ÉTUI, ETC.
_Portable Outfit._
After describing the larger apparatus necessary for the equipment of the
surgery, Hippocrates mentions a portable equipment for use on journeys:
'Have also another apparatus ready to hand for journeys, simply
prepared, and handy too by method of arrangement, for one cannot
overhaul everything' (i. 72).
The component parts of this portable outfit so far known to us are as
follows:
The scalpels of different shapes seem to have been carried in boxes,
probably wooden, which opened in two halves like a modern mathematical
instrument box. In these the scalpels lay head and tail, separated from
each other by small fixed partitions. A box of scalpels of this kind is
represented in a marble votive tablet which was found on the Acropolis on
the site of the Temple of Aesculapius. A similar box with different
instruments is seen in a donarium in the Capitoline Museum. The probes and
forceps were carried in cylindrical cases like those in which the scribes
carried their pens. A good many of these have come down to us. From the
fact that in the grave of the surgeon of Paris there were found two
buckles, it is probable that there had been buried along with the
instruments a case of leather or some such perishable material, which had
been used to contain instruments, but which had disappeared when the grave
was opened. There have also been found boxes of various shapes for
containing medicaments, cylindrical boxes for drugs in sticks, boxes
divided into little partitions for drugs in semi-solid form, and other
boxes for powders.
_Portable Probe Cases._
The spatulae, sounds, hooks, and forceps were carried about in a
cylindrical case of bronze. Several of these étui have been found
containing instruments. They average 18 cm. in length and 1·5 cm. in
diameter. The lid lifts off. One in the museum at Lausanne was found in a
Roman conduit at Bosséaz and contained a cyathiscomele of the usual type
(Bonstetten, _Recueil des Antiqq. Suisses_, pl. xii, figs. 11 and 12). A
case exactly similar to the above containing a cyathiscomele and a toothed
vulsellum was found in the Rhine Valley. Another case of the same kind was
found at Bregenz. It contained a long ligula, a spathomele, a
cyathiscomele, and a double olivary probe.
In the Naples Museum are four of these cases, three of which were found in
Pompeii and one in Herculaneum. One of these is a plain cylindrical case
18 cm. long and 1·5 in diameter. It contained instruments (Pl. LIII, fig.
1). Another case is ornamented with raised rings. It was found in the
House of the Physician, and contained six specilla of different kinds and
a vulsellum. A third is of similar size and shape, but it is considerably
destroyed by oxidation, and it is adherent to a rectangular slab of black
stone which had been used for mixing medicaments. Through the cracks in
the case there may be seen the probes which it contains. The case from
Herculaneum is a plain cylindrical case 19 cm. long and 2 cm. in diameter.
Lately, several other cases have been found in Italy which are placed in
the Naples Museum. One in a fragmentary condition showing its contents is
seen in Pl. LIII, fig. 2.
In the Musée de Cinquantenaire, Brussels, there is one of these cases
which was brought by M. Ravenstein from Italy. It contained three
instruments all of silver, a cyathiscomele, a grooved director, and a
plain double-ended stylet. It is 18 cm. long and 1·5 in diameter.
A fragment of a similar case was found in the Roman Hospital at Baden.
_Box for Scalpels._
Among the ruins of the Temple of Aesculapius on the top of the Acropolis
at Athens there was found a marble donarium or votive tablet, which
represents a box of scalpels flanked by a pair of bleeding-cups.
The box reminds one of a modern box for mathematical instruments, being
divided into a top and bottom half, each of which contains instruments
separated from each other by small blocks. There are three instruments in
each half and they are arranged head and tail. Five are scalpels of
different shapes; the sixth has a curved cutting instrument at one end and
at the other a lithotomy scoop. The size of each half of the box is 9 × 18
cm. outside measurement, and 7 × 16·5 cm. inside. See Pl. IV.
A similar box is seen in a marble tablet in the Capitoline Museum at Rome.
Here the instruments are different.
_Ointment Boxes._
Among the instruments of the surgeon of Paris was a box which Deneffe
regards as a portable unguentarium. Unlike the medicament boxes it is not
divided into compartments and the lid lifts off instead of sliding in
grooves. It is 83 mm. long, 45 wide, and 35 deep. A line running round the
middle of the box divides it into two equal parts and shows the division
between cover and box. On the top is a little ring attached by a little
pyramidal eminence 1·5 cm. high by which the cover was lifted off. Several
circular ointment boxes, some containing medicaments, are to be seen in
the Naples Museum.
_Collyrium Boxes._
A large number of cylindrical boxes containing sticks of medicament have
been found in Pompeii. In the find of the oculist of Rheims there were
five cylindrical boxes, all of the same size and shape. They were 14 cm.
long and 12 mm. in diameter. The covers are 35 mm. high. In them were the
remains of sticks of collyria which they had contained. The term collyrium
includes in classical writings not only liquid but also solid
applications. Collyria were often moulded into sticks for portability, and
liquefied with water, wine, white of egg, &c., as required. These boxes
which have come down to us are exactly similar to the case shown in Pl.
LIII, but they are on a smaller scale.
_Slabs for preparation of Ointment._
In the Roman provinces small rectangular slabs are occasionally found
which have evidently been used for rubbing medicaments upon. Some have
also their edges worn by the sharpening of scalpels. As they are rarely of
the stone of the country in which they are found they have evidently been
manufactured in Italy and carried by their owners on their travels. They
are rather rare. There are two in the museum at Naples. One was discovered
in Herculaneum which is 13 cm. long and 8 cm. broad. A cylindrical
instrument case is adherent to it. The edges are bevelled on its upper
surface. One of similar size and shape, but made of white marble, was
found in the grave of the surgeon of Paris. It shows by the hollowing out
of one of its edges that it has been used for sharpening scalpels.
There are two in the Archaeological Museum at Namur. They are of black
marble. They measure 11 cm. by 7·5, but a bevelling of ·75 cm. all round
reduced the top surface to 9·5 cm. by 6. One of these was found along with
surgical instruments in a second-century cemetery at Wancennes near Namur.
