USEFUL NOTES, TABLES, FORMULÆ, ETC.
§ 1. COMPARATIVE VELOCITIES.
Miles per hr. Feet per sec. Metres per sec.
10 = 14·7 = 4·470
15 = 22 = 6·705
20 = 29·4 = 8·940
25 = 36·7 = 11·176
30 = 44 = 13·411
35 = 51·3 = 15·646
§ 2. A metre = 39·37079 inches.
_In order to convert_:--
Metres into inches multiply by 39·37
" feet " 3·28
" yards " 1·09
" miles " 0·0006214
Miles per hour into ft. per min. multiply by 88·0
" min. " sec. " 88·0
" hr. into kilometres per hr. " 1·6093
" " metres per sec. " 0·44702
Pounds into grammes multiply by 453·593
" kilogrammes " 0·4536
§ 8. Total surface of a cylinder = circumference of base × height + 2
area of base.
Area of a circle = square of diameter × 0·7854.
Area of a circle = square of rad. × 3·14159.
Area of an ellipse = product of axes × 0·7854.
Circumference of a circle = diameter × 3·14159.
Solidity of a cylinder = height × area of base.
Area of a circular ring = sum of diameters × difference of diameters ×
0·7854.
For the area of a sector of a circle the rule is:--As 360 : number of
degrees in the angle of the sector :: area of the sector : area of
circle.
To find the area of a segment less than a semicircle:--Find the area
of the sector which has the same arc, and subtract the area of the
triangle formed by the radii and the chord.
The areas of corresponding figures are as the squares of corresponding
lengths.
§ 4. 1 mile = 1·609 kilometres.
1 kilometre = 1093 yards.
1 oz. = 28·35 grammes.
1 lb. = 453·59 "
1 lb. = 0·453 kilogrammes.
28 lb. = 12·7 "
112 lb. = 50·8 "
2240 lb. = 1016 "
1 kilogram = 2·2046 lb.
1 gram = 0·0022 lb.
1 sq. in. = 645 sq. millimetres.
1 sq. ft. = 0·0929 sq. metres.
1 sq. yard = 0·836 "
1 sq. metre = 10·764 sq. ft.
§ 5. One atmosphere = 14·7 lb. per sq. in. = 2116 lb. per sq. ft. =
760 millimetres of mercury.
A column of water 2·3 ft. high corresponds to a pressure of 1 lb. per
sq. in.
1 H.P. = 33,000 ft.-lb. per min. = 746 watts.
Volts × amperes = watts.
{pi} = 3·1416. _g_ = 32·182 ft. per sec. at London.
§ 6. TABLE OF EQUIVALENT INCLINATIONS.
Rise. Angle in Degs.
1 in 30 1·91
1 " 25 2·29
1 " 20 2·87
1 " 18 3·18
1 " 16 3·58
1 " 14 4·09
1 " 12 4·78
1 " 10 5·73
1 " 9 6·38
1 " 8 7·18
1 " 7 8·22
1 " 6 9·6
1 " 5 11·53
1 " 4 14·48
1 " 3 19·45
1 " 2 30·00
1 " {square root}2 45·00
§ 7. TABLE OF SKIN FRICTION.
Per sq. ft. for various speeds and surface lengths.
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
Velocity of Wind | 1 ft. Plane | 2 ft. Plane | 4 ft. Plane | 8 ft. Plane
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
10 | ·00112 | ·00105 | ·00101 | ·000967
15 | ·00237 | ·00226 | ·00215 | ·00205
20 | ·00402 | ·00384 | ·00365 | ·00349
25 | ·00606 | ·00579 | ·00551 | ·00527
30 | ·00850 | ·00810 | ·00772 | ·00736
35 | ·01130 | ·0108 | ·0103 | ·0098
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+------------
This table is based on Dr. Zahm's experiments and the equation
_f_ = 0·00000778_l_^{-0·07}_v_^{1·85}
Where _f_ = skin friction per sq. ft.; _l_ = length of surface; _v_ =
velocity in feet per second.
In a biplane model the head resistance is probably from twelve to
fourteen times the skin friction; in a racing monoplane from six to
eight times.
