May be either an octagon or hexagon wheel, twenty inches diameter; let
the nave be three inches and a quarter diameter, and three and a half
in length; one inch and a half of the front of the nave must be made
to fit in the barrel B. On the other end of the block fix a tin barrel
C, Nᵒ. 3; this barrel must be six inches and a half in length, one
inch of which must fit over the block. The cases of this wheel must
burn two at a time; and from the mouths of the two first cases carry a
leader, through holes in the nave into the barrel of the second
mutation, after the usual manner; but besides these leaders let there
be a pipe go across the wheel from one first case to the other, then
from the tail of one of the last cases, carry a pipe into a hole in
the middle of the barrel C; at the end of this pipe, let there hang
some loose quick match.
Fourth and Fifth Mutation.
We shall here speak of those two mutations under one head, as their
naves are made of one piece, which from E to F is fourteen inches; E,
a block four inches diameter, with ten or twelve short spokes, on
which are fixed eleven inch eight ounce cases; let the front of this
block be made to fit easy in the barrel C, and cloath the cases so
that they may all light together; and let a pipe be carried through a
hole in the block into the barrel C, in order to receive the fire from
the leader brought from the last case on the wheel. G, the nave of the
fifth mutation, whose diameter must be four inches and a half; in this
nave fix ten or twelve spokes one foot and a half in length each;
these spokes must stand seven inches distance from the spokes of the
fourth mutation; and at the end of each spoke tie a four ounce case,
as shewn by Nᵒ. 5; all these cases are to be lighted together, by a
leader brought from the end of one of the cases on Nᵒ. 4. Let F and H
be of the same piece of wood as E and G; but as much thinner as
possible, in order to make the work light.
Sixth and Seventh Mutation.
The blocks of these two mutations, are turned out of one piece of
wood, whose length from F to P is fifteen inches. L a block five
inches diameter, in which are fixed eight spokes, each two feet four
inches in length; at the end of each spoke tie two four ounce cases as
shewn by Nᵒ. 6; all these cases must be fired at the same time, by a
pipe brought from the end of one of the cases on the fifth mutation.
Let the distance between the spokes at L and those in the fifth
mutation be seven inches. M, the nave of the seventh mutation, whose
diameter must be five inches and a half; in this nave fix eight
spokes, and on the front of them two circular fells, one of four feet
eight diameter, and one of three feet eleven inches diameter; on these
fells, tie sixteen eight ounce or pound cases, in the same manner as
represented by Nᵒ. 7, and carry leaders from one to the other, so that
they may be all fired together; this mutation must be fired by a
leader brought from the tail of one of the cases on the sixth
mutation.
Eighth and Ninth Mutation.
The blocks of these may be turned out of one piece, whose length from
P to D must be twelve inches. O, the block of the eighth mutation,
which must be six inches diameter, and in it fixed six spokes, each
three feet in length; these spokes must be strengthened by a hexagon
fell within three or four inches of the ends of the spokes; close to
the end of each spoke, in the front, fix a five-pointed brilliant
star; then seven inches below each star tie two ten inch eight ounce
cases, so that the upper ends of the cases may rest on the fells, and
their ends on the spokes; each of these cases must be placed parallel
to the opposite fell, see Nᵒ. 8. NNN, &c. are the cases, and kkk, &c.
the stars.
The ninth mutation must be thus made; let D be a block seven inches
diameter; in this block must be screwed six spokes, six feet in length
each, with holes and grooves in them for leaders, in the same manner
as those in the dodecaedron; at the end of each spoke, in the front,
fix a spindle for a hexagon vertical wheel, ten inches diameter, as
shewn by Nᵒ. 9. When these wheels are on, carry a leader from each
into the block, so that they may all meet together; then lead a pipe
from the end of one of the cases of the eighth mutation, through a
hole bored in the block D, to meet the leaders from the vertical
wheels, so that they may all be fired together.
The spindles for large pieces are required to be made very strong, and
as exact as possible; for a piece of nine mutations, let the spindle
be at the large end one inch diameter, and continue that thickness as
far as the seventh mutation, and from thence to the fifth; let its
diameter be three quarters of an inch; from the fifth to the fourth,
five eighths of an inch; from the fourth to the second, half an inch;
and from the second to the end, three eighths of an inch: at the small
end must be a nut to keep on the first wheel, and at the thick end
must be a large nut, as shewn by the figure, so that the screw part of
the spindle being put through a post, and a nut screwed on tight, the
spindle will be held fast and steady; but you are to observe, that
that part of the spindle, on which the moveable pieces are to run, be
made long enough for the wheels to run easy without sticking; the
fixed pieces being made on different blocks, the leaders must be
joined, after they are fixed on the spindle. The best method of
preventing the fixed mutations from moving on the spindle, is, to make
that part of the spindle which goes through them square; but as it
would be difficult to make square holes through such long blocks as
are sometimes required, it will be best to make them in the following
manner; which is, to bore a round hole a little larger than the
diameter of the spindle, and at each end of the block over the hole,
fasten a piece of brass with a square hole in it to fit the spindle.