There is one of a dark-coloured stone in the museum at Chesters,
Northumberland. A small specimen of my own is shown in Pl. LII, fig. 4.
Similar small slabs, engraved with oculists' names and the names of drugs
to serve as seals, have been found in considerable numbers, but these
oculists' seals have already an extensive literature of their own.
_Boxes for Drugs._
A considerable number of medicament boxes have been found. They are
usually of bronze, rectangular and of a convenient size and weight for
carrying in the pocket. In size they average 12 cm. in length by 7·5 in
breadth and 2 in height. As a rule they are divided into four or more
small divisions by partitions. Those reported are as follows:
There are two in the Royal Antiquarian Museum at Berlin. Of these, one was
found in the Rhenish country between Neuss and Xanten. It is of bronze.
Inlaid with silver on its sliding cover is the figure of Aesculapius
standing in a small temple.
The second, of similar construction and appearance, was brought by
Friedlander from Naples and presented by him to the museum.
A third, in the museum at Mainz, was found in the Rhine while dredging
near the town. It is of bronze, 10 cm. long, 8 wide, 2 in height. It
weighs 123 grammes. The sliding lid is decorated with the snake of
Aesculapius, twisted round the stem of a laurel tree. The tree and the
body of the snake are formed by inlaying copper in the bronze. The outline
of the head of the snake and the scales of the body are of silver. On
withdrawing the lid the interior is seen to be divided into four
compartments each shut by a little hinged lid, which may be lifted by
means of a little ring. Two of these compartments are 6 cm. by 3, the two
others are 4 cm. by 3.
In the Naples Museum there are three of these boxes. They are all of
bronze and divided into compartments. One is divided into five
compartments. It is 18 cm. long by 8 wide and 2 deep. Of the compartments
three are 8 cm. by 2 and two are 5 cm. by 3. There is at the upper end of
the box a small handle by which to carry it. Another box is 13 cm. by 7·5.
On removing the lid it is seen to be divided into six compartments, two of
which have hinged lids of their own, like the Mainz box. These
compartments still contain medicaments (Pl. LIV).
The third of the Naples boxes is of an unusual type. It is 12·5 cm. by
7·5, but it is 3 cm. high and is divided into an upper and a lower
division each 1·5 cm. deep. Each division has a sliding lid of its own.
The upper division is separated into four compartments, two of which are 7
cm. by 2 and two are 4 cm. by 2. The lower stage occupies the whole area
of the box.
A medicament box of a unique character was in use in a chapel as a
reliquary till its original use was pointed out. It is of ivory, and
carved on its sliding lid is a representation of Aesculapius and his
daughter Hygeia. Aesculapius carries in his left hand a staff, round which
is coiled a snake, and in his right a pine cone. Hygeia carries a snake in
her right hand, and in her left a bowl from which she feeds the snake. The
execution of the design shows the box to belong to the third century. The
box is divided into eleven compartments. It is now in the Castle Valeria
at Sitten.
APPENDIX
I. INVENTORY OF CHIEF INSTRUMENTS IN VARIOUS MUSEUMS
ENGLISH MUSEUMS.
The _British Museum_ contains the following (Case ii. B):
Bleeding cup (No. 2313); collyrium spoon with spout (two, Nos. 2314-5);
staphylagra (two, Nos. 2316-7); hook, sharp (No. 2318); ditto blunt, i. e.
retractor (No. 2319); forceps (No. 2320); two-pronged retractors (Nos.
2322-6); scarifier (No. 2327); knife, steel (No. 2321); scalpel handles
(Nos. 2331-9); spathomeles; cyathiscomeles; spatulae; ligulae; ear
specilla; aneurism needle (No. 2372); epilation forceps (narrow), ditto
(broad), ditto ditto with catch.
The Guildhall Museum contains a good few instruments found in London,
amongst others a considerable number of ear specilla, vulsella, lancets,
and numberless instruments common to both domestic and surgical use, such
as strigils, ligulae, styli, and needles. The Celtic cutting instruments
are of interest for comparison. This collection is in many ways one of the
most interesting we have in England.
The museum at Shrewsbury contains several surgical instruments from the
ancient Roman city of Uriconium on which Wroxeter now stands. The most
interesting is a bleeding lancet. There are also styli and an ointment
slab and the seal of an oculist.
The museum at Chesters, Northumberland, containing finds from the Roman
camps at Cilurnum, Procolitia, Borcovicus, and other sites on the Roman
Wall, contains amongst other things hooks, spatulae, bougie, a triangular
medicine weight of tin, forceps, needles of bone and bronze, borers, knife
blades, ear specilla, steelyard, counterpoises, many in the form of snakes
and therefore, perhaps, for pharmaceutical purposes, the serpent being the
symbol of Aesculapius.
MUSEUMS IN FRANCE.
_Saint-Germain-en-Laye._ Outfit of Severus, viz. two iron pitchers, four
bowls, mortar, two balances, seven forceps, one spathomele, scalpel
handle, ditto damascened, spatulae (two), two knife-and-needle handles,
four needle handles, olive-and-needle, scalpel-handle-and-borer, three
sharp hooks, blunt and sharp hook, small blunt hook, seal. Also four
scalpel handles, forty forceps, four pocket companions with forceps, fifty
bodkins and needles, thirty-three ligulae, fourteen spathomeles, thirty
cyathiscomeles, twelve olivary probes.
_Le Puy-en-Velay._ Outfit of Sollemnis, viz. two knife-handles, ditto
damascened, amulet, fragments of two forceps, seal, spathomele.
