_THE RECONCILING SON._
"For it was the good pleasure _of the Father_ that in Him should all
the fulness dwell; and through Him to reconcile all things unto
Himself, having made peace through the blood of His cross; through
Him, _I say_, whether things upon the earth, or things in the
heavens. And you, being in time past alienated and enemies in your
mind in your evil works, yet now hath He reconciled in the body of
His flesh through death."--COL. i. 19-22 (Rev. Ver.).
These words correspond to those which immediately precede them, inasmuch
as they present the same sequence, and deal with Christ in His relation
to God, to the universe, and to the Church. The strata of thought are
continuous, and lie here in the same order as we found them there. There
we had set forth the work of the pre-incarnate Word as well as of the
incarnate Christ; here we have mainly the reconciling power of His cross
proclaimed as reaching to every corner of the universe, and as
culminating in its operations on the believing souls to whom Paul
speaks. There we had the fact that He was the image of God laid as basis
of His relation to men and creatures; here that fact itself apprehended
in somewhat different manner, namely, as the dwelling in Him of all
"fulness," is traced to its ground in the "good pleasure" of the Father,
and the same Divine purpose is regarded as underlying Christ's whole
reconciling work. We observe, also, that all this section with which we
have now to deal is given as the explanation and reason of Christ's
pre-eminence. These are the principal links of connection with the
previous words, and having noted them, we may proceed to attempt some
imperfect consideration of the overwhelming thoughts here contained.
I. As before, we have Christ in relation to God. "It was the good
pleasure of the Father that in Him should all the fulness dwell."
Now, we may well suppose from the use of the word "fulness" here, which
we know to have been a very important term in later full-blown Gnostic
speculations, that there is a reference to some of the heretical
teachers' expressions, but such a supposition is not needed either to
explain the meaning, or to account for the use of the word.
"The fulness"--what fulness? I think, although it has been disputed,
that the language of the next chapter (ii. 9), where we read "In Him
dwelleth all the fulness of the Godhead bodily," should settle that.
It seems most improbable that with two out of three significant words
the same, the ellipse should be supplied by anything but the third. The
meaning then will be--the whole abundance, or totality of Divine powers
and attributes. That is, to put it in homelier words, that all that
Divine nature in all its sweet greatness, in all its infinite wealth of
tenderness and power and wisdom, is embodied in Jesus Christ. We have no
need to look to heavens above or to earth beneath for fragmentary
revelations of God's character. We have no need to draw doubtful
inferences as to what God is from the questionable teachings of nature,
or from the mysteries of human history with its miseries. No doubt these
do show something of Him to observant hearts, and most to those who have
the key to their meaning by their faith in a clearer revelation. At
sundry times and in divers manners, God has spoken to the world by these
partial voices, to each of which some syllables of His name have been
committed. But He has put His whole name in that messenger of a New
Covenant by whom He has finally declared His whole character to us, even
His Son, in whom "it was the good pleasure of the Father that all the
fulness should dwell."
The word rendered "dwell" implies a permanent abode, and may have been
chosen in order to oppose a view which we know to have prevailed later,
and may suspect to have been beginning to appear thus early, namely,
that the union of the Divine and the human in the person of Christ was
but temporary. At all events, emphasis is placed here on the opposite
truth that that indwelling does not end with the earthly life of Jesus,
and is not like the shadowy and transient incarnations of Eastern
mythology or speculation--a mere assumption of a fleshly nature for a
moment, which is dropped from the re-ascending Deity, but that, for
evermore, manhood is wedded to divinity in the perpetual humanity of
Jesus Christ.
And this indwelling is the result of the Father's good pleasure.
Adopting the supplement in the Authorized and Revised Versions, we might
read "the Father pleased"--but without making that change, the force of
the words remains the same. The Incarnation and whole work of Christ are
referred to their deepest ground in the will of the Father. The word
rendered "pleased" implies both counsel and complacency; it is both
pleasure and good pleasure. The Father determined the work of the Son,
and delighted in it. Caricatures intentional or unintentional of New
Testament teaching have often represented it as making Christ's work the
means of pacifying an unloving God and moving Him to mercy. That is no
part of the Pauline doctrine. But he, as all his brethren, taught that
the love of God is the cause of the mission of Christ, even as Christ
Himself had taught that "God so loved the world that He sent His Son."
