CHAPTER XV.

RETRIBUTION.

1784.

Nine years passed, after the death of Queen Matilda, before retribution

overcame Juliana Maria for the part she had played in compassing her

ruin. By that time all the conspirators who had taken part in the

palace revolution of 1772 had been banished or disgraced, except two,

Eickstedt and Guldberg, and of these the latter was by far the more

powerful. The sex of the Queen-Dowager did not permit her to preside

in person over the Council of State; her son, the Hereditary Prince

Frederick, who was a puppet in the hands of his mother, nominally

presided, but he was there only as a matter of form. Guldberg in

reality presided, and behind Guldberg was Juliana Maria, for she ruled

entirely through him. The mental condition of Christian VII. made it

impossible for him to take any part in the government, though he still

reigned in theory. The whole of the regal power was transferred from

his hands to those of Juliana Maria and her other self, Guldberg, who

eventually filled the post of Privy Cabinet Secretary to the King, and

acted in many ways as Struensee had done.

Their rule was not successful. The one measure to be placed to their

credit was a law passed in 1776, which decreed that only natives

of the kingdom could hold office, though the King had the power of

naturalising deserving foreigners. In home affairs the Government

became more and more unpopular. The democratic reforms instituted by

Struensee were nearly all repealed: the orthodox clergy were gratified

by the reintroduction of public penance for sexual sins, the nobility

and landowners by the restoration of serfdom. The result of this

legislation was that the peasants were more oppressed than before, the

taxes grew heavier, and the old abuses flourished again vigorously. The

foreign policy of Denmark was to lean more and more towards Prussia.

The King of Prussia had, by means of his relative Juliana Maria,

acquired great influence over the foreign policy of Denmark, and under

his direction it grew hostile to England. The Danish Government was

weak and vacillating in foreign affairs, and its administration of

home affairs was feeble and corrupt. As the years went by, it became

greatly discredited, and the Queen-Dowager, who was regarded, rightly

or wrongly, as the cause of this loss of national _prestige_, became

more and more hated. Indeed, so unpopular was the Government of Queen

Juliana Maria that the wonder was it lasted so long; it only endured

because no strong man arose to overthrow it.

The hopes of the Danish nation were centred in the Crown Prince

Frederick, the son of Queen Matilda. At one time there was a design to

set both him and his sister aside,[115] but the Queen-Dowager and her

friends were afraid the nation would not suffer it. The Crown Prince

grew up under the care of Eickstedt, and his education was entrusted to

a learned professor named Sporon. Taking their cue, no doubt, from the

Queen-Dowager, the ministers treated the heir to the throne with scant

deference or respect: he was tyrannised over by Eickstedt, neglected by

Sporon and insulted by Guldberg. By the _Lex Regia_ he came of age at

fourteen, but the policy of the Queen-Dowager was to keep him in the

background as much as possible, and he was not confirmed until he had

reached his seventeenth year. Reports were spread abroad that he was

afflicted with the same mental imbecility as his father. Nothing could

be more untrue, for the Crown Prince was endowed not only with sound

sense and a firm will, but a strong constitution. He was about his

father's height, his complexion was fair, and his hair so flaxen as to

be almost white. In face he much resembled his mother, and it was said

that he cherished her memory.

[115] Woodford's despatch, Copenhagen, December 5, 1772.

The Crown Prince showed his character soon after he attained his

legal majority, for though only a lad of fourteen, he expressed

strong dissatisfaction concerning the cabinet orders reintroduced by

Guldberg--the same kind of cabinet orders as had cost Struensee his

head--and protested. Guldberg sent an insulting message in reply to

the Crown Prince's protest, and Eickstedt forced the young Prince

to make an apology. Frederick's remonstrance was ill-timed, and it

was probably the cause of his confirmation being delayed for three

years. But Guldberg's insult had the effect of determining him to

overthrow his domination and that of the Queen-Dowager at the earliest

opportunity. To this end he carried on a secret correspondence with

Bernstorff (who had resigned office in 1780 because of the French

and Prussian policy of the Queen-Dowager) and other opponents of the

Guldberg ministry, including Schack-Rathlou and Reventlow.

At last, on April 4, 1784, the Crown Prince was confirmed in the royal

chapel of the Christiansborg Palace, and before the confirmation his

public examination took place in the presence of the foreign ministers

and the court. This examination effectually dispelled the rumours which

had been industriously spread concerning the young Prince's mental

abilities, for he answered clearly and directly the questions put to

him, and spoke with a firmness which carried dismay to the hearts of

the Queen-Dowager and her supporters.

The confirmation of the Crown Prince was followed, as a matter of

course, by his admission to the Council of State, and this took place

on April 14, 1784. As it was an occasion of some ceremony, the King

himself occupied the presidential chair; the Crown Prince was seated on

his right, and Prince Frederick, the King's brother, on his left. The

Queen-Dowager had taken the precaution of appointing two new members

of the Council of State, her creatures, who were sworn to carry out

her wishes, and outvote any proposals of the Crown Prince. The first

business of the meeting, therefore, was the swearing in of these two

new members, and of Count Rosencrone, another nominee. When the three

men advanced to sign the oath and formally take their seats, the Crown

Prince rose and begged the King to command them to wait until he made

a proposition. The King bowed assent--he was in the habit of assenting

to every proposal--and before any one could interpose, the Crown Prince

produced a memorandum which he read from beginning to end. It proved to

be a most revolutionary document: he requested his father to dissolve

the present cabinet, to recall two of his own supporters--Rosenkrantz

and Bernstorff--to the Council of State, and to appoint two others,

also his supporters--Huth and Stampe--thus giving him a majority in

the Council. The Crown Prince then laid the memorandum before the King

for signature, and, dipping a pen in the ink, placed it in the King's

hand. At that moment Prince Frederick, who, with the other members of

the Council, had been taken by surprise, recovered his self-possession,

and attempted to snatch the paper away from the King, who was about to

sign it, but the Crown Prince intervened and held it fast. One of the

newly appointed members of the Council, Rosencrone, entered a protest,

and said: "Your Royal Highness, you must know that His Majesty cannot

sign such a paper without due consideration." The Crown Prince turned

to Rosencrone with an air of great dignity. "It is not your place,

sir," said he, "to advise the King, but mine--I am heir to the throne,

and, as such, responsible only to the nation." To the astonishment of

all, Guldberg remained silent, and, taking advantage of the momentary

hesitation, the Crown Prince obtained his father's signature to the

document, and further got him to write "approved" across the corner. He

put the paper into his pocket.