_Paris._ Private museum of M. Tolouse. Instruments from the grave of the
Surgeon of Paris--Large bronze bowl which contained:
1, Marble slab for preparing ointments; 2, amulet of black obsidian; 3,
bronze ointment box with silver damascening; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, five
cylindrical boxes for collyrium sticks; 9, 10, two buckles; 11, pharyngeal
insufflator; 12, collyrium spoon; 13, 14, 15, three spathomeles; 16, 17,
probes; 18, polypus forceps and scoop; 19, 20, epilation forceps; 21, 22,
vulsella (toothed); 23, staphylagra; 24, 25, coudé vulsella; 26,
spathomele of elegant form; 27, bleeding cup; 28, three-pronged fork.
_Louvre Museum._ Double curette, cyathiscomele, ear probe, stylet with
large olivary point, forceps with olivary point.
_Cluniac Museum._ Scoop probe, scalpel.
_Orfila Museum._ All from Herculaneum. Ligula, ear scoop, two raspatories,
hook and scoop, scalpel, fork and hook, curette and hook, bodkin.
_Montauban Museum._ (Tarn-et-Garonne.) Large surgical needle,
cyathiscomeles (four), spathomele (one), scoop and spatula (steel),
epilation forceps (one), four ear specilla, round spatula, bistoury
handle, all from Cosa.
_Rouen._ Four epilation forceps, one small forceps with locking
arrangement, one forceps with narrow rounded legs, one fine-toothed
forceps, twelve cyathiscomeles, three needles and bodkins, twenty styloid
instruments, three ligulae.
_Amiens._ Round scalpel handle with spiral lines, one large epilation
forceps, one spud and probe, one blunt hook, one styloid probe, two
spathomeles, six cyathiscomeles.
MUSEUMS IN BELGIUM.
_Namur._ Find of Surgeon of Wancennes, including ointment slab (Deneffe).
_Brussels._ Mus. de Ravenstein _alias_ Cinquantenaire. Étui with silver
specilla brought from Italy by M. Ravenstein; three specilla; scalpels.
_Charleroi._ Fine bistoury.
MUSEUMS IN GERMANY.
_Mainz_ (Germano-Roman Museum). Spatula-probe, medicine box, staphylagra,
four bleeding-cups.
_Frankfort_ (Historical Museum). Four epilation forceps with sliding
catch, two ligulae.
_Kiel._ Forceps of silver.
_Cologne._ Chisel, two forceps, pestle, phlebotome.
MUSEUMS IN AUSTRIA.
_Vienna._ Staphylocaustus.
MUSEUMS IN GREECE.
_Athens._ Six knives (four from tomb in Milos, two from tomb in Tanagra);
forceps and porte-caustic, large cup and chain (Tanagra); ex-voto tablet
from Acropolis, representing box of scalpels and two cups, twenty-four
spathomeles, one trivalve vaginal speculum.
MUSEUMS IN DENMARK.
_Copenhagen_ (Thorwaldsen). Two epilation forceps, one ditto with leaf
shaped ends and catch, three spoon probes, one spatula probe.
MUSEUMS IN SWITZERLAND.
The instruments from the Roman hospital at _Baden_, now in the Baden
Museum, have already been summarized (page 22). Instruments in other
museums in Switzerland are:
_Basel Augst._ (Augusta Rauracorum). Uvula forceps, probe, spoon-probe.
_Avenches._ Broken uvula forceps, two vulsella, spatula of bronze plated
with silver, probes, needle.
_Yverdon._ Probes.
_Bern._ Two probes from Hermance, forceps and spatula probe from Tiefenau.
_Lausanne._ Spoon probe from Bosséaz and Allaz. Étui for probes, seal for
medicament pots, vulsella.
_Sierre._ Four spoon probes, spatula probe, large needle.
_Schaffhausen._ Probe from Schleitheim.
_Zürich_ (Landesmuseum). A. Fifteen specilla (spathomeles) all with a
sharp-edged long and narrow spoon at one end and at the other an elongated
knob; length 130-160 mm.; seven from Galgenbuck in Albisrieden, seven from
Windisch, one from Upper Italy. B. Small bronze instrument probably for
extracting weapons from wounds; present length 110 mm. (Naples). C.
Probably a spatula for applying plaster (Athens). D. Ear spoons (three) of
bone, 80-130 mm. long (two from Rome, one from Athens). E. Small bronze
spatula, 125 mm. (Athens). F. Similar one of bone, 110 mm. (Windisch). G.
Rod pointed at both ends, 155 mm. long (Zürich). H. Bronze rod with a
depression 30 mm. long in the middle, 225 mm. long (Windisch).
MUSEUMS IN ITALY.
_Naples._ Bleeding-cups (fourteen), spoons with bone handles (two), lancet
and spoon, shears (bronze), fleams (veterinary), cannulae for ascites
(two), bone elevators (two), catheter (one male, one female), bone
forceps, specula uteri, trivalve and quadrivalve, speculum ani, toothed
forceps, cauteries (three), needles, tongue tie guard, enema tube, probes,
whetstones, étui, scalpels, medicament boxes, balances, ointment slabs.
_Rome, Capitoline Museum._ Curved double olivary probe, four spathomeles,
four cyathiscomeles, thirty-six forceps toothed and plain, bodkins (four)
eight cm. in length, three ear specilla, four ascites tubes, large
scalpel, votive tablet with box of instruments.
_Rome, Lateran Museum._ Votive tablet representing forceps and other
instruments.
_Milan._ Many knife blades, two bodkins, spathomele, two ligulae, scoop
and curette, olive and stylet.
II. BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHOULANT.--De rebus Pompeianis ad medicinam facientibus. Leipzig, 1823.
KUEHN.--De instrumentis chirurgicis veteribus cognitis et nuper effossis.
Leipzig, 1823.
In 1846-7 Benedetto Vulpes made a series of communications to the Royal
Academy of Archaeology at Herculaneum as follows:--
(1) Illustrazione di un forcipe Ercolanese a branche curve. (March 3,
1846.)
