P. 258.—“Mummius,” mum´mi-us. See Timayenis, p. 251, vol. II.
“Delos,” de´los.
“Mithradatic,” mith´ra-da=´=tic. For history of Mithradates see
Timayenis, vol. II., p. 254.
P. 259.—“Sulla,” sul´la. (B. C. 138-78). A Roman general, the rival of
Marius. After the close of this war Sulla went to Italy, defeated the
Marian party and issued a proscription by which many thousands of his
enemies perished. For the two years following he held the office of
dictator, which in 79 he resigned to retire to private life.
“Epidaurus,” ep´i-dau=´=rus. One of the most magnificent temples in all
Greece, that of the god Æsculapius, was situated there.
“Peiræan,” pei-ræ´an. Through this gate ran the road to the Piræus, and
at the Sacred Gate began the sacred road to Eleusis where the festivals
and mysteries were celebrated.
“Bithynia,” bi-thyn´i-a; “Kappadokia,” cap=´=pa-do´ci-a; “Paphlagonia,”
paph=´=la-go´ni-a.
P. 260.—“Chrysostom,” krĭs´os-tom. See Timayenis, vol. II., 319 sq.
“Anthemius,” an-the´mi-us; “Isidorus,” is´i-do=´=rus. Eminent
architects.
P. 261.—“Pompey.” (B. C. 106-48.) Pompey had been a successful general
from early life, receiving from Sulla the surname of Magnus.
P. 262.—“Soli,” so´li. The word solecism (to speak incorrectly) is said
to have been first used in regard to the dialect of the inhabitants of
this city.
“Pompeiopolis,” pom´pe-i-op=´=o-lis; “Armenia,” ar-me´ni-a.
“Tigranes,” ti-gra´nes. The king of Armenia from B. C. 96-55. He was an
ally of Mithradates until this invasion by Pompey, when he hastened to
submit to the latter, thus winning favor and receiving the kingdom with
the title of king.
P. 263.—“Phillippi,” phil-lip´pi; “Octavius,” oc-ta´vi-us.
“Philhellenist,” phĭl-hĕl´len-ist. A friend to Greece.
“Philathenian,” phĭl-a-the´ni-an. A friend to Athens.
“Actium,” ac´ti-um.
P. 264.—“Ægina,” æ-gi´na; “Eretria,” e-re´tri-a.
“Stoa,” sto´a. Halls or porches supported by pillars, and used as
places of resort in the heat of the day.
“Athene Archegetes,” a-the´ne ar-cheg´e-tes; “Peisistratus,”
pi-sis´tra-tus; “Nikopolis,” ni-cop´o-lis.
P. 265.—“Cæsarean,” cæ-sā´re-an.
“Seneca.” (B. C. 5?-A. D. 65.) A Roman Stoic philosopher. The tutor and
afterward adviser of Nero. When the excesses of the latter had made
Seneca’s presence irksome to him, he was dismissed and soon after, by
order of Nero, put to death. His writings were mainly philosophical
treatises.
“Agrippina,” ag-rip-pi´na. Nero was the son of Agrippina by her first
husband. On her marriage with her third husband, the Emperor Claudius,
she prevailed upon the latter to adopt Nero as his son. In order to
secure the succession she murdered Claudius and governed the empire in
Nero’s name until he, tired of her authority, caused her to be put to
death.
“Isthmian,” ĭs´mĭ-an; “Pythian,” pyth´i-an; “Nemean,” nē´me-an;
“Olympian,” o-lym´pi-an. See author for accounts of these games.
“Pythia,” pyth´i-a. See Timayenis, p. 44-45, vol. I.
P. 266.—“Vespasian,” ves-pā´zhĭ-an; “Lollianus,” lol-li-a´nus.
“Aristomenes,” ar´-is-tom=´=e-nes. The legendary hero of the Second
Messenian War. In 865 B. C. he began hostilities and defeated Sparta
several times but was at last taken prisoner. The legends tell that he
was rescued, from the pit where he had been confined, by an eagle and
led home by a fox. When at last Ira fell, Aristomenes went to Rhodes,
where he died.
“Aratus,” a-ra´tus; “Achæan,” a-chæ´an. See Timayenis, vol II., p.
242-243.
P. 267.—“Zeno.” The founder of the Stoic philosophy. A native of
Cyprus. He lived, probably, about 260 B. C. He is said to have spent
twenty years in study, after which time he opened his school in a stoa
of Athens. From this place his disciples received the name of _Stoics_.