The imbecile King, who was greatly frightened at this scene, took

advantage of the pause to run out of the council chamber to his

apartments. Prince Frederick, foiled in obtaining the paper, resolved

at least to secure the King, and ran after him with all speed, bolting

the door from the outside when he left the room.

The Crown Prince at once assumed the presidency of the council, and,

turning to four Privy Councillors--Moltke, Guldberg, Stemen and

Rosencrone--declared that the King no longer required their services.

At the same time he announced the dismissal of three other members

of the Government. He then broke up the meeting, and endeavoured to

follow his father, but finding the door locked which led to the King's

apartments, he went round another way. Here, too, he found the door

barred against him. He declared that he would have it broken down by

force, and had given orders for this to be done when the door opened

and Prince Frederick appeared, leading the King by the arm, with the

intention of conducting him to the Queen-Dowager's apartments. The

Crown Prince sprang forward, and, seizing the King by the other arm,

endeavoured to draw him back, assuring him that nothing would be done

without his sanction, and that he only wished to secure the King's

honour and the welfare of the country. The feeble monarch seemed

inclined to stay with his son rather than go with his brother, and this

so incensed the Prince Frederick that he seized the Crown Prince by

the collar, and endeavoured to drag him away from the King by force.

But the younger man was the stronger, and clutching his father with

his left hand, he used his right so energetically against his uncle

that Prince Frederick was obliged to let go. At that moment the Crown

Prince was reinforced by his page, and between them they drove Prince

Frederick down the corridor, and shut the door on him. The King, who

had been almost pulled asunder by the excited combatants, ran back to

his apartments, whither he was followed a few minutes later by his son,

who now had his father in his safe keeping.

Thus was effected the palace revolution of April 14, 1784--a revolution

which overthrew not only the Government, but the Queen-Dowager and

her son. Its success or its failure turned on the result of this

undignified struggle for the possession of the King's person,

for if Prince Frederick had succeeded in carrying the King to the

Queen-Dowager's apartments, the recently signed ordinance would have

been revoked, and steps would have been taken to prevent a repetition

of the Crown Prince's efforts to assert himself.

The Queen-Dowager's rage when her son told her what had occurred in

the Council of State, and that the King was now in the keeping of the

Crown Prince, may be better imagined than described. She vowed and

protested that she would never submit to the power being thus snatched

from her hands; she wished to go to the King at once, but was told

that the Crown Prince and his friends would surely not admit her.

She threatened to summon the palace guard to take the King away by

force, but she was told that the Crown Prince had taken the precaution

to secure the good-will not only of the palace guard, but, through

commander-in-chief, of the whole army, and she was, in fact, already a

prisoner. Then at last Juliana Maria realised that she was outwitted,

and her reign was over for ever. The bitterness of her defeat was

intensified by the thought that it had been effected by the son of the

woman whom she had imprisoned and driven into exile.

The Crown Prince was proclaimed Regent the same day amid scenes of

the greatest enthusiasm. In the afternoon he walked alone through the

principal streets of Copenhagen; there was no guard, and the crowds

which filled the streets everywhere made room for him to pass, and

welcomed him with shouts and acclamations. As he said, the Danish

people were his guard, and when he returned three hours later to the

Christiansborg Palace, he had firmly riveted his hold on the affections

of his future subjects.

The Crown Prince behaved, as his mother would have done if she had been

restored to the throne, with magnanimity: there was no bloodshed, and

he treated even his bitterest enemies with great clemency. The rule of

Juliana Maria was at an end, and henceforth neither she nor her son

had the slightest influence in affairs of state. But the Crown Prince

treated them both with every respect and courtesy: they were permitted

to retain their apartments at the Christiansborg Palace,[116] and the

palace of Fredensborg was made over for the use of Juliana Maria. She

lived in retirement until her death, which took place in 1796, at the

age of sixty-seven years. Until the last she was pursued by popular

execration, and even after her death, until comparatively recent time,

it was the habit of many of the Danish peasants to spit on her tomb at

Röskilde as a mark of their undying hatred.

[116] In 1794 they were driven out by the great fire which destroyed

the Christiansborg, but apartments were found for them in the

Amalienborg.

Her son, Prince Frederick, who had neither his mother's abilities nor

her evil traits of character, had not the energy to meddle in affairs

of state, and spent the rest of his days in promoting the arts and

sciences. He died in 1805. He had married in 1774 Sophia Frederika,

a princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had two sons and two

daughters.[117] His elder son succeeded to the throne of Denmark in

1839 as King Christian VIII.[118]

[117] The younger of these daughters was the grandmother of Queen

Alexandra.

[118] He died in 1848, and was succeeded by his son Frederick VII.,

who, dying in 1863 without issue, was succeeded by the present King of

Denmark, Christian IX.

Of Queen Matilda's two children little remains to be said. Her

daughter, Louise Augusta, grew up a very beautiful and accomplished

princess, who in wit and affability strongly recalled her mother,

and between her and her brother there existed the fondest ties of

attachment. She married the Duke of Augustenburg, and died in 1843, at

the age of seventy-two. The daughter of this Princess, Caroline Amalie,

married, as her second husband, Prince Christian Frederick, son of the

Hereditary Prince Frederick (who, on the death of his cousin, Frederick

VI., without male issue, became Christian VIII.), and thus the rival

races of Juliana Maria and Matilda were united. Queen Caroline Amalie

survived her husband for many years, and died in 1881, aged eighty-five

years.

[Illustration: FREDERICK, CROWN PRINCE OF DENMARK (AFTERWARDS KING

FREDERICK VI.), SON OF QUEEN MATILDA.]

Queen Matilda's son, who, after a long regency, became, in 1808 (on

the death of his father, Christian VII., at the age of fifty-nine),

Frederick VI., was a liberal and enlightened prince; yet neither

his regency nor his reign was very successful. When Regent he

made repeated efforts to obtain the hand of an English princess in

marriage, one of the many daughters of George III.; but the King of

England, who had taken a violent dislike to Denmark after its cruel

treatment of his unfortunate sister, would not listen to the proposal.

The heir to the Danish monarchy, thus repulsed, married Marie Sophie

Frederika, a princess of Hesse-Cassel, who bore him two daughters,

Caroline, who married the Hereditary Prince Ferdinand, and Vilhelmine

Marie, who married Prince Frederick Carl Christian. His self-love was

deeply wounded by the way in which his overtures had been spurned

by his uncle, George III., and henceforth his foreign policy became

anti-English, and he threw in his lot with France. To this may be

traced directly, or indirectly, many of the disasters that overcame

Denmark during the reign of Frederick VI.--the naval engagement of

1801, wherein the English attacked Copenhagen and forced the Danes to

abandon it, the second attack by the British on Copenhagen, and its

bombardment in 1807, which resulted in the surrender of the whole of

the Danish and Norwegian fleets, and, in 1814, through the alliance of

Denmark and France against Great Britain and Sweden, the loss of Norway

to Denmark.