(2) Memoria concernente la interpretazione dell' uso di un forcipe
Ercolanese di bronzo con le estremità delle branche a semi-cucchiai
dentellati: la illustrazione di due cannelli di bronzo anche trovati in
Ercolano, de' quali servivansi gli antichi per cavar l'acqua dall'
addomine degl' idropici: l'indicamento di tre cannelli Pompejani di
bronzo. (April 28, 1846.)
(3) Illustrazione degli specilli e di altri strumenti chirurgici affini
trovati negli scavi di Ercolano e di Pompei. (September 15, 1846.)
(4) Descrizione dello speculum magnum matricis e dello speculum ani.
(November 24, 1846.)
(5) Delle pinzette, degli ametti, degli aghi chirurgici e del tridente
scavati en Ercolano e in Pompeii. (December 1, 1846.)
(6) Illustrazione degli strumenti chirurgici di ferro trovati in Ercolano
e in Pompeii. (January 19, 1847.)
In March, 1846, Quaranta made a communication to the same Society
entitled 'Osservazioni sopra nu forcipe Pompeiano', in which he expressed
a different opinion from that held by Vulpes, and pointed out that the
forceps described by the latter in his first communication was found in
Pompeii. This is the famous forceps which is always referred to as the
'Pompeian Forceps'.
These valuable papers of Vulpes and Quaranta were published in vol. vii of
the _Memorie della Regale Academia Ercolanese di Archeologia_. These
articles are profusely illustrated. In 1847 Vulpes gathered these papers
together, and with some slight alterations published them under the title
of 'Illustrazione di tutti gli instrumenti chirurgici scavati in Ercolano
e in Pompeii'.
At the time when Vulpes wrote there were in the Museum among other things
45 probes of various kinds, upwards of 90 forceps, 13 bleeding-cups of
bronze, and 16 scalpels.
VACHER.--Les instruments de chirurgie à Herculanum et Pompeï. (_Gazette
Médicale_, 1867, xxii. pp. 491-94.)
SCOUTETTEN.--Histoire des instruments de chirurgie trouvés à Herculanum et
à Pompeï. (_France Médicale_, Paris, 1867, xiv. p. 483.)
OVERBECK.--Pompeji, 1884, p. 461.
Museo Borbonico, Vol. xiv. Pl. 35, Vol. xv. Pl. 23.
CECI.--Piccoli bronzi del Museo Nazionale di Napoli.
NEUGEBAUER.--Warsaw Medical Transactions, 1882.
NEUGEBAUER.--Über Pincetten alter Völker. (Korrespondenzblatt der
Deutschen Anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1884, No. 11.)
HAESER.--Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, 1875, p. 499.
GUHL and KOHNER.--Life of the Greeks and Romans, 1862, p. 296.
MONACO.--Guide Général du Musée National de Naples. (Naples, 1900.)
MONACO.--Les monuments du Musée National de Naples.
MONACO.--Specimens of domestic articles from the Naples Museum (Naples,
n.d.).
LINDENSCHMIDT.--Die Altertümer unserer heidnischen Vorzeit, Bd. iv. Heft
iii.
Anzeiger für schweizerische Geschichte and Altertumskunde, Jahrgang 1857,
No. 3.
ULRICH.--Jahrbücher des Vereins für Altertumsfreunde in den Rheinländen,
xiv. 1849.
ULRICH.--Catalogue of the Collection of the Antiquarian Society of Zürich
(now placed in the Landesmuseum). Pt. I. Roman and Pre-Roman, by R.
Ulrich, Conservator. (Published by Ulrich & Co., 1890, p. 140, pl. 1037.)
BRUNNER.--Die Spuren der römischen Aerzte auf dem Boden der Schweiz.
(Zürich, 1894.)
ANONYMOUS.--Un hôpital militaire romain. Zürich. (A sketchy pamphlet
published as an advertisement by the town of Baden.)
Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft, Zürich.--References of
interest occur in the following volumes: vol. vii, Meyer, Geschichte der
XI. und XXI. Legion; vol. ix, Mommsen, Die Schweiz in römischer Zeit (15);
vol. xii, Die römischen Ansiedelungen in der Ostschweiz (19. M. B.); vol.
xiv, Bochat, Recherches sur les antiquités d'Yverdon; vol. xvi, Römische
Alterthümer aus Vindonissa; Römische Ansiedelungen in der Ostschweiz, ii;
vol. xvi, Bursian, Aventicum Helvetiorum, Mosaikbild von Orbe.
TOLOUSE.--Recherches historiques et archéologiques sur divers points du
vieux Paris (Mémoires de la Société Dunkerkoise pour l'encouragement des
Sciences, des Lettres et des Arts, 1885).
HAESER.--Lehrbuch der Geschichte der Medicin, 1875.
FREIND.--History of Physick from the time of Galen to the beginning of the
Sixteenth Century, 1725.
DAREMBERG.--Histoire des sciences médicales, 1870.
MCKAY.--History of ancient Gynaecology, 1901.
LAMBROS.--Περὶ σικυῶν καὶ σικυάσεως παρὰ τοῖς ἀρχαίοις. Athens, 1895. An
exhaustive monograph with many illustrations of ancient cups.
I. INDEX OF SUBJECTS
Abaptista, 129.
Abortion, artificial, 81.
Acanthobolus, 100.
Aesculapius, 19, 172.
Aetius, 4.
Albucasis, 8.
Alexander Trallianus, 6.
Ali Abbas, 8.
Amputation, 125, 130.
Antyllus, band of, 36, 164.
Aretaeus, 3.
Arrow scoop of Diocles, 142.
Ascites cannula, 112.
Aspiration syringe, 109.
Avicenna, 8.
Bellied scalpel, 27.
Bellows, 108.
Bistoury, blunt-pointed, 30.
curved, 43, 48.
probe-pointed, 43.
sharp-pointed, 28.
Blacksmith's bellows, 108.
tongs, 136.
Bladder calculus, 145, 146.
sound, 145.
Blepharoxyston, 71.
Block, 125.
Blowpipe, 25.
Bodkin, 76, 158.
Bone, 17.
forceps, 135.
lever, 133.