Translation of foot-notes: “They call those sophists who for money
offer knowledge to whomsoever wishes it.” “A sophist is one who seeks
the money of rich young men.” “Sophistry consists in appearing wise,
not in being so; and the sophist becomes wealthy by an appearance of
wisdom, not by being wise.”
“Gorgias,” gor´gi-as. “Leontine,” le-on´tine. An inhabitant of Leontini
in Sicily.
P. 268.—“Dion,” di´on chry-sos´to-mus, or Dion, the golden mouthed, so
called from his eloquence.
“Strabo,” stra´bo. His geography is contained in seventeen books. It
gives descriptions of the physical features of the country, accounts of
political events, and notices of the chief cities and men.
“Plutarch.” His “Parallel Lives” is a history of forty-eight different
Greeks and Romans. They are arranged in pairs, and each pair is
followed by a comparison of the two men.
“Appianus,” ap-pi-a´nus. The author of a history of Rome.
“Dion Cassius.” (A. D. 155.) The grandson of Dion Chrysostomus.
“Herodianus,” he´ro-di-a=´=nus.
“Epiktetus,” ep´ic-te=´=tus. Few circumstances of his life are known.
Only those of his works collected by Arrian are extant. As a teacher it
is said that no one was able to resist his appeals to turn their minds
to the good.
“Hierapolis,” hi´e-rap=´=o-lis.
“Longinus,” lon-gi´nus. The most distinguished adherent of the Platonic
philosophy in the third century. His learning was so great that he
was called “a living library.” He taught many years at Athens, but at
last left to go to Palmyra, as the teacher of Zenobia. When she was
afterward defeated by the Romans and captured, Longinus was put to
death (273).
“Lucian.” See notes in THE CHAUTAUQUAN for May, 1883.
“Samosata,” sa-mos´a-ta.
P. 270.—“Thesmopolis,” thes-mop´o-lis. “Sappho,” sap´pho. “Domitian,”
do-mish´ĭ-an.
P. 271.—“Pliny,” plĭn´ĭ. (61?-115?) The nephew of the elder Pliny. His
life was largely spent in literary pursuits. His works extant are the
_Panegyricus_, an eulogium on Trajan, and his letters.
“Seleukidæ,” se-leu´ci-dæ. So named from Seleucus, the first ruler of
the Syrian kingdom, one of the four into which Alexander’s kingdom was
divided on his death.
P. 272.—“Archon Eponymus,” ar´chon e-pon´y-mus. The first in rank of
the nine Athenian Archons, so called because the year was named after
him.
“Favorinus,” fav´o-ri=´=nus. He is known as a friend of Plutarch and
Herodes. Although he wrote much, none of his books have come down to
us. “Herodes,” he-ro´des.
“Mnesikles,” mnes´i-cles. The architect of the Propylæa.
“Ilissus,” i-lis´sus. A small river of Attica.
Translations of Greek inscriptions: “This is Athens the former city of
Theseus.” “Here stands the city of Adrian, not of Theseus.”
P. 273.—“Stymphalus,” stym-pha´lus. A lake of Arcadia.
“Patræ,” pa´træ.
P. 275.—“Pliny.” (23-75.) Although he held various civil and military
positions, and during his whole life was the intimate friend and
adviser of Vespasian, he applied himself so incessantly to study that
he left one hundred and sixty volumes of notes. Pliny, the younger,
says that the lives of those who have devoted themselves to study
seem to have been passed in idleness and sleep when compared with the
wonderful activity of his uncle. The only work of value come down to us
is his “Historia Naturalis.”
“Lebadeia,” leb´a-dei=´=a.
“Stoa Pœkile.” The painted porch, so-called from the variety of curious
pictures which it contained.
“Theseum,” the-se´um. The temple erected in Athens in honor of the hero
Theseus. To-day it is the best preserved monument of the splendor of
the ancient city.
“Kerameikus,” cer´a-mi=´=cus. A district of Athens, so called from
Ceramus, the son of Bacchus, some say, but more probably from the
potter’s art invented there.
P. 277.—“Commodus,” com´mo-dus; “Caracalla,” car´a-cal=´=la; “Dacia,”
da´ci-a; “Mœsia,” mœ´si-a; “Decius,” de´ci-us.
P. 278.—“Gallienus,” gal´li-e=´=nus; “Valerianus,” va-le´ri-a=´=nus.
“Pityus,” pit´y-us; “Trapezus,” tra-pe´zus; “Chrysopolis,”
chry-sop´o-lis; “Kyzikus,” cyz´i-cus.