These disasters naturally engendered a feeling of bitterness on the

part of the brave Danes towards the English for a time, but this

feeling has long since passed away, and the two nations, whose history

is intimately connected, and who are akin in race and sympathy,

are now united in the bond of friendship--a bond which has been

immeasurably strengthened by the auspicious union which has given to

us the most beautiful Queen and the most beloved Queen-Consort that

England has ever known.

THE END.

APPENDIX.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS.

The despatches of Walter Titley [1764-68], British Envoy

Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State

Paper Office, London.

The despatches of G. Cosby [1764-65], Assistant Envoy at Copenhagen.

State Paper Office, London.

The despatches of Sir Robert Gunning [1766-71], Minister Resident

and afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at

Copenhagen. State Paper Office, London.

The despatches of Sir R. Murray Keith [1771-72], Envoy Extraordinary

and Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. State Paper Office,

London.

The despatches of W. Woodford [1770-73], Minister Resident

at Hamburg, afterwards Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen.

Sundry despatches written from the Foreign Office in London by the

Earl of Sandwich and the Earl of Suffolk to the British Ministers

at Copenhagen during the years 1764-73, specified elsewhere. State

Paper Office, London.

Sundry documents from the Royal Archives, Copenhagen, and the town

archives of Celle, specified elsewhere.

PRINTED BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, ETC.

_Mémoires de Reverdil: Struensee et la cour de Copenhague_ (1760-72).

Paris, 1858.

_Mémoires de mon Temps_: par S. H. le Landgrave Charles, Prince de

Hesse. [Printed by order of Frederick VII., King of Denmark, for

private circulation.]

_Mémoires de M. Falckenskjold_, Officier Général dans le service de

S. M. Danoise.

_Memoiren von Köller-Banner._

_Christian VII. og Caroline Mathilde_, by Chr. Blangstrup. Copenhagen.

_Die Verschwörung gegen die Königin Caroline Mathilde und die Grafen

Struensee und Brandt_, by G. F. von Jenssen-Tusch. Leipsig, 1864.

_Struensee_, by K. Wittich. Leipsig, 1879.

_Authentische Aufklärungen über die Geschichte der Grafen Struensee

und Brandt_, 1788. [This book purports to be written by a Dutch

officer, and was translated into English 1790. The author has

evidently had access to first-rate authorities, but a good deal of

the book must be received with caution.]

_Charlotte Dorothea Biehl's Breve von Christian VII._ Edited by L.

Bobé. Copenhagen, 1902.

Höst's _Grev Struensee og hans Ministerium_. Copenhagen, 1824.

_Beiträge zur Geschichte de Braunschweig-Lüneburgischen Hauses und

Hoses_, by C. E. von Malortie. Hanover, 1860.

_Die Struensee und Brandtische Kriminalsache_ [pamphlet]. Amsterdam,

1773.

_Leben, Begebenheiten und unglückliches Ende der beiden Grafen

Struensee und Brandt_, 1772 [pamphlet].

_Gespräch im Reiche der Todten._ Copenhagen, 1773 [pamphlet].

_Die Letzten Stunden der Königin von Danemark_ [pamphlet]. Hanover,

1776.

N. Falck, _Neues Staatsbürgerliche's Magazin_. Schleswig, 1833.

_Narrative of the Conversion and Death of Count Struensee_, by the

Rev. Dr. Münter [translated by the Rev. T. Rennell, 1825].

_Memoirs and Correspondence of Sir R. Murray Keith_, vol. i., 1849.

_Life of Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark_, by Sir C. F. Lascelles

Wraxall, 1864. [This book is valuable for its extracts from

N. W. Wraxall's private journal with reference to the Queen's

restoration.]

N. W. Wraxall's _Posthumous Memoirs of his own Times_, vol. i.

N. W. Wraxall's _Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin_, etc., vol. i.

_Northern Courts_, by John Brown, 1818. [This book contains curious

information, but a great deal of it is unauthenticated.]

_Memoirs of an Unfortunate Queen, interspersed with letters written

by Herself to several of her Illustrious Relatives and Friends._

1776. [Most of these letters are evidently spurious and the Memoirs

are untrustworthy.]

_Histoire de Danemark_, trad. by E. Beauvois. Copenhagen, 1878.

_Danemark_, by De Flaux.

_History of Denmark_, etc., Dunham.

Bubb Dodington's _Diary_, edition 1784.

Mrs. Carter's _Letters_.

Lady Hervey's _Letters_.

Northcote's _Memoirs of Sir J. Reynolds_, vol. i.

Walpole's _Reign of George III._

Walpole's _Letters_, edition 1857.

Archdeacon Coxe's _Travels in Poland, Russia and Denmark_, vol. v.

Cunningham's _Handbook of London_.

Stanhope's _History of England_, vol. vii., 1853.

Wright's _England under the House of Hanover_, vol. i.

_The Georgian Era_, 1832.

Jesse's _Memoirs of George III._, 1867.

_La Reine Caroline Mathilde_, by G. B. de Lagrèze. Paris, 1837.

Adolphus's _History of England from the Accession of George III._,

1802.

_George III., his Court and Family_, 1820.

Gibbon's _Letters to Lord Sheffield_, Misc. Works, edition 1837.

_A View of Society and Manners in Germany_, etc., by John Moore, 1779.

Also the following papers from the years 1751-1775:--

_The London Gazette_, _The Annual Register_, _The Gentleman's

Magazine_, _General Evening Post_, _The Leyden Gazette_, _The

Gazetteer_, _The Public Advertiser_, etc.

INDEX.

Aalborg, ii., 175, 220.

Aböe, Lieutenant, liberated, ii., 213.

Alexandra, Queen, descent from Queen Louise, i., 53 _n._

Amelia, Princess, presides over the court of George II., i., 23;

her unamiable character, 24;

entertains Christian VII., 160.

"Art of Passau," i., 62.

Ascheberg, i., 238.

Ball, Mr., naval surgeon, ii., 110.

Bang, Councillor, ii., 149;

his indictment of the Queen, 152;

defends Count Brandt, 191.

Benthaken, Anna Catherine, i., 136.

Benzon dismissed, i., 292.

Berger, Professor, arrested, ii., 73;

liberated, 214.

Beringskjold, ii., 52;

made Grand Chamberlain, 94.

Berkentin, Count, i., 56.

Berkentin, Madame, i., 143, 198.

