_THE BANE AND THE ANTIDOTE._
"Take heed lest there shall be any one that maketh spoil of you
through his philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men,
after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ: for in Him
dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily, and in Him ye are
made full, Who is the head of all principality and power."--COL. ii.
8-10 (Rev. Ver.).
We come now to the first plain reference to the errors which were
threatening the peace of the Colossian community. Here Paul crosses
swords with the foe. This is the point to which all his previous words
have been steadily converging. The immediately preceding context
contained the positive exhortation to continue in the Christ Whom they
had received, having been rooted in Him as the tree in a fertile place
"by the rivers of water," and being continually builded up in Him, with
ever-growing completeness of holy character. The same exhortation in
substance is contained in the verses which we have now to consider, with
the difference that it is here presented negatively, as warning and
dehortation, with distinct statement of the danger which would uproot
the tree and throw down the building, and drag the Colossians away from
union with Christ.
In these words the Bane and Antidote are both before us. Let us consider
each.
I. The Poison against which Paul warns the Colossians is plainly
described in our first verse, the terms of which may require a brief
comment.
"Take heed lest there shall be." The construction implies that it is a
real and not a hypothetical danger which he sees threatening. He is not
crying "wolf" before there is need.
"Any one"--perhaps the tone of the warning would be better conveyed if
we read the more familiar "somebody"; as if he had said--"I name no
names--it is not the persons but the principles that I fight
against--but you know whom I mean well enough. Let him be anonymous, you
understand who it is." Perhaps there was even a single "somebody" who
was the centre of the mischief.
"That maketh spoil of you." Such is the full meaning of the word--and
not "injure" or "rob," which the translation in the Authorized Version
suggests to an English reader. Paul sees the converts in Colossae taken
prisoners and led away with a cord round their necks, like the long
strings of captives on the Assyrian monuments. He had spoken in the
previous chapter (ver. 13) of the merciful conqueror who had
"translated" them from the realm of darkness into a kingdom of light,
and now he fears lest a robber horde, making a raid upon the peaceful
colonists in their happy new homes, may sweep them away again into
bondage.
The instrument which the man-stealer uses, or perhaps we may say, the
cord, whose fatal noose will be tightened round them, if they do not
take care, is "philosophy and vain deceit." If Paul had been writing in
English, he would have put "philosophy" in inverted commas, to show that
he was quoting the heretical teachers' own name for their system, if
system it may be called, which was really a chaos. For the true love of
wisdom, for any honest, humble attempt to seek after her as hid
treasure, neither Paul nor Paul's Master have anything but praise and
sympathy and help. Where he met real, however imperfect, searchers after
truth, he strove to find points of contact between them and his message,
and to present the gospel as the answer to their questionings, the
declaration of that which they were groping to find. The thing spoken of
here has no resemblance but in name to what the Greeks in their better
days first called philosophy, and nothing but that mere verbal
coincidence warrants the representation--often made both by
narrow-minded Christians, and by unbelieving thinkers--that Christianity
takes up a position of antagonism or suspicion to it.
The form of the expression in the original shows clearly that "vain
deceit," or more literally "empty deceit," describes the "philosophy"
which Paul is bidding them beware of. They are not two things, but one.
It is like a blown bladder, full of wind, and nothing else. In its lofty
pretensions, and if we take its own account of itself, it is a love of
and search after wisdom; but if we look at it more closely, it is a
swollen nothing, empty and a fraud. This is what he is condemning. The
genuine thing he has nothing to say about here.
He goes on to describe more closely this impostor, masquerading in the
philosopher's cloak. It is "after the traditions of men." We have seen
in a former chapter what a strange heterogeneous conglomerate of Jewish
ceremonial and Oriental dreams the false teachers in Colossae were
preaching. Probably both these elements are included here. It is
significant that the very expression, "the traditions of men," is a word
of Christ's, applied to the Pharisees, whom He charges with "leaving the
commandment of God, and holding fast the tradition of men" (Mark vii.
8). The portentous undergrowth of such "traditions" which, like the
riotous fertility of creepers in a tropical forest, smother and kill the
trees round which they twine, is preserved for our wonder and warning in
the Talmud, where for thousands and thousands of pages, we get nothing
but Rabbi So and So said this, but Rabbi So and So said that; until we
feel stifled, and long for one Divine Word to still all the babble.
The Oriental element in the heresy, on the other hand, prided itself on
a hidden teaching which was too sacred to be entrusted to books, and was
passed from lip to lip in some close conclave of muttering teachers and
listening adepts. The fact that all this, be it Jewish, be it Oriental
teaching, had no higher source than men's imaginings and refinings,
seems to Paul the condemnation of the whole system. His theory is that
in Jesus Christ, every Christian man has the full truth concerning God
and man, in their mutual relations,--the authoritative Divine
declaration of all that can be known, the perfect exemplar of all that
ought to be done, the sun-clear illumination and proof of all that dare
be hoped. What an absurd descent, then, from the highest of our
prerogatives, to "turn away from Him that speaketh from heaven," in
order to listen to poor human voices, speaking men's thoughts!