§ 8. TABLE I.--(METALS).
--------------+------------+-----------------+-------------
Material | Specific | Elasticity E[A] | Tenacity
| Gravity | | per sq. in.
--------------+------------+-----------------+-------------
Magnesium | 1·74 | | {22,000-
| | | {32,000
Magnalium[B] | 2·4-2·57 | 10·2 |
Aluminium- } | | |
Copper[C]} | 2·82 | | 54,773
Aluminium | 2·6 | 11·1 | 26,535
Iron | 7·7 (about)| 29 | 54,000
Steel | 7·8 (about)| 32 | 100,000
Brass | 7·8-8·4 | 15 | 17,500
Copper | 8·8 | 36 | 33,000
Mild Steel | 7·8 | 30 | 60,000
| | |
--------------+------------+-----------------+-------------
[A] E in millions of lb. per sq. in.
[B] Magnalium is an alloy of magnesium and aluminium.
[C] Aluminium 94 per cent., copper 6 per cent. (the best
percentage), a 6 per cent. alloy thereby doubles the
tenacity of pure aluminium with but 5 per cent.
increase of density.
--------------+------------+-----------------+-------------
§ 9. TABLE II.--WIND PRESSURES.
_p_ = _kv²_.
_k_ coefficient (mean value taken) ·003 (miles per hour) = 0·0016 ft.
per second. _p_ = pressure in lb. per sq. ft. _v_ = velocity of wind.
Miles per hr. Ft. per sec. Lb. per sq. ft.
10 14·7 0·300
12 17·6 0·432
14 20·5 0·588
16 23·5 0·768
18 26·4 0·972
20 29·35 1·200
25 36·7 1·875
30 43·9 2·700
35 51·3 3·675
§ 10. Representing normal pressure on a plane surface by 1; pressure
on a rod (round section) is 0·6; on a symmetrical elliptic cross
section (axes 2:1) is 0·2 (approx.). Similar shape, but axes 6:1, and
edges sharpened (_see_ ch. ii., § 5), is only 0·05, or 1/20, and for
the body of minimum resistance (_see_ ch. ii., § 4) about 1/24.
§ 11. TABLE III.--LIFT AND DRIFT.
On a well shaped aerocurve or correctly designed cambered surface.
Aspect ratio 4·5.
Inclination. Ratio Lift to Drift.
0° 19:1
2·87° 15:1
3·58° 16:1
4·09° 14:1
4·78° 12:1
5·73° 9·6:1
7·18° 7·9:1
Wind velocity 40 miles per hour. (The above deduced from some
experiments of Sir Hiram Maxim.)
At a velocity of 30 miles an hour a good aerocurve should lift 21 oz.
to 24 oz. per sq. ft.
§ 12. TABLE IV.--LIFT AND DRIFT.
On a plane aerofoil.
N = P(2 sin {alpha}/1 + sin² {alpha})
Inclination. Ratio Lift to Drift.
1° 58·3:1
2° 29·2:1
3° 19·3:1
4° 14·3:1
5° 11·4:1
6° 9·5:1
7° 8·0:1
8° 7·0:1
9° 6·3:1
10° 5·7:1
P = 2_kd_ AV² sin {alpha}.
A useful formula for a single plane surface. P = pressure supporting
the plane in pounds per square foot, _k_ a constant = 0·003 in miles
per hour, _d_ = the density of the air.
A = the area of the plane, V relative velocity of translation through
the air, and {alpha} the angle of flight.
Transposing we have
AV² = P/(2_kd_ sin {alpha})
If P and {alpha} are constants; then AV² = a constant or area is
inversely as velocity squared. Increase of velocity meaning diminished
supporting surface (_and so far as supporting surface goes_), diminished
resistance and skin friction. It must be remembered, however, that while
the work of sustentation diminishes with the speed, the work of
penetration varies as the cube of the speed.
§ 13. TABLE V.--TIMBER.