Bernstorff, Count, his career, i., 46 _n._;

slighted, 234;

dismissed, 256;

his character, 257.

Bolingbroke, Lord, i., 8.

Boothby, Lady Mary, i., 88.

Bothmar, the Danish envoy at the court of St. James's, i., 46.

Bothmar, Baron, brother of the Danish envoy, i., 46.

Brandt, Count Enevold, i., 128;

banished, 148;

recalled to court, 232;

Master of the Revels, 321;

made a Count, 335;

and Struensee, ii., 6;

thrashes the King, 28;

arrested, 72;

loaded with chains, 108;

his trial, 189;

condemned to death, 194;

his execution, 202.

Brunswick, Augusta Duchess of, her birth, i., 3;

character, 21;

hatred of Lord Bute, 42;

her marriage, 43;

her sympathy for her sister Queen Matilda, ii., 241.

Brunswick, Prince Charles William Ferdinand, his marriage to Princess

Augusta, i., 43;

champions the cause of Queen Matilda, ii., 241.

Bülow, Baron von, ii., 268;

conferences with Wraxall, 273.

Bülow, Baroness von, i., 253.

Bute, John, Earl of, i., 26;

and the Princess of Wales, 27;

character, 28;

Prime Minister, 39;

in exile, 156.

Carlton House, i., 19.

Caroline, Princess, ii., 325.

Caroline, Queen, her death, i., 3.

Caroline Amalie, Princess, ii., 324.

Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway, her birth and

parentage, i., 1-18;

baptised at Leicester House, 17;

childhood at Kew, 20;

her accomplishments, 20;

reared in strict seclusion by her mother, 32;

first public appearance, 38;

betrothed to Prince Christian of Denmark, 48;

her reluctance to the Danish match, 84;

her marriage portion, 85;

married by proxy, 87;

leaves for Denmark, 87;

reaches Rotterdam, 90;

received by her husband at Röskilde, 96;

public entry into Copenhagen, 98;

her marriage, 102;

festivities at Copenhagen, 103;

disappointed in her husband, 109;

crowned and anointed, 119;

embittered against the King, 125;

swayed by Madame de Plessen, 127;

treated cruelly by the King, 135;

birth of her son Frederick VI., 138;

loss to her of Madame de Plessen, 144;

resides at Frederiksborg, 176;

reconciliation to the King, 182;

illness, 191;

attended by Struensee, 208;

takes him into favour, 210;

her ascendency over the King, 218;

Struensee her evil genius, 219;

their intrigue, 222;

friendly relations with the King, 224;

rides in male attire, 225;

tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229;

visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238;

meets her mother at Lüneburg, 248;

returns to Copenhagen, 251;

at Hirschholm, 252;

her sympathy with the poor, 297;

disregard of public opinion, 303;

treatment of her son, 307;

Order of Matilda established, 320;

bitter feeling towards her, 328;

delivered of a daughter, 331;

child named Louise Augusta, 334;

gives a masked ball, ii., 54;

the palace revolution, 63;

a prisoner in the hands of the conspirators, 73;

conveyed to Kronborg, 80;

her treatment there, 84, 129;

bitter feeling against her, 96;

examined by the Commissioners, 141;

confession of guilt, 145;

her trial, 149;

defence of Uhldahl, 159;

marriage dissolved, 171;

visited by Keith, 219;

freedom demanded by George III., 220;

English squadron arrives at Kronborg, 234;

parts with Princess Louise Augusta, 235;

goes on board H.M.S. _Southampton_, 237;

resides at Göhrde, 240;

entry into Celle, 243;

visited by Keith, 248;

life at Celle, 255;

Wraxall introduced to her, 264;

popular reaction in her favour, 271;

important conversations with Wraxall, 275;

her sudden death, 295;

details of her illness and death, 296;

evidences of her innocence, 300;

letter to her brother George III., 301;

and pastor Roques, 304;

her funeral at Celle, 306;

looked upon as a saint and martyr in Denmark, 310;

how the news of her death was received there, 310;

monument erected at Celle, 313.

Carstenskjold, Major, ii., 94.

"Catherine of the Gaiters," i., 136;

great influence over the King, 146;

her shamelessness, 147;

sent out of the country, 148.

Catherine the Great, and Matilda, i., 265;

her favourites, 268;

resents the appointment of Rantzau, 269;

becomes Empress, 274.

Celle, entry of Matilda into, ii., 243;

described, 255.

Celle Castle, ii., 230;

description of, 246.

Charlotte, Princess of Mecklenburg, her marriage to George III., i.,

381;

great animus against Matilda, ii., 228.

Charlotte Amelia, Princess, i., 77.

Chemnitz, a preacher, ii., 133.

Chesterfield, Lord, i., 8.

Christian V., i., 284.

Christian VI., i., 285.

Christian VII., i., 52;

training, 56;

keeps bad company, 58;

character, 60;

betrothal to Matilda, 63;

confirmed, 64;

proclaimed King, 68;

his first Council, 70;

dismisses Moltke, 74;

his distaste for work, 75;

fond of practical jokes, 76;

named "The Northern Scamp," 78;

receives Matilda at Röskilde, 96;

their marriage, 102;

passion for display, 114;

introduces masquerades, 115;

crowned and anointed, 119;

his dissipation and folly, 127;

nocturnal expeditions, 129;

tours through Holstein, 131;

cruelty to the Queen, 135;

birth of his son Frederick VI., 138;

his _liaison_ with "Catherine of the Gaiters," 146;

visits England and France, 150;

lands in England, 152;

popularity in London, 158;

tours in the provinces, 162;

entertained by the city of London, 165;

low dissipation in London, 168;

gives a masked ball, 171;

goes to Paris, 174;

returns to Copenhagen, 175;

improvement in his conduct, 182;

infatuation for Holck, 190;

mental and physical deterioration, 191;

royal tour through Schleswig and Holstein, 229;

visits Count Rantzau at Ascheberg, 238;

returns to Copenhagen, 251;

at Hirschholm, 252;

court manners there, 253;

and the Council of State, 286;

abolishes certain religious festivals, 290;

mental state, 315;

virtual abdication in favour of Struensee, 333;

his vagaries, 351;

at Frederiksberg, ii., 35;

in the hands of the conspirators, 64;

appears in public, 89;

arraigned by Reverdil, 169;

Queen divorced, 171;

hates the Queen-Dowager, 270;

his death, 324.

Christian VIII., ii., 324.

Christian Frederick, Prince, ii., 324.

Christiansborg Palace, i., 59;

masked ball at, 116.

Chudleigh, Miss, i., 27.

Cliveden, i., 19.

Coke, Lady Mary, i., 133.