The lesson is as needful to-day as ever. The special forms of men's
traditions in question here have long since fallen silent, and trouble
no man any more. But the tendency to give heed to human teachers and to
suffer them to come between us and Christ is deep in us all. There is at
one extreme the man who believes in no revelation from God, and, smiling
at us Christians who accept Christ's words as final and Himself as the
Incarnate truth, often pays to his chosen human teacher a deference as
absolute as that which he regards as superstition, when we render it to
our Lord. At the other extremity are the Christians who will not let
Christ and the Scripture speak to the soul, unless the Church be present
at the interview, like a jailer, with a bunch of man-made creeds
jingling at its belt. But it is not only at the two ends of the line,
but all along its length, that men are listening to "traditions" of men
and neglecting "the commandment of God." We have all the same tendency
in us. Every man carries a rationalist and a traditionalist under his
skin. Every Church in Christendom, whether it has a formal creed or no,
is ruled as to its belief and practice, to a sad extent, by the
"traditions of the elders." The "freest" of the Nonconformist Churches,
untrammelled by any formal confession, may be bound with as tight
fetters, and be as much dominated by men's opinions, as if it had the
straitest of creeds. The mass of our religious beliefs and practices has
ever to be verified, corrected and remodelled, by harking back from
creeds, written or unwritten, to the one Teacher, the endless
significance of Whose person and work is but expressed in fragments by
the purest and widest thoughts even of those who have lived nearest to
Him, and seen most of His beauty. Let us get away from men, from the
Babel of opinions and the strife of tongues, that we may "hear the words
of His mouth!" Let us take heed of the empty fraud which lays the absurd
snare for our feet, that we can learn to know God by any means but by
listening to His own speech in His Eternal Word, lest it lead us away
captive out of the Kingdom of the Light! Let us go up to the pure spring
on the mountain top, and not try to slake our thirst at the muddy pools
at its base! "Ye are Christ's, be not the slave of men." "This is My
beloved Son, hear ye Him."
Another mark of this empty pretence of wisdom which threatens to
captivate the Colossians is, that it is "after the rudiments of the
world." The word rendered "rudiments" means the letters of the alphabet,
and hence comes naturally to acquire the meaning of "elements," or
"first principles," just as we speak of the A B C of a science. The
application of such a designation to the false teaching, is, like the
appropriation of the term "mystery" to the gospel, an instance of
turning the tables and giving back the teachers their own words. They
boasted of mysterious doctrines reserved for the initiated, of which the
plain truths that Paul preached were but the elements, and they looked
down contemptuously on his message as "milk for babes." Paul retorts on
them, asserting that the true mystery, the profound truth long hidden
and revealed, is the word which he preached, and that the
poverty-stricken elements, fit only for infants, are in that swelling
inanity which called itself wisdom and was not. Not only does he brand
it as "rudiments," but as "rudiments of the _world_," which is
worse--that is to say, as belonging to the sphere of the outward and
material, and not to the higher region of the spiritual, where Christian
thought ought to dwell. So two weaknesses are charged against the
system: it is the mere alphabet of truth, and therefore unfit for grown
men. It moves, for all its lofty pretensions, in the region of the
visible and mundane things and is therefore unfit for spiritual men.
What features of the system are referred to in this phrase? Its use in
the Epistle to the Galatians (iv. 3), as a synonyme for the whole system
of ritual observances and ceremonial precepts of Judaism, and the
present context, which passes on immediately to speak of circumcision,
point to a similar meaning here, though we may include also the
ceremonial and ritual of the Gentile religions, in so far as they
contributed to the outward forms which the Colossian heresy sought to
impose on the Church. This then is Paul's opinion about a system which
laid stress on ceremonial and busied itself with forms. He regards it as
a deliberate retrogression to an earlier stage. A religion of rites had
come first, and was needed for the spiritual infancy of the race--but in
Christ we ought to have outgrown the alphabet of revelation, and, being
men, to have put away childish things. He regards it further as a
pitiable descent into a lower sphere, a fall from the spiritual realm to
the material, and therefore unbecoming for those who have been
enfranchised from dependence upon outward helps and symbols, and taught
the spirituality and inwardness of Christian worship.
