In silence the "medicine-man" prepared the great pipe, his lips moving
in a magical incantation as he solemnly filled it. Then handing the
stem to Vipan, who was seated on the right of Red Cloud, he applied a
light to the bowl. This "medicine" or council pipe was a magnificent
affair, as suited its solemn and ceremonial character. The large and
massive bowl was of porous red stone, the stem, upwards of a yard in
length, being profusely ornamented with beadwork and quills, and at
intervals of a few inches flowed three long and carefully-dressed
scalp-locks. Vipan, fully alive to the position of honour he occupied,
gravely inhaled the aromatic mixture with the utmost deliberation,
expelling the smoke in clouds from his mouth and nostrils. Then he
passed it on to Red Cloud, who, after the same ceremony, in similar
fashion passed it to the chief next him on his left, and so in dead
silence it went round the circle, each warrior taking a series of long
draws, and then, having handed the pipe to his neighbour, emitting a
vast volume of smoke by a slow process which seemed to last several
minutes, and the effect of which was not a little curious.
No word had been uttered since they entered the lodge, and not until the
pipe had made the complete round of the circle was the silence broken.
Then a sort of professional orator, whose mission was something similar
to that of counsel for the plaintiff--viz., to "open the case"--arose
and proceeded to set forth the grounds of debate. The Dahcotah, he
said, were a great nation, and so were their brethren the Cheyennes, who
also had an interest in the matter which had brought them together.
Both were represented here by many of their most illustrious chiefs and
their bravest warriors, several of whom, in passing, the orator
proceeded to name, together with the boldest feat of arms of each, and
at each of these panegyrics a guttural "How-how!" went forth from his
listeners. The Dahcotah were not only a great people and a brave
people, but they were also a long-suffering people. Who among all the
red races had such good hearts as the Dahcotah? Who among them would
have remained at peace under such provocation as they had received and
continued to receive?
The debate was getting lively now. An emphatic exclamation of assent
greeted the orator, whose tone, hitherto even, began to wax forcible.
When the Dahcotah agreed to bury the hatchet with the Mehneaska
[Americans]--went on the speaker--a treaty was entered into, and under
this the Great Father [the President of the United States] promised that
the reservations they now occupied should be secured to them for ever--
that no white men should be allowed within them, either to hunt or to
settle or to search for gold, and on these conditions the Dahcotah
agreed to abandon the war-path. That was seven years ago. They had
abandoned it. They had "travelled on the white man's road," had sat
within their reservations, molesting no one. They had made expeditions
to their hunting-grounds to find food for their families and skins to
build their lodges, but they had sent forth no war-parties. They had
always treated the whites well. And now, how had the Great Father kept
his promises? White men were swarming into the Dahcotah country. First
they came by twos and threes, quietly, and begging to be admitted as
friends. Then they came by twenties, armed with rifles and many
cartridges, and began to lay out towns. Soon the Dahcotah country would
be black with the smoke of their chimneys, and the deer and the buffalo,
already scarce, would be a thing of the past. Look at Pahsapa [the
Black Hills]. Every valley was full of white men digging for gold.
What was this gold, and whose was it? Was it not the property of the
Dahcotah nation, on whose ground it lay hidden? If it was valuable,
then the Great Father should make the Dahcotah nation rich with valuable
things in exchange for it. But these intruding whites took the gold and
gave nothing to its owners--threatened them with bullets instead. It
had been suggested that they should sell Pahsapa. But these Hills were
"great medicine"--sacred ground entrusted to the Dahcotah by the Good
Spirit of Life. How could they sell them? What price would be
equivalent to such a precious possession? There was a chief here of
mighty renown--the war-chief of the Ogallalla--who had led the nation
again and again to victory, whose war-whoop had scattered the whites
like buffalo before the hunters, the "medicine chief" of the Dahcotah
race. When the council should hear his words on this matter their path
would be plain before them.
As the orator ceased an emphatic grunt went round the circle with a
unanimity that spoke volumes. Red Cloud [Note 1], thus directly
referred to, made, however, no sign. Motionless as a statue, there was
a thoughtful, abstracted look upon his massive countenance, as though he
had not heard a word of the harangue.