Copenhagen, civic government of, i., 295;

foundling hospital established, 299;

rejoicings at fall of Struensee, ii., 89;

riotous scenes, 92.

Cosby, i., 62.

Council of Conferences, i., 287.

Council of State, i., 280;

decree abolishing, 281;

its origin, 285;

re-established, ii., 104.

Cricket introduced into England, i., 13.

Cromartie, Lady, i., 5.

Cumberland, Henry Frederick Duke of, i., 22;

a dissipated youth, 245;

marries Mrs. Horton, ii., 112.

Cumberland, William Augustus Duke of, i., 5.

"Danish Fly," headdress, i., 158.

Danneskjold-Samsöe, Count Frederick, i., 73.

Denmark, court of, i., 106;

state of foreign affairs, 113;

and Russia, 265;

strained relations between, 273;

reform in administration of justice, 295;

serfdom in, 296;

illegitimacy in, 298;

marriage laws in, 300;

discontent in, ii., 1.

Devonshire, Duke of, i., 39.

Dodington, Bubb, at Kew, i., 7;

character, 29;

the confidant of the Princess of Wales, 30.

Eickstedt, Hans Henrik von, ii., 51;

made a general, 93.

Elizabeth, Princess, i., 22;

her death, 32.

Elsinore. _See_ Helsingor.

Essex, Charlotte, Countess of, i., 133.

Eyben, Fräulein von, Queen's lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223;

dismissed, 233;

evidence at the trial of the Queen, 251.

Falckenskjold, Colonel, i., 260;

mission to Russian court, 278;

arrested, ii., 73;

sent to the fortress of Munkholm, 214;

dies at Lausanne, 215.

Filosofow, i., 141, 214;

insults Struensee, 216;

recalled, 269.

"Flying Bodyguard," the, i., 326.

Foot Guards disbanded by Struensee, ii., 38;

their mutinous conduct, 39.

Fredensborg Castle, i., 67.

Frederick III., i., 284.

Frederick V., i., 44;

marriage with Juliana Maria of Brunswick, 53;

becomes a drunkard, 54;

his death, 68;

and the Council of State, 285.

Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark, his birth, i., 138;

his course of education, 307;

treated with little respect, ii., 317;

his confirmation, 318;

in the Council of State, 319;

effects the overthrow of the Ministry, 320;

proclaimed regent, 322;

becomes king, 324;

his marriage and children, 325;

disasters to Denmark during his reign, 325.

Frederick, Prince, son of the Queen-Dowager Juliana Maria, ii., 323;

his death and family, 324.

Frederiksberg Palace, i., 67 _n._

Frederiksborg, i., 176.

Frederiks-Kirke in Copenhagen, i., 323.

Gabel, Madame, i., 207.

Gahler, General, i., 241;

appointed to the War Department, 259;

and Struensee, ii., 4;

arrested, 73;

banished, 214.

Gahler, Madame von, i., 253;

arrested, ii., 73;

liberated, 213.

George II. and his son Frederick, i., 2;

his court, 23;

death and burial, 33, 34.

George III., his birth, i., 4;

created Prince of Wales, 16;

becomes king, 35;

his marriage, 38;

dislike to Christian VII., 154;

writes to Matilda about Bernstorff, 258;

his attitude to the divorce trial, ii., 148;

demands the Queen to be set at liberty, 220;

assents to the articles in favour of the revolution to restore the

Queen, 283;

and Wraxall's claims for reward, 292.

Gloucester, William Henry Duke of, i., 22;

visits Copenhagen, 184;

his character, 185;

marries Lady Waldegrave, 186;

festivities in Copenhagen in honour of his visit, 187;

the Danish king's opinion of him, 189.

Goblet, wedding, i., 101 _n._

Göhrde, ii., 240.

Goodrich, Sir John, i., 137 _n._

Gottorp Castle, i., 230.

Guldberg, Ove, ii., 51;

his great influence, 94;

all-powerful, 269.

Gunning, Sir Robert, i., 80;

on Madame de Plessen, 140;

his opinion of Count Osten, 276;

on Struensee, 338.

Hamburg and the partisans of the Queen, ii., 268.

Hansel, Admiral, liberated, ii., 213.

Hansen, a preacher, ii., 133.

Hayter, Dr., Bishop of Norwich, i., 17.

Hee, Dean, and Brandt, ii., 189.

Helsingor, ii., 82 _n._

Hesse, Prince Charles of, i., 74, 230;

in exile, 148;

on Struensee, 232.

Hesse, Frederick Landgrave of, i., 75.

Hesse, Mary Princess of, i., 75.

Hesselberg, Colonel, liberated, ii., 213.

Hinuber, ii., 290.

Hirschholm Palace, i., 60;

description of, 252;

razed to the ground, 253 _n._

Holck, Conrad Count, account of, i., 128;

treats the Queen with scant respect, 130;

influence over the King, 136;

offer of marriage refused by Lady Bel Stanhope, 161;

disgraceful evening amusements in London, 168;

marriage to Count Laurvig's daughter, 190;

his influence undermined by Struensee, 203;

dismissed, 233.

Holck, Gustavus, a page, i., 233.

Holstein, Count, dismissed from office, i., 233;

attends the Queen to Stade, ii., 236.

Holstein, Countess, i., 253; ii., 272.

Household Cavalry abolished, i., 324.

Illegitimacy in Denmark, i., 298.

Jessen, ii., 53, 94.

Juell-Wind, Baron, ii., 142.

Juliana Maria, Queen-Dowager, i., 53, 76;

her character, 54;

at Fredensborg, 305;

rarely invited to court, 306;

an imperious, intriguing woman, ii., 49;

joins conspiracy against Struensee, 50;

treatment of the Queen, 86;

distributes honours, 93;

her appointments to office, 95;

takes the place of the Queen, 102;

re-establishes the Council of State, 104;

witnesses the execution of Struensee and Brandt, 210;

the most hated woman in Denmark, 269;

state of affairs in Denmark, 315;

her rage at the overthrow of the Guldberg Ministry, 322;

her rule at an end, 323.

Junius on Queen Matilda, ii., 124.

Justice, reform in administration of, i., 295.

Keith, Sir Robert Murray, i., 341;

reception at the court of Denmark, 344;

his opinion of Struensee, ii., 32;

intervenes on behalf of the Queen, 99;

receives the Order of the Bath, 121;

protests in favour of the Queen, 172;

visits the Queen, 219;

tells her she was no longer a prisoner, 231;

takes leave of the Queen, 240;

appointed ambassador to Vienna, 249;

letter regarding Queen Matilda, 250;

his death, 253.