We need the lesson in this day no less than did these Christians in the
little community in that remote valley of Phrygia. The forms which were
urged on them are long since antiquated, but the tendency to turn
Christianity into a religion of ceremonial is running with an unusually
powerful current to-day. We are all more interested in art, and think we
know more about it than our fathers did. The eye and the ear are more
educated than they used to be, and a society as "aesthetic" and "musical"
as much cultured English society is becoming, will like an ornate
ritual. So, apart altogether from doctrinal grounds, much in the
conditions of to-day works towards ritual religion. Nonconformist
services are less plain; some go from their ranks because they dislike
the "bald" worship in the chapel, and prefer the more elaborate forms of
the Anglican Church, which in its turn is for the same reason left by
others who find their tastes gratified by the complete thing, as it is
to be enjoyed full blown in the Roman Catholic communion. We may freely
admit that the Puritan reaction was possibly too severe, and that a
little more colour and form might with advantage have been retained. But
enlisting the senses as the allies of the spirit in worship is risky
work. They are very apt to fight for their own hand when they once
begin, and the history of all symbolic and ceremonial worship shows that
the experiment is much more likely to end in sensualising religion than
in spiritualising sense. The theory that such aids make a ladder by
which the soul may ascend to God is perilously apt to be confuted by
experience, which finds that the soul is quite as likely to go down the
ladder as up it. The gratification of taste, and the excitation of
aesthetic sensibility, which are the results of such aids to worship, are
not worship, however they may be mistaken as such. All ceremonial is in
danger of becoming opaque instead of transparent as it was meant to be,
and of detaining mind and eye instead of letting them pass on and up to
God. Stained glass is lovely, and white windows are "barnlike," and
"starved," and "bare"; but perhaps, if the object is to get light and to
see the sun, these solemn purples and glowing yellows are rather in the
way. I for my part believe that of the two extremes, a Quaker's meeting
is nearer the ideal of Christian worship than High Mass, and so far as
my feeble voice can reach, I would urge, as eminently a lesson for the
day, Paul's great principle here, that a Christianity making much of
forms and ceremonies is a distinct retrogression and descent. You are
men in Christ, do not go back to the picture book A B C of symbol and
ceremony, which was fit for babes. You have been brought in to the inner
sanctuary of worship in spirit; do not decline to the beggarly elements
of outward form.
Paul sums up his indictment in one damning clause, the result of the two
preceding. If the heresy have no higher source than men's traditions,
and no more solid contents than ceremonial observances, it cannot be
"after Christ." He is neither its origin, nor its substance, nor its
rule and standard. There is a fundamental discord between every such
system, however it may call itself Christian, and Christ. The opposition
may be concealed by its teachers. They and their victims may not be
aware of it. They may not themselves be conscious that by adopting it
they have slipped off the foundation; but they have done so, and though
in their own hearts they be loyal to Him, they have brought an
incurable discord into their creeds which will weaken their lives, if it
do not do worse. Paul cared very little for the dreams of these
teachers, except in so far as they carried them and others away from his
Master. The Colossians might have as many ceremonies as they liked, and
welcome; but when these interfered with the sole reliance to be placed
on Christ's work, then they must have no quarter. It is not merely
because the teaching was "after the traditions of men, after the
rudiments of the world," but because being so, it was "not after
Christ," that Paul will have none of it. He that touches his Master
touches the apple of his eye, and shades of opinion, and things
indifferent in practice, and otherwise unimportant forms of worship,
have to be fought to the death if they obscure one corner of the perfect
and solitary work of the One Lord, who is at once the source, the
substance, and the standard of all Christian teaching.
II. The Antidote.--"For in Him dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead
bodily, and in Him ye are made full, who is the head of all principality
and power."
These words may be a reason for the warning--"Take heed, _for_"; or they
may be a reason for the implied exclusion of any teaching which is not
after Christ. The statement of its characteristics carries in itself its
condemnation. Anything "not after Christ" is _ipso facto_ wrong, and to
be avoided--"for," etc. "In Him" is placed with emphasis at the
beginning, and implies "and nowhere else." "Dwelleth," that is, has its
permanent abode; where the tense is to be noticed also, as pointing to
the ascended Christ. "All the fulness of the Godhead," that is, the
whole unbounded powers and attributes of Deity, where is to be noted the
use of the abstract term _Godhead_, instead of the more usual _God_, in
order to express with the utmost force the thought of the indwelling in
Christ of the whole essence and nature of God. "Bodily," that points to
the Incarnation, and so is an advance upon the passage in the former
chapter (ver. 19), which speaks of "the fulness" dwelling in the Eternal
Word, whereas this speaks of the Eternal Word in whom the fulness dwelt
becoming flesh. So we are pointed to the glorified corporeal humanity of
Jesus Christ in His exaltation as the abode, now and for ever, of all
the fulness of the Divine nature, which is thereby brought very near to
us. This grand truth seems to Paul to shiver to pieces all the dreams of
these teachers about angel mediators, and to brand as folly every
attempt to learn truth and God anywhere else but in Him.
