Scene 4.

‘_As with triple steel._’ _Paradise Lost_, II. 569.

‘_His words were hollow_’ _etc._ Cf. ‘But all was false and

hollow ... yet he pleased the ear.’ _Paradise Lost_, II. 112–7.

222. ‘_And curs’d the hour_,’ _etc._

‘Sad was the hour, and luckless was the day,

When first from Schiraz’ walls I bent my way!’

Collins, _Oriental Eclogues_, II.

MR. IRVING. This essay is from the _New Monthly Magazine_ (1824,

vol. X. p. 187). Edward Irving (1792–1834), after having been

for a time Dr. Chalmers’s assistant at Glasgow, came to London

in July 1822, as minister of the Caledonian Asylum Chapel in

Cross Street, Hatton Garden. In 1829 he removed into the new

church, built for him in Regent Square, where the ‘unknown

tongues’ began to be heard. Hazlitt wrote a paper for _The

Liberal_ (1823) entitled ‘Pulpit Oratory, Dr. Chalmers and Mr.

Irving,’ reprinted in the present edition.

_A burning and a shining light._ _St. John_, V. 35.

‘_Nothing extenuate_,’ _etc._ _Othello_, Act V. Scene 2.

223. _After the last fight._ Between the Gas-man and Bill Neate

described by Hazlitt himself in the Essay entitled ‘The Fight,’

republished in _Literary Remains_.

_Shaw the Life-guardsman._ Apostrophised by Moore in his _Epistle

from Tom Crib to Big Ben_. In a note Moore describes him as ‘a

Life Guardsman, one of the Fancy, who distinguished himself, and

was killed in the memorable _set-to_ at Waterloo.’

_Crib or Molyneux._ Tom Cribb (1781–1848) the champion pugilist

defeated Tom Molineaux, an American black, in two fights (1810

and 1811). At the time of Hazlitt’s essay, Cribb had retired,

and was proprietor of a public house, the King’s Arms, at the

corner of Duke Street and King Street, St. James’s.

_Miss Macauley’s readings._ Elizabeth Wright Macauley (1785–1837),

poetess, actress, public reader, pamphleteer and preacher,

appeared at Covent Garden in 1819 in the rôles of Mary Stuart

and Jane Shore, but did not satisfy the managers, and was

dismissed. After that she gave public readings and became a

woman with a grievance. See her pamphlets, _Theatric Revolution_

(1819) and _Facts against Falsehood_ (1824). In 1833 she

published a fragment of _Autobiographical Memoirs_.

_Exeter-Change._ The upper rooms of Exeter ‘Change in the Strand

were let for various purposes, among others for the purposes of

a menagerie. Byron writes in his Journal (Nov. 1813, ed.

Prothero, II. 319): ‘Two nights ago I saw the tigers sup at

Exeter ‘Change.’

224. ‘_Lies floating many a rood._’ _Paradise Lost_, I. 196.

‘_Bestrode the world_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act I. Scene 2.

‘_The player’s province_,’ _etc._ Robert Lloyd, _The Actor_

(1760), ll. 67–8.

‘_Damnation round the land._’ Pope, _The Universal Prayer_, St. 7.

‘_Hath a smooth aspect_,’ _etc._

‘He hath a person and a smooth dispose

To be suspected; framed to make women false.’

_Othello_, Act I. Scene 3.

‘_Faultless monster._’ From the _Essay on Poetry_ of John

Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham.

225. ‘_Consummation_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 1.

‘_A lusty man’_, _etc._

‘A manly man, to been an abbot able.’

Chaucer, _Prologue_, 167.

225. _Glanced an eye at Mr. Canning._ The immediate cause of Irving’s

popularity is said to have been a flattering reference to him by

Canning in the House of Commons.

‘_Like an eagle_,’ _etc._ _Coriolanus_, Act V. Scene 6.

_Peter Aretine._ Pietro Aretino (1492–1557) ‘the scourge of

princes.’

226. ‘_God made the country_,’ _etc._ Cowper, _The Task_, i. 749.

227. The ‘Saints,’ etc. Wilberforce was a prominent member of the

‘Clapham Sect,’ and represented Yorkshire from 1784 to 1812.

‘_Hilting the house_,’ _etc._ This expression is used by Burke in

his speech on American taxation (Ap. 19, 1774). See _Select

Works_ (ed. Payne), i. 147 and note.

_A Mr. Fox._ William Johnson Fox (1786–1864), the anti-corn law

orator, was at this time Unitarian preacher at the Chapel in

South Place, Finsbury, which was built for him, and opened in

1824.

228. _The Duke of Sussex._ The sixth son of George III., created Duke

of Sussex in 1801.

_Miraturque_, _etc._

‘Miraturque novas frondes et non sua poma.’

Virgil, _Georgics_, II. 82.

_Dr. Chalmers._ Chalmers’s _Astronomical Discourses_ (week-day

sermons delivered at the Tron Church, Glasgow) were published in

1817, and in the same year he visited London where his sermons,

at the Surrey Chapel, and at the Scotch Churches in London Wall

and Swallow Street, created extraordinary enthusiasm. Hazlitt

had heard him in Glasgow. See _Memoirs of W. Hazlitt_, II. 42.

‘_Four Orations_,’ _etc._ Irving’s _For the Oracles of God, four

Orations; for Judgment to Come, an Argument in nine Parts_ was

published in 1823. Lowndes mentions a third edition in 1824.

229. _Orator Henley._ John Henley (1692–1756), who preached at Newport

Market, and, later, in what Pope calls ‘Henley’s gilt tub,’ at

Clare Market, is one of the heroes of the _Dunciad_—

‘Embrowned with native bronze, lo! Henley stands,

Tuning his voice, and balancing his hands.’

Act III. 199, _et seq._

Pope gives a long note upon him.

‘_A monkey preacher._’ Hazlitt probably refers to the passage from

the _Dunciad_ referred to in the last note—

‘Oh worthy thou of Aegypt’s wise abodes,

A decent priest, where monkeys were the gods!’

III. 207–8.

‘_By the coinage_,’ _etc._ A composite quotation. Cf. ‘This is the

very coinage of your brain’ (_Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 4), and ‘A

false creation, proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain’

(_Macbeth_, Act II. Scene 1).

230. ‘_There’s magic in the web._’ _Othello_, Act III. Scene 4.

‘_By his so potent art_,’ _etc._ _The Tempest_, Act V. Scene 1.

‘_Now of the planetary_,’ _etc._ Cf.

‘And tell us whence the stars; why some are fix’d,

And planetary some.’

Cowper, _The Task_, Book III. 158.

‘_In the very storm_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 2.

230. ‘_To be admired_,’ _etc._ Cf.

‘Religion, if in heavenly truths attired,

Needs only to be seen to be admired.’

Cowper, _Expostulation_, 492–3.

231. _The late Mr. Horne Tooke._ Published originally in the _New

Monthly Magazine_ (1824, Vol. X. p. 246). Cf. _ante_, pp. 378

note and 389–390, and an essay ‘On the Diversions of Purley’

(_Literary Remains_).

‘_So is the London Tavern!_’ According to the usual version Horne

Tooke said: ‘So is the London Tavern—to those who can pay!’

_Sir Allan Gardiner._ Alan Gardner (1742–1809) the admiral,

created a baronet in 1794, represented Westminster from 1796

till 1806, when he was raised to the peerage as Lord Gardner of

Uttoxeter. Hazlitt refers to the general election of 1796 when

Horne Tooke unsuccessfully stood for Westminster against Fox and

Gardner.

232. ‘_The King’s Old Courtier_’ _etc._

‘Like an old courtier of the queen’s,

And the queen’s old courtier,’

is the burden of ‘The Old and Young Courtier.’ (See Percy’s

_Reliques_, ed. Wheatley, II. 315.)

‘_Lord of himself_,’ _etc._ ‘Lord of yourself, uncumbered with a

wife.’ Dryden, _Epistle to John Driden_, 18.

233. _He used to plague Fuseli_, _etc._ ‘He made strange havoc of

Fuseli’s fantastic hieroglyphics, violent humours, and oddity of

dialect.’ Hazlitt, ‘On the Conversation of Authors.’

_At G——‘s._ Godwin’s presumably.

_Young Betty’s acting._ William Henry West Betty (1791–1874), the

young Roscius, made his first appearance in 1803 at the age of

eleven, and finally retired from the stage in 1824. Many critics

declared that his acting was finer than Kemble’s, and Home said

that he had not seen his own creation of Douglas adequately

realised until he had seen Betty in the part. Cf. Hazlitt’s

essay on ‘On Patronage and Puffing’ in _Table-Talk_.

_A professed orator._ This was Coleridge. See Hazlitt’s Essay ‘On

the Conversation of Authors’ in _The Plain Speaker_, where Horne

Tooke’s conversational powers are described again.

235. ‘_Sacred vehemence._’ _Comus_, 795.

_Lord Camelford._ Thomas Pitt (1775–1804), second Lord Camelford,

duellist and naval commander.

_The only palpable hit_, _etc._ Hazlitt included in his _Eloquence

of the British Senate_ Horne Tooke’s speech (on the eligibility

of clergymen to sit in Parliament), in which this hit was made.

The reference in the note is to Letter LXVIII., to Lord

Chief-Justice Mansfield.

236. ‘_Native and endued_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act IV. Scene 7.

_His trial before Lord Kenyon._ In 1790 Horne Tooke unsuccessfully

contested Westminster against Fox and presented a petition to

the House of Commons complaining of the riotous conduct of the

electors. The House voted the petition ‘frivolous and

vexatious,’ and Fox brought an action against Horne Tooke to

recover the costs. An account of this action, which was tried by

Lord Kenyon, was published in 1792.

_His examination before the Commissioners of the Income-Tax._ See

Stephens’s _Life of John Horne Tooke_ (II. 157).

_The State Trials in 1794._ See _ante_, p. 211 note, and Hazlitt’s

_Memoirs of Thomas Holcroft_ (Vol. II. pp. 139 _et seq._). Home

Tooke was acquitted on Nov. 22, 1794.

236. _An intercepted letter._ See Stephens’s _Life of John Horne Tooke_

(II. 119). The letter related, not to a social invitation, but

to the preparation of a list of sinecures held by the

Grenvilles. The letter closed with these words: ‘Query, is it

possible to get ready by Thursday?’

237. _The celebrated philosopher of Malmesbury._ Thomas Hobbes

(1588–1679), born at Malmesbury.

_Fabellas aniles._ Horace, _Satires_, II. 6, 77–8.

_A hasty charge._ Junius accused Horne Tooke of having deserted

Wilkes in connection with the election of Sheriffs for the city

in 1771. See the Letters of Junius (1805, Vol. II. pp. 104 _et

seq._).

‘_Under him_,’ _etc._ _Macbeth_, Act. _III._ Scene 1.

_He comes off more shabbily_, _etc._ Sir Leslie Stephen takes a

different view and speaks of Horne Tooke as ‘the most successful

antagonist of his formidable enemy.’

238. Sir William Draper (1721–1787), who had commanded the expedition

against Manilla, involved himself in a controversy with Junius

by his defence of Lord Granby who was one of the persons

attacked in Junius’s first letter (21st Jan. 1769).

_His work on Grammar._ Part I. of Horne Tooke’s ‘Diversions of

Purley,’ appeared in 1786, another edition containing Part II.

in 1798–1805.

_The essence of it_, _etc._ The _Letter to Dunning_ was written

and published in 1778 when Horne Tooke was undergoing a term

of imprisonment in consequence of a resolution of the

Constitutional Society in favour of ‘our beloved American

fellow-subjects.’ The letter contained his reasoning on the

word _That_. Coleridge (_Table-Talk_, May 7, 1830) said: ‘All

that is worth anything (and that is but little) in the

Diversions of Purley is contained in a short pamphlet-letter

which he addressed to Mr. Dunning.’

_Mr. Harris’s Hermes._ The _Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry

concerning Universal Grammar_ of James Harris (1709–1780),

father of the first Earl of Malmesbury, was published in 1751.

Johnson said, ‘Harris, however, is a prig, and a bad prig. I

looked into his book, and thought he did not understand his own

system.’ (Boswell, _Life of Johnson_, ed. G. B. Hill, III. 245.)

239. ‘_Bear a charmed life_,’ _etc._ _Macbeth_, Act V. Scene 8.

‘_Palpable to feeling as to sight._’ Cf. ‘If ’tis not gross in

sense ... ’tis probable and palpable to thinking.’ _Othello_,

Act I. Scene 2.