“Dexippus,” dex-ip´pus. He held the highest official position at
Athens. Was the author of histories, only fragments of which remain.
P. 279.—“Artemis,” ar´te-mis. This temple of Artemis, or Diana,
Lübke calls the “famous wonder of the ancient world.” Its dimensions
were enormous, being 225 feet broad and 425 feet long. “Aurelian,”
au-re´li-an.
P. 280.—“Flavius Josephus,” fla´vi-us jo-se´phus. (37?-100?) The author
of “History of the Jewish War” and “Jewish Antiquities.”
“Philo Judæus,” phi´lo ju-dæ´us. His chief works are an attempt to
reconcile the Scriptures with Greek philosophy.
P. 281.—“Nikolaus,” nic´o-la=´=us; “Nikomedeia,” nic´o-me-di=´=a;
“Claudius Ptolemæus,” clau´di-us ptol´e-mæ=´=us; “Pelusium,”
pe-lu´si-um; “Plotinus,” plo-ti´nus; “Lykopolis,” ly-cop´o-lis.
P. 282.—“Zenobia,” ze-no´bi-a; “Palmyra,” pal-my´ra.
P. 286.—“Maximian,” max-im´i-an.
P. 287.—“Constantius,” con-stan´ti-us. “Chlorus,” chlo´rus, “the pale;”
“Naissus,” nais´sus; “Galerius,” ga-le´ri-us.
P. 288.—“Eboracum,” eb´o-ra=´=cum; “Licinius,” li-cin´i-us;
“Maxentius,” max-en´ti-us.
P. 290.—“Labarum,” lăb´a-rŭm. The word is supposed by many to have been
derived from the Celtic word _lavar_, meaning command, sentence.
P. 292.—“Zosimus,” zos´i-mus; “Adrianopolis,” a=´=dri-an-op´o-lis.
“St. Jerome.” (340-420.) The most famous of the Christian fathers. He
spent many years in study and travel, was the friend of Gregory of
Nazianzus and Pope Damascus. Much of his labor was given to obtain
converts to his theories of monastic life. His commentaries on the
Scriptures and translations into Latin of the New and Old Testaments
are his most valuable works.
P. 294.—“Athanasius,” ath´a-na=´=si-us.
Translations of Greek in foot-note; “Speech against the Greeks.”
“Concerning the incarnation of Christ and his appearance to us.”
P. 295.—“Eusebius,” eu-se´bi-us. He afterward signed the creed of the
Council of Nice.
“Porphyrius,” por-phyr´i-us.
P. 297.—“Tanais,” tan´a-is. Now the Don. “Borysthenes,” bo-rys´the-nes;
the Dneiper.
P. 299.—“Arianism,” a´ri-an-ism.
P. 302.—“Magnentius,” mag-nen´ti-us.
P. 303.—“Sapor,” sa´por. “Nisibis,” nis´i-bis.
P. 304.—“Eusebia,” eu-se´bi-a. “Eleusinian,” el´u-sin=´=i-an. See
foot-note p. 215, vol. II. Timayenis.
P. 305.—“Aedesius,” ae-de´si-us. “Chrysanthius,” chry-san´thi-us.
P. 306.—“Ochlus,” och´lus. The crowd, the populace.
“Thaumaturgy,” thau=´=ma-tur´gy. The act of performing miracles,
wonders.
P. 307.—“Gregory Nazianzen,” greg´o-ry na-zi-an´zen; “Basil.” See page
312 for sketches of these men.
P. 308.—“Hierophant,” hī-er´o-phănt, a priest; “Oribasius,”
or-i-ba´si-us.
P. 311.—“Dadastana,” dad-as-ta´na.
P. 312.—“Valentinian,” va-len-tin´i-an.
P. 313.—“Eleemosynary,” ĕl´ee-mŏs´y-na-ry. Relating to charity.
P. 315.—“Gratian,” gra´ti-an; “Theodosius,” the´o-do=´=si-us;
“Eugenius,” eu-ge´ni-us.
P. 317.—“Rufinus,” ru-fi´nus; “Stilicho,” stil´i-cho.
“Claudian,” clau´di-an. The last of the classic poets of Rome. During
the reigns of Honorius and Arcadius he held high positions in court,
and from Stilicho he received many honors. Many of his poems are
extant, all of them characterized by purity of expression and poetical
genius.
P. 318.—“Eutropius,” eu-tro´pi-us; “Eudoxia,” eu-dox´i-a; “Bauto,”
bau´to; “Gainas,” gai´nas.