To make a Horizontal Wheel change to a Vertical Wheel with a Sun in
Front.
The sudden change of this piece is very pleasing, and gives great
surprize to those who are not acquainted with the contrivance. A wheel
for this purpose should be about three feet diameter, and its fell
circular, on which tie sixteen half pound cases filled with brilliant
charge; two of these cases must burn at a time, and on each end of the
nave must be a tin barrel of the same construction as those on the
regulated piece; the wheel being compleated, prepare the post or stand
after the following manner: first have a stand made of any height,
about three or four inches square, then saw off from the top, a piece
two feet in length; this piece join again at the place where it was
cut, with a hinge on one side, so that it may lift up and down in the
front of the stand, then fix on the top of the bottom part of the
stand, on each side a bracket; these brackets must project at right
angles with the stand, one foot from the front, for the short piece to
rest on; but these brackets must be placed a little above the joint of
the post, so that when the upper stand falls, it may lay between them
at right angles with the bottom stand, which may be done by fixing a
piece of wood, one foot in length, between the brackets and even with
the top of the bottom stand; then, as the brackets rise above the
bottom stand, they will form a channel for the short post to lay in,
and at the same time keep it steady without straining the hinge: on
the side of the short post opposite the hinge, nail a piece of wood;
this piece must be of such a length, that, when the post is
perpendicular, it may reach about one foot and a half down the long
post, to which being tied, it will hold the short stand upright; the
stand being thus prepared, in the top of it fix a spindle ten inches
in length; on this spindle put the wheel, then fix on a brilliant sun
with a single glory; the diameter of this sun must be six inches less
than that of the wheel. When you fire this piece, light the wheel
first, and let it run horizontally till four cases are consumed; then
from the end of the fourth case carry a leader into the ten barrel
that turns over the end of the stand; this leader must be met by
another brought through the top of the post, from a case filled with a
strong port-fire charge, and tied to the bottom post, with its mouth
facing the pack-thread which holds up the stand, so that when this
case is lighted, it will burn the pack-thread, and let the wheel fall
forward, by which means it will become vertical; then from the last
case of the wheel, carry a leader into the barrel next the sun, which
will begin as soon as the wheel is burnt out.
Of the grand Volute illuminated with a projected Wheel in Front.
First have two hoops made of strong iron wire, one of six feet
diameter, and one of four feet two inches; these hoops must be joined
to scroles A, A, A, &c. as shewn by fig. 54. These scroles must be
made of the same sort of wire as the hoops; on these scroles, tie with
iron binding wire as many illuminating port fires as they will hold,
at two inches distance from each other; these port fires cloath with
leaders, so that they may all take fire together; then let C be a
circular wheel of four spokes, three feet six inches diameter, and on
its fell tie as many four ounce cases head to tail, as will compleat
the circle, only allowing a sufficient distance between the cases,
that the fire may pass free, which may be done by cutting the upper
part of the end of each case a little shelving: on each spoke fix a
four ounce case about three inches from the fell of the wheel; these
cases are to burn one at a time, and the first of them to begin with
those on the fell, of which four are to burn at a time, so that the
wheel will last no longer than one fourth of the cases on the fell,
which in number should be sixteen or twenty; on the front of the wheel
form a spiral line, with strong wire, on which tie port fires, placing
them on a slant, with their mouths to face the same way as the cases
on the wheel; all these port fires must be fired with the second cases
of wheel. Let D, D, D, &c. be spokes of wood, all made to screw into a
block in the center; each of these spokes may be in length about four
feet six inches; in the top of each fix a spindle, and on each spindle
put a spirali wheel of eight spokes, such as are represented by E, E,
E, &c. The blocks of these wheels must have a hole at top for the
center cases, and the spindle must have nuts screwed on their ends,
which nuts should fit in the holes at top of the blocks, so that all
the wheels, must be put on before you fix in the center cases: as some
of these wheels by reason of their situation will not bear on the nut,
it will be necessary to have smooth shoulders made on the spindles for
the blocks to run on; the cases of these wheels are to burn double,
and the method of firing them is, by carrying a leader from each down
the spokes into the block in the center, in the same manner as those
in the dodecaedron, but the center case of each wheel, must begin with
the two last cases as usual; it is to be observed, that the large
circular wheel in front must have a tin barrel on its block, into
which a pipe must be carried, from one of the second cases on the
wheel; this pipe being met by another from the large block, in which
the eight spokes are screwed, will fire all the spirali wheels and the
illuminating port fires at the same time. The cases of the projected
wheel may be filled with a white charge, and those of the spirali
wheels, with a grey.