‘_Familiar as his garter._’

‘The Gordian knot of it he will unloose,

Familiar as his garter.’

_Henry V._, Act I. Scene 1.

_Mr. Windham._ Horne Tooke in the 4to edition of his _Diversions_,

speaking of Bruckner’s _Criticisms on the Diversions of Purley_

(1790) says that the substance of that work ‘was, with singular

industry and a characteristical affectation, gossiped by the

present precious Secretary at War, in Payne the bookseller’s

shop; the cannibal commencing with this modest observation,

that—“I had found a mare’s nest.”’ See the _Diversions_ (ed. R.

Taylor, 1860 ed.), p. 122.

_Bull-baiting._ Windham spoke twice in defence of bull-baiting, on

April 18, 1800, and May 24, 1802. See his _Speeches_, i.

331–356.

240. ‘_A complex idea_,’ _etc._ See Horne Tooke’s _Diversions_ (ed. R.

Taylor, 1860), p. 19.

240. _Mr. Lindley Murray’s Grammar._ Published in 1795 at York, where

Lindley Murray (1745–1826) settled on coming to England from

America in 1784. De Quincey refers to Murray as ‘an imbecile

stranger’ (_Works_, ed. Masson, x. 127), and speaks (_ib._ XI.

352) of Hazlitt’s _New and Improved Grammar of the English

Tongue_, _etc._ (see _ante_, p. 389) as an ‘examination’ of

Lindley Murray’s English Grammar.

241. _Mr. C***_ ... _Mr. M***_. Probably Croker and Malthus.

SIR WALTER SCOTT. Published originally in the _New Monthly

Magazine_ (1824, Vol. X. p. 297). Cf. Hazlitt’s Essay on Scott,

Racine, and Shakespeare in _The Plain Speaker_.

‘_The present ignorant time._’ _Macbeth_, Act I. Scene 5.

‘_Laudator temporis acti._’ Horace, _Ars Poetica_, 173.

242. ‘_Poetry of no mark_,’ _etc._ ‘A fellow of no mark nor

likelihood.’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act III. Scene 2.

In the _New Monthly Magazine_ there is the following editorial

note on this passage: ‘The writer of this paper, and not the

Editor, must be considered as here presuming to be the critical

arbiter of Sir Walter’s poetry. A journal such as this cannot be

supported without the aid of writers of a certain degree of

talent, and it is not possible to modify all their opinions so

as to suit everybody’s taste.’

243. Note. _Agnes._ _Agnes, or the Triumph of Principle_, 1822.

_The late Mr. John Scott._ John Scott (1783–1821), editor of the

_London Magazine_, died in Feb. 1821, from a wound received in a

duel with Lockhart’s friend Christie, arising out of a quarrel

between _Blackwood’s Magazine_ and the _London Magazine_. The

‘elaborate panegyric’ of the Scotch Novels had appeared in the

latter magazine early in 1820.

‘_Skinned and filmed over._’ ‘It will but skin and film the

ulcerous place.’ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 4.

244. _Mr. Westall’s drawings._ Richard Westall illustrated _Marmion_

(1809) and _The Lord of the Isles_ (1813).

_A story goes_, _etc._ A very unlikely story. Long before the

publication of _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_ (1805), Scott had

written not only the translations from the German, but a good

deal of original work in _The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border_

(1802–3).

‘_A metre ballad-monger._’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act III. Scene 1.

‘_Fancies and good-nights._’ _Henry IV._, Part II., Act III. Scene

2.

‘_Glances from heaven to earth_’ _etc._ _Midsummer Night’s Dream_,

Act V. Scene 1.

245. _Like Dorothea._ _Don Quixote_, Part I., Book IV., Chap. xxviii.

_As Lord Peter_, _etc._ It was Martin who ‘at one twitch brought

off a large handful of points; and, with a second pull, stripped

away ten dozen yards of fringe,’ and Jack, who, ‘stripping down

a parcel of gold lace a little too hastily,’ ‘rent the main body

of his coat from top to bottom.’ _A Tale of a Tub_, Sect. VI.

‘_Over-laboured lassitude_.’ Burke, _Reflections on the Revolution

in France_ (_Select Works_, ed. Payne, II. 120).

_Mr. Constable._ Archibald Constable (1774–1827) was publisher of

the _Edinburgh Review_, of _Marmion_, and of _Waverley_, and the

greater number of the novels.

246. ‘_The embryo fry_,’ _etc._ Cf. ‘An eyrie of children, little

eyases, that cry out on the top of question,’ etc. _Hamlet_, Act

II. Scene 2.

‘_Comes like a satyr_,’ _etc._

‘A satyr that comes staring from the woods,

Must not at first speak like an orator.’

Earl of Roscommon, Translation of Horace’s _Ars Poetica_, ll.

281–2. Cf. _Ars Poetica_, ll. 244 _et seq._

246. ‘_A holy water sprinkle_,’ _etc._ _The Faerie Queene_, Book III.,

Canto xii. Stanza 13.

‘_More lively_,’ _etc._ ‘It’s spritely, waking, audible, and full

of vent.’ _Coriolanus_, Act IV. Scene 5.

‘_Their habits as they lived._’ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 4.

‘_Give her hand to another_,’ _etc._ _Old Mortality_, Chap.

xxxviii.

248. ‘_Her head to the east._’ ‘Na, na! Not that way, the feet to the

east.’ _Guy Mannering_, Chap. XV.

‘_Thick-coming._’ ‘Thick-coming fancies.’ _Macbeth_, Act V. Scene

3.

Note. _Perhaps the finest scene._ _Guy Mannering_, Chap. li.

249. ‘_Consummation_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 1.

Note. _Ivanhoe_, Chap. xxiii.

250. _Flints and dungs._ Hazlitt refers to a passage at the beginning

of Chap. xliii. of _Ivanhoe_.

‘_Calls backing his friends._’ ‘Call you that backing of your

friends?’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act II. Scene 4.

_Mr. Mac-Adam._ John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), whose services in

the improvement of highways had been recognised and rewarded by

Parliament in 1823.

‘_Sixty years since._’ ‘’Tis sixty years since,’ the second title

of _Waverley_.

_Mr. Peel’s Police-Bill._ Peel succeeded in establishing the

Metropolitan Police in 1829.

251. _Every living author ... but himself_. Many of the mottoes were of

course written by Scott himself, though that does not affect

Hazlitt’s argument.

‘_If there were a writer_,’ _etc._ This concluding paragraph did

not appear in the _New Monthly Magazine_.

‘_Born for the universe_,’ _etc._ Goldsmith, _Retaliation_, 31–2.

‘Winked and shut his apprehension up.’

Prologue to _Antonio’s Revenge_ (_History of Antonio and

Mellida_, Part II.). By John Marston.

252. _A gang of desperadoes._ Hazlitt seems to refer to the founders of

_The Quarterly Review_.

_The lowest panders of a venal press._ The writers in _Blackwood’s

Magazine_, presumably.

‘_Who would not grieve_,’ _etc._

‘Who but must laugh, if such a man there be?

Who would not weep, if Atticus were he?’

Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 213–4.

253. ‘_As if a man_,’ _etc._ _Coriolanus_, Act V. Scene 3.

‘_Cloud-capt._’ _The Tempest._ Act IV. Scene 1.

‘_Golden mean._’ The English form of Horace’s ‘auream

mediocritatem.’ Odes, II. 10–5.

‘_Prouder than_,’ _etc._

‘and make him fall

His crest that prouder than blue Iris bends.’

_Troilus and Cressida_, Act I. Scene 3.

Note. Byron died at Mesolonghi on April 19, 1824.

254. ‘_Silly sooth_,’ _etc._ _Twelfth Night_, Act II. Scene 4.

255. ‘_Denotes a foregone conclusion._’ _Othello_, Act III. Scene 3.

255. ‘_In cell monastic._’ ‘To live in a nook merely monastic.’ _As You

Like It_, Act III. Scene 2.

256. ‘_Thoughts that breathe_,’ _etc._ Gray, _The Progress of Poesy_,

l. 110.

257. ‘_Poor men’s cottages_,’ _etc._ _The Merchant of Venice_, Act I.

Scene 2.

‘_Reasons high_,’ _etc._ _Paradise Lost_, II. 558–9.

‘_Till contemplation_,’ _etc._ Dyer, _Grongar Hill_, l. 26.

‘_This bank and shoal of time._’ _Macbeth_, Act I. Scene 7.

258. _Published in the Liberal._ Byron’s fragment _Heaven and Earth: A

Mystery_, was published in the second number of _The Liberal:

Verse and Prose from the South_, the ill-fated quarterly review

established by Shelley, Byron, and Leigh Hunt in Italy. Byron

and Hunt found themselves unable to work together, especially

after Shelley’s death in July, 1822, and the review only lived

through four numbers (1822–3).

‘_It is his aversion._’

‘A drowsy frowzy poem, call’d the “Excursion,”

Writ in a manner which is my aversion.’

_Don Juan_, Canto III. Stanza 94.

‘_Born in a garret_,’ _etc._

‘The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms,

If Jeffrey died, except within her arms:

Nay last not least, on that portentous morn,

The sixteenth story, where himself was born,

His patrimonial garret, fell to ground.’

_English Bards and Scotch Reviewers._

‘_Letter to the Editor_,’ _etc._ Byron’s letter to William

Roberts, Editor of the _British Review_, was published in No. 1

of _The Liberal_. See Byron’s _Letters and Journals_ (ed.

Prothero), Vol. IV., Appendix vii.

259. Long’s. ‘I saw Byron for the last time in 1815, after I returned

from France. He dined, or lunched, with me at Long’s, in Bond

Street.’ Lockhart’s _Life of Scott_, III. 336.

_The controversy about Pope._ See Byron’s _Letters and Journals_

(ed. Prothero), Vol. V. Appendix iii. Byron wrote two letters to

John Murray ‘on the Rev. W. L. Bowles’s Strictures on the Life

and Writings of Pope,’ the first of which was published in 1821,

the second not till 1835. Hazlitt himself wrote a paper in the

_New Scots Magazine_ (Feb. 1818) ‘on the question whether Pope

was a poet.’

_From the sublime_, _etc._ ‘Du sublime au ridicule il n’y a qu’un

pas,’ was a saying of Napoleon’s. Paine, in _The Age of Reason_,

(Part II.) had already expressed the same thought less

concisely.

_Scrub in the Farce._ Scrub, in Farquhar’s _Beaux’ Stratagem_, is

quoted for the variety of his occupations in the household of

Squire Sullen. See Act III. Scene 3.

‘_Very tolerable_,’ _etc._ _Much Ado About Nothing_, Act III.

Scene 3.

260. ‘_A chartered libertine._’ _Henry V._, Act I. Scene 1.

‘_Like proud seas under him._’ _Two Noble Kinsmen_, Act II. Scene

1.

_It is a ludicrous circumstance_, _etc._ Scott acknowledged the

obligation in a letter to John Murray (Dec. 17, 1821), in which

he says: ‘I accept with feelings of great obligation, the

flattering proposal of Lord Byron to prefix my name to the very

grand and tremendous drama of “Cain.” I may be partial to it,

and you will allow I have cause; but I do not think that his

Muse has ever taken so lofty a flight amid her former soarings,’

etc., Lockhart, v. 150. In a letter to Rose (Dec. 18, 1821),

after comparing Byron’s devil with Milton’s he says: ‘I think,

however, the work will not escape censure, for it is scarce

possible to make the devil speak as the devil without giving

offence,’ and adds, ‘I question whether our noble friend has

brought up his friend sufficiently cleanly.’ _Familiar Letters

of Sir Walter Scott_, II. 127.

261. ‘_Furthest from them is best._’ Paradise Lost, I. 247.

_The first Vision of Judgment._ Southey’s, published in 1821, and

dedicated to the King.

‘_None but itself_,’ _etc._ From _The Double Falsehood_, produced

in 1727, and written or adapted by Lewis Theobald. The line is

quoted by Burke (_Regicide Peace_, ed. Payne, p. 40).

‘_The tenth transmitter_,’ _etc._ Richard Savage’s _The Bastard_,

l. 8.

_Lord Byron’s preposterous liberalism._ Hazlitt probably refers

specially to Byron’s relations with Leigh Hunt and _The

Liberal_. See _ante_, note to p. 258.