Column Headings:
A. Material
B. Specific Gravity
C. Weight per Cub. Ft. in Lb.
D. Strength per Sq. In. in Lb.
E. Ultimate Breaking Load (Lb.) span 1' x 1" x 1"
F. Relative Resilience in Bending
G. Modulus of Elasticity in millions of Lb. per Sq. In. for Bending
H. Relative Value. Bending Strength compared with Weight
---------------+-----+-------+-------------+-------+-----+-----+----
A |B | C | D |E |F |G | H
---------------+-----+-------+-------------+-------+-----+-----+----
Ash | ·79 | 43-52 |14,000-17,000| 622 |4·69 |1·55 |13·0
Bamboo | | 25[A]| 6300[53] | |3·07 |3·20 |
Beech | ·69 | 43 |10,000-12,000| 850 | |1·65 |19·8
Birch | ·71 | 45 | 15,000 | 550 | |3·28 |12·2
Box |1·28 | 80 |20,000-23,000| 815 | | |10·2
Cork | ·24 | 15 | | | | |
Fir (Norway | | | | | | |
Spruce) | ·51 | 32 | 9,000-11,000| 450 |3·01 |1·70 |14·0
American | | | | | | |
Hickory | | 49 | 11,000 | 800 |3·47 |2·40 |16·3
Honduras | | | | | | |
Mahogany | ·56 | 35 | 20,000 | 750 |3·40 |1·60 |21·4
Maple | ·68 | 44 | 10,600 | 750 | | |17·0
American White | | | | | | |
Pine | ·42 | 25 | 11,800 | 450 |2·37 |1·39 |18·0
Lombardy Poplar| | 24 | 7,000 | 550 |2·89 | 0·77|22·9
American Yellow| | | | | | |
Poplar | | 44 | 10,000 | |3·63 |1·40 |
Satinwood | ·96 | 60 | |1,033 | | |17·2
Spruce | ·50 | 31 | 12,400 | 450 | | |14·5
Tubular Ash, | | | | | | |
_t_ = 1/8 _d_ | | 47 | | |3·50 |1·55 |
---------------+-----+-------+-------------+-------+-----+-----+----
_t_ = thickness: _d_ = diameter.
[A] Given elsewhere as 55 and 22,500 (_t_ = 1/3_d_), evidently
regarded as solid.
§ 14.--=Formula connecting the Weight Lifted in Pounds per Square Foot
and the Velocity.=--The empirical formula
W = (V²C)/_g_
Where W = weight lifted in lb. per sq. ft.
V = velocity in ft. per sec.
C = a constant = 0·025.
_g_ = 32·2, or 32 approx.
may be used for a thoroughly efficient model. This gives
(approximately)
1 lb. per sq. ft. lift at 25 miles an hour.
21 oz. " " 30 "
6 oz. " " 15 "
4 oz. " " 12 "
2·7 oz. " " 10 "
Remember the results work out in feet per second. To convert
(approximately) into miles per hour multiply by 2/3.
§ 15. =Formula connecting Models of Similar Design, but Different
Weights.=
D {proportional to} {square root}W.
or in models of _similar design_ the distances flown are proportional
to the square roots of the weights. (Derived from data obtained from
Clarke's flyers.)
For models from 1 oz. to 24-30 oz. the formula appears to hold very
well. For heavier models it appears to give the heavier model rather
too great a distance.
Since this was deduced a 1 oz. Clarke model of somewhat similar design
but longer rubber motor has flown 750 ft. at least; it is true the
design is not, strictly speaking, similar, but not too much reliance
must be placed on the above. The record for a 1 oz. model to date is
over 300 yards (with the wind, of course), say 750 ft. in calm air.
§ 16. =Power and Speed.=--The following formula, given by Mr. L. Blin
Desbleds, between these is--
W/W{0} = (3_v{0}_)/(4_v_) + ¼(_v_/_v{0}_)³.
Where _v{0}_ = speed of minimum power
W{0} = work done at speed _v{0}_.
W = work done at speed _v_.
Making _v_ = 2_v{0}_, i.e. doubling the speed of minimum power, and
substituting, we have finally
W = (2-3/8)W{0}
i.e. the speed of an aeroplane can be doubled by using a power 2-3/8
times as great as the original one. The "speed of minimum power" being
the speed at which the aeroplane must travel for the minimum
expenditure of power.