Of the Moon and Seven Stars.
Let fig. 55, be a smooth circular board, six feet diameter; out of the
middle of it cut a circular piece twelve or fourteen inches diameter,
and over the vacancy put white Persian silk, on which paint a moon’s
face, then let I, I, I, &c. be stars each four or five inches
diameter, cut out with five points, and covered with oiled silk: on
the front of the large circular board, draw a seven-pointed star, as
large as the circle will allow; then on the lines which form this
star, bore holes, wherein fix pointed stars. When this piece is to be
fired, it must be fixed upon the front of a post, on a spindle, with a
wheel of brilliant fire behind the face of the moon; so that while the
wheel burns, the moon and stars will appear transparent, and when the
wheel has burnt out, they will disappear, and the large star in front,
which is formed of pointed stars, will begin, being lighted by a pipe
of communication from the last case of the vertical wheel, behind the
moon; this pipe of communication must be managed in the same manner as
those in regulated pieces.
Of the Double Cone Wheel illuminated.
This piece is represented by fig 56. Let A, be a strong decagon wheel,
two feet six inches diameter; then on each side of it fix a cone B and
C; these cones are to consist of a number of hoops, supported by three
or four pieces of wood, in the manner of the spiral wheels; let the
height of each cone be three feet six inches, and on all the hoops tie
port fires horizontally, with their mouths outwards, and cloath the
wheel with eight ounce cases, all to play horizontally, two at a time:
the cones may be fired with the first or second cases. The spindle for
this piece must go through both the cones, and rise three feet above
the point of the cone at top, so that its length will be ten feet four
inches from the top of the post H, in which it is fixed, allowing four
inches for the thickness of the block of the wheel; the whole weight
of the wheel and cones must bear on a shoulder in the spindle, on
which the block of the wheel must turn; near the top of the spindle,
must be a hole in the front, into which screw a small spindle, after
the cones are on; then on this small spindle fix a sun D, composed of
sixteen nine inch four ounce cases of brilliant fire, which cases must
not be placed on a fell, but only stuck into a block of six inches
diameter; then in the front of this sun must be a circular vertical
wheel, sixteen inches diameter; on the front of this wheel form with
iron wire a spiral line, and cloath it with illuminations, after the
usual method; as this wheel is not to be fired till the cones are
burnt out, the method of firing it is as follows; let the hole in the
block, at the top of the uppermost cone, be a little larger than the
spindle which passes through it; then from the first case of the
vertical wheel before the sun, carry a leader down the side of the
spindle to the top of the block of the horizontal wheel, on which must
be a tin barrel; then this leader, being met by another brought from
the end of the last case of the horizontal wheel, will give fire to
the vertical wheel, as soon as the cones are extinguished; but the sun
D must not be fired, till the vertical wheel is quite burnt out.
Of Fire Pumps.
Cases for fire pumps, are made in the same manner as those for
tourbillons, only they are parted instead of being rolled dry. Having
rolled and dryed your cases, fill them in the following manner: first
put in a little meal powder, and then a star, on which ram lightly a
ladle or two of composition, then a little meal powder, and on that a
star, then again composition, and so on till you have filled the case.
Stars for fire pumps should not be round, but must be made either
square, or flat and circular, with a hole through the middle; the
quantity of powder for throwing the stars must increase as you come
near the top of the case, for if much powder be put at the bottom, it
will burst the case. The stars must differ in size, in this manner;
let the star which you put in first, be about one fourth less than the
bore of the case, but let the next star be a little larger, and the
third star a little larger than the second, and so on; let them
increase in diameter, till within two of the top of the case, which
two must fit in tight. As the loading of fire pumps is somewhat
difficult, it will be necessary to make two or three trials, before
you depend on their performance: when you fill a number of pumps, take
care not to put in each an equal quantity of charge between the stars,
so that when they are fired they may not throw up too many stars
together. Cases for fire pumps should be made very strong, and rolled
on four or eight ounce formers, ten or twelve inches in length each.
Of the Vertical Scroll Wheel.