262. ‘_Nothing can cover_,’ _etc._ Beaumont and Fletcher, or Fletcher

and Massinger, _The False One_, Act II. Scene 1.

MR. SOUTHEY. Cf. _Political Essays_, Vol. III. pp. 48–51, 192–232.

263. ‘_Where he must live_,’ _etc._. _Othello_, Act IV. Scene 2.

‘_Whatever is, is right._’ Pope, _Essay on Man_, IV. 394.

_Old Sarum._ The allusion is to Southey’s early radical

inscription for Old Sarum.

‘_His generous ardour_,’ _etc._ ‘A generous friendship no cold

medium knows.’

Pope, Homer’s _Iliad_, IX. 725.

264. ‘_The words of truth and soberness._’ _Acts_, xxvi. 25.

‘_We relish Mr. Southey_,’ _etc._ ‘You may relish him more in the

soldier than in the scholar.’ _Othello_, Act II. Scene 1.

‘_He is nothing_,’ _etc._ Cf. ‘For I am nothing, if not critical.’

_Ibid._

265. _Teres et rotundus._ ‘Fortis, et in se ipso totus, teres atque

rotundus.’

Horace, _Sat._ II. 7, 86.

‘_Does he not dedicate_,’ _etc._ See _ante_, note to p. 261.

_His own Glendoveer._ _Curse of Kehama_, vi. 2.

266. ‘_Or if a composer_,’ _etc._ Perhaps Hazlitt refers to William

Sotheby (1757–1833), author of _Orestes_ (1802) and _Saul_

(1807), or to Henry Hart Milman (1791–1868), afterwards Dean of

St. Paul’s, who had published _Samor_ (1818), _The Fall of

Jerusalem_ (1820), and _The Martyr of Antioch_ (1822), and was a

constant contributor to _The Quarterly Review_. ‘A translator of

an old Latin author’ is presumably Gifford.

‘_Far from the sun_,’ _etc._ Gray, _The Progress of Poesy_, l. 83.

267. ‘_Because he is virtuous_,’ _etc._ _Twelfth Night_, Act II. Scene

3.

_The Book of the Church._ Southey’s _The Book of the Church_,

published in 2 vols. 1824.

‘_A little leaven_,’ _etc._ _Galatians_, V. 9.

‘_There hangs_,’ _etc._ _Macbeth_, Act III. Scene 5.

_Once a philanthropist_, _etc._ Cf. ‘Once a Jacobin, always a

Jacobin.’ See vol. III. pp. 110, 159.

268. ‘_Like the high leaves_,’ _etc._ Southey’s _The Holly Tree_,

Stanza 5.

‘_Full of wise saws_,’ _etc._ _As You Like It_, Act II. Scene 7.

269. _Mandeville’s description of Addison._ Cf. _The Round Table_, vol.

I. p. 9.

‘_And follows so_,’ _etc._ _Henry V._, Act IV. Scene 1.

270. MR. WORDSWORTH. Hazlitt had met Wordsworth at Alfoxden in 1798

(see the essay ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’), and in the

Lake District in 1803, when he painted a portrait of the poet

which proved unsatisfactory and was destroyed. In a letter to

Hazlitt’s son (May 23, 1831), Wordsworth says that he does not

recollect having met Hazlitt on more than one occasion after

their meeting at the Lakes. Some of the opinions which Hazlitt

attributes to Wordsworth appear to be recollections of the

poet’s conversation. Hazlitt reviewed _The Excursion_ in _The

Examiner_ (see _The Round Table_, vol. I. pp. 111–125), and

spoke of him in his Lecture ‘On the Living Poets’ (see _English

Poets_, vol. V. 161–4).

270. ‘_Lowliness_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act II. Scene 1.

‘_No figures_,’ _etc._

‘Thou hast no figures nor no fantasies,

Which busy care draws in the brains of men.’—_Ibid._

‘_Skyey influences._’ _Measure for Measure_, Act III. Scene 1.

‘_Nihil humani_,’ _etc._ Terence, _Heautontimorumenos_, Act I.

Scene 1.

271. _The Lyrical Ballads._ _Lyrical Ballads, with a few other Poems_,

published in 1798.

‘_The cloud-capt towers_,’ _etc._ _The Tempest_, Act IV. Scene 1.

‘_The judge’s robe_,’ _etc._ Quoted inaccurately from _Measure for

Measure_, Act II. Scene 2.

272. ‘_A sense of joy_,’ _etc._ Wordsworth, _To my Sister_.

‘_Beneath the hills_,’ _etc._ _The Excursion_, Book VI.

_Vain pomp and glory_, _etc._ _Henry VIII._, Act III. Scene 2.

273. ‘_To him_,’ _etc._ _Ode on the Intimations of Immortality._

274. _Cole-Orton._ The seat of Wordsworth’s friend, Sir George Howland

Beaumont, to whom he dedicated the 1815 edition of his Poems.

‘Some of the best pieces were composed under the shade of your

own groves, upon the classic ground of Coleorton.’

‘_Calm contemplation_,’ _etc._

‘Calm pleasures there abide—majestic pains.’

_Laodamia_, l. 72.

‘_Fall blunted_,’ _etc._

‘Fall blunted from each indurated heart.’

Goldsmith, _The Traveller_.

275. _Milton’s wish._ Wordsworth, in that part of _The Recluse_ which

he published at the beginning of _The Excursion_, quotes

Milton’s words (_Paradise Lost_, VII. 31)

‘——“fit audience let me find though few!”

So prayed, more gaining than he asked, the Bard—

In holiest mood.’

_Toujours perdrix._ Attributed to the confessor of Henry IV. of

France, when the King illustrated the advantage of variety by

ordering every course to consist of partridge. See _Notes and

Queries_, 4th Ser. IV. 336–7.

‘_A man of no mark_,’ _etc._ ‘A fellow of no mark nor likelihood.’

_Henry IV._ Part I., Act III. Scene 2.

276. ‘_Flushed with a purple grace_,’ _etc._ _Alexander’s Feast_, III.

51–2. Byron, in his ‘Reply to Blackwood’s Magazine’ (_Letters

and Journals_, ed. Prothero, IV., Appendix IX. p. 484) says of

Southey and Wordsworth, ‘Are they not of those who called

Dryden’s _Ode_ “a drunken song”?’

_Dares to compare himself_, _etc._ Byron in the same essay refers

to Wordsworth’s postscripts to Lyrical Ballads, ‘where the two

great instances of the sublime are taken from himself and

Milton.’

Wordsworth’s ‘Selections from Chaucer Modernised,’ written in

1801, were published, _The Prioress’ Tale_ in 1820, _The Cuckoo

and the Nightingale_, and _Troilus and Cressida_ in 1841.

‘_Action is momentary_,’ _etc._ Quoted inaccurately from _The

Borderers_ (written 1795–6, published 1842), Act III. In a note

to _The White Doe of Rylstone_, to which these lines were added

as a kind of motto in 1837, Wordsworth writes: ‘This, and the

five lines that follow, were either read or recited by me, more

than thirty years since, to the late Mr. Hazlitt, who quoted

some expressions in them (imperfectly remembered) in a work of

his published several years ago.’

277. _A great dislike to Gray._ Coleridge was induced ‘by Mr.

Wordsworth’s conversation ... to re-examine with impartial

strictness Gray’s celebrated Elegy.’ (_Biographia Literaria_,

Chap. II.)

‘_Let observation_,’ _etc._ De Quincey (_Works_ ed. Masson, X.

128) attributes this criticism to the author of ‘a little

biographic sketch of Dr. Johnson, published immediately after

his death.’ Coleridge makes the same criticism. _Lectures on

Shakspere and Milton_, 1811–12 (ed. Ashe, p. 72).

_Drawcansir._ In the Duke of Buckingham’s play, _The Rehearsal_

(1671).

‘Let petty Kings the names of parties know:

Where’er I come, I slay both friend and foe.’

Act V. Scene 1.

_Bewick’s woodcuts._ Thomas Bewick (1753–1828), the famous

wood-engraver.

_Waterloo’s Sylvan etchings._ Antoine Waterloo (1609?–1676?), a

native of Lille, painter, engraver, and etcher.

‘_He hates conchology_,’ _etc._ Hazlitt quotes from himself. See

his Lecture on the Living Poets (_English Poets_, Vol. V. pp.

163–4).

278. ‘_Where one for sense_,’ _etc._ _Hudibras_, II. l. 29–30.

‘_Take the good_,’ _etc._ Plautus, _Rudens_, Act IV. Scene 7.

279. SIR JAMES MACKINTOSH. Sir James Mackintosh (1765–1832), born in

Inverness-shire, and educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh

Universities, with a view to the medical profession, came to

London in 1788, and soon turned to politics. His _Vindiciæ

Gallicæ_, in reply to Burke’s _Reflections on the Revolution in

France_, appeared in 1791. Called to the bar in 1795, he soon

gained a considerable practice. In 1803 he was appointed to a

Judgeship in India, where he remained till 1811. Soon after his

return he was elected (in 1813) for Nairn. From 1819 till his

death, he sat for Knaresborough. In 1818 he was appointed to the

professorship of law and general politics at Haileybury, a post

which he held till 1824. He was made a privy councillor in 1827,

and a Commissioner of the Board of Control in 1830. His

_Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy, chiefly

during the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_, contributed to

the seventh edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_, was

republished in 1836 with a preface by Whewell. See Macaulay’s

Essay on Mackintosh’s _History of the Revolution_.

281. _His maiden speech._ The speech referred to was delivered on Dec.

20, 1813. Colonel St. Paul said: ‘A more finical opposition to

any measure he had never heard in that House.’ _Parl. Hist._,

XXVII. pp. 301 _et seq._ Mackintosh had spoken before on Dec.

14.

282. _Lectures on the Law of Nature and Nations._ A course of

thirty-nine lectures, delivered between February and June 1799.

An ‘Introductory Discourse,’ published in 1798, contains a

recantation of the revolutionary doctrines of the _Vindiciæ

Gallicæ_, and an attack on Godwin. The lectures do not appear to

have been published, but some ms. notes, taken by Sir John

Stoddart at the time, are still preserved.

‘_The whiff and wind_,’ _etc._ ‘The whiff and wind of his fell

sword.’ _Hamlet_, Act II. Scene 2.

282. ‘_Laid waste the borders_,’ _etc._ Cf. ‘Lay waste thy woods,

destroy thy blissful bower.’ Dryden, _The Hind and the Panther_,

Part 1. l. 158.

‘_Carve them as a dish_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act II. Scene 1.

283. _Guicciardini._ Francesco Guicciardini (1483–1540), author of a

History of Italy from 1494 to 1532.

_Thuanus._ Jacques Auguste de Thou (1553–1617), whose _Historia

sui Temporis_ Johnson ‘seriously entertained the thought of

translating.’

_Dr. Pangloss._ In George Colman, the younger’s (1762–1836), _The

Heir-at-law_, produced in 1797.

284. ‘_Of lamentation_,’ _etc._

‘Cocytus, named of lamentation loud

Heard on the rueful stream.’

_Paradise Lost_, II. 579–80.

285. ‘_Unbought grace of life._’ Burke, _Reflections on the Revolution

in France_ (_Select Works_, ed. Payne, II. 89).

‘_And gladly_,’ _etc._ Chaucer, _The Canterbury Tales_, the

Prologue, l. 308.

286. _An Essay on the Principles of Human Action._ By Hazlitt,

published in 1805.

287. _A History of England._ Mackintosh collected materials for a

history of England from 1688 to the French Revolution, but left

only a fragment posthumously published in 1834 under the title

of ‘A History of the Revolution in England in 1688.’

MR. MALTHUS. Cf. _ante_, pp. 1–184 and Vol. III. pp. 356–385.

289. ‘_Like the toad_,’ _etc._ _As You Like It_, Act. II. Scene 1.

290. ‘_The mighty stream of tendency._’ Wordsworth, _The Excursion_,

Book IX.

‘_The Corinthian capitals of polished society._’ Burke,

_Reflections on the Revolution in France_ (_Select Works_, ed.

Payne, II. 164).

291. ‘_Palmy state._’ ‘In the most high and palmy state of Rome.’

_Hamlet_, Act I. Scene 1.

_An obscure and almost forgotten work._ Cf. Hazlitt’s essay ‘On

the Originality of Mr. Malthus’s Essay’ (_Political Essays_,

Vol. III. pp. 361–7), where long passages are quoted from

Wallace’s book.