A few moments of silence, then another chief arose--a man of lofty
stature and of grim and scowling aspect, his eyes scintillating with a
cruel glitter from beneath his towering war-bonnet. After less than
usual of the conventional brag as to the greatness of his nation and so
forth, speaking fiercely and eagerly, as if anxious to come to the
point, he went on:--
"What enemy has not felt the spring of Mountain Cat? From the far
hunting-grounds of the Kiowas and the Apaches to the boundary line of
the English in the North, there is not a spot of ground that Mountain
Cat has not swept with his war-parties; not a village of the crawling
Shoshones or skulking Pawnees that he has not taken scalps from; not a
waggon train of these invading whites that he has not struck. When in
the South the destroying locusts sweep down upon the land, they come not
in one mighty cloud. No. They come one at a time at first, then a few
more, fluttering quietly, far apart. It is nothing. But lo! in a
moment there is a cloud in the air--a rush of wings, and the land is
black with them--everything is devoured. So it is with these whites.
One comes to trade, another comes to hunt, a third comes to visit us,
two more come to search for this gold, and lo! the land is hidden
beneath their devastating bands. Their stinking chimneys blacken the
air, their poisonous firewater kills our young men or reduces them to
the level of the whites themselves, who drink until they wallow like
hogs upon the earth, and brother kills brother because he has drunk away
his mind and has become a brute beast. Who would have dealings with
such dogs as these?
"There was a time when our hunting-grounds shook beneath the tread of
countless buffalo. Then we were great because free and feared--for who
in those days dared incur the enmity of the Dahcotah? What happened?
The whites built their accursed roads and the steam-horse came puffing
over the plains, and where are the buffalo to-day? The land is white
with their skeletons, but will skeletons feed the Dahcotah and supply
skins for their winter lodges? The Great Father" (and the savage
uttered the words with a contemptuous sneer) "then said, `Let us send
and kill all the buffalo, and the red races will starve.' So the white
hunters came from the east and destroyed our food for ever. And where
are we to-day? Are we not living like beggars? Are we not dependent on
the Agencies for our daily food and clothing, instead of upon our own
arrows and lances as of yore? First came the settlers, whom we treated
as friends, then the steam-horse and the iron road, then the finding of
the gold. Where this gold is, there the whites swarm. What do we gain,
I say, by treating with these lying Mehneaska? What have we ever
gained? When they sought to throw open our territory by cutting it with
a broad road, did we treat? No, we fought. Where is that road to-day?
Where are the forts built along it to keep it open? Gone--all gone.
But the buffalo--what few are left--are there. How many would be left
now had we traded away our rights? Not one. The whole Dahcotah nation
went out upon the war-path.
"The whites begged for peace, and we granted it them. They agreed to
respect our country, which was all we asked. Seven years have gone by,
and how is that agreement kept? Go, count the white men digging in
Pahsapa. Ha! There are many scalps to be had in Pahsapa."
His tone, which had hitherto been one of quick, fierce emphasis, here
assumed a slow and deadly meaning. The young warriors, listening
without, gripped their weapons with a murmur of delighted applause.
Mountain Cat was a chieftain after their own heart. Let him but set up
the war-post that very night. All the young men in the village would
strike it.
"We are strong," he continued, "strong and united. Our bands are
defending our hunting-grounds between this and the Yellowstone, but what
shall be thought of us if we allow the whites to invade us here, to
deprive us of the medicine hills without a struggle? Are we men, or
have we become squaws since we began to receive doles of Government
beef?"
Then the fierce savage, raising his voice, his eyes blazing like
lightning, stretched forth his arm in denunciatory gesture over the
assembly, and continued:
"Mountain Cat will never trust the promises of these Mehneaska. If they
want Pahsapa, let them take it by right of conquest--by seizing it from
the unconquerable Dahcotah. There are scalps to be taken in Pahsapa.
Let the whole Dahcotah nation once more go out upon the war-path. I
have said."
Vipan, listening impassively, though with keen attention, to every word
that was uttered, here caught the eye of War Wolf. The young warrior's
face was a study in sardonic ferocity at the words, "There are scalps to
be taken in Pahsapa," and he grinned with delight over the fiendish joke
shared between himself and Golden Face.
The young bucks in the background were in ecstasies of glee. They
anticipated no end of fun in the near future.
Several other speakers followed, and opinions on the advisability of war
varied considerably. Most of them advocated the sale, but for an
enormous price. There was a white man among them to-night, they said,
of a different race to these other whites, and towards him their hearts
were good. He loved his red brethren; he was their brother. He had
told them about other lands than that of the Mehneaska--lands as large
and as rich beyond the great Salt Lake. They must listen to him, for he
was wise. He understood the ways of the whites, and would teach the
Dahcotah how to deal with them--so that if Pahsapa should be sold they
should receive full price; and not, as in other transactions, receive
payment in promises.