This wheel may be made of any diameter, but must be constructed as
shewn by fig. 57, to do which proceed thus; have a block made of a
moderate size, into which fix four flat spokes, and on them fix a flat
circular fell of wood; round the front of this fell place port-fires;
then on the front of the spokes form a scrole, either with a hoop or
strong iron wire; on this scrole tie cases of brilliant fire, in
proportion to the wheel, head to tail, as in the figure; when you fire
this wheel, light the first case near the fell; then, as the cases
fire successively, you will see the circle of fire gradually diminish;
but whether the illuminations on the fell begin with the scrole or
not, is immaterial, that being left intirely to the maker.
N. B. This wheel may be put in the front of a regulated piece, or
fired by itself, occasionally.
Of Pin Wheels.
First roll some paper pipes, about fourteen inches in length each;
these pipes must not be made thick of paper, two or three rounds of
elephant paper being sufficient; when your pipes are thoroughly dryed,
you must have made a tin tube, twelve inches in length, to fit easy
into the pipes; at one end of this tube fix a small conical cup, which
being done, it is called a funnel, then bend one end of one of the
pipes, and put the funnel in at the other, as far as it will reach,
and fill the cup with composition; then draw out the funnel by a
little at a time, shaking it up and down, and it will fill the pipe as
it comes out; having filled some pipes, have made some small blocks,
about an inch diameter, and half an inch in thickness; round one of
these blocks wind and paste a pipe, and to the end of this pipe join
another, which must be done by twisting the end of one pipe to a
point, and putting it into the end of the other, with a little paste;
in this manner join four or five pipes, winding them one upon the
other, so as to form a spiral line; having wound on your pipes, paste
two slips of paper across them, to hold them together; besides these
slips of paper, the pipes must be pasted together.
[Illustration: PLATE 5.]
[Illustration: PLATE 6.]
[Illustration: PLATE. 7]
[Illustration: PLATE. 8]
There is another method of making these wheels, called the French
method; which is, by winding on the pipes without paste, and sticking
them together with sealing wax, at every half turn; so that when they
are fired, the end will fall loose every time the fire passes the wax,
by which means the circle of fire will be considerably increased. The
formers for these pipes are made from one and a half to four
sixteenths of an inch diameter, and the composition for them as
follows; meal powder eight ounces, salt petre two ounces, and sulphur
one; among these ingredients, may be mixed a little steel-filings, or
the dust of cast-iron; this composition should be very dry, and not
made too fine, or it will stick in the funnel. These wheels may be
fired on a large pin, and held in the hand with safety.
Of Fire Globes.
There are two sorts of fire globes, one with projected cases, and the
other with the cases concealed in the following manner; have a globe
made of wood, of any diameter you chuse, and divide the surface of it
into fourteen equal parts, and at each division bore a hole
perpendicular to the center; these holes must be in proportion to the
cases intended to be used; in every hole, except one, put a case
filled with brilliant, or any other charge, and let the mouths of the
cases be even with the surface of the globe; then cut in the globe a
groove, from the mouth of one case to the other, for leaders, which
must be carried from case to case, so that they may all be fired
together; this being done, cover the globe with a single paper, and
paint it. These sort of globes may be used to ornament a building.
Fire-globes with projected cases are made thus; your globe being made
with fourteen holes bored in it as usual, six in every hole, except
one, a case, and let each case project from the globe two thirds of
its length; then cloath all the cases with leaders, so that they may
all take fire at the same time. Fire-globes are supported by a pintle,
made to fit the hole in which there is no case.
To thread and join Leaders, with the method of placing them on
different Works.
Joining and placing of Leaders is a very essential part of fireworks,
as it is on the leaders, that the performance of all complex works
depend; for which reason I shall endeavour here to explain the method
of conducting pipes of communication, in as plain a manner as
possible. Your works being ready to be cloathed, proceed thus; cut
your pipes of a sufficient length to reach from one case to the other,
then put in the quick match, which must always be made to go in very
easy; when the match is in, cut it off within about an inch of the end
of the pipe, and let it project as much at the other end; then fasten
the pipe to the mouth of each case with a pin, and put the loose ends
of the match into the mouths of the cases, with a little meal powder;
this being done to all the cases, paste over the mouth of each two or
three bits of paper; the preceding method is used for large cases, and
the following for small cases and illuminations; first thread a long
pipe, then lay it on the tops of the cases, and cut a bit off the
under side, exactly over the mouth of each case, so that the match may
appear; then pin the pipe to every other case, but before you put on
the pipes, put a little meal powder in the mouth of each case; if the
cases thus cloathed be port-fires on illuminated works, cover the
mouth of each case with a single paper; but if they are choaked cases,
situated so that a number of sparks from other works may fall on them
before they are fired, secure them with three or four papers, which
must be pasted on very smooth, that there may be no creases for the
sparks to lodge in, which often set fire to the works before their
time; avoid, as much as possible, placing the leaders too near
together, or one across the other so as to touch, as it sometimes
happens that the flash of one will fire the other; therefore if your
works should be so formed, that the leaders must cross or touch, be
sure to make them very strong, and secure them well at the joints and
at every opening.