§ 17. The thrust of the propeller has evidently to balance the
Aerodynamic resistance = R
The head resistance (including skin friction) = S
Now according to Renard's theorem, the power absorbed by R + S is a
minimum when
S = R/3.
Having built a model, then, in which the total resistance
= (4/3)R.
This is the thrust which the propeller should be designed to give. Now
supposing the propeller's efficiency to be 80 per cent., then P--the
minimum propulsion power
= (4/3)R × 100/80 × 100/75 × _v_.
Where 25 per cent. is the slip of the screw, _v_ the velocity of the
aeroplane.
§ 18. =To determine experimentally the Static Thrust of a
Propeller.=--Useful for models intended to raise themselves from the
ground under their own power, and for helicopters.
The easiest way to do this is as follows: Mount the propeller on the
shaft of an electric motor, of sufficient power to give the propeller
1000 to 1500 revolutions per minute; a suitable accumulator or other
source of electric energy will be required, a speedometer or speed
counter, also a voltmeter and ammeter.
Place the motor in a pair of scales or on a suitable spring balance
(the former is preferable), the axis of the motor vertical, with the
propeller attached. Rotate the propeller so that the air current is
driven _upwards_. When the correct speed (as indicated by the speed
counter) has been attained, notice the difference in the readings if a
spring balance be used, or, if a pair of scales, place weights in the
scale pan until the downward thrust of the propeller is exactly
balanced. This gives you the thrust in ounces or pounds.
Note carefully the voltage and amperage, supposing it is 8 volts and
10 amperes = 80 watts.
Remove the propeller and note the volts and amperes consumed to run
the motor alone, i.e. to excite itself, and overcome friction and air
resistance; suppose this to be 8 volts and 2 amperes = 16; the
increased load when the propeller is on is therefore
80 - 16 = 64 watts.
All this increased power is not, however, expended on the propeller.
The lost power in the motor increases as C²R.
R = resistance of armature and C = current. If we deduct 10 per cent.
for this then the propeller is actually driven by 56 watts.
Now 746 watts = 1 h.p.
{therefore} 56/746 = 1/13 h.p. approx.
at the observed number of revolutions per minute.
§ 19. N.B.--The h.p. required to drive a propeller varies as the cube
of the revolutions.
_Proof._--Double the speed of the screw, then it strikes the air twice
as hard; it also strikes twice as much air, and the motor has to go
twice as fast to do it.
§ 20. To compare one model with another the formula
Weight × velocity (in ft. per sec.)/horse-power
is sometimes useful.
§ 21. =A Horse-power= is 33,000 lb. raised one foot in one minute, or
550 lb. one foot in one second.
A clockwork spring raised 1 lb. through 4½ ft. in 3 seconds. What
is its h.p.?
1 lb. through 4½ ft. in 3 seconds
is 1 lb. " 90 ft. " 1 minute.
{therefore} Work done is 90 ft.-lb.
= 90/33000 = 0·002727 h.p.
The weight of the spring was 6¾ oz. (this is taken from an actual
experiment), i.e. this motor develops power at the rate of 0·002727
h.p. for 3½ seconds only.
§ 22. =To Ascertain the H.P. of a Rubber Motor.= Supposing a propeller
wound up to 250 turns to run down in 15 seconds, i.e. at a mean speed
of 1200 revolutions per minute or 20 per second. Suppose the mean
thrust to be 2 oz., and let the pitch of the propeller be 1 foot. Then
the number of foot-pounds of energy developed
= (2 oz. × 1200 revols. × 1 ft. (pitch)) / 16 oz.
= 150 ft.-lb. per minute.
But the rubber motor runs down in 15 seconds.
{therefore} Energy really developed is
= (150 × 15) / 60 = 37·5 ft.-lb.
The motor develops power at rate of 150/33000 = 0·004545 h.p., but for
15 seconds only.
§ 23. =Foot-pounds of Energy in a Given Weight of Rubber=
(experimental determination of).
Length of rubber 36 yds.