“Alaric,” al´a-ric (all rich). Alaric made a second invasion into Italy
in 410, taking and plundering Rome. His death occurred soon after.
P. 319.—“Libanius,” li-ba´ni-us. The emperors Julian, Valens and
Theodosius showed much respect to Libanius, but his life was
embittered by the jealousies of the professors of Constantinople, and
by continual dispute with the Sophists. His orations and a quantity
of letters addressed to the eminent men of the times are still in
existence.
P. 320.—“Nectarius,” nec-ta´ri-us.
P. 321.—“Theophilus,” the-oph´i-lus; “Chalkedon,” chal-ce´don.
P. 322.—“Cucusus,” cu´cu-sus; “Comana,” co-ma´na.
P. 323.—“Anthemius,” an-the´mi-us. “Pulcheria,” pul-che´ri-a.
P. 324.—“Kalligraphos,” cal-lig´ra-phos; “Athenais,” ath´e-na=´=is;
“Leontius,” le-on´ti-us.
P. 326.—“Nestorius,” nes-to´ri-us; “Germanikeia,” ger-man´i-ci=´=a;
“Marcian,” mar´ci-an; “Yezdegerd,” yez´de-jerd.
“Successor.” This successor was Varanes I. He waged wars with the Huns,
Turks and Indians, performing deeds which ever since have made him a
favorite hero in Persian verse.
P. 327.—“Attila,” at´ti-la; “Aetius,” a-ē´ti-us.
P. 328.—“Aspar,” as´par; “Basiliscus,” bas-i-lis´cus; “Verina,”
ve-ri´na.
P. 329.—“Odoacer,” o-do´a-cer; “Ariadne,” a-ri-ad´ne; “Isaurian,”
i-sau´ri-an; “Anastasius,” an-as-ta´si-us.
P. 330.—“Sardica,” sar´di-ca.
“Prokopius,” pro-co´pi-us. (500-565.) An historian as well as
rhetorician. His talents early attracted the attention of Belisarius,
who made him his secretary. Afterward Justinian raised him to the
position of prefect of Constantinople. Among his extant works are
several volumes of histories and orations, besides a collection of
anecdotes, mainly court gossip about Justinian, the empress Theodora,
Belisarius, etc.
P. 331.—“Belisarius,” bel-i-sa´ri-us.
“Collection of Laws.” Justinian first ordered a collection of the
various imperial _constitutiones_ which he named “Justinianeus Codex.”
The second collection was of all that was important in the works
of jurists, and was called the “Digest.” This work contained nine
thousand extracts, and the compilers are said to have consulted over
two thousand different books in their work. But for ordinary reference
these volumes were of little value, so that the “Institutes” were
written, similar in contents, but condensed. A new code was afterward
promulgated; also several new _constitutiones_—together these books
form the Roman law.
“Tribonian,” tri-bo´ni-an; “Side,” si´de.
P. 333.—“Kalydonian Kapros.” The Calydonian wild boar.
“Bronze-eagle.” In every race-course of the ancient Greeks a bronze
eagle and a dolphin were used for signals in starting. The eagle was
raised in the air and the dolphin lowered.
P. 334.—“Chosroes,” chos´ro-es. “The generous mind.” One of the most
noteworthy of the kings of Persia. He carried on several wars with the
Romans and extended his domain until he received homage from the most
distant kings of Africa and Asia. Although despotic, his stern justice
made him the pride of the Persians.
P. 335.—“Hæmus,” hæ´mus; “Aristus,” a-ris´tus; “Antes,” an´tes.
P. 336.—“Melanthias,” me-lan´thi-as.
P. 338.—“Fallmerayer,” fäl´meh-rī-er. (1791-1862.) A German historian
and traveller. Among his important works are “Fragments from the East,”
in which he publishes the results of his studies and travels there, and
“The History of the Peninsula of Morea in the Middle Ages.” It is in
this latter work that he advances the strange views here mentioned.
“Malelas,” mal´e-las. A Byzantine historian who lived soon after
Justinian. He wrote a chronological history from the creation of the
world to the reign of Justinian, inclusive.
P. 342.—“Heraclius,” her´a-cli=´=us; “Mauricius,” mau-ri´ci-us.
P. 345.—“Ayesha,” â´ye-sha. The favorite wife of Mohammed and daughter
of Abubeker, who succeeded him. The twenty-fourth chapter of the Koran
treats of the purity of Ayesha. After her husband’s death she in many
ways supported the religion.
“Fatima,” fâ´te-ma. The only child living at the time of the Prophet’s
death. She became the ancestress of the powerful dynasty of the
Fatimites.