If He be the one sole temple of Deity in whom all Divine glories are
stored, why go anywhere else in order to _see_ or to _possess_ God? It
is folly; for not only are all these glories stored in Him, but they are
so stored on purpose to be reached by us. Therefore the Apostle goes on,
"and in Him ye are made full;" which sets forth two things as true in
the inward life of all Christians, namely, their living incorporation in
and union with Christ, and their consequent participation in His
fulness. Every one of us may enter into that most real and close union
with Jesus Christ by the power of continuous faith in Him. So may we be
grafted into the Vine, and builded into the Rock. If thus we keep our
hearts in contact with His heart and let Him lay His lip on our lips,
He will breathe into us the breath of His own life, and we shall live
because He lives, and in our measure, as He lives. All the fulness of
God is in Him, that from Him it may pass into us. We might start back
from such bold words if we did not remember that the same apostle who
here tells us that that fulness dwells in Jesus, crowns his wonderful
prayer for the Ephesian Christians with that daring petition, "that ye
may be filled with all the fulness of God." The treasure was lodged in
the earthen vessel of Christ's manhood that it might be within our
reach. He brings the fiery blessing of a Divine life from Heaven to
earth enclosed in the feeble reed of His manhood, that it may kindle
kindred fire in many a heart. Freely the water of life flows into all
cisterns from the ever fresh stream, into which the infinite depth of
that unfathomable sea of good pours itself. Every kind of spiritual
blessing is given therein. That stream, like a river of molten lava,
holds many precious things in its flaming current, and will cool into
many shapes and deposit many rare and rich gifts. According to our need
it will vary itself, being to each what the moment most
requires,--wisdom, or strength, or beauty, or courage, or patience. Out
of it will come whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of
good report, as Rabbinical legends tell us that the manna tasted to each
man like the food for which he wished most.
This process of receiving of all the Divine fulness is a continuous one.
We can but be approximating to the possession of the infinite treasure
which is ours in Christ; and since the treasure is infinite, and we can
indefinitely grow in capacity of receiving God, there must be an
eternal continuance of the filling and an eternal increase of the
measure of what fills us. Our natures are elastic, and in love and
knowledge, as well as in purity and capacity for blessedness, there are
no bounds to be set to their possible expansion. They will be widened by
bliss into a greater capacity for bliss. The indwelling Christ will
"enlarge the place of His habitation," and as the walls stretch and the
roofs soar, He will fill the greater house with the light of His
presence and the fragrance of His name. The condition of this continuous
reception of the abundant gift of a Divine life is abiding in Jesus. It
is "in Him" that we are "being filled full"--and it is only so long as
we continue in Him that we continue full. We cannot bear away our
supplies, as one might a full bucket from a well, and keep it full. All
the grace will trickle out and disappear unless we live in constant
union with our Lord, whose Spirit passes into our deadness only so long
as we are joined to Him.
From all such thoughts Paul would have us draw the conclusion--how
foolish, then, it must be to go to any other source for the supply of
our needs! Christ is "the head of all principality and power," he adds,
with a reference to the doctrine of angel mediators, which evidently
played a great part in the heretical teaching. If He is sovereign head
of all dignity and power on earth and heaven, why go to the ministers,
when we have access to the King; or have recourse to erring human
teachers, when we have the Eternal Word to enlighten us; or flee to
creatures to replenish our emptiness, when we may draw from the depths
of God in Christ? Why should we go on a weary search after goodly
pearls when the richest of all is by us, if we will have it? Do we seek
to know God? Let us behold Christ, and let men talk as they list. Do we
crave a stay for our spirit, guidance and impulse for our lives? Let us
cleave to Christ, and we shall be no more lonely and bewildered. Do we
need a quieting balm to be laid on conscience, and the sense of guilt to
be lifted from our hearts? Let us lay our hands on Christ, the one
sacrifice, and leave all other altars and priests and ceremonies. Do we
look longingly for some light on the future? Let us stedfastly gaze on
Christ as He rises to heaven bearing a human body into the glory of God.
Though all the earth were covered with helpers and lovers of my soul,
"as the sand by the sea shore innumerable," and all the heavens were
sown with faces of angels who cared for me and succoured me, thick as
the stars in the milky way--all could not do for me what I need. Yea,
though all these were gathered into one mighty and loving creature, even
he were no sufficient stay for one soul of man. We want more than
creature help. We need the whole fulness of the Godhead to draw from. It
is all there in Christ, for each of us. Whosoever will, let him draw
freely. Why should we leave the fountain of living waters to hew out for
ourselves, with infinite pains, broken cisterns that can hold no water?
All we need is in Christ. Let us lift our eyes from the low earth and
all creatures, and behold "no man any more," as Lord and Helper, "save
Jesus only," "that we may be filled with all the fulness of God."