When a great length of pipe is required, it must be made by joining
several pipes together, in this manner; having put on one length of
match as many pipes as it will hold, paste paper over every joint; but
if a still greater length be required, more pipes must be joined, by
cutting off about an inch of one side of each pipe near the end, and
laying the quick match together, and tieing them fast with small
twine; after which, cover the joining with pasted paper.
The manner of placing Fireworks to be exhibited, with the order of
Firing.
Nothing adds more to the appearance of fireworks, than the placing
them properly; though the manner of placing them chiefly depends on
the judgment of the maker. I shall give such rules here, as have been
generally observed; for example, whether your works are to be fired on
a building, or on stands; if they are a double set, place one wheel of
a sort on each side of the building, and next to each of them towards
the center, place a fixed piece, then wheels, and so on, leaving a
sufficient distance between them, for the fire to play from one
without burning the other; having fixed some of your works thus in
front, place the rest behind them, in the center of their intervals;
the largest piece, which is generally a regulated or transparent
piece, must be placed in the center of the building, and behind it a
sun, which must always stand above all the other works: a little
before the building or stands place your large gerbes, and at the back
of the works, fix your marron batteries, pots des aigrettes, pots des
brins, pots des saucissons, air ballóóns, and flights of rockets; the
rocket stands may be fixed behind or any where else, so as not to be
in the way of the works.
Single collections are fired on stands, which stands are made in the
same manner as theodolite stands, only the top part must be long or
short occasionally; these sort of stands may be fixed up very soon
without much trouble. Having given sufficient instructions for placing
of fireworks, I shall proceed with the manner of firing them.
Order of Firing.
1. Two signal rockets,
2. Six sky rockets,
3. Two honorary rockets,
4. Four caduceus rockets,
5. Two vertical wheels illuminated,
6. Two spiral wheels illuminated,
7. Two transparent stars,
8. A line rocket of five changes,
9. Four tourbillons,
10. Two horizontal wheels,
11. Two air ballóóns illuminated,
12. Two Chinese fountains,
13. Two regulating pieces of four mutations each,
14. Two pots des aigrettes,
15. Three large gerbes,
16. A flight of rockets,
17. Two ballóón wheels,
18. Two cascades of brilliant fire,
19. Twelve sky rockets,
20. Two illuminated yew-trees,
21. Two air ballóóns of serpents, and two compound,
22. Four tourbillons,
23. Two Fruiloni Wheels,
24. Two Illuminated Globes with Horizontal Wheels,
25. One Pot des Saucissons,
26. Two Plural Wheels,
27. A Marron Battery,
28. Two Chandeliers Illuminated,
29. A Range of Pots des Brins,
30. Twelve Sky Rockets,
31. Two Yew-Trees of Fire,
32. A Nest of Serpents,
33. Two Double Cones Illuminated,
34. A Regulating Piece of Seven Mutations, viz.,
1. A Vertical Wheel Illuminated,
2. A Golden Glory,
3. An Octagon Vertical Wheel,
4. Porcupines Quills,
5. Cross Fires,
6. A Star Piece with Brilliant Rays,
7. Six Vertical Wheels,
35. A Brilliant Sun,
36. A Large Flight of Rockets.
When water-works are to be exhibited, divide them into several sets,
and fire one set after every fifth or sixth change of land and
air-works; and observe this rule in firing in a double set of works,
always to begin with sky-rockets, then two moveable pieces, then two
fix’d pieces, and so on, ending with a large flight of rockets, or a
marron battery; if a single collection, fire a fixed piece after every
wheel or two, and now and then some air and water-works.
Fountain of Sky-Rockets.