On that Rock-foundation of the will--the loving will of the Father, is
built the whole work of His Incarnate Son. And as that work was the
issue of His eternal purpose, so it is the object of His eternal
delight. That is the wonderful meaning of the word which fell gently as
the dove descending on His head, and lay on His locks wet from His
baptism, like a consecrating oil--"This is My beloved Son, in whom _I am
well pleased_." God willed that so He should be; He delighted that so He
was. Through Christ, the Father purposed that His fulness should be
communicated to us, and through Christ the Father rejoices to pour His
abundance into our emptiness, that we may be filled with all the
fulness.
II. Again, we have here, as before Christ and the Universe, of which He
is not only Maker, Sustainer, and Lord, but through "the blood of His
cross" reconciles "all things unto Himself."
Probably these same false teachers had dreams of reconciling agents
among the crowd of shadowy phantoms with which they peopled the void.
Paul lifts up in opposition to all these the one Sovereign Mediator,
whose cross is the bond of peace for all the universe.
It is important for the understanding of these great words to observe
their distinct reference to the former clauses which dealt with our
Lord's relation to the universe as Creator. The same words are used in
order to make the parallelism as close as may be, "Through Him" was
creation; "through Him" is reconciliation. "All things"--or as the Greek
would rather suggest, "the universe"--all things considered as an
aggregate--were made and sustained through Him and subordinated to Him;
the same "all things" are reconciled. A significant change in the order
of naming the elements of which these are composed is noticeable. When
creation is spoken of, the order is "in the heavens and upon the
earth"--the order of creation; but when reconciliation is the theme, the
order is reversed, and we read "things upon the earth and things in the
heavens"--those coming first which stand nearest to the reconciling
cross, and are first to feel the power which streams from it.
This obvious intentional correspondence between these two paragraphs
shows us that whatever be the nature of the "reconciliation" spoken of
here, it is supposed to affect not only rational and responsible
creatures who alone in the full sense of the word can be reconciled, as
they only in the full sense of the word can be enemies, but to extend to
_things_, and to send its influence through the universe. The width of
the reconciliation is the same as that of the creation; they are
conterminous. That being the case, "reconciliation" here must have a
different shade of meaning when applied to the sum total of created
things from what it has when applied to persons. But not only are
inanimate creatures included in the expression; it may even be made a
question whether the whole of mankind is not excluded from it, not only
by the phrase "all _things_" but also from the consideration that the
effect of Christ's death on men is the subject of the following words,
which are not an explanation of this clause, but an addition to it,
introducing an entirely different department of Christ's reconciling
work. Nor should we lose sight of the very significant omission in this
section of the reference to the angelic beings who were named in the
creation section. We hear nothing now about thrones or dominions or
principalities or powers. The division into "visible and invisible" is
not reproduced. I suggest the possibility that the reason may be the
intention to represent this "reconciliation" as taking effect
exclusively on the regions of creation below the angelic and below the
human, while the "reconciliation," properly so called, which is brought
to pass on alienated men is dealt with first in the following words.