Kew House, i., 6.

Kirchoff, John, and Sperling, i., 58;

pensioned, 78.

Köller-Banner, joins in a conspiracy against Struensee, ii., 51;

arrests Struensee, 67;

made a general and known henceforth as Köller-Banner, 93;

his death, 269 _n._

Kronborg, a gloomy fortress, ii., 81;

chapel at, 133 _n._

Lehzen, Pastor, ii., 260, 298;

attends the Queen in her last illness, 305;

funeral sermon, 307.

Leicester House, i., 4;

high play at, 6.

Lennox, Lady Sarah, i., 37.

_Lex Regia_, i., 282.

Leyser, Dr., ii., 298.

Lichtenstein, Baron von, interviews with Wraxall concerning the

Queen, ii., 281.

Lottery, royal Danish, i., 323.

Louisa Anne, Princess, i., 22;

her death, 145.

Louise, Queen of Denmark, i., 45;

death and character, 52.

Louise Augusta, Princess, i., 334;

declared legitimate, ii., 171;

separated from her mother, 235;

marries the Duke of Augustenburg, 324.

Lühe, Madame von der, the Queen's lady-in-waiting, i., 143, 223;

dismissed, 233.

Lüneburg, i., 248.

Luttichau, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 233.

Malzahn, i., 273.

Marie Sophie Frederika, Princess, marries Frederick VI., ii., 325.

Marriage laws in Denmark, i., 300.

Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince Ernest, ii., 229.

Moltke, Count, i., 55;

dismissed, 74.

Moltke, Count, son of the Prime Minister, dismissed, i., 292.

_Monthly Journal for Instruction and Amusement_, i., 196.

Moore, John, at Celle, ii., 261.

Münter, Dr., sermon against the royal amusements, i., 117;

his sermon against Struensee, ii., 97;

and Struensee's conversion, 178;

attends Struensee to the scaffold, 208;

rewarded by the Queen-Dowager, 212.

Newcastle, Duke of, i., 39.

Nielsen, a Lutheran clergyman, i., 57.

Norfolk House, St. James's Square, i., 3.

Oeder, Professor, i., 291.

Oeser, Professor, sculptor, ii., 313.

Ompteda, Baroness d', ii., 240, 258, 261.

Order of Matilda, i., 320.

Osten, Count von, i., 273;

appointed to the Foreign Office, 276;

his hatred of Struensee, ii., 4;

banished to Jutland, 269.

Park Place, i., 19.

Plessen, Madame de, lady-in-waiting, i., 91;

her political intrigues, 113;

guides the Queen in all things, 125;

suddenly dismissed, 141;

settles at Celle, 144;

her character, 144;

at Celle, ii., 256;

celebrates the Queen's birthday, 261.

Press censorship abolished, i., 296.

Rantzau-Ascheberg, Count Schack Karl, i., 197;

his career, 235;

receives the King and Queen at Ascheberg, 238;

retires from office, ii., 3;

remonstrates with Struensee, 43;

heads the conspiracy against Struensee, 49;

his intention to betray the conspiracy, 59;

pretends a fit of the gout, 60;

surprises the King in bed, 64;

attempts to arrest the Queen, 75;

the resistance he meets with, 76;

honours conferred on him, 93;

exiled, 269.

Reventlow, Count, tutor of Prince Christian, i., 56;

his severity, 57;

dismissed, 141;

his bitter feeling against the Queen, 263.

Reverdil, his career, i., 59;

dismissed, 147;

recalled, 347;

describes the court at Hirschholm, 354;

arrested, ii., 73;

set at liberty, 105;

dies at Geneva, 106 _n._;

his arraignment of the King, 169.

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, paints Matilda's portrait, i., 84.

Rich, Sir Robert, i., 22.

Richmond, Duchess of, i., 133.

Roques, M., pastor, ii., 304.

Rosenborg Palace, i., 326 _n._

Röskilde, i., 95 _n._

Russia, interference in Danish affairs, i., 265.

St. Petersburg, foundling hospital in, i., 299 _n._

Saldern, a semi-barbarian, i., 141;

dismisses Madame de Plessen, 142.

Salt tax abolished, i., 296.

Sames, Colonel, ii., 94.

Schack-Rathlou, Councillor, ii., 95, 141.

Schimmelmann, Baron, i., 141 _n._;

his revolutionary project, ii., 273.

Seckendorf, Baron, acts as confidential agent between the Queen and

Wraxall, ii., 275.

Serfdom in Denmark, i., 296.

Söhlenthal, Baron, i., 198.

Sophia Frederika, Princess, ii., 324.

Sophia Magdalena, Queen-Dowager, i., 55;

fond of the King, 76;

her death, 226.

Sperling, page of the chamber, his vicious character, i., 58;

encourages the King in vice, 78;

superseded in the King's favour, 130;

dismissed, 142.

Stade, seaport, ii., 239.

Stampe, H., ii., 142.

Struensee, Adam, i., 193;

appointed a preacher at Altona, 195;

receives preferment in the Duchy of Holstein, 196.

Struensee, Charles Augustus, appointed to office, i., 291;

arrested, ii., 73;

banished, 214.

Struensee, John Frederick, i., 151;

his parentage, 193;

goes to Altona, 195;

as a writer, 196;

travelling physician to Christian VII., 199;

appointed his surgeon-in-ordinary, 202;

attends Matilda in her illness, 208;

his appearance and manner, 213;

inoculates the Crown Prince, 217;

given the title of Conferenzath, 218;

the Queen's evil genius, 219;

with the King and Queen in Schleswig and Holstein, 229;

recalls Brandt to court, 232;

his foreign policy, 250;

all-powerful favourite, 253;

at the head of affairs, 261;

keynote of his foreign policy, 265;

his ignorance of forms of etiquette, 271;

as Master of Requests, 280;

abolishes the Council of State, 281;

and the Danish nobility, 288;

and the clergy, 290;

a great reformer, 293;

his principal reforms, 294;

abolishes the Household Cavalry, 324;

appointed Privy Cabinet Minister, 332;

made a count, 335;

his coat of arms, 336;

his colleagues all false to him, ii., 2;

and the Norwegian sailors, 8;

plot against his life, 14;

his cowardice, 17;

dread of assassination, 36;

disbands the Foot Guards, 38;

their mutinous conduct, 39;

Rantzau heads conspiracy against him, 49;

the palace revolution, 63;

taken prisoner by the conspirators, 68;

conveyed to the citadel, 70;

bitter feeling against him, 96;

loaded with chains, 107;

examined by Commissioners, 135;

confession of guilt, 138;

conversion by Dr. Münter, 179;

his trial, 184;

condemned to death, 193;

his execution and horrible death, 202;

head stuck on a pole, 210.