This, more or less plainly put, was the burden of their speeches.
Vipan, listening with more than Indian composure, felt that things were
tending all as he would have them. It may here be stated that he was
alone among his red entertainers; Smokestack Bill, foreseeing how
affairs were likely to drift, having returned to the log cabin among the
mountains. For once the adventurer was glad of his comrade's absence.
He could play his cards more freely; besides, the Indians trusted him as
belonging to another race. Had the scout been still in the village, the
two white men would not have been admitted to this council.
Then arose Spotted Tail, the head chief of the Brule bands, and after
Red Cloud, perhaps one of the most influential chiefs of the nation. He
made a long oration, of considerable eloquence, but it was all in favour
of peace. There was no need, he said, to reiterate that they were a
great nation. Everybody knew it. As many speakers had asserted, the
Dahcotah had never been conquered. Why was this? Because they were not
only a brave but a prudent people. A brave man without prudence was
like a grizzly bear--he might slay so many enemies more or less, but he
invited his own destruction by rushing upon their rifles. As with a
man, so it was with a nation. Prudence was everything. This gold which
white men were now finding among the Hills--did not all experience show
that wherever it was discovered, there the whites would soon appear in
countless swarms? Gold was the "medicine" of the whites--they could not
resist it. Not even all the warriors the Dahcotah could muster could in
the long run stand between the whites and gold--no, nor all the warriors
of every tribe from the Apaches in the south to the Blackfeet on the
English boundary line. The last time they went upon the war-path it was
to prevent the whites from making a broad road through their country--
and they succeeded. If they went upon it this time it would be to keep
the whites away from this gold. That was a thing which no tribe or
nation had ever succeeded in doing yet, or ever would. Let the Dahcotah
be prudent.
As for these Hills, it was true they were "great medicine," but the
people seldom hunted in them. They were not of much use. The Mehneaska
were very anxious to possess them, and the Great Father was so rich he
could afford to give such a price as would make the Dahcotah rich too.
Besides, it was evident that he wished to treat them fairly this time,
for had he not sent troops to drive away the intruding gold-seekers?
They had come back, it was true; but this only proved the difficulties
besetting the whole question. Let the Dahcotah nation be prudent--
prudence was the keystone to every matter of international difficulty.
His counsel was for entering into negotiations at once about the
purchase. He was also emphatically on the side of peace.
Very faint were the murmurs of applause from the young men outside as
Spotted Tail resumed his seat. The war spirit was in the air, and the
burden of his speech was unpalatable to them. Then Red Cloud said:
"Golden Face sits in an honoured place at the council fire of the
Dahcotah people. They will listen to his words as to the voice of a
brother."
With a slight bend of the head in acknowledgment of this graceful
invitation, Vipan arose. As he stood for a few moments silently
contemplating the circle of stately chiefs, the firelight glinting on
the flowing masses of his beard and bringing into strong relief the
herculean proportions of his towering stature, there was not an eye
among the crowd of fierce and excitable savages but dilated with
admiration. Here was indeed a man.
"Who am I that stand to address you to-night?" he began, speaking in
their own tongue with ease and fluency. "Who knows? I will not boast.
Suffice it to say that I have led men to war, in other lands beyond the
great salt seas. I have struck the enemy, and that not once only. I
have seen his back, but he has never seen mine. Enough. Who am I? It
has been said that I am not of the race around us. That is so. There
are many white races; that to which I have belonged matters nothing, for
I own no race, I am akin to all the world," with a sweep of the arm that
would have done credit to one of their own most finished orators.
"The people whose hearts are straight towards me, whether light or dark,
white or red, that is my people. Those who deal fairly with me, I deal
fairly with; those who do not, let them beware. You in council have
asked my advice. I cannot give advice, but my _opinion_ the chiefs
before me can value or not.
"I have listened to the speeches of many valiant men. Some have
advocated peace, others have been for war. It is a simple thing to go
to war. Is it? When the red men strike the war-post, they muster their
warriors, and go forth to battle. When the whites decide on war, they
collect their dollars, and pay soldiers to go and fight for them. The
red men fight with weapons, the whites with dollars. The red men would
rather forego their chance of booty than lose one warrior. The whites
would rather lose a thousand soldiers than five thousand dollars. But,
you will say: If the whites have the dollars, and value not the lives of
other people, what chance have we, for they are rich, and can pay? Wait
a moment. Men are wonderfully alike, whether red or white. Is it your
experience that the richest man is the man who cares least for his
possessions? It is not mine.
