike, 58
Grey-headed flycatcher, 63, 146
Grey-winged ouzel, 158
Griffon, 92
Griff's pheasant, 220
Grosbeaks, 71, 164
Gypaetus barbatus, 92
Gyps himalayensis, 92, 124
-- indicus, 222, 245
Gurkhas, 22
Haematospiza sipahi, 118
Halcyon smyrnensis, 216
Haliastur indus, 224, 246
Hawk-cuckoo, 86
Hemichelidon ferruginea, 116
-- sibirica, 116
Henicurus maculatus, 67, 117, 151, 158
Herons, 230
Hieraetus fasciatus, 125, 223
-- pennatus, 93
Hierococcyx sparverioides, 86, 124, 219
-- varius, 83, 86, 124, 219, 244
Himalayas, 13 _seq._
HIRUNDINIDAE, 73, 119, 208, 242
Hirundo erythropygia, 208
-- javanica, 208
-- nepalensis, 74, 119
-- rustica, 74, 119
Hodgson's hawk-eagle, 95
Hoopoes, 80, 244
Hornbills, 122
Horse-chestnut, 17, 22
House-crow, 26, 29
Houses of the hill folk, 21
Hume, 44, 102, 154
Hutton, 94, 176
Hypacanthis spinoides, 71
Hypopicus hypererythrus, 78, 120
Hypsipetes, 140
-- ganeesa, 195, 237
-- psaroides, 51, 112, 140, 142
Ianthocincla ocellata, 107
-- rufigularis, 45, 107
Ictinaetus malayensis, 125, 223, 245
Idle schoolboy, 154
Impeyan pheasant, 99
Iole icteria, 194, 237
Ixulus flavicollis, 110
Jays, 27, 29, 32 _seq._, 36 _seq._, 106
Jerdon, 39, 47, 64, 74, 81, 108, 116, 137, 142, 152, 176, 190, 191,
220
Jungle-fowl, 226
Jungle myna, 60
Juniper, 17
Kalij, 100
Kalimat mountain, 22
Kashmir, 75, 228
Kathgodam, 19, 21
Kestrel, 96, 125, 246
Ketupa zeylonensis, 221, 245
Khairna, 46
King-crow, 22, 53
Kingfishers, 79, 121, 215, 243
Kite, 27, 35, 96, 125, 246
Kodikanal, 235 _seq._
Koel, 22, 26, 83, 86, 219
Kokla green-pigeon, 125
Koklas pheasant, 100 _seq._
Kosi river, 46
Kumaun, 81
Kumaunis, 23
Kuphini river, 25
Kyphulpakka, 85
"Lahore to Yarkand," 148
Lal, 205 _seq._
Laldana Binaik pass, 21
Lammergeyer, 92
Landour, 81
LANIIDAE, 56, 114, 198, 238
Lanius cristatus, 198
-- erythronotus, 57, 198, 238
-- nigriceps, 58
-- tephronotus, 58, 114
-- vittatus, 57
Larks, 210
Laughing-thrushes, 27, 42 _seq._, 107
Liopicus mahrattensis, 243
Lioptila capistrata, 47, 109
Liothrix lutea, 110, 133
Lobelia excelsa, 197, 200
Lophophanes melanopterus, 41
Lophospizias trivirgatus, 224
Loriculus vernalis, 221, 245
Love-bird, 245
Machlolophus haplonotus, 186, 236
-- spilonotus, 106
-- xanthogenys, 40
Macropteryx coronata, 217
Macropygia tusalia, 99, 125
Madras, 212
Magpie, blue, 27, 30 _seq._
Magpie-robin, 22, 27
Maidenhair, 17
"Making of Species," 171
Malabar whistling-thrush, 154, 237
Mango, 16
Marshall, Colonel, 149
Megalaema marshallorum, 79, 121, 174
Megalaemas, 175, 178
Merula boulboul, 69, 118, 158
-- simillima, 204, 241
Microcichla scouleri, 117
Microperdix erythrorhynchus, 229, 246
Milvus govinda, 96, 125, 223, 245
-- melanotis, 96
Minla igneitincta, 111
Minivets, 58, 114, 198
Mohrhaita, 94
Molpastes, 138
-- bengalensis, 50
-- haemorrhous, 191, 237
-- leucogenys, 51, 112
Monal pheasant, 25
Monaul, 99
Moss, hanging, 17
Motacilla maderaspatensis, 208
-- melanope, 75
MOTACILLIDAE, 75, 119, 208, 242
Mountain-thrush, 118
Munia, 205
Murree, 56, 59, 78, 146
MUSCICAPIDAE, 62, 114, 200, 240