Stürtz, Councillor, liberated, ii., 213.

Suhm the historian urges the Queen-Dowager into a conspiracy, ii.,

97;

his hatred of Struensee, 98.

Syon House, entertainment at, i., 159.

Texier, M. le, proposes to Wraxall a project for restoring the Queen,

ii., 273.

Thott, Count Otto, takes office, ii., 95;

president of the council, 105;

commissioned to examine the Queen, 141.

Titley, Walter, his career, i., 45 _n._

Traventhal Castle, i., 233.

Uhldahl, Commissioner, ii., 149;

defends the Queen, 159;

defends Struensee, 187.

Vilhelmine Marie, Princess, ii., 325.

Waldegrave, Dowager-Countess, i., 185;

marries the Duke of Gloucester, 186.

Wales, Augusta Princess of, her marriage, i., 2;

life at Kew, 6;

left a widow, 12;

treated kindly by the King, 15;

her children, 18, 22;

dislike to the Duke of Cumberland, 23;

leads a retired life, 25;

and Lord Bute, 27;

and Bubb Dodington, 30;

her character, 31, 115;

influence over her son George III., 36;

dislike to Christian VII., 157;

visits Brunswick, 244;

her unpopularity, 246;

meets Matilda at Lüneburg, 248;

they part in anger, 249;

her troubles and death, ii., 113.

Wales, Frederick Prince of, an account of, i., 1;

arrives in England, 2;

his marriage, 3;

in open opposition to the King, 4;

life at Kew, 6;

his friendship with Bolingbroke, 8;

as an author, 9;

his patriotism, 10;

death and character, 12;

buried in Westminster Abbey, 16;

his children, 18, 22.

Walmoden, Madame de, Countess of Yarmouth, i., 24.

Walpole, Horace, on Christian VII., i., 163.

Walpole, Sir Robert, i., 22.

Warnstedt, Chamberlain, dismissed, i., 292.

Whitefield, George, sermon on Matilda's marriage, i., 89.

Willebrandt, Councillor, liberated, ii., 213.

Wivet, Fiscal-General, receives the King's orders to prosecute

Struensee, ii., 184;

his charges against Count Brandt, 191.

Wraxall, Sir N. W., notice of, ii., 263;

visits Celle, 263;

introduced to Queen Matilda, 264;

proceeds to Hamburg, 267;

becomes an agent in the conspiracy to restore the Queen, 273;

his communications with the Queen, 275;

leaves for England, 281;

communicates with George III., 282;

articles in favour of the revolution assented to by George III.,

283;

returns to Celle, 284;

interviews with the Queen, 285;

returns to London and delivers his letters to Hinuber, 290;

learns the news of the Queen's death, 291;

receives 1,000 guineas for his services, 293.

Wyndham, Sir William, i., 8.

Yarmouth, Countess of. _See_ Walmoden.

York, Edward Duke of, i., 22;

his career and death, 132.

Zell. _See_ Celle.

THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS LIMITED

_New and Cheaper Edition. 8vo., 12s. 6d. net

With Frontispiece and other Illustrations_

Caroline the Illustrious

Queen-Consort of George II. and sometime Queen-Regent

_A Study of her Life and Time_

BY

W. H. WILKINS, M.A., F.S.A.

AUTHOR OF "THE LOVE OF AN UNCROWNED QUEEN"

_In the Preface of this book the Author remarks that it is

characteristic of the way in which historians have neglected the House

of Hanover that no life with any claim to completeness has yet been

written of Caroline of Ansbach, Queen-Consort of George the Second,

and four times Queen-Regent. Yet, in his opinion, she was by far

the greatest of our Queens-Consort, and wielded more authority over

political affairs than any of our Queens-Regnant, with the exception

of Elizabeth and, in quite another sense, Victoria. The ten years of

George the Second's reign until her death would, Mr. Wilkins thinks,

be more properly called "The Reign of Queen Caroline," since for that

period she governed England with Walpole. And during those years the

great principles of civil and religious liberty, which were then bound

up with the maintenance of the Hanoverian dynasty upon the throne, were

firmly established in England._

_LITERATURE._--"The book will sustain Mr. Wilkins's reputation as a

student and exponent of history."

_PALL MALL GAZETTE._--"A book brimful of highly interesting and

entertaining matter."

_SCOTSMAN._--"As a vivacious chronicle of those events which constitute

the trimmings and the embroideries of serious history, Mr. Wilkins's

work will rank as one of the most entertaining books on an interesting

period."

_NOTTINGHAM DAILY GUARDIAN._--"The author's descriptions of life at

Court during both reigns, and of such episodes as the rising of 1715

and the quarrel between George I. and his son, are full of vivid

reading, and his sketches of Walpole, Bolingbroke, and other leading

politicians are both adequate and fair."

_DAILY NEWS._--"The sketches of Court life and manners in the

days of the first two Georges furnish the reader with abundant

entertainment.... Mr. W. H. Wilkins may be congratulated upon the

discovery of one illustrious Princess who, though she filled for a

considerable period a very conspicuous and on the whole a worthy

position in the annals of this country, has somehow escaped due

biographical honours."

The "BARON DE BOOK WORMS" IN _PUNCH_.--"Brilliantly written, with

every incident dramatically given, and with every important character

duly weighed and valued, there is not a dull page in the entire work.

It is, indeed, one of the most interesting, as it is one of the most

delightful, of books, sparkling with the romance of real life that has

engrossed the Baron's attentions this many a day. Those who have a

lively recollection of _The Love of an Uncrowned Queen_ will be in no

way disappointed with this new work by the same author."

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

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CONTENTS.

PAGE

_BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE)_ 12

BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, &c. 9

CHILDREN'S BOOKS 32

CLASSICAL LITERATURE, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 22

COOKERY, DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT, &c. 36

EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY, &c. 21

FICTION, HUMOUR, &c. 25

FINE ARTS (THE) AND MUSIC 36

_FUR, FEATHER AND FIN SERIES_ 15

HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY, POLITICAL MEMOIRS, &c. 3

LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF 20

LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOGY, &c. 17

MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 17

MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL WORKS 38

POETRY AND THE DRAMA 23

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS 20

POPULAR SCIENCE 30

RELIGION, THE SCIENCE OF 21

_SILVER LIBRARY (THE)_ 33

SPORT AND PASTIME 12

_STONYHURST PHILOSOPHICAL SERIES_ 19

TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE, THE COLONIES, &c. 11

WORKS OF REFERENCE 31

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND EDITORS.