295. ‘_Gospel is preached to the poor._’ ‘The Spirit of the Lord is

upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the

poor.’ _Luke_, iv. 18.

‘_The laws of nature_,’ _etc._ Malthus, _Essay on Population_, 4to

ed., 1803, Book IV., Chap. vii. p. 540.

_The ‘tables are not full.’_ Hazlitt refers to Malthus’s figure of

‘nature’s mighty feast.’ _Ibid._ Book IV., Chap. vi. pp. 531–2.

296. ‘_To make it thick and slab._’ _Macbeth_, Act IV. Scene 1.

_Mr. Godwin has lately attempted an answer._ ‘Of Population. An

Enquiry concerning the Power of Increase in the Numbers of

Mankind, in Answer to Mr. Malthus on that Subject,’ 1820.

_A curious passage of Judge Blackstone._ _Commentaries on the Laws

of England_, Book II. Chap. xiv.

298. _Broke a lance with Mr. Ricardo._ In 1814 and 1815 Malthus

published two pamphlets on the corn laws, to which Ricardo

replied in an _Essay on the Influence of a low price of Corn on

the Profits of Stock_ (1815). Hazlitt probably refers to

Malthus’s _Political Economy_ (1820), in which his differences

with Ricardo are explained. See Sir Leslie Stephen’s _The

English Utilitarians_, II. 189 _et seq._

_Mandeville._ The second edition (1723) of Bernard Mandeville’s

_The Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices Public Benefits_,

contained _An Essay on Charity and Charity Schools_.

298. _Plug Pulteney._ See _ante_, note to p. 2, note.

MR. GIFFORD. Cf. _A Letter to William Gifford_, Vol. I. pp.

365–411.

‘_In the event of his death_,’ _etc._ Gifford resigned the

editorship of _The Quarterly Review_ in 1824, and after a short

interval, during which John Taylor Coleridge was editor, was

succeeded by J. G. Lockhart.

299. _In his critical pages._ Gifford, though he used his editorial pen

very freely, does not seem to have written so many articles in

the _Quarterly_ as his contemporaries imagined. ‘The only entire

article ever contributed to the _Review_ by Gifford himself was

that which he wrote, in conjunction with Barron Field, on Ford’s

“Dramatic works.”’ See Smiles, _Memoirs of John Murray_, I. 180,

200; II. 44, 49. Sometimes he appears to have inserted what Dr.

Smiles calls ‘the pungent wit, the Attic salt’ into the articles

of his contributors.

300. ‘_Destroy his fib_,’ _etc._ Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 91–2.

‘_I am not Stephano_,’ _etc._ _The Tempest_, Act V. Scene 1.

301. _If a lady goes on crutches_, _etc._ The allusion is to Gifford’s

lines on Mrs. Robinson. See _A Letter to William Gifford_, Vol.

I. note to p. 378.

302. _The Feast of the Poets._ By Leigh Hunt, published in 1814. See

Vol. I. p. 377.

‘_A man was confined in Newgate_,’ _etc._ See Vol. I. p. 378 for

an account of the _Quarterly review_ of Leigh Hunt’s _Rimini_.

_Verses to Anna._ _Ibid._ p. 375.

‘_A bud_,’ _etc._ _Romeo and Juliet_, Act I. Scene 1.

_Mr. Keats’s ostensible crime_, _etc._ The famous _Quarterly

Review_ article on _Endymion_ appeared in September 1818, and

was written by Croker.

303. ‘_Out went the taper_,’ _etc._ Stanzas XXIII. to XXVII. of _The

Eve of St. Agnes_, published in 1820.

304. _Ecce iterum Crispinus._ Juvenal, _Sat._ IV. 1.

305. ‘_I wish I was_,’ _etc._ See Vol. I. p. 375.

Note. ‘_He! jam satis est._’ ‘Ohe jam satis est.’ Horace, _Sat._,

l. 5, 12–3.

Note. ‘_Why rack a grub_,’ _etc._

‘Satire or sense, alas! can Sporus feel,

Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?

Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings,

This painted child of dirt, that stinks and stings,’ etc.

Pope, _Prologue to the Satires_, 307 _et

seq._

306. _Keats died when he was scarce twenty!_ Keats died in his 26th

year.

307. _Thus he informed the world_, _etc._ See a review of Hazlitt’s

_Characters of Shakespear’s Plays_ in the _Quarterly Review_

(Vol. XVIII., p. 458).

‘_It was amusing_,’ _etc._ See a review of _Political Essays_ in

the _Quarterly Review_ (Vol. XXII. p. 162), and _A Letter to

William Gifford_, Vol. I. p. 410. In the _Quarterly_ review of

_Table Talk_ Hazlitt is described as a ‘slang-whanger.’

308. _The St. Helena articles._ Two articles, in which Hudson Lowe’s

treatment of Buonaparte is defended, appeared in the _Quarterly

Review_ shortly after Buonaparte’s death. See Vol. XXVIII. p.

219, and Vol. XXXIII. 177.

_Lady Morgan._ Sydney Owenson, Lady Morgan (1783?–1859), authoress

of _The Wild Irish Girl_ (1806) was a favourite subject for the

vulgar personal abuse of the _Quarterly Review_.

309. _Peter Pindar._ John Wolcot, ‘Peter Pindar,’ assaulted Gifford,

mistaking him for his namesake John Gifford, editor of the

_Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine_. The result was Gifford’s

_Epistle to Peter Pindar_ (1800).

_This Drawcansir._ See _ante_, note to p. 277.

309. _His attacks on Mrs. Robinson_, _etc._ See _A Letter to William

Gifford_. (Vol. I., p. 378 note).

_What he will make of Marlowe._ Gifford did not publish an edition

of Marlowe.

‘_The fiery quality._’ _King Lear_, Act II. Scene 4.

_Spiritus_, _etc._ Petronius Arbiter (_Satirae_, 118, 3rd ed.

Bücheler, p. 84), quoted by Coleridge in _Biographia Literaria_,

Chap. xiv. ‘Praecipitandus est liber spiritus’ in the original.

_In attempting to add the name_, _etc._ See Gifford’s edition of

_Massinger_ (2nd ed. 1813, Vol. I., p. 14).

310. _An article had appeared_, _etc._ John Murray had conceived the

scheme of establishing a Tory review, and had obtained many

promises of support before the appearance of Jeffrey’s article

in the _Edinburgh_ (Oct. 1808, Vol. XIII., p. 215), on Cevallos

and the affairs of Spain. (See Smiles, _Memoirs of John Murray_,

I. 97). The first number of the _Quarterly Review_ appeared in

Feb. 1809.

311. ‘_Those who are not for them_,’ _etc._ _St. Matthew_, xii. 30.

‘_Ugly all over with hypocrisy._’ See nowowte to Vol. I., p. 211.

Note. William Taylor (1765–1836), whose version of Bürger’s

_Lenore_ so fired the imagination of Scott, was a regular

contributor to _The Monthly Review_ from 1793 to 1800, and from

1809 to 1824.

312. _Mr. Stuart Rose._ William Stewart Rose (1775–1843), the friend of

Scott, and translator of Ariosto (1823–1831).

313. _The Lyrical Ballads._ Hazlitt presumably refers to some

introductory remarks on a new ‘sect of poets’ in a review by

Jeffrey of Southey’s _Thalaba_. (_Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1802,

Vol. I., p. 63).

_Unqualified encouragement_, _etc._ For favourable references to

Malthus see _Edinburgh Review_, Oct. 1807 (Vol. XI., p. 100),

August 1810 (Vol. XVI., p. 464), and March 1817 (Vol. XXVIII.,

p. 1). Southey attacked Malthus in the _Quarterly Review_ (Dec.

1812), but the _Essay on Population_ was defended five years

later (July 1817) by Sumner.

‘_Reasons_,’ _etc._ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act II., Scene 4.

_Mr. Jeffrey is the Editor of the Edinburgh Review._ Sydney Smith

claimed to have been editor of the first number (Oct. 1802),

Jeffrey was editor from that time till 1829, when he retired on

being appointed Dean of the Faculty of Advocates.

314. _Nearly a fourth part of the articles._ Lord Cockburn in his _Life

of Lord Jeffrey_ (1874 ed., p. 404 _et seq._) gives a total list

of 200 contributions. A selection was published in four volumes

in 1844.

‘_Infinite agitation of wit._’ Bacon, _Advancement of Learning_,

Book I., IV. 5.

316. ‘_Spinning the thread_,’ _etc._ _Love’s Labour’s Lost_, Act V.

Scene 1.

317. _But in private your follies_, _etc._ Hazlitt very likely put

Jeffrey to this test when he was in Edinburgh in 1823 on his

divorce business. See Vol. II., p. 314 and note.

319. ‘_Has no figures_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act II. Scene 1.

‘_Tread the primrose path_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act I. Scene 3.

_A Phillips._ Charles Phillips (1787?–1859), a native of Sligo,

who enjoyed a great reputation, both at the Irish bar, and at

the English bar, to which he was called in 1821. Brougham

himself described his speeches as ‘horticultural.’

_A Plunket._ William Conyngham Plunket (1764–1854), the advocate

of Catholic Emancipation, famous for his eloquence both at the

bar and in Parliament, created Baron Plunket in 1827,

chief-justice of the Irish common pleas (1827–30), and Lord

Chancellor of Ireland (1830–1841).

319. Note. Brougham was born in Edinburgh, where he was educated. His

mother was Scotch (a niece of Robertson the historian), and his

father belonged to an old Westmoreland family.

_The late Lord Erskine._ Erskine died in November, 1823.

320. ‘_Domestic treason_,’ _etc._

‘Malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing,

Can touch him further.’

_Macbeth_, Act III. Scene 2.

321. ‘_As much again to govern it._’ In _Table Talk_ Hazlitt quotes

this line as Butler’s.

‘_Pour out all as plain_,’ _etc._ Pope, _Imitations of Horace_,

Sat. I. 51–2.

322. ‘_Scared at the sound_,’ _etc._ Cf.

‘And back recoiled, he knew not why,

Even at the sound himself had made.’

Collins, _The Passions_, ll. 19–20.

‘_The total grist_,’ _etc._ Cowper, _The Task_, Book VI., 108.

323. _There are few intellectual accomplishments_, _etc._ It was said

of Brougham that if he had known a little law, he would have

known a little of everything.

_The celebrated Carnot._ Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot

(1753–1823), the first organiser of the armies of the

Revolution. He left Napoleon in 1800, but returned to him in

1814, and was Minister of the Interior during the Hundred Days.

He wrote many works on mathematical subjects.

‘_No day without a line._’ ‘Nulla dies sine linea,’ a phrase based

on a saying of Apelles reported by Pliny. (_Nat. Hist._ XXXV.,

36, 10).

325. _Imbibed at Wimbledon Common._ Where Horne Tooke lived.

‘_Hunt half a day_,’ _etc._ Wordsworth, _Hart-Leap Well_, Part II.

LORD ELDON AND MR. WILBERFORCE. The paper on Lord Eldon appeared

in the _New Monthly Magazine_ (1824, Vol. XI., p. 17).

‘_All tranquillity and smiles._’ Cowper, _The Task_, Book IV., 49.

326. ‘_All is conscience_,’ _etc._ Chaucer, _Prologue_, 150.

‘_If wretches hang_,’ _etc._

‘And wretches hang that jurymen may dine.’

Pope, _Rape of the Lock_, III. 22.

_An instance_, _etc._ For John Williams’s attack on the Court of

Chancery, see _Parl. Hist._ (June 4, 1823, and Feb. 24, 1824),

and Walpole’s _History of England_, III. 281. An inaccurate

report of a speech of Abercromby’s on the second of John

Williams’s motions led the Chancellor to make some angry

observations from the bench. The incident created a considerable

sensation and led to a debate in Parliament. (See Twiss’s _Life

of Lord Eldon_, II. 490–502).

327. ‘_Resistless passion_,’ _etc._

‘—— for affection,

Mistress of passion, sways it to the mood

Of what it likes or loathes.’

_Merchant of Venice_, Act IV. Scene 1.

328. ‘_Lack lustre eye._’ _As You Like It_, Act II. 7.

‘_As they were in Rabelais._’ See _Pantagruel_, Liv. II., Chap.

xxxix _et seq._

_An injunction against Wat Tyler._ See Vol. III., note to p. 192.

329. _The Year 1794._ The Year of unsuccessful prosecutions of Horne

Tooke, Hardy, Thelwall, Holcroft, and others, and the year in

which _Wat Tyler_ was written.