Bougie, 145.
Bow drill, 127.
Box, collyrium, 170.
drug, 172.
ointment, 170.
scalpel, 170.
Boxwood cautery, 120.
Brass, 14.
Bronze, 14.
Buckle, 164.
Caelius Aurelianus, 4.
Calculus, bladder, 40, 135, 145, 146.
urethral, 64, 145, 147.
Cannula for ascites and empyema, 112.
for rectum and vagina, 113.
Case, instrument, 164, 168, 169, 170.
Cataract needle, 69.
Catgut, 162.
Catheter, 143.
Caustic forceps for haemorrhoids and uvula, 99.
spoon, 89.
Cautery, 116.
Celsus, 2.
Cephalotribe, 155.
Chair, obstetrical, 159.
Chisel, 122.
Clyster, 105.
Copper, 14, 58.
Couching needle, 69.
Cranioclast, 154.
Craniotome, 43.
Crowbill, 43.
Crusher, pile and uvula, 97.
Cupping vessel, 101.
Curette, 62, 65.
uterine, 157.
Curved bistoury, 43, 48.
Cuttlefish bone, 72.
Cyathiscomele, 61.
Damascening, 17, 25, 133, 172.
Decapitator, 154.
Deities, 19, 172.
Depilation, 90.
Dilator, rectal, 149.
uterine, 81.
vaginal, 150.
Diocles, scoop of, 142.
Dioscorides, 7.
Dipyrene, 56.
Director, grooved, 73.
Dissector, 60, 84, 85.
Donarium, 26, 147, 168, 170.
Douche, aural, 110.
bladder, 108.
rectal, 106.
uterine, 107.
vaginal, 107.
Drill, 126.
with guard, 129.
Ear probe, 63, 68.
syringe, 110.
Electrum, 16.
Elevator, bone, 133.
periosteal, 140.
tooth, 72, 134, 138.
Embryo hook, 152.
killer, 157.
Embryotome, 43.
Empyema, 27, 33, 112, 117, 132.
of lachrymal sac, 44.
Enema, 106.
Entropion, 55.
Epilation forceps, 90.
Étui, 168.
Excavator, dental, 138.
Fibula, 162, 164.
File, 139.
Fillet, 36, 156, 164.
Finds, 20.
Fistula knife, 47.
Forceps, blacksmith's, 136.
bone, 135.
coudée, 96.
epilation, 90.
for applying caustic to piles and uvula, 98.
for crushing foetal cranium, 154.
for crushing piles and uvula, 97.
lithotomy, 147.
midwifery, 155.
pharyngeal, 100.
polypus, 93.
Pompeian, 135.
stump, 136.
tooth, 135, 136, 140.
tumour, 94.
uvula, 97.
varix, 135.
weapon, 139.
with sliding catch, 92, 96.
Fraenum guard, 62.
Fumigation, uterine, 158.
Fungi as cautery, 120.
Galen, 3.
Gold, 15.
Gouge, 123.
Granular lids, curette for, 71.
Grooved director, 73.
Haemorrhoids, crusher for, 98.
forceps for applying caustic to, 99.
Hammer, 125.
Handled needles, 69.
Haussa surgeon, 13.
Heister, 8.
Hemispathion, 38.
Hernia, 49, 118.
Hero of Alexandria, 7, 104, 109.
Hippocrates, 1.
Honain, 8.
Hook, blunt, 87.
eyed, 88.
lithotomy. 146.
sharp, 85.
traction, 152.
Horn, 16.
Hospital at Baden, 22.
Hygeia, 19, 173.
Hypospathister, 140.
Impellent, 141.
Inlaying, 17, 25, 133, 172.
Iron, 10.
Iscae, 120.
Ivory, 17, 76, 173.
Katias, 36.
Knife, 24.
Labour difficult, 31, 43, 135, 137, 152, 154, 155, 157.
Lancet, 28, 32.
Lead, 15, 166.
Lenticular, 124.
Lever, bone, 133.
Ligula, 77.
Lithotomy forceps, 147.
knife, 40.
scoop, 25, 41, 146.
Lithotripsy, 149.
Lithotrite, 148.
Löffelsonde, 61.
Long dissecting knife of Galen, 31.
Marcellus, 6.
Meges, lithotomy knife of, 27, 41.
Meningophylax, 126, 135.
Minerva Medica, 19, 25, 79.
Mirror handle, 35.
Mortar, 165.
Moschion, 4.
Mounting scalpel blade, 24.
Myzon, 94.
Nasal insufflator, 111.
Needle, 69, 74, 75.
knife, 36.
netting, 84.
Obstetrical chair, 159.
Octavianus Horatianus, 6.
Oculist, 21.
Oilstone, 167.
Ointment box, 170.
slab, 171.
Ophthalmic needle, 69.
probe, 71.
scalpel, 44.
Oribasius, 3.
Ornamentation, 17.
Osteotome, 122.
Painter, 59, 62.
Paré, 8.
Paris, surgeon of, 20.
Patina, 19.
Paulus Aegineta, 6.
Perforator for foetal cranium, 43.
for lachrymal fistula, 133.
Periosteal elevator, 140.
Periscyphismus, 36.
Pessary, 159.
Pestle, 166.
Pharyngeal forceps, 100.
Phlebotome, 32.
Pile crusher, 98.
Plating, 18, 56, 61, 112.
Pocket companion, 92.
Polypus forceps, 93.
knife, 39.
Pompeian forceps, 135.
Portable outfit, 168.
Primitive shaving, 13.
Probe, 51.
Probe pointed bistoury, 43.
Pterygotome, 44.
Pumice, 71.
Pyulcus, 109.
Quill, 111, 115.
Ram's head, 19, 79.
Rasp, 139.
Raspatory, 121, 138.
Razor, 29.
Rectal tube, 113.
Reed, 114, 120.
Retractor, 83.
Rhases, 8.
Ring knife, 31, 157.