Weight " 2-7/16 oz.
Number of turns = 200.
12 oz. were raised 19 ft. in 5 seconds.
i.e. ¾ lb. was raised 19 × 12 ft. in 1 minute.
i.e. 1 lb. was raised 19 × 3 × 3 ft. in 1 minute.
= 171 ft. in 1 minute.
i.e. 171 ft.-lb. of energy per minute. But actual time was 5 seconds.
{therefore} Actual energy developed by 2-7/16 oz. of rubber of 36
yards, i.e. 36 strands 1 yard each at 200 turns is
= 171/12 ft.-lb.
= 14¼ ft.-lb.
This allows nothing for friction or turning the axle on which the cord
was wound. Ball bearings were used; but the rubber was not new and
twenty turns were still unwound at the end of the experiment. Now
allowing for friction, etc. being the same as on an actual model, we
can take ¾ of a ft.-lb. for the unwound amount and estimate the
total energy as 15 ft.-lb. as a minimum. The energy actually developed
being at the rate of 0·0055 h.p., or 1/200 of a h.p. if supposed
uniform.
§ 24. The actual energy derivable from 1 lb. weight of rubber is
stated to be 300 ft.-lb. On this basis 2-7/16 oz. should be capable of
giving 45·7 ft.-lb. of energy, i.e. three times the amount given
above. Now the motor-rubber not lubricated was only given 200
turns--lubricated 400 could have been given it, 600 probably before
rupture--and the energy then derivable would certainly have been
approximating to 45 ft.-lb., i.e. 36·25. Now on the basis of 300
ft.-lb. per lb. a weight of ½ oz. (the amount of rubber carried in
"one-ouncers") gives 9 ft.-lb. of energy. Now assuming the gliding
angle (including weight of propellers) to be 1 in 8; a perfectly
efficient model should be capable of flying eight times as great a
distance in a horizontal direction as the energy in the rubber motor
would lift it vertically. Now 9 ft.-lb. of energy will lift 1 oz. 154
ft. Therefore theoretically it will drive it a distance (in yards) of
(8 × 154)/3 = 410·6 yards.
Now the greatest distance that a 1 oz. model has flown in perfectly
calm air (which never exists) is not known. Flying with the wind 500
yards is claimed. Admitting this what allowance shall we make for the
wind; supposing we deduct half this, viz. 250 yards. Then, on this
assumption, the efficiency of this "one ouncer" works out (in
perfectly still air) at 61 per cent.
The gliding angle assumption of 1 in 8 is rather a high one, possibly
too high; all the writer desires to show is the method of working out.
Mr. T.W.K. Clarke informs me that in his one-ouncers the gliding
angle is about 1 in 5.
§ 25. =To Test Different Motors or Different Powers of the Same Kind
of Motor.=--Test them on the same machine, and do not use different
motors or different powers on different machines.
§ 26. =Efficiency of a Model.=--The efficiency of a model depends on
the weight carried per h.p.
§ 27. =Efficiency of Design.=--The efficiency of some particular
design depends on the amount of supporting surface necessary at a
given speed.
§ 28. =Naphtha Engines=, that is, engines made on the principle of the
steam engine, but which use a light spirit of petrol or similar agent
in their generator instead of water with the same amount of heat, will
develop twice as much energy as in the case of the ordinary steam
engine.
§ 29.=Petrol Motors.=
Horse-power. No. of Cylinders. Weight.
¼ Single 4½ lb.
½ to ¾ " 6½ "
1½ Double 9 "
§ 30. =The Horse-power of Model Petrol Motors.=--Formula for rating of
the above.
(R.P.M. = revolutions per minute.)
H.P. = ((Bore)² × stroke × no. of cylinders × R.P.M.)/12,000
If the right-hand side of the equation gives a less h.p. than that
stated for some particular motor, then it follows that the h.p. of the
motor has been over-estimated.
[Illustration: FIG. 56.]
§ 30A. =Relation between Static Thrust of Propeller and Total Weight
of Model.=--The thrust should be approx. = ¼ of the weight.