If this be so, then these words refer mainly to the restitution of the
material universe to its primal obedience, and represent Christ the
Creator removing by His cross the shadow which has passed over nature by
reason of sin. It has been well said, "How far this restoration of
universal nature may be subjective, as involved in the changed
perceptions of man thus brought into harmony with God, and how far it
may have an objective and independent existence, it were vain to
speculate."[1]
Scripture seems to teach that man's sin has made the physical world
"subject to vanity"; for, although much of what it says on this matter
is unquestionably metaphor only, portraying the Messianic blessings in
poetical language never meant for dogmatic truth, and although
unquestionably physical death reigned among animals, and storms and
catastrophes swept over the earth long before man or sin were here,
still--seeing that man by his sin has compelled dead matter to serve his
lusts and to be his instrument in acts of rebellion against God, making
"a league with the stones of the field" against his and their
Master--seeing that he has used earth to hide heaven and to shut himself
out from its glories, and so has made it an unwilling antagonist to God
and temptress to evil--seeing that he has actually polluted the beauty
of the world and has stained many a lovely scene with his sin, making
its rivers run red with blood--seeing that he has laid unnumbered woes
on the living creatures--we may feel that there is more than poetry in
the affirmation that "the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain
together," and may hear a deep truth, the extent of which we cannot
measure, in Milton's majestic lines--
"Disproportioned Sin
Jarred against Nature's chime, and with harsh din
Brake the fair music that all creatures made
To their great Lord, whose love their motion swayed."
Here we have held forth in words, the extent of which we can measure as
little, the counter-hope that wherever and however any such effect has
come to pass on the material universe, it shall be done away by the
reconciling power of the blood shed on the cross. That reconciling
power goes as far as His creative power. The universe is one, not only
because all created by the one personal Divine Word, nor because all
upheld by Him, but because in ways to us unknown, the power of the cross
pierces its heights and depths. As the impalpable influences of the sun
bind planets and comets into one great system, so from Him on His cross
may stream out attractive powers which knit together far off regions,
and diverse orders, and bring all in harmonious unity to God, who has
made peace by the blood shed on the cross, and has thereby been pleased
to reconcile all things to Himself.
"And a Priest's hand through creation
Waveth calm and consecration."
It may be that the reference to things in heaven is like the similar
reference in the previous verses, occasioned by some dreams of the
heretical teachers. He may merely mean to say: You speak much about
heavenly things, and have filled the whole space between God's throne
and man's earth with creatures thick as the motes in the sunbeam. I know
nothing about them; but this I know, that, if they are, Christ made
them, and that if among them there be antagonism to God, it can be
overcome by the cross. As to reconciliation proper,--in the heavens,
meaning by that, among spiritual beings who dwell in that realm, it is
clear there can be no question of it. There is no enmity among the
angels of heaven, and no place for return to union with God among their
untroubled bands, who "hearken to the voice of His word." But still if
the hypothetical form of the clause and the use of the neuter gender
permit any reference to intelligent beings in the heavens, we know that
to the principalities and powers in heavenly places the cross has been
the teacher of before unlearned depths in the Divine nature and
purposes, the knowledge of which has drawn them nearer the heart of God,
and made even their blessed union with Him more blessed and more close.
On no subject is it more necessary to remember the limitations of our
knowledge than on this great theme. On none is confident assertion more
out of place. The general truth taught is clear, but the specific
applications of it to the various regions of the universe is very
doubtful. We have no source of knowledge on that subject but the words
of Scripture, and we have no means of verifying or checking the
conclusions we may draw from them. We are bound, therefore, if we go
beyond the general principle, to remember that _it_ is one thing, and
our reckoning up of what it includes is quite another. Our inferences
have not the certainty of God's word. _It_ comes to us with "Verily,
verily." _We_ have no right to venture on more than Perhaps.
Especially is this the case when we have but one or two texts to build
on, and these most general in their language. And still more, when we
find other words of Scripture which seem hard to reconcile with them, if
pressed to their utmost meaning. In such a case our wisdom is to
recognise that God has not been pleased to give us the means of
constructing a dogma on the subject, and rather to seek to learn the
lessons taught by the obscurity that remains than rashly and confidently
to proclaim our inferences from half of our materials as if they were
the very heart of the gospel.