P. 347.—“Aiznadin,” aiz´na-din; “Yermuk,” yer´muk; “Khaled,” kha´led.
P. 348.—“Herakleonas,” her-ac-le-o´nas; “Pogonatus,” pog-o-na´tus;
“Moawiyah,” mo-â-wē´yâ.
P. 349.—“Charles Martel.” (690-741.) The duke of Austrasia, and the
mayor of the palace of the Frankish kings. The name Martel, or “the
hammer,” was given to him from his conduct in this battle.
P. 350.—“Kallinikus,” cal-li-ni´cus.
“Naphtha.” A volatile, bituminous liquid, very inflammable.
P. 352.—“Rhinotmetus,” rhin-ot-me´tus.
P. 353.—“Chersonites,” cher-son´i-tes.
“Crim-Tartary.” The Crimea, also called Little Tartary.
“Absimarus,” ab-sim´a-rus; “Khazars,” kha´zars.
P. 354.—“Terbelis,” ter´be-lis.
P. 356.—“Bardanes,” bar-da´nes; “Phillippicus,” phil-lip´pi-cus.
P. 357.—“Moslemas,” mos´le-mas.
P. 365.—“Haroun al-Rashid,” hä-roon´ äl-răsh´id. (765-809.) Aaron the
Just, the fifth caliph of the dynasty of the Abassides. His conquests
and administration were such that his reign is called the golden age of
the Mohammedan nations. Poetry, science and art were cultivated by him.
Haroun is the chief hero of Arabian tales.
“Nikephorus,” ni-ceph´o-rus.
P. 368.—“Theophilus,” the-oph´i-lus.
P. 369.—“Armorium,” ar-mo´ri-um.
P. 370.—“Bardas,” bar´das; “Theoktistus,” the-ok´tis-tus.
“John Grammatikus.” John the grammarian. It was he that held that there
were three Gods and rejected the word unity from the doctrine of the
being of God.
P. 371.—“Photius,” fo´shĭ-us. He played a distinguished part in the
political, religious and literary affairs of the ninth century. After
holding various offices, he was made patriarch by Bardas, deposing
Ignatius. This incensed the Romish Church, and the controversy which
arose did much to widen the gulf between the Eastern and Western
Churches. Photius was deposed from his position, but replaced until the
death of Basil, when he was driven into exile. Among his writings the
most valuable is a review of ancient Greek literature. Many books are
described in it of which we have no other knowledge.
P. 372.—“Arsacidæ,” ar-sac´i-dæ. So called from Arsaces, the founder
of the Parthian empire. About 250 B. C. Arsaces induced the Parthians
to revolt from the Syrian empire, of the Seleucidæ. The family existed
four hundred and seventy-six years, being obliged in 226 A. D. to
submit to Artaxerxes, the founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidæ.
P. 373.—“Porphyrogenitus,” por-phy-ro-gen´i-tus.
P. 374.—“Seljuks,” sel-jooks´; “Commeni,” com-me´ni.
P. 375.—“Robert Guiscard,” ges´kar=´=. Robert, the prudent.
(1015-1085.) The founder of the kingdom of Naples. He had come from
Normandy to Italy, where by his wit and energy he had been appointed
Count of Apulia in 1057. Soon after he added other provinces to his
kingdom, conquered Sicily, and drove the Saracens from Southern Italy.
His hasty departure from Thessaly was to relieve the Pope from the
siege of Henry IV. After accomplishing this he immediately undertook
the second expedition against Constantinople.
P. 376.—“Kephallenia,” ceph´al-le=´=ni-a; “Durazzo,” doo-rät´so.
P. 377.—“Anna Commena.” The daughter of Alexis I. She wrote a full
history of her father’s life; one of the most interesting and valuable
books of Byzantine literature.
P. 379.—“Piacenza,” pe-ä-chen´zä. The capital of the province of the
same name in the north of Italy.
P. 382.—“Nureddin,” noor-ed-deen´. A Mohammedan ruler of Syria and
Egypt.
P. 383.—“Dandolo,” dän´do-lo.
P. 385.—“Scutari,” skoo´tă-ree.
P. 386.—“Morisini,” mo-ri-si´ni.
P. 387.—“Boniface,” bŏn´e-făss; “Montferrat,” mŏnt-fer-răt´;
“Bouillon,” boo´yon=´=; “Laskaris,” las´ca-ris.
P. 388.—“Palæologus,” pa-læ-ol´o-gus.
* * * * *