§ 31. =How to find the Height of an Inaccessible Object by Means of
Three Observations taken on the Ground (supposed flat) in the same
Straight Line.=--Let A, C, B be the angular elevations of the object
D, as seen from these points, taken in the same straight line. Let the
distances B C, C A and A B be _a_, _b_, _c_ respectively. And let
required height P D = _h_; then by trigonometry we have (see Fig. 56)
_h²_ = _abc_/(_a_ cot²A - _c_ cot²C + _b_ cot²B).
§ 32. =Formula= for calculating the I.H.P. (indicated horse-power) of
a single-cylinder double-acting steam-engine.
Indicated h.p. means the h.p. actually exerted by the steam in the
cylinder without taking into account engine friction. Brake h.p. or
effective h.p. is the actual h.p. delivered by the crank shaft of the
engine.
I.H.P. = (2 × S × R × A × P)/33,000.
Where S = stroke in feet.
R = revolutions per minute.
A = area of piston in inches.
P = mean pressure in lb. exerted per sq. in. on the piston.
The only difficulty is the mean effective pressure; this can be found
approximately by the following rule and accompanying table.
TABLE VI.
---------+----------+---------+----------+---------+---------
Cut-off | Constant | Cut-off | Constant | Cut-off | Constant
---------+----------+---------+----------+---------+---------
1/6 | ·566 | 3/8 | ·771 | 2/3 | ·917
1/5 | ·603 | ·4 | ·789 | ·7 | ·926
1/4 | ·659 | 1/2 | ·847 | 3/4 | ·937
·3 | ·708 | ·6 | ·895 | ·8 | ·944
1/3 | ·743 | 5/8 | ·904 | 7/8 | ·951
---------+----------+---------+----------+---------+---------
Rule.--"Add 14·7 to gauge pressure of boiler, this giving 'absolute
steam pressure,' multiply this sum by the number opposite the fraction
representing the point of cut-off in the cylinder in accompanying
table. Subtract 17 from the product and multiply the remainder by 0·9.
The result will be very nearly the M.E.P." (R.M. de Vignier.)
FOOTNOTE:
[53] Given elsewhere as 55 and 22,500 (_t_ = 1/3 _d_), evidently
regarded as solid.
APPENDIX A.
SOME MODELS WHICH HAVE WON MEDALS AT OPEN COMPETITIONS.
[Illustration: FIG. 57.--THE G.P.B. SMITH MODEL.]
The model shown in Fig. 57 has won more competition medals than any
other. It is a thoroughly well designed[54] and well constructed
model. Originally a very slow flyer, the design has been simplified,
and although by no means a fast flyer, its speed has been much
accelerated. Originally a one-propeller machine, it has latterly been
fitted with twin propellers, with the idea of obtaining more
directional control; but in the writer's opinion, speaking from
personal observation, with but little, if any, success. The steering
of the model is effected by canting the elevator. Originally the
machine had ailerons for the purpose, but these were removed owing, I
understand, to their retarding the speed of the machine.
In every competition in which this machine has been entered it has
always gained very high marks for stability.
[Illustration: FIG. 58.--THE GORDON-JONES DIHEDRAL BIPLANE.]
Up to the time of writing it has not been provided with anything in
the nature of fins or rudder.
Fig. 58 is a biplane very much after the type of the model just
alluded to, but the one straight and one curved aerofoil surfaces are
here replaced by two parallel aerofoils set on a dihedral angle. The
large size of the propeller should be noted; with this the writer is
in complete agreement. He has not unfortunately seen this model in
actual flight.
The scientifically designed and beautifully made models illustrated in
Fig. 59 are so well known that any remarks on them appear
superfluous. Their efficiency, so far as their supporting area goes,
is of the highest, as much as 21 oz. per square foot having been
carried.
[Illustration: FIG. 59.--MESSRS. T.W.K. CLARKE AND CO.'S MODEL
FLYERS.]
For illustrations, etc., of the Fleming-Williams model, _see_ ch. v.,
§ 23.