Rufus of Ephesus, 3.
Rugine, 94, 121.
Saw, 130.
Scaler, dental, 138.
Scalpel, 24.
Scarfication lancet, 28.
Scolopomachaerion, 28.
Scoop of Diocles, 142.
lithotomy, 27, 146.
Screw probe, 68.
Scribonius Largus, 6.
Scultetus, 8.
Seal of oculist, 171.
Sequestrum forceps, 135.
Serpent, 18, 164, 172.
Serres fines, 162.
Shaving, 29, 90.
Shears, 49.
Sieve, 165.
Silver, 16.
Sinus irrigator, 109.
knife, 47.
Smelting iron, 10.
Solder, 25.
Soranus, 3.
Sound, 51.
bladder, 145.
uterine, 79.
Spathion, 38.
Spathomele, 58.
Spatula probe, 58.
double, 79.
Specillum, 51.
Speculum, rectal, 149.
vaginal, 150, 158.
Spiral ornamentation, 17, 61.
Sponge, 161.
Spoon of probe, 61, 63, 71, 77.
for pouring collyria, 78.
Steel, 10.
Stone, 17.
Strainer, 165.
Strigil, 88, 157.
Stump forceps, 136.
Stylet for destroying foetus, 157.
Stylus, 72.
Sutures, 161.
Syphon, 143.
Syringe, aspiration, 109.
aural, 110.
nasal, 109.
Syringotome, 47.
Tempering steel, 10.
Tents, sponge, 161.
Theodorus Priscianus, 6.
Tin, 15.
Tongs, smith's, 136.
Tongue depressor, 59, 79.
tie guard, 62.
Tonsil knife, 47.
Tooth elevator, 134, 138.
excavator, 138.
file, 139.
forceps, 136.
powder, 167.
scaler, 138.
Traction hook, 152, 157.
Trephine, 131.
Tube for ascites and empyema, 112.
for drinking by, 115.
Tube for guarding cautery, 120.
for preventing adhesion, 113
for removing warts, 115.
Unguent spatula, 58, 7
Uterine curette, 157.
dilator, 81.
douche, 107.
prolapse, 159.
sound, 54, 60, 79.
tube, 113.
Uvula, forceps for cauterizing, 98.
forceps for crushing, 97.
knife, 46.
spoon for cauterizing, 89.
Vaginal douche, 107.
fumigation, 158.
medicament tube, 113.
pessary, 159.
Varix extractor, 135.
Vindicianus Afer, 6.
Vulsellum, 94.
Weapon, extraction of, 68, 83, 114, 127, 138, 139, 141.
forceps, 139.
Wood, 16.
Y-shaped retractor, 83.
II. LATIN INDEX
Abaptista, 129.
Acus, 69, 74.
Anuloculter, 81, 157.
Asperatum specillum, 71.
Auriscalpium, 68.
Aversum specillum, 65.
Baca, 58.
Bacula, 53.
Calamus scriptorius, 114.
Clyster, 105.
Corvus, 44.
Cos, 166.
Cribrum, 165.
Cucurbitula, 101.
Cultellus, 30.
Culter, 30.
Ferramentum acutum in modo spathae factum, 39.
crassitudinis modicae prima parte tenui, 148.
cuius tertiam digiti partem, &c., 112.
factum ad similitudinem Graecae litterae Y, 84.
quo in sectione calculus protrahitur, 146.
quod a similitudine corvum vocant, 44.
rectum in summa parte labrosum, &c., 41.
Ferrum candens, 116.
Fibula, 162.
Ficulneum folium, 71.
Fistula aenea, 112.
Fistula fictilis, 120.
plumbea, 112.
Flebotomum, 33.
Forfex, 49.
Hamulus, 85.
Hamus, 85, 87.
Ligula, 77.
Lima, 139.
Limula, 139.
Malleolus, 125.
Membranae custos, 126.
Meningophylax, 126.
Modiolus, 131.
Mortarium, 165.
Novacula, 30.
Nucleus, 53.
Organon, 150.
Pessulum, 159.
Pessum, 159.
Pessus, 159.
Phlebotomum, 37.
Pilum, 165.
Rhinenchytes, 16, 109.
Rudicula, 58.
Sarcolabos, 95.
Scalpellus vel scalpellum, 27, 40.
Scalper, 121, 122, 123, 138.
Scalprum, 121, 122.
Serrula, 130.
Spathomela, 58.
Specillum, 51.
Speculum magnum, 150.
Spiculum aeneum, 157.
Spongia, 161.
Stilus, 72.
Strigilis, 88.
Stylus, 72.
Terebella, 126.
Terebra, 126.
Uncus, 146, 152, 154.
Vulsella, 90, 94, 136.
III. GREEK INDEX
ἀβάπτιστος, 129.
ἄγκιστρον, 85.
ἀγκτήρ, 162.
ἀγκυλοτόμος, 47.
ἀγκυρομήλη, 85.
αἱμορροϊδοκαύστης, 99.
ἀκανθοβόλος, 100.
ἀκόνη, 166.
ἀμφίσμιλος, 56.
ἀναβολεύς, 133.
ἀναρραφικός, 45.
ἀντίθετος, 123.
ἀπυρομήλη, 63.
ἄτρακτος, 120.
αὐλίσκος, 145.
βάλανος, 159.
βελουλκόν, 139.
βλεφαροκάτοχος, 97.
βλεφαρόξυστον, 71.
γαμμοειδής, 118.
γαστρώδης, 28.
γλωσσοκάτοχος, 79.
γραφεῖον, 72.
γραφικός, 114.
γράφιον, 72.
γραφίς, 72.
διαπύρηνος, 56.
διαστελλούσας, 81.
διαστολεύς, 81.
διαστομωτρίς, 81.
δικροῦς, 83.
διόπτρα, 151.
διόπτριον, 149.
διοπτρισμός, 150.
διωστήρ, 141.
δοῖδυξ, 165.
ἑδροδιαστολεύς, 149.