‘_One entire and perfect chrysolite._’ _Othello_, Act V. Scene 2.

‘_Read his history_,’ _etc._

‘And read their history in a nation’s eyes.’

Gray, _Elegy in a Country Churchyard_, Stanza 16.

330. ‘_So small a drop_,’ _etc._ _Cymbeline_, Act IV. Scene 2.

331. _Mr. Wilberforce._ William Wilberforce (1759–1833), member for

Hull 1780–4, for Yorkshire 1784–1812, and for Bramber 1812–1825,

was early converted to the evangelical party known as the

‘Clapham Sect’ or the ‘Saints,’ and became the parliamentary

leader of the anti-slavery cause. The slave trade was abolished

by the coalition government in 1807, and emancipation was

carried in 1833, the year of Wilberforce’s death. Apart from his

efforts in this cause and on behalf of missionary work in India,

he gave a general support to the Tory ministries of Pitt (his

intimate friend), and of the Duke of Portland, Perceval, and

Lord Liverpool. In particular he approved the coercive measures

of 1795 and 1817. This partly accounts for the bitter attack not

only of Hazlitt, but of Cobbett (_Political Register_, Aug.

1823).

‘_What lacks he then._’ _King John_, Act IV. Scene 1.

‘_Conscience will not budge._’ ‘Well, my conscience says,

“Launcelot, budge not.” “Budge,” says the fiend. “Budge not,”

says my conscience. “Conscience,” say I, “You counsel well.”’

_Merchant of Venice_, Act II. Scene 2.

‘_Woe unto you_,’ _etc._ _St. Luke_, vi. 26.

_As old Fuller calls them._ _Holy and Profane State._ _The Good

Sea Captain_, Maxim 5.

332. ‘_Out upon such half-faced fellowship._’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act

I. Scene 3.

333. ‘_By every little breath_,’ _etc._ _The Faerie Queene_, Book I.,

Canto vii. Stanza 32.

_Clarkson._ Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846). The most indefatigable of

the extra-parliamentary agitators against slavery. Coleridge

referred to him as ‘the moral steam engine, or Giant with one

idea.’

334. Note. Byron in his _Detached Notes_ (see _Letters and Journals_,

ed. Prothero, II. 241 note) relates this well-known story as

having been told to him by Sheridan himself.

MR. COBBETT. This essay appeared in _Table Talk_ (Vol. I., 1821)

and was republished in a small volume in 1835, the year of

Cobbett’s death. Cf. a passage on Cobbett in the _Examiner_

printed in notes to the _Round Table_, Vol. I. p. 424.

_Cribb._ See _ante_, note to p. 223.

‘_Fillips the ear_,’ _etc._ _Henry IV._, Part II., Act I. Scene 2.

_‘Lays waste’ a city orator_, _etc._ The reference is probably to

an attack on Robert Waithman in the _Political Register_. (See

_Political Works_, IV. 319 and V. 298.) Waithman was member for

the City of London from 1816 till 1820, and from 1826 till his

death in 1833. See _ante_, p. 282, and _post_, note to p. 366.

335. ‘_Damnable iteration._’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act I. Scene 2.

336. _Nunquam sufflaminandus erat._ ‘Itaque D. Augustus optime dixit,

Aterius noster sufflaminandus est.’ M. Annaeus Seneca,

_Controversiae_, 4, praef. § 7. The saying is quoted by Ben

Jonson (_Timber_, LXIV.).

‘_Weary, stale_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act I. Scene 2.

337. _Barmecide._ _Arabian Nights_, The Barber’s Story of his Sixth

Brother.

‘_Live in his description._’ A reminiscence, perhaps of the line

in Pope’s _Dunciad_ (I. 69), ‘But liv’d in Settle’s numbers one

day more.’

_Mr. ——._ Probably Brougham. See _Political Works_, V. 145 _et

seq._

_His Grammar._ ‘A Grammar of the English Language, in a Series of

Letters’ (1818).

_Like Giant Despair._ ‘So, when he arose, he getteth him a

grievous crab-tree cudgel.... Then he falls upon them, and beats

them fearfully, in such sort, that they were not able to help

themselves, or to turn them upon the floor.’ _Pilgrim’s

Progress_, Part I.

338. _The Yanguesian carriers._ _Don Quixote_, Part I., Book III. Chap.

xv.

‘_He has the back-trick_,’ _etc._ _Twelfth Night_, Act I. Scene 3.

‘_Arrowy sleet._’

‘——and flying behind them shot

Sharp sleet of arrowy showers against the face

Of their pursuers.’

_Paradise Regained_, III. 323–5.

_An Ishmaelite indeed._ Cf. ‘Behold an Israelite indeed,’ etc.

_St. John_, i. 47. Hazlitt has in mind the description

(_Genesis_, xvi. 12) of Ishmael: ‘And he will be a wild man; his

hand will be against every man, and every man’s hand against

him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.’

340. _The two-penny trash._ Set _Political Register_, August 1817

(_Political Works_, V. 236).

‘_Till a Bill passed the House_,’ _etc._ Cobbett’s _Political

Register_ had evaded the stamp duty until 1819, when it was

rendered liable to duty by the fifth of the famous Six Acts

passed in that year.

‘_Ample scope_,’ _etc._ ‘Give ample room, and verge enough.’ Gray,

_The Bard_, II. 1.

341. ‘_He pours out_,’ _etc._ Pope, _Imitations of Horace_, Sat. I.

51–2.

_Antipholis of Ephesus_, _etc._ See _The Comedy of Errors_, Act V.

Scene 1.

_The relics of Mr. Thomas Paine_, _etc._ When Cobbett returned to

England from America in 1819 he brought Paine’s bones to

Liverpool and left them there. After Cobbett’s death they were

seized as part of the property of Paine’s son who became a

bankrupt.

‘_His canonized bones._’ _Hamlet_, Act I. Scene 4.

342. _The Edinburgh Review_, _etc._ In an article by Jeffrey, July

1807, Vol. X. 386. The reply of Cobbett referred to by Hazlitt

appeared in the _Political Register_, August 1807. _Political

Works_, II. 294.

343. _The Pleasures of Memory._ By Rogers, published in 1792.

_The Pleasures of Hope._ By Campbell, published in 1799.

344. _We should dread to point out_, _etc._ Scott said to Washington

Irving (Lockhart, IV. 93): ‘The fact is, Campbell is, in a

manner, a bugbear to himself. The brightness of his early

success is a detriment to all his further efforts. _He is afraid

of the shadow that his own fame casts before him._’

‘_Snatches a grace_,’ _etc._ Pope, _Essay on Criticism_, 155.

‘_Yet sweeter_,’ _etc._ _Winter’s Tale_, Act. IV. Scene 4.

345. ‘_And by the vision_,’ _etc._ Wordsworth’s _Ode, Intimations of

Immortality_, 73–4.

_Gertrude of Wyoming._ Published in 1809.

‘_A loved bequest_,’ _etc._ Part I. Stanzas 11–13.

346. ‘_Famous poet’s page._’ Cf. ‘A most famous Poet’s witt.’ Spenser,

_Verses addressed by the Author of the Faerie Queene_ (to the

Earl of Essex).

‘_Jealous leer malign._’ _Paradise Lost_, IV. 503.

346. ‘_Scattered in stray-gifts_,’ _etc._ Wordsworth, _Stray

Pleasures_.

‘_Like angel’s visits_,’ _etc._ _Pleasures of Hope_, Part II. l.

378. Cf. _Lectures on the English Poets_ (Vol. V. p. 150), where

Hazlitt adds: ‘Mr. Campbell in altering the expression has

spoiled it. “Few,” and “far between” are the same thing.’

‘_We perceive a softness_,’ _etc._ Cf. Vol. V. p. 184.

347. ‘_Ruddy drops_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act II. Scene 1.

_Hohenlinden._ Published anonymously with _Lochiel_ in 1802, and

included in the 4to (1803) edition of _The Pleasures of Hope_.

348. _Mr. Campbell’s prose-criticisms._ Campbell’s ‘Lectures on Poetry

Re-written’ appeared in the _New Monthly Magazine_ of which he

was editor from 1820 to 1830. Hazlitt does not refer to his

_Specimens of the British Poets, with biographical and critical

notices, and an Essay on English Poetry_ (7 vols. 1819).

_Mr. Crabbe._ The Poems of George Crabbe (1754–1832), with a Life

by his son George, were published in 8 vols. 1834, and in one

volume 1847. The one volume edition has recently been re-issued,

as a result of the praises bestowed on Crabbe by Edward

Fitzgerald, who himself made a Selection from the _Tales of the

Hall_.

_Audrey’s question._ _As You Like It._ Act III. Scene 3.

349. ‘_Turns diseases_,’ _etc._ _Henry IV._, Part II., Act I. Scene 2.

_Mr. Crabbe’s first poems_, _etc._ Crabbe’s first poems were

_Inebriety_ (published anonymously in 1775), _The Candidate_

(1780), and _The Library_ (1781). It was _The Village_ (1783)

that Johnson read and approved. (See Boswell’s _Life_, ed. G. B.

Hill, IV. 175.) Crabbe’s patron was Burke, by whom he was no

doubt introduced to Reynolds, and later to Johnson.

350. _He brings as a parallel instance_, _etc._ In the Preface to the

_Tales_ (1812). See _Works_ (1834, IV. 144).

‘_In the worst inn’s worst room_,’ _etc._ Pope, _Moral Essays_,

III. 299.

351. _He sets out with professing_, _etc._ Hazlitt refers to the

opening lines of _The Village_.

_The sad vicissitudes of things._ This phrase occurs in a poem,

_Contemplation_, by the Rev. Richard Gifford, which was quoted

by Johnson. See _Tour to the Hebrides_ (Boswell’s _Life_, ed. G.

B. Hill, V. 117–8). The phrase also occurs in Sterne’s _Sermons_

(No. XVI.).

‘_At one bound_,’ _etc._ _Paradise Lost_, IV. 181.

_He does not weave the web_, _etc._ An unacknowledged quotation

from _All’s Well that Ends Well_, Act IV. Scene 3.

_The only leaf_, _etc._ Crabbe resided for some time at Belvoir

Castle as chaplain to the fourth Duke of Rutland. He dedicated

_The Borough_ to the fifth Duke, and _Tales of the Hall_ to the

Duchess.

352. ‘_Thus by himself_,’ _etc._ _The Borough_, Letter xxii., Peter

Grimes.

353. _The episode of Phœbe Dawson._ In _The Parish Register_ (Part

II.). The tale interested Fox on his death-bed. (See _Works_,

1834, II. 16, 180.)

_The character of the Methodist parson_, _etc._ Hazlitt probably

refers to the story of Ruth (_Tales of the Hall_, Book V.,

_Works_, 1834, VI. 93).

_Mr. T. Moore._ Cf. _Political Essays_ (Vol. III., pp. 311–321).

‘_Or winglet_,’ _etc._ Campbell, _Gertrude of Wyoming_, Part II.,

Stanza 12.

‘_No dainty flower_,’ _etc._ Spenser, _The Faerie Queene_, Book

II., Canto vi., Stanzas 12 and 13.

354. ‘_Wasteful and superfluous excess._’ ‘Wasteful and ridiculous

excess.’ _King John_, Act IV. Scene 2.

355. ‘_And spread_,’ _etc._ _Romeo and Juliet_, Act I. Scene 1.

‘_Dying or ere they sicken._’ _Macbeth_, Act IV. Scene 3.

355. ‘_A perpetual feast_,’ _etc._ Milton, _Comus_, 478–9.

‘_On the rack_,’ _etc._ Cf. ‘That on the torture of the mind to

lie in restless ecstasy.’ _Macbeth_, Act III. Scene 2.

‘_Looks so fair_,’ _etc._ _Othello_, Act IV. Scene 2.

‘_Another morn_,’ _etc._ _Paradise Lost_, V. 310–1.

356. ‘_Now, upon Syria’s_,’ _etc._ _Lalla Rookh_, ‘Paradise and the

Peri.’

_Della Cruscan sentiment._ See the essay on Gifford, _ante_, p.

309.

357. ‘_A penitent tear._’

‘——the tear that, warm and meek,

Dew’d that repentant sinner’s cheek.’

‘Paradise and the Peri.’

‘_Joy, joy for ever_,’ _etc._ _Ibid._

‘_May bestride the Gossamer_,’ _etc._ _Romeo and Juliet_, Act II.

Scene 6.