Sublime and great beyond all our dreams, we may be sure, shall be the
issue. Certain as the throne of God is it that His purposes shall be
accomplished--and at last this shall be the fact for the universe, as it
has ever been the will of the Father--"Of Him, and through Him, and to
Him are all things, to whom be glory for ever." To that highest hope and
ultimate vision for the whole creation, who will not say, Amen? The
great sight which the seer beheld in Patmos is the best commentary on
our text. To him the eternal order of the universe was unveiled--the
great white throne, a snowy Alp in the centre; between the throne and
the creatures, the Lamb, through Whom blessing and life passed outwards
to them, and their incense and praise passed inwards to the throne; and
all around the "living creatures," types of the aggregate of creatural
life, the "elders," representatives of the Church redeemed from among
men, and myriads of the firstborn of heaven. The eyes of all alike wait
upon that slain Lamb. In Him they see God in clearest light of love and
gentlest might--and as they look and learn and are fed, each according
to his hunger, from the fulness of Christ, "every creature which is in
heaven, and on the earth, and under the earth, and such as are in the
sea, and all that are in them," will be heard saying "Blessing, and
honour, and glory, and power, be unto Him, that sitteth upon the throne,
and unto the Lamb for ever."
III. Christ, and His Reconciling Work in the Church. We have still the
parallel kept up between the reconciling and the creative work of
Christ. As in verse 18 He was represented as the giver of life to the
Church, in a higher fashion than to the universe, so, and probably with
a similar heightening of the meaning of "reconciliation," He is here
set forth as its giver to the Church.
Now observe the solemn emphasis of the description of the condition of
men before that reconciling work has told upon their hearts. They are
"alienated"--not "aliens," as if that were their original condition, but
"alienated," as having become so. The same thought that man's sin and
separation from God is a fall, something abnormal and superinduced on
humanity, which is implied in "reconciliation" or restoration to an
original concord, is implied in this expression. "And enemies in your
mind"--the seat of the enmity is in that inner man which thinks,
reflects, and wills, and its sphere of manifestation is "in evil works"
which are religiously acts of hostility to God because morally they are
bad. We should not read "_by_ wicked works," as the Authorized Version
does, for the evil deeds have not made them enemies, but the enmity has
originated the evil deeds, and is witnessed to by them.
That is a severe indictment, a plain, rough, and as it is thought
now-a-days, a far too harsh description of human nature. Our forefathers
no doubt were tempted to paint the "depravity of human nature" in very
black colours--but I am very sure that we are tempted just in the
opposite direction. It sounds too harsh and rude to press home the
old-fashioned truth on cultured, respectable ladies and gentlemen. The
charge is not that of conscious, active hostility, but of practical want
of affection, as manifested by habitual disobedience or inattention to
God's wishes, and by indifference and separation from Him in heart and
mind.
And are these not the habitual temper of multitudes? The signs of love
are joy in the company of the beloved, sweet memories and longings if
parted, eager fulfilment of their lightest wish, a quick response to the
most slender association recalling them to our thoughts. Have we these
signs of love to God? If not, it is time to consider what temper of
heart and mind towards the most loving of Hearts and the most unwearied
of Givers, is indicated by the facts that we scarcely ever think of Him,
that we have no delight in His felt presence, that most of our actions
have no reference whatever to Him and would be done just the same if
there were no God at all. Surely such a condition is liker hostility
than love.
Further, here, as uniformly, God Himself is the Reconciler. "He"--that
is, God, not Christ, "has reconciled us." Some, indeed, read "ye have
been reconciled," but the preponderance of authority is in favour of the
text as it stands, which yields a sense accordant with the usual mode of
representation. It is we who are reconciled. It is God who reconciles.
It is we who are enemies. The Divine patience loves on through all our
enmity, and though perfect love meeting human sin must become wrath,
which is consistent with love, it never becomes hatred, which is love's
opposite.