_Page_

Abbott (Evelyn), 3, 19, 22

---- (J. H. M.), 3

---- (T. K.), 17, 18

---- (E. A.), 17

Acland (A. H. D.), 3

Acton (Eliza), 36

Adelborg (O.), 32

Æschylus, 22

Albemarle (Earl of), 13

Alcock (C. W.), 15

Allen (Grant), 30

Allgood (G.), 3

Alverstone (Lord), 15

Angwin (M. C.), 36

Annandale (N.), 21

Anstey (F.), 25

Aristophanes, 22

Aristotle, 17

Arnold (Sir Edwin), 11, 23

---- (Dr. T.), 3

Ashbourne (Lord), 3

Ashby (H.), 36

Ashley (W. J.), 3, 20

Atkinson (J. J.), 21

Avebury (Lord), 21

Ayre (Rev. J.), 31

Bacon, 9, 17

Bagehot (W.), 9, 20, 38

Bagwell (R.), 3

Bailey (H. C.), 25

Baillie (A. F.), 3

Bain (Alexander), 17

Baker (J. H.), 38

---- (Sir S. W.), 11, 12

Baldwin (C. S.), 17

Balfour (A. J.), 13, 21

Ball (John), 11

Banks (M. M.), 24

Baring-Gould (Rev. S.), 21, 38

Barnett (S. A. and H.), 20

Baynes (T. S.), 38

Beaconsfield (Earl of), 25

Beaufort (Duke of), 12, 13, 14

Becker (W. A.), 22

Beesly (A. H.), 9

Bell (Mrs. Hugh), 23

Bent (J. Theodore), 11

Besant (Sir Walter), 3

Bickerdyke (J.), 14, 15

Bird (G.), 23

Blackburne (J. H.), 15

Bland (Mrs. Hubert), 24

Blount (Sir E.), 9

Boase (Rev. C. W.), 6

Boedder (Rev. B.), 19

Bonnell (H. H.), 38

Booth (A. J.), 38

Bottome (P.), 25

Bowen (W. E.), 9

Brassey (Lady), 11

Bright (Rev. J. F.), 3

Broadfoot (Major W.), 13

Brooks (H. J.), 17

Brough (J.), 17

Brown (A. F.), 32

Bruce (R. I.), 3

Buckland (Jas.), 32

Buckle (H. T.), 3

Bull (T.), 36

Burke (U. R.), 3

Burne-Jones (Sir E.), 36

Burns (C. L.), 36

Burrows (Montagu), 6

Campbell (Rev. Lewis), 21

Casserly (G.), 3

Chesney (Sir G.), 3

Childe-Pemberton (W. S.), 9

Chisholm (G. C.), 31

Cholmondeley-Pennell (H.), 13

Christie (R. C.), 38

Churchill (Winston S.), 4, 25

Cicero, 22

Clarke (Rev. R. F.), 19

Climenson (E. J.), 10

Clodd (Edward), 21, 30

Clutterbuck (W. J.), 12

Cochrane (A.), 23

Cockerell (C. R.), 11

Colenso (R. J.), 36

Conington (John), 23

Conybeare (Rev. W. J.) & Howson (Dean), 33

Coolidge (W. A. B.), 11

Corbett (Julian S.), 4

Coutts (W.), 22

Cox (Harding), 13

Crake (Rev. A. D.), 32

Crawford (J. H.), 25

Creed (S.), 25

Creighton (Bishop), 4, 6, 9

Cross (A. L.), 5

Crozier (J. B.), 9, 17

Cutts (Rev. E. L.), 6

Dabney (J. P.), 23

Dale (L.), 4

Dallinger (F. W.), 5

Dauglish (M. G.), 9

Davenport (A.), 25

Davidson (A. M. C.), 22

---- (W. L.), 17, 20, 21

Davies (J. F.), 22

Dent (C. T.), 14

De Salis (Mrs.), 36

De Tocqueville (A.), 4

Devas (C. S.), 19, 20

Dewey (D. R.), 20

Dickinson (W. H.), 38

Dougall (L.), 25

Dowden (E.), 40

Doyle (Sir A. Conan), 25

Du Bois (W. E. B.), 5

Dunbar (Mary F.), 25

Dyson (E.), 26

Ellis (J. H.), 15

---- (R. L.), 17

Erasmus, 9

Evans (Sir John), 38

Falkiner (C. L.), 4

Farrar (Dean), 20, 26

Fite (W.), 17

Fitzmaurice (Lord E.), 4

Folkard (H. C.), 15

Ford (H.), 16

Fountain (P.), 11

Fowler (Edith H.), 26

Francis (Francis), 16

Francis (M. E.), 26

Freeman (Edward A.), 6

Fremantle (T. F.), 16

Frost (G.), 38

Froude (James A.), 4, 9, 11, 26

Fuller (F. W.), 5

Furneaux (W.), 30

Gardiner (Samuel R.), 5

Gathorne-Hardy (Hon. A. E.), 15, 16

Geikie (Rev. Cunningham), 38

Gibson (C. H.), 17

Gilkes (A. H.), 38

Gleig (Rev. G. R.), 10

Graham (A.), 5

---- (P. A.), 15, 16

---- (G. F.), 20

Granby (Marquess of), 15

Grant (Sir A.), 17

Graves (R. P.), 9

---- (A. F.), 23

Green (T. Hill), 17, 18

Greene (E. B.), 5

Greville (C. C. F.), 5

Grose (T. H.), 18

Gross (C.), 5

Grove (Lady), 11

---- (Mrs. Lilly), 13

Gurnhill (J.), 18

Gwilt (J.), 31

Haggard (H. Rider), 11, 26, 27, 38

Halliwell-Phillipps (J.), 10

Hamilton (Col. H. B.), 5

Hamlin (A. D. F.), 36

Harding (S. B.), 5

Hardwick (A. A.), 11

Harmsworth (A. C.), 13, 14

Harte (Bret), 27

Harting (J. E.), 15

Hartwig (G.), 30

Hassall (A.), 8

Haweis (H. R.), 9, 36

Head (Mrs.), 37

Heath (D. D.), 17

Heathcote (J. M.), 14

---- (C. G.), 14

---- (N.), 11

Helmholtz (Hermann von), 30

Henderson (Lieut.-Col. G. F. R.), 9

Henry (W.), 14

Henty (G. A.), 32

Higgins (Mrs. N.), 9

Hill (Mabel), 5

---- (S. C.), 5

Hillier (G. Lacy), 13

Hime (H. W. L.), 22

Hodgson (Shadworth), 18

Hoenig (F.), 38

Hoffmann (J.), 30

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---- (F. W.), 16

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