‘_In vain Mokanna_,’ _etc._ _Lalla Rookh_, ‘The Veiled Prophet of

Khorassan.’

358. ‘_Whose coming_,’ _etc._ _Ibid._

_The ‘Twopenny Post-bag.’_ Published in 1812.

‘_Nests of spicery._’ _Richard III._, Act IV. Scene 4.

‘_In the manner_,’ _etc._ Moore, _Horace_, Ode XI. Lib. II. Freely

translated by the Pr—ce R—g—t.

‘_An Adonis of fifty._’ ‘This Adonis in loveliness was a corpulent

man of fifty.’ These words occur in a paper in _The Examiner_

(March 22, 1812), for which Leigh Hunt and his brother John were

sent to prison.

Note 2. Moore’s _Little Man and Little Soul_ was dedicated to

Charles Abbot (1757–1829) the Speaker, afterwards Lord

Colchester. Abbot, in his address to the Regent in July

1813, referred to a Bill for the removal of Roman Catholic

disabilities which had been defeated.

359. ‘_In choosing songs_,’ _etc._ Moore, _Satirical and Humorous

Poems. Extracts from the Diary of a Politician_.

_The ‘Fudge Family.’_ See Hazlitt’s _Political Essays_, Vol. III.,

pp. 311–321.

_The ‘divine Fanny Bias.’_ _The ‘Fudge Family in Paris._’ Letter

V.

_The ‘mountains_ à la Russe.’ _Ibid._ Letter VIII.

_Is Mr. Moore bound_, _etc._ Moore had urged Byron not to become

associated with Leigh Hunt in _The Liberal_. See Byron’s

_Letters and Journals_, ed. Prothero, VI. 22. Hazlitt himself

deals with this matter at some length in an essay in the _Plain

Speaker_, entitled, ‘On the Jealousy and Spleen of Party.’ See

also _Memoirs of William Hazlitt_, II., 69–73. ‘The Spirit of

Monarchy’ was a paper contributed by Hazlitt to _The Liberal_;

‘Fables for the Holy Alliance,’ a skit of Moore’s, published in

1823.

360. ‘_To be admired_,’ _etc._ ‘Needs only to be seen to be admired.’

Cowper, _Expostulation_, 493.

361. _His Story of Rimini._ Published in 1816. A savage review appeared

in _Blackwood’s Magazine_ for May 1818.

_His Epistle to Lord Byron._ Included in _Foliage; or, Poems,

Original and Translated_ (1818).

_The Feast of the Poets._ Published in 1814. See Vol. I., p. 377.

362. _Some allusion was made_, _etc._ See _ante_, note to p. 358.

_Elia, and Geoffrey Crayon._ Cf. Hazlitt’s essay ‘On Persons one

would wish to have seen’ (_Literary Remains_), for another

account of Lamb. In a letter to Bernard Barton (Feb. 10, 1825)

Lamb says: ‘The “Spirit of the Age” is by Hazlitt. The

characters of Coleridge, etc., he had done better in former

publications, the praise and abuse much stronger, etc., but the

new ones are capitally done. Horne Tooke is a matchless

portrait. My advice is to borrow it rather than buy it. I have

it. He has laid too many colours on my likeness; but I have had

so much injustice done me in my own name, that I make a rule of

accepting as much over-measure to “Elia” as gentlemen think

proper to bestow.’ In a letter to J. Taylor (_Letters_, ed.

Ainger, II., 35) he explains how he came to take the name of

‘Elia.’

362. ‘_The pale reflex_,’ _etc._ _Romeo and Juliet_, Act III. Scene 5.

‘_Native to_,’ _etc._ ‘Though I am native here, and to the manner

born.’ _Hamlet_ Act I. Scene 4.

363. ‘_Shuffle off_,’ _etc._ _Ibid._, Act III. Scene 1.

‘_The self-applauding bird_,’ _etc._ Cowper, _Truth_, l. 58 _et

seq._

‘_New-born gauds_,’ _etc._ _Troilus and Cressida_, Act III. Scene

3.

‘_Give to dust_,’ _etc._ _Ibid._

‘_Do not in broad_,’ _etc._

‘Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil,

Nor in the glistering foil

Set off to the world, nor in the broad rumour lies,

But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes

And perfect witness of all-judging love.’

_Lycidas_, 78–82.

364. ‘_Fine fretwork_,’ _etc._ _Essays of Elia._ The South-Sea House.

365. ‘_The chimes at midnight._’ ‘We have heard the chimes at midnight,

Master Shallow.’ _Henry IV._, Part II., Act III. Scene 2.

‘_Cheese and pippins._’ Cf. _Merry Wives of Windsor_. Act I. Scene

2, and _Henry IV._, Part II., Act V. Scene 3.

_A certain writer._ Hazlitt himself, who contributed three papers

on Guy Faux to _The Examiner_ in 1821, reprinted for the first

time in the present edition. Lamb wrote a paper on the same

subject in _The London Magazine_ for November 1823, _Works_, ed.

R. H. Shepherd, vol. I. p. 345. See Hazlitt’s essay ‘On Persons

one would wish to have seen’ (_Literary Remains_).

366. ‘_To have coined_,’ _etc._ _Julius Caesar_, Act IV. Scene 3.

‘_Civic honours._’ See _Letters of Charles Lamb_, ed. W. C.

Hazlitt, II. 159, where, in a letter to Mrs. Hazlitt, Lamb

describes his dinner at the Mansion House.

_Mr. Waithman’s perusal._ Robert Waithman (1764–1833), the

political reformer, was Lord Mayor in 1823. See _ante_, note to

p. 334.

Note. _John Woodvil_ was published in 1802. The lines quoted are

in Act II.

367. _Mr. Washington Irvine’s acquaintance_, _etc._ Washington Irving

(1783–1859), published in New York _The History of New York, By

Diedrich Knickerbocker_ (1809), and came in 1815 to Europe,

where he stayed for seventeen years. His _Sketch Book of

Geoffrey Crayon, Gent_, was published in America in 1819, and in

London first in part by Miller, then by Murray in 1820; his

_Bracebridge Hall_ by Murray in 1822. These and his later books,

_Tales of a Traveller_ (1824), _Tales of the Alhambra_ (1832),

_Life of Oliver Goldsmith_ (1849), _Life of Mahomet_ (1850),

_Life of Washington_ (1855), and others are now included in

fifteen volumes of Bohn’s Standard Library. For an account of

their publication and of Murray’s lawsuit against Bohn, see

Smiles’s _Memoirs of John Murray_, Vol. II. _passim_.

_In his_ ‘mind’s eye.’ _Hamlet_, Act I. Scene 2.

368. _Mr. Knowles._ James Sheridan Knowles (1784–1862) whose

_Virginius_ was produced at Covent Garden in May 1820, had

recently been a confidant of Hazlitt’s in the matter of Sarah

Walker. See Vol. II. p. 328 (_Liber Amoris_).

368. _Mr. Knowles himself_, _etc._ Knowles who had acted in the

provinces as early as 1802, returned to the stage in 1832, when

he played Master Walter in his own comedy of _The Hunchback_. He

continued to act till 1843.

371. _Preface to An Abridgment_, _etc._ The first four volumes of

Abraham Tucker’s (1705–1774) _The Light of Nature Pursued_ were

published under the name of ‘Edward Search’ in 1768, the

remaining three, edited by his daughter, appearing posthumously

in 1778.

_Clarissa._ The _eight_ volumes of _Clarissa Harlowe_ were

abridged by E. S. Dallas in 1868, the _six_ volumes of _Sir

Charles Grandison_ by Mary Howitt in 1873.

_Without suffering_, _etc._ Apparently a kind of legal formula, as

in Hall’s Chronicles (Henry V. 70 b.): ‘that we suffre harm or

diminucion in person estate worship or goods.’

‘_Not sicklied o’er_,’ _etc._ _Hamlet_, Act III. Scene 1.

373. _John Buncle._ See Vol. I. pp. 51–7 (_The Round Table_).

‘_His unrivalled power of illustration._’ See the Preface to

Paley’s _Moral Philosophy_.

377. ‘_Petrific mace._’ ‘Death with his mace petrific.’ _Paradise

Lost_, X. 294.

378. Note. ‘_Just such shard-born beetle things._’ _Macbeth_, Act III.

Scene 2.

Note. _Mr. Horne Tooke._ Cf. _ante_, 231–241.

Note. _Promontory of noses._ _Tristram Shandy_, Slaukenbergius’s

Tale.

Note. _Andrew Paraeus’s._ Ambrose Paraeus’s ‘Solution of noses’ is

in _Tristram Shandy_, Book III. Chap, xxviii.

Note. ‘_It is as absurd_,’ _etc._ Cf. _ante_, p. 240.

381. _Soame Jenyns’s argument._ See Disquisition VII. (_Works_, 1790,

III. 258 _et seq._). The argument is controverted by Jenyns.

384. Note. _There is one argument_, _etc._ ‘At sperat adolescens diu se

victurum: quod sperare idem senex non potest. Insipienter

sperat. Quid enim stultius, quam incerta pro certis habere,

falsa pro veris! Senex, ne quod speret quidem, habet: at est eo

meliore conditione, quam adolescens, quum id, quod ille sperat,

his jam consecutus est. Ille vult diu vivere: his diu vixit.’

_De Senectute_, Cap. xix.

388. _Edward Baldwin._ The name under which Godwin wrote various works

published by his wife.

393. _David Booth._ David Booth (1766–1846) published an _Introduction

to an Analytical Dictionary of the English Language_ in 1806.

Only one volume of the Dictionary itself was published (1835).

Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, (late) Printers to Her Majesty at the

Edinburgh University Press

-----

Footnote 1:

The late Sir W. Pulteney, whose character for liberality is well

known, was firmly persuaded that the author of the Essay on Population

was the greatest man that ever lived, and really wished to have

bestowed some personal remuneration on Mr. M. as his political

confessor, for having absolved him from all doubts and scruples in the

exercise of his favourite virtue.

Footnote 2:

Among the former are Hume, Wallace, Smith, and Price; among the latter

are the Economists, Montesquieu, Franklin, Sir James Steuart, Arthur

Young, Mr. Townshend, Plato, and Aristotle.

Footnote 3:

I beg leave to refer the reader to some letters which appeared on this

subject, in the Monthly Magazine, written by a well informed and

ingenious man, who had too much good sense and firmness to be carried

away by the tide of vulgar prejudice.

Footnote 4:

Yet it is extraordinary that with all their wisdom and virtue they

would not be able to take any steps to prevent this distress. This is

a species of fascination, of which it is difficult to form any

conception.

Footnote 5:

The prevalence of this check may be estimated _by the general

proportion_ of virtue and happiness in the world, for if there had

been no such check there could have been nothing but vice and misery.

Footnote 6:

In the second edition, it says, _moral restraint_, vice or misery.

What are we to think of a man who writes a book to prove that vice and

misery are the only security for the happiness of the human race, and

then writes another to say, that vice and folly are not the only

security, but that our only resource must be either in vice and folly,

or in wisdom and virtue? This is like making a white skin part of the

definition of a man, and defending it by saying that they are all

_white_, except those who are _black_ or _tawny_.

Footnote 7:

I here follow the text of Mr. Malthus, who takes great pains to give a

striking description of the savage tribes, as a pleasing contrast, no

doubt, to the elegancies and comforts of polished life. Mr. Malthus’s

extreme sensibility to the grossness and inconveniences of the savage

state, may be construed into refinement and delicacy. But it does not

strike me so. There is something in this mis-placed and selfish

fastidiousness, that shocks me more than the objects of it. It does

not lead to compassion but to hatred. We strive to get rid of our

uneasiness, by hardening ourselves towards the objects which occasion

it, and lose the passive feelings of disgust excited in us by others

in the active desire to inflict pain upon them. Aversion too easily

changes into malice. Mr. Malthus seems fond of indulging this feeling

against all those who have not the same advantages as himself. With a

pious gratitude he seems fond of repeating to himself, ‘I am not as

this poor Hottentot.’ He then gives you his bill of fare, which is

none of the most delicate, without omitting a single article, and by

shrugging up his shoulders, making wry mouths at him, and fairly

turning your stomach, excites in you the same loathing and abhorrence

of this poor creature that he takes delight in feeling himself. ‘Your

very nice people have the nastiest imaginations.’ He triumphs over the

calamities and degradation of his fellow-creatures. He lays open all

the sores and blotches of humanity with the same calmness and alacrity

as a hospital surgeon does those of a diseased body. He turns the

world into a charnel-house. Through a dreary space of 300 ‘chill and

comfortless’ pages, he ransacks all quarters of the globe only ‘to

present a speaking picture of hunger and nakedness, in quest of

objects best suited to his feelings, in anxious search of calamities

most akin to his _invalid_ imagination,’ and eagerly gropes into every

hole and corner of wretchedness to collect evidence in support of his

grand misery-scheme, as at the time of an election, you see the

city-candidates sneaking into the dirty alleys, and putrid cellars of

Shoreditch or Whitechapel, and the candidates for Westminster into

those of St. Giles’s, canvassing for votes, their patriotic zeal

prevailing over their sense of dignity, and sense of smell.