ἐκκοπεύς, 122.
ἐλαιακόνη, 167.
ἐμβρυοθλάστης, 154.
ἐμβρυοσφάκτης, 157.
ἐμβρυοτόμον, 43.
ἐμβρυουλκός, 152.
ἐξωτίς, 63.
ἐπίκοπον, 125.
ἠθμός, 165.
ἡλωτός, 118.
ἡμισπάθιον, 38.
θλάστης, 154.
ἰγδίον, 165.
ἴσκαι, 120.
καθετήρ, 105, 145.
καθιάς, 36.
καλαμίσκος, 112.
κάλαμος, 114.
κατειάδιον, 36.
κατιάδιον, 36.
κατοπτήρ, 149.
καυτήρ, 116.
καυτηρίδιον, 116.
καυτήριον, 116.
κιρσουλκός, 136.
κλυστήρ, 105.
κοιλισκωτός, 123.
κότυλος, 106.
κυαθίσκος, 64, 77, 142.
κύαθος, 101.
κυκλίσκος, 123.
κυκλισκωτός, 123.
κυρτίς, 165.
λιθοτόμον, 40.
λιθουλκός, 5, 147.
μάχαιρα, 27.
μαχαίριον, 27.
μαχαιρίς, 27.
μήλη
διαστέλλουσα, 81.
δικροῦς, 83.
ἐντετμημένη, 83.
ἐξωτίς, 63.
ἰσχυρά, 69.
ὀφθαλμική, 71.
τραυματική, 68.
μηλωτίς, 63.
μηλωτρίς, 63.
μηνιγγοφύλαξ, 126.
μηνοειδής, 118.
μητρεγχύτης, 107.
μοτός, 113.
μοχλίσκος, 133.
μύδιον, 94.
μυδιόσκελλον, 96.
μύκης, 120.
ξυράφιον, 117.
ξυστήρ, 121.
ξυστήριον, 94, 121, 138.
ξύστρα, 88, 157.
ὀδοντάγρα, 136.
ὄνυξ, 31.
ὀξυβελής, 32.
ὀξυκόρακος, 43.
ὀρείχαλκος, 14.
ὀρθοπρίων, 131.
ὀστάγρα, 135.
ὀφθαλμικός, 71.
πεσσόν, 159.
πεσσός, 159.
πίεστρον, 154.
πλινθωτός, 118.
πολύκμητος, 10.
πολυπικός, 39.
πολυποδικός, 39.
πολυποξύστης, 94.
πρίων, 130.
προμήκης, 119.
πρόσθετον, 82.
πτερυγοτόμος, 44.
πτίλον, 111, 115.
πυουλκός, 109.
πυρήν, 53.
πυρηνοσμήλη, 55.
ῥινάριον, 139.
ῥινεγχύτης, 109.
ῥίνη, 139.
ῥινίον, 139.
σαρκολάβος, 94.
σίδηρος, 10.
σικύα, 101.
σκολόπιον, 28.
σκολοπομαχαίριον, 28.
σκυλισκωτός, 123.
σμήλη, 52.
σμιλάριον, 38.
σμίλη, 27, 52.
σμιλίον, 45.
σμιλιωτός, 138.
σμύρις, 167.
σπαθίον, 38.
σπαθιστήρ, 140.
σπόγγος, 161.
σταφυλάγρα, 97.
σταφυλεπάρτης, 89.
σταφυλοκαύστης, 98.
σταφυλοτόμον, 46.
στηθοειδής, 27.
συριγγοτόμον, 47.
σῦριγξ, 47, 120.
σφηνίσκος, 119.
σφῦρα, 125.
τέρετρον, 127.
τραυματικός, 68.
τρίαινα, 117.
τριχολάβιον, 90.
τριχολαβίς, 90.
τρύπανον, 126.
τυφλάγκιστρον, 87.
ὑδροκηλικός, 85.
ὑπαλειπτρίς, 51.
ὑπάλειπτρον, 51.
ὑποσπαθιστήρ, 140.
φακωτός, 118.
φαλακρός, 118.
φλεβοτόμον, 32.
φλεβοτόμος, 32.
φῦσα, 108.
χαρακτός, 131.
χηλή, 83.
χοινικίς, 131.
ψαλίς, 49.
ὠτεγχύτης, 110.
ὠτικός, 110.
ὠτογλυφίς, 63.