Mussoorie, 26, 42, 45, 49, 59, 86, 89, 94, 97, 103, 136
Mycerobas, 164
-- melanoxanthus, 164
Myna, 22, 27, 37, 44, 60, 199, 240
Myiophoneus horsfieldi, 237
-- temmincki, 46, 109, 154
Naini Tal, 20, 33, 42, 46, 51, 53, 56, 59, 64 _seq._, 75 _seq._, 86,
94, 146, 149, 158, 163
NECTARINIDAE, 76, 119, 210, 242
Neophron ginginianus, 90, 222, 245
Nepalese, 23
New Zealand, 171
Nightjars, 218
Nilgiris, 37, 42
-- common birds of the, 183
Nilkhant, 31
Niltava grandis, 115
-- macgrigoriae, 115
-- sundara, 64, 115
Nim, 16
Nucifraga hemispila, 39
-- multipunctata, 39
Nutcrackers, 38
Nuthatch, 42, 52, 113, 195
Oak, 17
-- forest, 24
Oates, 133, 146, 148, 206, 208
Ochromela nigrirufa, 201, 240
Oology of cuckoos, 84
Ootacamund 186, 206 _seq._, 219, 221, 230 _seq._
Orchid, 18
Oreicola ferrea, 66
Oreocincla dauma, 70
-- molissima, 118
-- nilgirensis, 205
Oreocorys sylvanus, 75, 119
Oriental region, 28
Orioles, 59, 199
ORIOLIDAE, 59, 199, 239
Oriolus kundoo, 59, 165, 199
-- melanocephalus, 165, 199, 239
Orthotomus sartorius, 145, 196, 238
Otocompsa, 138, 147
-- emeria, 50
-- fuscicaudata, 192, 237
Otogyps calvus, 222, 245
Ouzel, 118
-- grey-winged, 69, 158 _seq._
Owlets, spotted, 27
Owls, 88, 124, 221, 245
Paddy bird, 27
Palaearctic region, 28
Palaeornis columboides, 220, 244
-- cyanocephalus, 88
-- schisticeps, 87, 124
-- torquatus, 87
Palm, 16
Palni Hills, common birds of the, 235 _seq._
Paradise flycatcher, 64
Paroquets, 26
Parrots, 87, 124, 244
Partridges, 102
Partridge, hill, 126
Parus atriceps, 42, 106, 186
-- monticola, 40, 106, 128
Passer cinamomeus, 72
-- domesticus, 207, 241
-- montanus, 118
Pathargarhi muta, 21
Pea-fowl, 220
Pekin-robin, 110, 133
Pericrocotus brevirostris, 58, 114
-- flammeus, 199, 238
-- peregrinus, 238
-- speciosus, 58
Petrophila cinclorhynca, 70, 118
Pharaoh's chicken, 91
PHASIANIDAE, 99, 125, 226, 246
Pheasants, 125, 246
PICIDAE, 77, 119, 213, 242
Piculets, 121
Picumnus innominatus, 121
Pies, 29
Pigeon, green, 97
Pindari glacier, 19 _seq._
-- river, 25
-- road, 23
Pine, 22
Pinus longifolia, 17
Pipits, 75, 119, 209
Plantain, 16
PLOCEIDAE, 205
Plovers, 104, 126, 229, 246
Plumbeous redstart, 69
Pneopyga squamata, 113
PODICIPEDIDAE, 247
Podicipes albipennis, 247
Pomatorhinus erythrogenys, 45, 108
-- horsfieldi, 188, 236
-- schisticeps, 108
Pratincola atrata, 204, 241
-- maura, 67
Prinia inorata, 238
-- socialis, 146, 197, 238
Psaroglossa spiloptera, 49
Pseudogyps bengalensis, 91, 124, 222, 245
PSITTACIDAE, 87, 124, 220, 244
Ptyonoprogne rupestris, 74
Pucrasia macrolopha, 101
Puli, 49
Puttani kurivi, 187
Pycnorhamphus, 164
-- icteroides, 71, 164
Pyrrhocorax alpinus, 30, 106
Pyrrhopicus pyrrhotis, 120
Quail, 102, 126
Quartz, 18 _seq._
Rails, 230
Rajpur, 26, 86
RALLIDAE, 230
Ramganga stream, 21
Ranibagh, 20
Raspberries, 17
Rattray, Colonel, 167
Redstart, 118
Red waxbill, 206
Red-whiskered bulbul, 50
Rhipidura albifrontata, 202, 241
-- allicollis, 115
-- pectoralis, 202
Rhododendron, 17, 21, 24
Rhyacornis fuliginosus, 69, 118
Ring-dove, 98
Robin, Indian, 27
Rock-thrush, 70, 118