Plate 6th. Fig. 1st, represents a fountain of thirty rockets; let A,
be a perpendicular post, sixteen feet high from the ground, and four
inches square. Let the rail or cross piece C, be one foot six inches
in length, three inches broad, and one thick. The rail D, at bottom,
must be six feet in length, one foot broad, and an inch thick. F, and
G, are the two sides which serve to supply the rails D, E, H, I, C;
these sides are one foot broad at bottom, and cut in the front with a
regular slope, to three inches at top, but their back edges must be
parallel with the front of the pots A. The breadth of the rails E, H,
I, will be determined by the breadth of the sides; all the rails must
be fixed at two feet distance from each other, and at right angles
with the pots; having placed the rails thus; bore in the bottom rail,
ten holes at equal distances from each other, large enough to receive
easily the stick of a one pound rocket; in the back edge of this rail
cut a groove from one end to the other, fit to contain a quick-match,
then cut a groove in the top of the rail, from the edge of each hole,
into the groove in the back; in the same manner cut in the second rail
E, eight holes and grooves; in the third rail H, six holes and
grooves; in the fourth rail I, four holes and grooves; and in the top
rail two holes and grooves; B, a rail with holes in it to guide the
ends of the rocket sticks, this rail must be fixed six feet from the
rail D; the fountain frame being thus made, prepare your rockets thus;
tie round the mouth of each a piece of thin paper, large enough to go
twice round, and to project about an inch and a half from the mouth of
the rocket, which must be rubbed with wet meal-powder; in the mouth of
each Rocket put a leader, which secure well with the paper that
projects from the mouth of the case; these leaders must be carried
into the grooves in the back of the rails, in which lay a quick-match
from one end to the other, and cover it with pasted paper; holes must
be made in the rail D, to receive the ends of the sticks of the
rockets, in the rail E, and so on to the fourth rail, so that the
sticks of the rockets at top, will go through all the rails; the
rockets being so prepared, fix a gerbe or white flower-pot on each
rail before the post, with their mouths inclining a little forwards;
these gerbes must be lighted all at once; behind or before each gerbe,
fix a case of brilliant or slow fire, these cases must be filled so
that they may burn out one after the other, to regulate the fountain,
which may be done by carrying a leader, from the end of each slow or
brilliant fire, into the groove in the back of each rail; different
size rockets may be used in these fountains, but it will be best to
fill the heads of the rockets on each rail with different sorts of
things, in this manner, those at top with crackers, the next with
rains, the third with serpents, the fourth with tailed stars, and the
last flight with common or brilliant stars.
Palm-Tree.
This piece, though made of common fires, and of a simple construction,
has a very pleasing effect; owing to the fires intersecting so often,
that they resemble the branches of trees. Fig. 2d. let A, be a
perpendicular post of any thickness so that it be sufficiently strong
to hold the cases; let the distance from B to C, be two feet six
inches, and from C to D, two feet six inches, and let the length of
each cross piece be two feet; on each end of each, fix a five pointed
star, then fix on pegs made on purpose, twelve inch half pound cases
of brilliant fire, as in the figure, all the cases and stars, must be
fired at one time; this piece should be fixed high from the ground.
Illuminated Pyramid, with Archimedian Screws, a Globe and Vertical
Sun.
May be made of any size; one made according to the Dimensions of fig.
3d, will be a good proportion, whose whole height is twenty one feet;
from C to D, six feet, from E to F, nine feet, the space between the
rails must be six inches, and the rails as thin as possible, in all
the rails stick port-fires at four inches distance; the archimedian
screws G, K, are nothing more than double spiral wheels, with the
cases placed on their wheels horizontally instead of obliquely, the
vertical sun I, need not consist of more than twelve rays, to form a
single glory; the globe at top must be made in proportion to the
pyramid, which being prepared according to the preceding directions,
place your leaders so that all the illuminating port-fires, screws,
globe, and sun, may take fire together; the pyramid must be supported
by the two sides, and by a support brought from a pole, which must be
placed two feet from the back of the pyramid, in order that the wheels
may run free.
Rose-Piece and Sun.
A rose piece may be used for a mutation of a regulated piece, or fired
by itself, this piece makes the best appearance when made large; if
its exterior diameter be six feet it will be a good size; fig. 4,
shews the manner it appears before it is fired; let the exterior fell
be made of wood, and supported by four wooden spokes, all the other
parts on which the illuminations are fixed, must be made of strong
iron wire; on the exterior fell, place as many half pound cases of
brilliant charge as you think proper (but the more the better) for the
nearer the cases are placed, the stronger will be the rays of the Sun;
the illuminations should be placed within three inches of each other,
they must be all fired together and burn some time before the sun is
lighted, which may be done by carrying a leader from the middle of one
of the illuminations, to the mouth of one of the sun cases.
Transparent Stars with Illuminated Rays.
Plate 7, Fig. 5th, represents an illuminated star, let the diameter
from A to B, be two feet and from C to D, seven feet; first make a
strong circular back or body of the star, two feet diameter, to which
you fix the illuminated rays; in the center of the front of the body
fix a spindle, on which put a double triangular wheel, six inches
diameter, clothed with two ounce cases of brilliant charge; the cases
on this wheel must burn but one at a time; round the edge of the body
nail a hoop made of thin wood or tin, this hoop must project in front
six or seven inches; in this hoop cut three or four holes to let out
the smoke from the wheel; the star and garter may be cut out of strong
paste-board or tin, made in this manner, cut a round piece of
paste-board or tin, two feet diameter, on which draw a star, and cut
it out, then over the vacancy paste Persian silk; paint the letters
yellow; four of the rays yellow, and four red; the cross in the middle
may be painted half red, and half yellow, or yellow and blue; this
transparent star must be fastened to the wooden hoop by a screw, to
take off and on, the illuminated rays are made of thin wood, with tin
sockets fixed on their sides within four inches of each other; in
these sockets stick illuminating port-fires; behind the point of each
ray, fix a half pound case of grey, black, or chinese fire.