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
[Illustration: PLATE I]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 7{cm},5 British
2. 6{cm} "
3. 9{cm},5 "
[Illustration: PLATE II]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 5{cm},2 Saint-Germain
2. 6{cm} "
3. 10{cm} "
4. 11{cm},5 "
5. 10{cm},5 "
6. 8{cm},7 Puy-en-Velay
7. 6{cm} Saint-Germain
[Illustration: PLATE III]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 7{cm},5 British
2. 8{cm},5 "
3. 12{cm},2 Author's
[Illustration: PLATE IV]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
43 x 33{cm} Athens
[Illustration: PLATE V]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 14{cm},3 British
2. 12{cm},3 "
3. 17{cm} Naples
4. 15{cm},5 "
5. 17{cm} "
6. 18{cm} "
[Illustration: PLATE VI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm} Naples
2. 14{cm} Charleroi
[Illustration: PLATE VII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. Modern catalogue
2. 9{cm},5 Cologne
3. 7{cm},8 Author's
4. 10{cm},7 "
5. 11{cm} Shrewsbury
6. 7 After Heister
[Illustration: PLATE VIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm} Montauban
2. 13{cm},5 Bibliothèque Nationale
3. 12{cm} Naples
4, 5, 6. Hypothetical
7. After Albucasis
8. 14{cm} Orfila
[Illustration: PLATE IX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. After Heister
2, 3, 4. " Albucasis
5. 10{cm} Baden
6. 7{cm} After Védrènes
[Illustration: PLATE X]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm},7 Naples
2. 6{cm},5 Thorwaldsen
3. 17{cm},6 Naples
4. 13{cm},5 Author's
5. 10{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 11{cm},2 Author's
2. 8{cm} Baden
3. 10{cm},2 Author's
4. 18{cm} Author's
5. 12{cm} Saint-Germain
[Illustration: PLATE XII]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
1. 14{cm},5 Naples
2. 18{cm} Author's
3. 17{cm},2 Author's
4. 18{cm} Athens
[Illustration: PLATE XIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 18{cm},5 Naples
2. 16{cm} Mainz
3. 17{cm} Athens
4. 20{cm} Author's
[Illustration: PLATE XIV]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm} Naples
2. 11{cm} Author's
3. 15{cm},8 "
4. 15{cm},5 Mainz
5. 12{cm} Author's
[Illustration: PLATE XV]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm},2 Author's
2. 13{cm} "
3. 16{cm} Naples
4. 14{cm} Author's
5. 13{cm},8 Baden
[Illustration: PLATE XVI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm},3 After Védrènes
2. 8{cm},7 Saint-Germain
3. 6{cm} "
4. 7{cm} "
5. 7{cm} "
6. 6{cm} "
7. 12{cm},7 Author's
[Illustration: PLATE XVII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 11{cm},5 Baden
2. 12{cm},5 Author's
3. 14{cm} "
4. 7{cm} "
5. 10{cm},5 "
6. 12{cm},5 Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XVIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 11{cm},2 Author's
2. 10{cm},8 "
3. 18{cm},4 "
4. 20{cm} "
5. 10{cm},5 "
6. 10{cm},5 "
7. 14{cm} "
8. 16{cm},7 "
[Illustration: PLATE XIX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 7{cm},8 Naples
2. 12{cm},2 "
3. 14{cm},2 "
4. 17{cm},5 British
[Illustration: PLATE XX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm},5 Naples
2. 11{cm},4 After Védrènes
3. 12{cm} Saint-Germain
4. 12{cm} "
5. 7{cm},5 Naples
6. 11{cm},5 After Védrènes
[Illustration: PLATE XXI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm} After Védrènes
2. 6{cm} Saint-Germain
3. 18{cm},2 Author's
4. 4{cm} Saint-Germain
5. 8{cm} Author's
6. 10{cm},2 "
[Illustration: PLATE XXII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 12{cm} British
2. 7{cm},5 "
3. 13{cm},2 "
4. 14{cm} "
5. 10{cm} "
[Illustration: PLATE XXIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 14{cm},2 Author's
2. 16{cm},8 Saint-Germain
3. 12{cm},8 British
4. 5{cm},6 Saint-Germain
[Illustration: PLATE XXIV]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 14{cm},8 Saint-Germain
2. 11{cm},5 "
3. 10{cm},8 "
4. 15{cm},5 Author's
5. 17{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XXV]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 21{cm} Author's
2. 13{cm},3 After Védrènes
[Illustration: PLATE XXVI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm} Naples
2. 9{cm},5 Author's
3. 8{cm} Naples
4. 6{cm} Guildhall
5. 6{cm},9 Author's
6. 15{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XXVII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm},5 Toulouse
2. 4{cm},8 Saint-Germain
3. 5{cm},5 Mainz
4. 11{cm},8 Thorwaldsen
5. 11{cm},8 Saint-Germain
[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 12{cm},4 British
2. 10{cm},5 Naples
3. 12{cm} Author's
[Illustration: PLATE XXIX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm} Toulouse
2. 5{cm},8 Saint-Germain
3. 5{cm} Mainz
4. 10{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XXX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 19{cm} British
2. 18{cm} "
[Illustration: PLATE XXXI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 19{cm} Toulouse
2. 20{cm},2 Basle
[Illustration: PLATE XXXII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm},2 After Védrènes
2. 12{cm},5 Vienna
3. 11{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
14{cm},5 Athens
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
10{cm},2 British
[Illustration: PLATE XXXV]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
15{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 2{cm},8 Mainz
2. After Alpinus
3. 3{cm} Mainz
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII]
1. After Alpinus
2. " Hero
3. " Heister
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 13{cm} Naples
2. 5{cm},5 Baden
3, 4, 5. After Hero
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm} Naples
2. 9{cm} "
3. 12{cm} "
[Illustration: PLATE XL]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 25{cm} Naples
2, 3. After Vidius
4. 15{cm},5 Toulouse
[Illustration: PLATE XLI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm},5 Naples
2. 8{cm},5 Cologne
3. 11{cm} British
[Illustration: PLATE XLII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 18{cm} Guildhall
2. 15{cm} "
3, 4, 5. After Vidius
[Illustration: PLATE XLIII]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
21{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XLIV]
[Illustration: PLATE XLV]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 26{cm},5 Naples
2. 20{cm} "
3. 15{cm} Mainz
4. Hypothetical
[Illustration: PLATE XLVI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 15{cm} Naples
2. 11{cm},5 "
3. 11{cm},5 "
[Illustration: PLATE XLVII]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
23{cm} Naples
[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
23{cm} Athens
[Illustration: PLATE XLIX]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
31{cm},5 Naples
[Illustration: PLATE L]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 17{cm} Naples
2. 15{cm},3 After Védrènes
[Illustration: PLATE LI]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 21{cm} Naples
2. 3{cm},3 After Védrènes
3, 4. " Albucasis
[Illustration: PLATE LII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 6{cm} Cologne
2. 3{cm} Toulouse
3. 2{cm} × 4{cm},2 Author's
4. 4{cm},4 × 2{cm},5 "
5. 5{cm} Guildhall
6. 4{cm} "
7. 7{cm} "
8. 3{cm},6 "
[Illustration: PLATE LIII]
_Size of
originals._ _Museum._
1. 18{cm} Naples
2. 17{cm} "
[Illustration: PLATE LIV]
_Size of
original._ _Museum._
13{cm} × 7{cm},5 Naples
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
Gesperrt passages are indicated by =gesperrt=.
Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.