"Now let your ears be open, for this is the point. The fear of losing
men will not deter the whites from going to war; no, not for a moment,
but the fear of losing dollars will. It is not the soldiers who make
the war, it is the people who pay for it. These will not allow war to
be made by their rulers for fun.
"Were I a councillor of the Dahcotah nation, this is what I should say:
First, let the Great Father prove that he is in earnest by turning all
the whites out of Pahsapa, or allowing us to do so. When this is done--
but not until then--we will enter into negotiations for the purchase.
Then I should ask eighty million dollars in cash. It is a large sum,
but nothing compared with the value of the ground itself. The Mehneaska
will gladly pay this, rather than embark in a war which they know will
cost them twenty times as much, for they know the prowess of the
Dahcotah nation, and respect the name of Red Cloud," turning with a
graceful inclination towards the chief at his side.
"And there are many whites who will refuse to pay for a war with the red
men. They love their red brethren, they say. It is no trouble to love
people you have never seen. They do not really love you, but pretend
to, which is more to your interest still; so that others shall
say:--`What good people, to take such care of the poor red man.' They
will take your part and see that you are not wronged, because sympathy
gives no trouble, and is cheap, and they think it a sure and easy way to
the white man's Happy Hunting-grounds.
"In short, then, were I one of themselves, these would be my words to
the chiefs and warriors of the Dahcotah nation:--Be firm; fix your
price, and in any attempt to beat you down, stand as immovable as the
towering Inyan Kara. Having fixed it, get someone whom you can trust to
see that you obtain it; and, above all, write in your hearts the warning
of the great chief who has just sat down, for it contains the words of
golden wisdom: `A brave man without _prudence_ is like the grizzly
bear--he invites his own destruction.'
"There is one more thing to talk about. I and the warriors of the
Dahcotah nation are brothers, and our hearts are the same. I who speak
with you am of no race. I am akin to all the world, to all men whose
hearts are good towards me. But although I am of no race I have friends
of every race. When the war-parties of the Dahcotah are abroad, it may
be that they will find me. Who would strike the friends of his brother?
Such of the Mehneaska as may be with me are my friends, and the
Dahcotah warriors will pass on, saying:--`We do not strike the friends
of our brother, lest we turn him into an enemy.' Yet why should I talk
of this? Only that in the days of youth the blood is hot, and young men
upon the war-path strike first, and think afterwards. Enough, my words
are for the ears of chiefs. My heart and the hearts of the great chiefs
to whom I speak, are the same. I have spoken."
The clear ringing voice, the fluent language, the determination, even
the veiled menace in the last words of the speaker, appealed straight to
the most susceptible side of his savage hearers. One white man alone in
their midst, and he did not shrink from threatening them with his
hostility in the event of certain contingencies--threatening _them_, in
their own estimation the most redoubtable warriors in the world!
Assuredly he knew the way to their respect.
There were some there, however, in whom these last words aroused a
feeling of rankling hostility, among them that fierce, that
uncompromising abhorrer of the whole white race, Mountain Cat. This
grim chieftain smiled sardonically to himself, as he inwardly promised
what sort of treatment should be meted out to anyone whom his war-party
should surprise, be they the friends of whom they might. Then ensued a
period of silence, and every eye was turned with expectation upon Red
Cloud.
But that crafty chief was not yet prepared to commit himself to a
definite policy either way. Sitting motionless, he had weighed every
word which had fallen from the speakers, and notably from the last. He
was too far-sighted to plunge his nation into open war before the time
was ripe: and his thinking out of the situation had convinced him that
it was not. There were still cards to be played. So when he spoke it
was briefly. Cautiously touching on the _pros_ and _cons_ of the
speeches they had listened to, he announced that the situation must
further be delayed, hinting that meanwhile such of his countrymen as
felt aggressively disposed towards the common enemy had better exercise
great prudence.
The council was at an end.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note 1. This chief, over and above his skill and intrepidity as a
warrior, enjoyed a high reputation among the Indians of the Northern
Plains as a magician and a seer--a reputation really due to his
astuteness, keen foresight, and extraordinary luck.