* * * * *
N. B. The illuminated rays to be lighted at the same time as the
triangular wheel, or after it is burnt out, which may be done by a tin
barrel being fixed to the wheel after the manner of those in the
regulated pieces, into this barrel correl a leader from the
illuminated rays, through the back of the star, which leader must be
met by another brought from the tail of the last case on the wheel.
Transparent Table Star Illuminated.
Fig. 6th, represents a table star, whose diameter from E to F, is
twelve feet, and from E to I, four feet, this proportion observed on
each side, will make the center frame four feet square, in this square
fix a transparent star, as shewn in the figure; this star may be
painted blue, and its rays made as those of the flaming stars
described in page 218, the wheel for this star may be composed of
different coloured fires, with a change or two of slow fire; the
wheels a, a, a, a, may be clothed with any number of cases, so that
the star wheel consists of the same; the illuminating port fires,
which must be placed very near each other on the frames, must be so
managed as to burn as long as the wheels, and lighted at the time.
The Regulated Illuminated Spirili Piece, with a projected Star Wheel
Illuminated.
This piece is represented by Fig. 7th, and is thus made; have a block
made eight inches diameter, in this block screw six iron spokes, which
must serve for spindles for the spiral wheels, these wheels are made
as usual, each one foot six inches diameter and three foot in height;
the spindles must be long enough to keep the wheels four or five
inches from one another; at the end of each spindle must be a screw
nut, on which the wheels that hang downwards will run, and on the
spindles which stand upwards must be a shoulder, for the blocks of the
wheels to run on.
* * * * *
The projected star wheel, must turn on the same spindle on which the
large block is fixed, this spindle must be long enough to allow the
star wheel to project a little before the spiral wheels; the exterior
diameter of the star wheel, must be three feet five inches, on this
wheel fix three circles of iron wire, and on them port-fires; on the
block place a transparent star, or a large five pointed brilliant
star, the cases on this wheel may burn four at once, as it will
contain near twice the number of one of the spiral wheels; the cases
on the spiral wheels, must be placed parallel to their fells, and burn
two at a time.
A New Figure Piece Illuminated with Five Pointed Stars.
The construction of this piece is very easy, as shewn by figure 8,
whose diameter from B to C, is eight feet, and from D to E, two feet,
the vertical wheel in the center, must be one foot diameter, and
consist of six four ounce cases of different coloured charge, which
cases must burn double; on the frames of this piece, six five pointed
brilliant or blue stars, rammed four inches with composition, let the
space between each star be eight inches; at each point of this piece,
fix a gerbe or case of chinese fire; when this piece is to be fired
let the gerbes, stars, and wheel be lighted at the same time.
The Star Wheel Illuminated.
This beautiful new invented piece, is shewn in Plate 8, fig. 9, its
exterior fell is made of wood, three feet six inches or four feet
diameter, within this fell, form with iron wire, three circles, one
less than the other, so that the diameter of the least may be about
ten inches; place the port-fires on these fells, with their mouths
inclining outwards, and the port-fires on the points of the star, with
their mouths projecting in front; let the exterior fell be clothed
with four ounce cases of grey charge, these cases must burn four at a
time, and be lighted at the same time as the illuminations.
Pyramid of Flower-pots.
Fig. 10, represents this curious piece, which must be made thus; let
the distance from A to B, be six feet, and from one rail to the other
two; on the bottom rail, fix five paper mortars, each three inches and
a half diameter, these mortars load with serpents, crackers, stars,
&c.
In the center of each mortar fix a case of spur fire; on the second
rail fix four mortars, so as to stand exactly in the middle of the
intervals of them on the bottom rail; on the third rail place three
mortars; on the fourth two; and on the top of the posts one; the
bottom rail must be six feet in length; all the mortars must incline a
little forwards, that they may easily discharge themselves, and the
spur-fires rammed exactly alike that the mortars may all be fired at
the same time, having prepared your pyramid according to the
preceeding directions, carry pipes of communication, from one
spur-fire to the other.
The Illuminated Regulating Piece.