Footnote 8:

I mention these names because it is always customary to mention them

in speaking on this subject: and there are some readers who are more

impressed with a thing, the oftener it is repeated.

Footnote 9:

I here leave out of the question, as not essential to it, the effect

of sudden rises or falls, and other accidental variations in the

produce of a country which cannot be foreseen or provided against, on

the state of population.

Footnote 10:

I find there is here some transposition of names and circumstances,

but it does not much matter.

Footnote 11:

I am happy to find that a philosophical work, like Mr. Malthus’s, has

got a good deal into the hands of young ladies of a liberal education

and an inquisitive turn of mind. The question is no doubt highly

interesting; and the author has thrown over it a warmth of colouring,

that can hardly fail to please. Even Miss Howe was fond of ardours.

Footnote 12:

I have here purposely left an opening for Mr. Malthus’s ingenuity. He

will I hope take the hint and write another quarto volume to prove by

anatomical and medical inquiries into the state of all countries,

beginning at the north and ending at the south pole, that there is the

same variation in the quantity and kind of food required by the human

stomach in different climates and countries, as there is in the

quantity of sexual indulgence.

Footnote 13:

Such a change would not require the perfect subjugation, or rather

annihilation of these passions, or perfect virtue, in the literal

sense, as Mr. Malthus seems to imply in a late publication—which I

have not read. It might as well be pretended that no man could ever

keep his fingers off bank-notes, or pay his debts, who was not

perfectly honest. In neither case is there required any thing more

than such a superiority in one set for motives over another, from

pride, habit, example, opinion, &c. as just to incline the balance.

The gentlemen of the society of Lloyd’s fund would no doubt scorn to

touch a shilling of the money entrusted to their care: yet we should

hardly conclude from hence that they are all of them persons of

perfectly disinterested characters, and altogether indifferent to

money-matters. The Turks, it is said, who are very far from the

character of perfection, leave their goods for sale on an open stall,

and the buyer comes and takes what he wants, and leaves the money on

the stall. Men are not governed by extreme motives. If perfect virtue

were necessary to common honesty, fair dealing, and propriety of

conduct, there would be nothing but swindlers and black-guards in the

world. Men steer clear of the law not so much through fear, as because

it stamps the public opinion. It is a positive thing. If men could

make up their minds as decidedly about the general characters and

conduct of individuals without, as they do with, the rough rebuke of

the law to sharpen their moral sense (to which by the bye Mr. Godwin’s

plan of plain speaking would contribute not a little) this would go a

great way towards rendering a system of equality practicable. But I

meddle with these questions only as things of idle speculation.

_Jactet se in aulis, &c._

Footnote 14:

See also other passages giving an account of the state of population

in Africa, &c. which will be found at the end.

Footnote 15:

This is a work which I would recommend to every reader of whatever

party, not only for the knowledge it contains, but for the purity,

simplicity, and noble dignity of the style. It smacks of the old Roman

elevation.

Footnote 16:

I should like to know whether Mr. Malthus would go so far as to say

that all the wars and rebellions occasioned by religion, that all the

plots, assassinations, burnings, massacres, the persecutions, feuds,

animosities, hatreds and jealousy of different sects, that the

cruelty, bigotry, the pernicious customs, and abominable practices of

the Pagan and other superstitions, such as human sacrifices, &c.

whether all those mischiefs and enormities of which religion has been

made a tool, whether the martyrdom of the first christians, the

massacre of St. Bartholomew, the fires of Smithfield, the expeditions

to the holy land, the Gunpowder Plot, the Inquisition, the long

Parliament, the Reformation and the Revolution,—Popery, Protestantism,

monks, eremites, and friars, with all their trumpery’ were the

offspring of the principle of population.

Footnote 17:

See the extracts from Davenant, Montague, and Bolingbroke.

Footnote 18:

See the ingenious and elegant defence of the Slave-Trade, attributed

in the newspapers to his Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence. There is

a magnanimity and noble ingenuousness in the avowal of such a

sentiment, which can only be expected from those, who from the

elevated superiority of their situation can look down with contempt on

the opinion of mankind, and the vulgar notions of decency and order.

Footnote 19:

Mr. Malthus, for what reason I know not, in his account of the state

of population in the different countries of modern Europe, has

declined giving any account of the state of population in Italy.

Footnote 20:

Among other instances it is mentioned, that every vassal was obliged

to give the first night of his bride to the lord of the manor, if he

demanded it. It is hard to be sure for a man to be cuckolded the very

first night of his marriage. But even at present, though the formality

of the thing is abolished, there are very few husbands who are not

tolerably certain of being cuckolded by the first lord, or duke, who

thinks it worth his while to attempt it. It is some consolation to us

poor devils of authors, that we have no chance of getting a wife who

is at all likely to meet with any such distinction. But if I were a

snug tradesman or city-merchant, and had bargained for a sweet girl

whose smile was Elysium, whose air was enchantment, and her looks all

love,—I should be terribly afraid of the cocked hats at the opera. I

should tremble at every coronet coach that passed the door, and should

run mad at the sight of a prince’s feather.

Footnote 21:

Even this is making a very large concession to Mr. Malthus. The real

points to be given are the possible power of productiveness in the

earth and the necessary tendency of population to increase.

Footnote 22:

Fletcher of Saltoun.

Footnote 23:

Spelman’s Glossary.

Footnote 24:

Have Dryden’s Fables, the New Eloise, or the Memoirs of Fanny Hill

never added any thing to the pressure of the principle of population,

without any reference to the parish registers of deaths and marriages?

Footnote 25:

Mr. M. always translates the word _misere_ or want misery, and has

adopted it as the burthen of his song. He has made a very significant

use of this equivoque in many parts of his work.

Footnote 26:

The engrafting of trees might be mentioned as an instance in point.

Footnote 27:

Dr. Paley, of whose depth or originality I have in general but a

slender opinion, has made one very shrewd and effectual observation in

reply to Hume’s argument upon miracles; which is, that according to

Hume’s reasoning, miracles must be _equally_ inadmissible and

improbable, whether we believe in a superintending Providence or not.

There must therefore be some fallacy in an argument, which completely

sets aside so material a consideration. I would recommend this answer,

which I think a true and philosophical one, to Mr. Malthus’s

attention, as it may perhaps lead him ‘to new-model some of his

arguments’ about experience.

Footnote 28:

It is to no purpose to object, that they would hinder the poor from

increasing in proportion. This would be merely a negative

check,—preventing the increase on one side, but setting no bounds to

it on the other. Besides, not having the poor to work for them, they

must work for themselves. Neither can it be said that property is a

fluctuating thing, that changes hands, and passes from the rich to the

poor and from the poor back again to the rich, still keeping up the

same inequality; for the greatest wealth would soon be melted down by

the principle of population, and it is only by the accumulation and

transmission of property in regular descents that any great inequality

can subsist. Mr. Malthus wishes to preserve the balance of society by

hindering the poor from marrying; perhaps it would be preserved as

effectually by forcing the rich to marry.

Footnote 29:

Thus the shop-keeper cannot in general be supposed to be actuated by

any fear of want. His exertions are animated entirely by the prospect

of gain, or advantage. Yet how trifling are his profits compared with

those of the merchant. This however does not abate his diligence. It

may be said that the advantage is as great to him. That is, it is the

greatest in his power to make; which is the very thing I mean to say.

In fact we are wound up to a certain pitch of resolution and activity

almost as mechanically as we wind up a clock.

Footnote 30:

The immediate rise in the price of manufactured articles upon any rise

in the price of labour is either a foolish impatience of loss, or a

trick to make the labourer refund his own earnings by paying more for

what he wants himself, and by being _pigeoned_ by others that they may

be able to pay the additional price. It has nothing to do with a fair

and liberal determination to raise the price of labour, which of

itself, and if not immediately counteracted by the power and artifices

of the rich must always tend to the benefit of the labouring part of

the community.

Footnote 31:

This is something like Mr. Godwin’s saying, he does not regard a

new-born infant with any peculiar complacency. They both differ from

the founder of the Christian religion, who has said, Bring unto me

little children. But modern philosophers scorn to pin their faith on

musty sayings.

Footnote 32:

But a moment ago the subject was involved in the most profound

obscurity, and great advantages were expected from the manner in which

Mr. Malthus was to bring it home to each man’s comprehension. In the

passage immediately following the above, our author quotes Dr. Paley’s

Moral Philosophy, and as he often refers to this work, I shall here

take the liberty of entering my protest against it. It is a school in

which a man learns to tamper with his own mind, and will become any

thing sooner than an honest man. It is a directory, shewing him how to

disguise and palliate his real motives (however unworthy) by

metaphysical subterfuges, and where to look for every infirmity which

can beset him, with its appropriate apology, taken from the common

topics of religion and morality. All that is good in Paley is taken

from Tucker; and even _his_ morality is not the most bracing that can

be imagined.

Footnote 33:

Now Lord Colchester.

Footnote 34:

Lord Bacon’s Advancement of Learning.

Footnote 35:

Shaftesbury made this an objection to Christianity, which was answered

by Foster, Leland, and other eminent divines, on the ground that

Christianity had a higher object in view, namely, general

philanthropy.

Footnote 36:

Mr. Fuseli used to object to this striking delineation a want of

historical correctness, inasmuch as the animating principle of the

true chivalrous character was the sense of honour, not the mere regard

to, or saving of, appearances. This, we think, must be an

hypercriticism, from all we remember of books of chivalry and heroes

of romance.

Footnote 37:

We had forgotten the tragedies of Antonio and Ferdinand. Peace be with

their _manes_!

Footnote 38:

To be sure, it was redeemed by a high respect and by some magnificent

compliments. Once in particular, at his own table, after a good deal

of _badinage_ and cross-questioning about his being the author of the

Reply to Judge Eyre’s Charge, on Mr. Godwin’s acknowledging that he

was, Mr. Tooke said, ‘Come here then,’—and when his guest went round

to his chair, he took his hand, and pressed it to his lips, saying—‘I

can do no less for the hand that saved my life!‘

Footnote 39:

Mr. Coleridge named his eldest son (the writer of some beautiful

Sonnets) after Hartley, and the second after Berkeley. The third was

called Derwent, after the river of that name. Nothing can be more

characteristic of his mind than this circumstance. All his ideas

indeed are like a river, flowing on for ever, and still murmuring as

it flows, discharging its waters and still replenished—

‘And so by many winding nooks it strays,

With willing sport to the wild ocean!’

Footnote 40:

We remember finding the volume in the orchard at Burford-bridge near

Boxhill, and passing a whole and very delightful morning in reading

it, without quitting the shade of an apple-tree. We have not been able

to pay Mr. Irving’s book the same compliment of reading it at a

sitting.

Footnote 41:

‘They receive him like a virgin at the Magdalen, _Go thou and do

likewise_’—JUNIUS.

Footnote 42:

This work is not without merit in the details and examples of English

construction. But its fault even in that part is that he confounds the

genius of the English language, making it periphrastic and literal,

instead of elliptical and idiomatic. According to Mr. Murray, hardly

any of our best writers ever wrote a word of English.

Footnote 43:

At least, with only one change in the genitive case.

Footnote 44:

No! For we met with a young lady who kept a circulating library and a

milliner’s shop, in a watering-place in the country, who, when we

inquired for the _Scotch Novels_, spoke indifferently about them, said

they were ‘so dry she could hardly get through them,’ and recommended

us to read _Agnes_. We never thought of it before; but we would

venture to lay a wager that there are many other young ladies in the

same situation, and who think ‘Old Mortality’ ‘dry.’

Footnote 45:

Just as Cobbett is a matter-of-fact reasoner.

Footnote 46:

St. Ronan’s Well.