(Fig. 60.) This is another well-constructed and efficient model, the
shape and character of the aerofoil surfaces much resembling those of
the French toy monoplane AL-MA (see § 4, ch. vii.), but they are
supported and held in position by quite a different method, a neat
little device enabling the front plane to become partly detached on
collision with any obstacle. The model is provided with a keel (below
the centre of gravity), and rudder for steering; in fact, this machine
especially claims certainty of directional control. The writer has
seen a number of flights by this model, but it experiences, like other
models, the greatest difficulty in keeping straight if the conditions
be adverse.
The model which will do this is, in his opinion, yet to be evolved.
The small size of the propellers is, of course, in total disagreement
with the author's ideas. All the same, the model is in many respects
an excellent one, and has flown over 300 yards at the time of writing.
[Illustration: FIG. 60.--THE DING SAYERS MONOPLANE.]
More than a year ago the author made a number of models with
triangular-shaped aerofoils, using umbrella ribs for the leading edge
and steel piano wire for the trailing, but has latterly used aerofoils
of the elongated ellipse shape.
Fig. 61 is an illustration of one of the author's latest models which
won a Bronze Medal at the Long Distance Open Competition, held at the
Crystal Palace on July 27, 1910, the largest and most keenly contested
competition held up to that date.
The best and straightest flight against the wind was made by this
model.
On the morning of the competition a flight of about 320 yards
(measured in a straight line) was made on Mitcham Common, the model
being launched against the wind so as to gain altitude, and then
flying away with the breeze behind the writer. Duration of flight 50
seconds. The following are the chief particulars of the
model:--Weight, 7½ oz. Area of supporting surface, 1-1/3 sq. ft.
Total length, 4 ft. Span of main aerofoil, 25 in. Aspect ratio, 4 : 1.
Diameter of propeller, 14 in. Two strand geared rubber motor, carrying
altogether 28 strands of 1/16 square rubber cord 43 in. long. The
propeller was originally a Venna, but with the weight reduced by
one-third, and considerable alteration made in its central contours.
The front skid of steel pianoforte wire, the rear of jointless cane
wire tipped; the rear skid was a necessity in order to protect the
delicate gearing mechanism, the weight of which was reduced to a
minimum.
[Illustration: FIG. 61.--THE AUTHOR'S "GRASSHOPPER" MODEL.]
The very large diameter of the propeller should be noted, being 56
per cent. of the span. The fin, high above the centre of gravity, was
so placed for transverse stability and direction. At the rear of the
fin was a rudder. The small amount of rubber carried (for a long
distance machine) should also be noted, especially when allowing for
friction in gearing, etc.
The central rod was a penny bamboo cane, the large aerofoil of
jointless cane and Hart's fabric, and the front aerofoil of steel wire
surfaced with the same material.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, GREAT WINDMILL
STREET, W., AND DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E.
FOOTNOTE:
[54] The design is patented.
_October, 1910_
A SHORT LIST OF
SCIENTIFIC BOOKS
PUBLISHED AND SOLD BY
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SOLE ENGLISH AGENTS for the Books of--
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PAGE
AERONAUTICS 2
AGRICULTURE 2
ARCHITECTURE 3
ARTILLERY 5
BRIDGES AND ROOFS 5
BUILDING 3
CEMENT AND CONCRETE 7
CIVIL ENGINEERING 8
DICTIONARIES 11
DOMESTIC ECONOMY 12
DRAWING 13
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 14
FOREIGN EXCHANGE 19
GAS AND OIL ENGINES 20
GAS LIGHTING 20
HISTORICAL; BIOGRAPHICAL 21
HOROLOGY 22
HYDRAULICS 22
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 24
IRRIGATION 27
LOGARITHM TABLES 28
MANUFACTURES 24
MARINE ENGINEERING 28
MATERIALS 30
MATHEMATICS 31
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 33
METALLURGY 36
METRIC TABLES 38
MINERALOGY AND MINING 38
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING 45
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 28
ORGANISATION 40
PHYSICS 41
PRICE BOOKS 42
RAILWAY ENGINEERING 43
SANITATION 45
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 45
TELEGRAPH CODES 47
WARMING; VENTILATION 47
WATER SUPPLY 48
WORKSHOP PRACTICE 49
USEFUL TABLES 52
MISCELLANEOUS 53
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AERONAUTICS
=The Atmosphere=: its characteristics and dynamics. By F.J.B.