Fig. 11, represents one half of this piece; A, A, A, A, are flat
wooden spokes, each five feet in length, and at the end of each, place
a vertical wheel, ten inches diameter, clothed with six four ounce
cases of brilliant fire, these cases must burn but one at a time; on
two of the spokes of each wheel, place two port-fires, which must be
lighted with the first case of the wheel; on each spoke A, A, &c.
behind the wheels place six cases of the same size as them on the
wheels; these cases must be tied across the spokes with their mouths
all one way, and be made to take fire successively one after the
other, so that they may assist the whole pieces to turn round.
The diameter of the wheel B, must be two feet six inches, and its fell
made of wood, which must be fixed to the large spokes, on this wheel
place twenty four cases of the same sort as them on the small wheels,
these cases must burn four at a time; in this wheel make three circles
with iron wire, and on them place illuminating port-fires, as shewn in
the figure; the star points on the large spokes may be made of thin
ash hoops, the diameter of these points close to the center wheel must
be eleven inches; on these points place port-fires, at three inches
and a half distance, one from the other.
Fig. 12, represents the blocks of this piece, the diameters of these
blocks at A and B, must be eight inches and C and D, four inches and a
half, the length of each, of these blocks must be six inches; at the
small ends of these blocks fix an iron wheel five inches diameter,
which wheels must have teeth, to turn the wheel E, this wheel which is
fixed on a small spindle screwed into the large spindle which goes
through the two blocks, and on which they run.
* * * * *
Supposing fig. 11, to be on the block A, in fig. 12, and to turn to
the right, and another piece of the same construction on the block B,
with its fires placed so as to turn it to the left, you will find them
move very true and fast, by the help of the three iron wheels, which
serves to regulate their motions, as well as to assist them in
turning; let the iron circles in the front of the great wheels be of
different diameters so that when fired there may appear six circles,
when this piece is fired, all the wheels and illuminations must be
lighted at one time.
To Fix a Sky-Rocket with its Stick, on the top of another.
Rockets thus managed make a pretty appearance, by reason of a fresh
tail being seen when the second rocket takes fire, which will mount to
a great height; the method of preparing these rockets is thus, having
filled a two pounder, which must be filled only half a diameter above
the piercer, and in its head not more than ten or twelve stars; the
stick of this rocket must be made a little thicker than common, and
when made, cut it in half the flat way, and in each half make a
groove, so that when the two halves are joined, the hollow made by the
grooves may be large enough to hold the stick of a half pound rocket,
which rocket make and head as usual, the stick of this rocket put into
the hollow of the large one, so far that the mouth of the rocket may
rest on the head of the two pounder; from whose head carry a leader
into the mouth of the small rocket, which being done, your rockets
will be ready for fireing.
A New Method of placing Leaders.
The placing leaders, on small cases or illuminations, is a much
quicker, stronger, and more expeditious way than that of using pins,
which method has been practised till very lately. Your port-fires
being filled within about three eighths of an inch of the top, bore
with an awl a hole through each side of the case close to the
composition, then fill the mouths of the cases with meal powder wetted
with spirit of wine, when you have thus prepared your cases, fix them
on your works, then take an empty leader, and lay it on the mouths of
as many cases as it will reach, then with your finger nail, mark the
leader exactly in the middle of the mouth of each case, then at each
mark with a pair of Scissars, cut a bit out of the pipe, so that when
you put in the quick-match, it may be seen; this being done, lay the
leader on the cases again with that side on which the match is seen
downwards; then take some small twine, and put it through the holes in
the mouths of the cases, and tie on the leader; do this to every case
and then cover them with single pasted paper; by making use of the
above method your works may be made very clean, there being no
occasion to put dry meal powder in the mouths of the cases which
always soils the works and prevents the paste from sticking.
In this treatise, I have taught the method of rolling, pinching, and
filling all sorts of cases, the manner of pulverizing, mixing, and
preparing, all compositions used in artificial fire-works; also the
method of placing leaders, clothing wheels, fixed pieces, &c. in so
plain a manner, that all fire-works may be made without any further
instructions. A variety of pyrotechnical representations only depends
on the genius of the maker, by fixing different cases and fires on
works of various forms, of which there are many more.
But as those I have given are the principal, I shall conclude, till I
have an opportunity of extending this work, which will depend on the
approbation it meets with.
_FINIS._
Footnotes:
[1] A line is the twelfth part of an inch.
[2] Traité des feux d’artifice, par M. F***.
[3] The nipple and cylinder to bear the same proportion
as those for rockets.
[4] A round bit of brass, equal in length to the nick
of the case, and flat at the top.
[5] A copper scoop with a wooden handle.
[6] A piece of hard wood in the form of an anvil block.