Rohilkhand, 19
-- and Kumaun Railway, 19
Roller, Indian, 32
Rose-finch, 207
Rufous-backed shrike, 57
-- chinned laughing-thrush, 45
Sal, 16
Sarju river, 23 _seq._
Sasia ochracea, 121
Sath bhai, 188
Sat Tal, 20
Scavenger vulture, 27
Scimitar-babblers, 45, 108
Scolopax rusticola, 104, 126
Scops spilocephalus, 89, 124
Scully, 176
Seven sisters, 27, 35, 43
Sharpe, 172
Shesham, 16
Shikra, 224
Shorea robusta, 16
Shrikes, 56 _seq._, 114, 198
Sibia, 42, 47
Simla, 31
Siphia strophiata, 117
Sitta frontalis, 195, 237
-- himalayensis, 52, 113
SITTIDAE, 52, 113, 195, 237
Siva, 110
Small-billed mountain-thrush, 70
Snow-cocks, 99
-- pigeons, 25
Sparrow, 72
Sphenocercus sphenurus, 97, 125
Spilornis cheela, 95, 125
Spiraea, 22
Spizaetus limnaetus, 93
-- nepalensis, 93
Sporaeginthus amandava, 206
Spotted forktail, 67, 151
-- wing, 49
Stachyrhidopsis ruficeps, 109
Stachyrhis nigriceps, 109
Starlings, 60, 199, 239
Stoparola albicaudata, 201, 241
-- melanops, 62, 115
"Stray feathers," 239
Streaked laughing-thrush, 43
STRIGIDAE, 88, 124, 221, 245
Strobilanthes whitiani, 228
STURNIDAE, 60, 199, 239
Sturnus humii, 60
Sual river, 21
Sunbirds, 76, 119, 210, 242
Suya atrigularis, 114
Swallows, 73, 119, 208, 242
Swifts, 73, 81 _seq._, 123, 216, 244
SYLVIIDAE, 55, 113, 196, 238
Syrnium indrani, 89, 124, 221
Takula, 22
Tamarind, 16
Tarai, 15
Temenuchus pagodarum, 240
Temperature, 28
Terpsiphone affinis, 115
-- paradisi, 64, 203
Thereiceryx, 175
-- viridis, 215, 243
-- zeylonicus, 215
Thrushes, 35, 37, 46, 66, 117, 204, 241
Tibet, 18
Tibetans, 23
Tinnunculus alaudarius, 96, 125, 224, 246
Tits, 27, 29, 35, 39 _seq._, 106, 111, 129
Totanus glareola, 230
Townsend, 178
Tragopans, 99
Tree-creepers, 42, 113
-- pie, 31, 106
-- sparrow, 118
Trochalopterum cachinnans, 189
-- chrysopterum, 107
-- erythrocephalum, 45
-- fairbanki, 236
-- lineatum, 43
-- squamatum, 108
Tun, 22
TURDIDAE, 66, 117, 204, 241
Turtur cambayensis, 98, 226, 246
-- ferago, 98
-- risorius, 98
-- suratensis, 98, 125, 226, 246
Upupa epops, 80
-- indica, 244
UPUPIDAE, 80, 244
Urocissa flavirostris, 31
-- occipitalis, 31, 159
Uroloncha pectoralis, 206
-- punctulata, 205
Violet cuckoo, 83
VULTURIDAE, 89, 124, 221, 245
Wagtails, 75, 119, 208, 242
Warblers, 42, 55, 113, 196, 238
Warbler of distinction, 145
Water-robin, 69, 118
Weaver-birds, 205
Weber (_Forests of Upper India_), 18
Western Himalayas, 29
Whistling-thrushes, 42, 46, 237
White-capped redstart, 69
White-cheeked bulbul, 51
White-eyes, 35, 42, 47
White, Gilbert, 38
White-throated laughing-thrush, 44
Wilson, 101
Woodcock, 126
Woodpecker, 27, 42, 77 _seq._, 119, 213, 242
Wren, 55, 113
Xantholaema haematocephala, 174
Yuhina gularis, 111
Zosterops palpebrosa, 47, 110, 190, 236
_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_
ANIMALS OF NO IMPORTANCE.
THE INDIAN CROW--HIS BOOK.
BOMBAY DUCKS.
BIRDS OF THE PLAINS.
INDIAN BIRDS.
JUNGLE FOLK.
GLIMPSES OF INDIAN BIRDS.
_IN COLLABORATION WITH FRANK FINN_
THE MAKING OF SPECIES.
End of Project Gutenberg's Birds of the Indian Hills, by Douglas Dewar