Observe finally the great means of reconciliation: "In the body of His
flesh"--that is, of course, Christ's flesh--God has reconciled us. Why
does the Apostle use this apparently needless exuberance of
language--"the body of His flesh"? It may have been in order to correct
some erroneous tendencies towards a doctrine which we know was
afterwards eagerly embraced in the Eastern Churches, that our Lord's
body was not truly flesh, but only a phantasm or appearance. It may have
been to guard against risk of confounding it with His "body the Church,"
spoken of in the 18th verse, though that supposes a scarcely credible
dulness in his readers. Or it may more naturally be accounted for as
showing how full his own mind was of the overwhelming wonder of the fact
that He, Whose majesty he has been setting forth in such deep words,
should veil His eternal glories and limit His far reaching energies
within a fleshly body. He would point the contrast between the Divine
dignity of the Eternal Word, the Creator and Lord of the universe, and
the lowliness of His incarnation. On these two pillars, as on two solid
piers, one on either continent, with a great gulf between, the Divinity
of Christ on one side, His Manhood on the other, is built the bridge by
which we pass over the river into the glory.
But that is not all. The Incarnation is not the whole gospel. The body
of His flesh becomes the means of our reconciliation "through death."
Christ's death has so met the requirements of the Divine law that the
Divine love can come freely forth, and embrace and forgive sinful men.
That fact is the very centre of the revelation of God in Christ, the
very secret of His power. He has died. Voluntarily and of His own love,
as well as in obedience to the Father's loving will, He has borne the
consequences of the sin which He had never shared, in that life of
sorrow and sympathy, in that separation from God which is sin's deepest
penalty, and of which the solemn witness comes to us in the cry that
rent the darkness, "My God, My God, why hast Thou forsaken Me?" and in
that physical death which is the parable in the material sphere of the
true death of the spirit. We do not know all the incidence of Christ's
death. The whole manner of its operation has not been told us, but the
fact has been. It does not affect the Divine heart. _That_ we know, for
"God so loved the world, that He sent His Son." But it does affect the
Divine government. Without it, forgiveness could not have been. Its
influence extends to all the years before, as to all after, Calvary, for
the fact that Man continued to be after Man had sinned, was because the
whole Divine government from the first had respect to the sacrifice that
was to be, as now it all is moulded by the merit of the sacrifice that
has been. And in this aspect of the case, the previous thoughts as to
the blood of the cross having power in the material universe derive a
new meaning, if we regard the whole history of the world as shaped by
Christ's sacrifice, and the very continuance of humanity from the first
moment of transgression as possible, because He was "the Lamb slain
before the foundation of the world," whose cross, as an eternal fact in
the Divine purpose, influenced the Divine government long before it was
realized in time.
For us, that wondrous love--mightier than death, and not to be quenched
by many waters--is the one power that can change our alienation to glad
friendship, and melt the frost and hard-ribbed ice of indifference and
dread into love. That, and that alone, is the solvent for stubborn
wills, the magnet for distant hearts. The cross of Christ is the
key-stone of the universe and the conqueror of all enmity.
If religion is to have sovereign power in our lives, it must be the
religion built upon faith in the Incarnate Son of God, who reconciles
the world to God upon His cross. That is the only faith which makes men
love God and binds them to Him with bands which cannot be broken. Other
types of Christianity are but tepid; and lukewarm water is an
abomination. The one thing that makes us ground our rebellious arms and
say, Lord, I surrender, Thou hast conquered, is to see in Christ's life
the perfect image of God, and in His death the all-sufficient sacrifice
for sin.
What does it avail for us that the far-reaching power of Christ's cross
shoots out magnetic forces to the uttermost verge of the heavens, and
binds the whole universe by silken blood-red cords to God, if it does
not bind me to Him in love and longing? What does it avail that God is
in Christ, reconciling the world to Himself, if I am unconscious of the
enmity, and careless of the friendship? Each man has to ask himself, Am
I reconciled to God? Has the sight of His great love on the cross won
_me_, body and soul, to His love and service? Have I flung away
self-will, pride and enmity, and yielded myself a glad captive to the
loving Christ who died? His cross draws us, His love beckons us. God
pleads with all hearts. He who has made peace by so costly means as the
sacrifice of His Son, condescends to implore the rebels to come into
amity with Him, and "prays us with much entreaty to receive the gift."
God beseeches us to be reconciled to Himself.