Footnote 47:

Perhaps the finest scene in all these novels, is that where the

Dominie meets his pupil, Miss Lucy, the morning after her brother’s

arrival.

Footnote 48:

‘And here we cannot but think it necessary to offer some better proof

than the incidents of an idle tale, to vindicate the melancholy

representation of manners which has been just laid before the reader.

It is grievous to think that those valiant Barons, to whose stand

against the crown the liberties of England were indebted for their

existence, should themselves have been such dreadful oppressors, and

capable of excesses, contrary not only to the laws of England, but to

those of nature and humanity. But alas! we have only to extract from

the industrious Henry one of those numerous passages which he has

collected from contemporary historians, to prove that fiction itself

can hardly reach the dark reality of the horrors of the period.

‘The description given by the author of the Saxon Chronicle of the

cruelties exercised in the reign of King Stephen by the great barons

and lords of castles, who were all Normans, affords a strong proof of

the excesses of which they were capable when their passions were

inflamed. “They grievously oppressed the poor people by building

castles; and when they were built, they filled them with wicked men or

rather devils, who seized both men and women who they imagined had any

money, threw them into prison, and put them to more cruel tortures

than the martyrs ever endured. They suffocated some in mud, and

suspended others by the feet, or the head, or the thumbs, kindling

fires below them. They squeezed the heads of some with knotted cords

till they pierced their brains, while they threw others into dungeons

swarming with serpents, snakes, and toads.” But it would be cruel to

put the reader to the pain of perusing the remainder of the

description.’—_Henry’s Hist._ edit. 1805, vol. vii. p. 346.

Footnote 49:

This Essay was written just before Lord Byron’s death.

Footnote 50:

‘Don Juan was my Moscow, and Faliero

My Leipsic, and my Mont St. Jean seems Cain.’

_Don Juan_, Canto xi.

Footnote 51:

This censure applies to the first Cantos of DON JUAN much more than to

the last. It has been called a TRISTRAM SHANDY in rhyme: it is rather

a poem written about itself.

Footnote 52:

The late Rev. Joseph Fawcett, of Walthamstow.

Footnote 53:

At the time when the _Vindiciæ Gallicæ_ first made its appearance, as

a reply to the _Reflections on the French Revolution_, it was cried up

by the partisans of the new school, as a work superior in the charms

of composition to its redoubted rival: in acuteness, depth, and

soundness of reasoning, of course there was supposed to be no

comparison.

Footnote 54:

What an awkward bedfellow for a tuft of violets!

Footnote 55:

‘How oft, O Dart! what time the faithful pair

Walk’d forth, the fragrant hour of eve to share,

On thy romantic banks, have my _wild strains_

(Not yet forgot amidst my native plains)

While thou hast sweetly gurgled down the vale,

Filled up the pause of love’s delightful tale!

While, ever as she read, the conscious maid,

By faultering voice and downcast looks betray’d,

Would blushing on her lover’s neck recline,

And with her finger—point the tenderest line!’

_Mæviad_, _pp._ 194, 202.

Yet the author assures us just before, that in these ‘wild strains’

‘all was plain.’

‘Even then (admire, John Bell! my simple ways)

No heaven and hell danced madly through my lays,

No oaths, no execrations; _all was plain_;

Yet trust me, while thy ever jingling train

Chime their sonorous woes with frigid art,

And shock the reason and revolt the heart;

My hopes and fears, in nature’s language drest,

Awakened love in many a gentle breast.’

_Ibid._, _v._ 185–92.

If any one else had composed these ‘wild strains,’ in which ‘all is

plain,’ Mr. Gifford would have accused them of three things. ‘1.

Downright nonsense. 2. Downright frigidity. 3. Downright doggrel;’ and

proceeded to anatomise them very cordially in his way. As it is, he is

thrilled with a very pleasing horror at his former scenes of

tenderness, and ‘gasps at the recollection’ ‘of _watery Aquarius_!’

_he! jam satis est!_ ‘Why rack a grub—a butterfly upon a wheel?‘

Footnote 56:

Mr. Merry was even with our author in personality of abuse. See his

Lines on the Story of the Ape that was given in charge to the

ex-tutor.

Footnote 57:

The style of philosophical criticism, which has been the boast of the

Edinburgh Review, was first introduced into the Monthly Review about

the year 1796, in a series of articles by Mr. William Taylor, of

Norwich.

Footnote 58:

Mr. Brougham is not a Scotchman literally, but by adoption.

Footnote 59:

After all, the best as well as most amusing comment on the character

just described was that made by Sheridan, who being picked up in no

very creditable plight by the watch, and asked rather roughly who he

was, made answer—‘I am Mr. Wilberforce!’ The guardians of the night

conducted him home with all the honours due to Grace and Nature.

Footnote 60:

The late Lord Chancellor Thurlow used to say that Cobbett was the only

writer that deserved the name of a political reasoner.

Footnote 61:

Mr. Cobbett speaks almost as well as he writes. The only time I ever

saw him he seemed to me a very pleasant man—easy of access, affable,

clear-headed, simple and mild in his manner, deliberate and unruffled

in his speech, though some of his expressions were not very qualified.

His figure is tall and portly: he has a good sensible face—rather

full, with little grey eyes, a hard, square forehead, a ruddy

complexion, with hair grey or powdered; and had on a scarlet

broad-cloth waistcoat, with the flaps of the pockets hanging down, as

was the custom for gentlemen-farmers in the last century, or as we see

it in the pictures of Members of Parliament in the reign of George I.

I certainly did not think less favourably of him for seeing him.

Footnote 62:

Like angels’ visits, short and far between’—

_Blair’s Grave._

Footnote 63:

Is not this word, which occurs in the last line but one, (as well as

before) an instance of that repetition, which we so often meet with in

the most correct and elegant writers?

Footnote 64:

Compare his songs with Burns’s.

Footnote 65:

‘There was a little man, and he had a little soul,

And he said, Little soul, let us try,’ &c.

Parody on

‘There was a little man, and he had a little gun.—

One should think this exquisite ridicule of a pedantic effusion might

have silenced for ever the automaton that delivered it: but the

official personage in question at the close of the Session addressed

an extra-official congratulation to the Prince Regent on a bill that

had _not_ passed—as if to repeat and insist upon our errors were to

justify them.

Footnote 66:

The description of sports in the forest:

‘To see the sun to bed and to arise,

Like some hot amourist with glowing eyes,’ &c.

Footnote 67:

These persons who have been so long on the rack of incomprehensible

theories and captious disputes, whose minds have been stretched on the

Procrustes’ bed of metaphysical systems, till they have acquired a

horror of any thing like common sense or familiar expression, put me

in mind of what is said of those who have been really put to the rack:

they can bear their unnatural distorted state tolerably well; it is

the return of sense and motion which is death to them.

Footnote 68:

How difficult do we find it, to believe that a person is telling us a

falsehood, while we are with him, though we may at the same time be

thoroughly convinced that this is the case.

Footnote 69:

In this age of solid reason, it is always necessary to refer to

particular examples, as it was formerly necessary to explain all hard

words to the ladies. Condillac, in his Logic, that favourite manual of

the modern sciolist, with admirable clearness proves, that our idea of

virtue is a sensible image; because virtue implies a law, and that law

must be written in a book, which must consist of letters, or figures

of a certain shape, colour, and dimensions, which are real things, the

objects of sense: that we are therefore right in asserting virtue to

have a real existence, namely on paper, and in supposing that we have

some idea of it, that is, as consisting of the letters of the

alphabet. Mr. Horne Tooke, a man of wonderful wit, knowledge, and

acuteness, but who, with my consent, shall not be empanelled as a

juror to decide upon any question of abstruse reasoning, has

endeavoured to explain away the whole meaning of language, by doing

away its habitual or customary meaning, by denying that words have any

meaning but what is derived to them from the umbilical root which

first unites them to matter; and by making it out, that our thoughts

having no life or motion in them, but as they are dragged about

mechanically by words, are ‘just such shard-born beetle things’

‘As only buz to heav’n on ev’ning wings;

Strike in the dark, offending but by chance;

· · · · ·

They know not beings, and but _bear_ a name.’

Mr. Tooke’s description of the formation of language[70] is a sort of

pantomime or masquerade, where you see the trunks of our abstract

ideas going about in search of their _heads_, or clumsily setting on

their own _noses_, and afterwards pointing to them in answer to all

questions: it reminds you of the island of Pantagruel (or some such

place), where the men carry their heads before them

Footnote 70:

See his account of the terminations head and ness, or nez. in their

hands, or you would fancy that our author had lately been at the

Promontory of noses. Andrew Paraeus, on the solution of noses, was a

novice to him. I am a little uneasy at this scheme of reducing all our

ideas to points and solid substances. It is like the project to the

philosopher, who contended that all the solid matter in the universe

might be contained in a nutshell. This is ticklish ground to tread

upon. At this rate, and if the proportion holds, each man will hardly

have a single particle of understanding left to his share; and in two

large quarto volumes, there may not perhaps be three grains of solid

sense. Mr. Tooke, as a man of wit, may naturally wish to turn every

thing to _point_. But this method will not hold in metaphysics: it is

necessary to spin the thread of our ideas a little finer, and to take

up with the flimsy texture of mental appearances. It is not easy to

philosophize in solid epigrams, or explain abstruse questions by the

tagging of points. I do not, however, mean to object to Mr. Tooke’s

etymological system as an actual history of language, but to that

superficial gloss of philosophy which is spread over it, and to the

whole of his logic: I might instance in the axiom, on which the whole

turns, that ‘it is as absurd to talk of a complex idea as of a complex

star.’ Now this and such like phrases had better have been left out:

it is a good antithesis, but it is nothing more. Or if it had been put

into the mouth of Sir Francis, who is a young man of lively parts, and

then gravely answered by Mr. Tooke, it would have been all very well.

But as it stands, it is injurious to the interests of philosophy, and

an affront to common sense. Hartley proceeded a good way in making a

dissected map of the brain; and did all he could to prove the human

soul to consist of a white curd. After all, he was forced to confess,

that it was impossible to get at the mind itself; and he was obliged

to rest satisfied with having spent many years, and wasted immense

ingenuity, in ‘vicariously torturing and defacing’ its nearest

representative in matter. He was too great a man not to perceive the

impossibility of ever reconciling matter and motion with the nature of

thought; and he therefore left his system imperfect. But it fell into

good hands, and soon had all its deficiencies supplied, and its doubts

cleared up, to the entire satisfaction and admiration of all the dull,

the superficial, and the ignorant.

Footnote 71:

Essay on Human Action.

Footnote 72:

There is one argument in defence of Old Age, in Cicero, which is so

exquisitely put, that nothing can surpass it: it is a perfect _bon

bouche_ for a metaphysician. It is where some one objects to old age,

that the old man, whatever comforts he may enjoy, cannot hope to live

long, which the young man at least expects to do. To which is

answered: So much the better; the one has already done what the other

only hopes to do: the old man has already lived long: the young man

only hopes that he may. A man would be happy a whole day after having

such a thought as this.

Footnote 73:

Mr. Tooke has fallen into the same mistake with which he reproaches

preceding writers, that of supposing the different sorts of words to

be the measure of the different sorts of things. He has only reversed

their inference: for as the old grammarians, who admitted more

different sorts of words, contended for more differences of things, so

Mr. Tooke, who admits of fewer sorts of words, argues that there can

be only as many different ideas or things, as are expressed by the

different parts of speech. Thus, if substantives and adjectives do not

represent substance and quality, there can be no such difference in

nature, or in the human understanding. This we conceive to be a piece

of as false philosophy, as if we were to affirm that there can be no

difference between blue or yellow, because they are both adjectives,

or between light and sound, because they are both substantives. Mr.

Tooke’s whole object is to show that the different parts of speech do

not relate to the differences in ideas or things, and yet he would

make the difference in the one, the test of the difference in the

other. As to all that he has said of abstraction, and the real or

physical meaning of words, we believe that we do not understand him;

for, as far as we do, his facts and cases seem to us to prove the very

reverse of his conclusions. So he has brought 2000 instances of the

meaning of words to demonstrate that we have no abstract ideas, not

one of which 2000 meanings is any thing else but an abstract idea.

Logic and metaphysics are the weak sides of his reasoning. But he has

rendered essential services to grammar, which cannot be overlooked or

forgotten.

Footnote 74:

‘A fellow of no mark nor likelihood,’ _Henry IV._, Part I., Act III.

Scene 2.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.

2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.

3. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together

at the end of the last chapter.

4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.