CORDEIRO. With 35 illus. 129 pp. medium 8vo. (_New York, 1910_)
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=Theory and Practice of Model Aeroplaning.= By V.E. JOHNSON. 61
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=How to Build a 20-ft. Biplane Glider.= By A.P. MORGAN. 31
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_net_ 1 6
=Flight-Velocity.= By A. SAMUELSON. 4 plates, 42 pp. 8vo,
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=Resistance of Air and the Question of Flying.= By A.
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AGRICULTURE.
=Hemp.= A Practical Treatise on the Culture for Seed and Fibre.
By S.S. BOYCE. 13 illus. 112 pp. crown 8vo. (_New York, 1900_)
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=The Fertilisation of Tea.= By G.A. COWIE. With 17 illus. 68
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=Farm Drainage.= By H.F. FRENCH. 100 illus. 284 pp. crown 8vo.
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_net_ 4 6
=Talks on Manures.= By J. HARRIS. New edition, 366 pp. crown
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_net_ 6 6
=Coffee=, its Culture and Commerce in all Countries. By C.G.W.
LOCK. 11 plates, 274 pp. crown 8vo. (_1888_)
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=Sugar, a Handbook for Planters and Refiners.= By the late J.A.
R. NEWLANDS and B.E.R. NEWLANDS. 236 illus. 876 pp. demy 8vo.
(_London, 1909_)
_net_ 1 5 0
=Hops=, their Cultivation, Commerce and Uses. By P.L. SIMMONDS.
143 pp. crown 8vo. (_1877_)
4 6
=The Future of Cocoa-Planting=. By H. HAMEL SMITH. With
illustrations, 95 pp. crown 8vo, sewed. (_1908_)
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=Estate Fences=, their Choice, Construction and Cost. By A.
VERNON. Re-issue, 150 illus. 420 pp. 8vo. (_1909_)
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ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING.
=The Hydropathic Establishment and its Baths.= By R.O. ALLSOP.
8 plates, 107 pp. demy 8vo. (_1891_)
5 0
=The Turkish Bath=, its Design and Construction. By R.O.
ALLSOP. 27 illus. 152 pp. demy 8vo. (_1890_)
6 0
=Public Abattoirs=, their Planning, Design and Equipment. By
R.S. AYLING. 33 plates, 100 pp. demy 4to. (_1908_)
_net_ 8 6
=The Builder's Clerk.= By T. BALES. Second edition, 92 pp.
fcap. 8vo. (_1904_)
1 6
=Glossary of Technical Terms= used in Architecture and the
Building Trades. By G.J. BURNS. 136 pp. crown 8vo. (_1895_)
3 6
=Chimney Design and Theory.= By W.W. CHRISTIE. Second edition,
54 illus. 200 pp. crown 8vo. (_New York, 1902_)
_net_ 12 6
=Approximate Estimates.= By T.E. COLEMAN. Third edition, 481
pp. oblong 32mo, leather. (_1907_)
_net_ 5 0
=Stable Sanitation and Construction.= By T.E. COLEMAN. 183
illus. 226 pp. crown 8vo. (_1897_)
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=Architectural Examples= in Brick, Stone, Wood and Iron. By W.
FULLERTON. Third edition, 245 plates, 254 pp. demy 4to.
(_1908_)
_net_ 15 0
=Bricklaying System.= By F.B. GILBRETH. Fully illustrated, 321
pp. 8vo. (_New York, 1909_)
_net_ 12 6
=Field System.= By F.B. GILBRETH. 194 pp. 12mo leather. (_New
York, 1908_)
_net_ 12 6
=The Building Trades Pocket Book.= Compiled by R. HALL. 12mo.
With interchangeable diary
_net_ 1 6
Ditto ditto, in leather
_net_ 2 6
=The Clerk of Works' Vade Mecum.= By G.G. HOSKINS. Seventh
edition, 52 pp. fcap. 8vo. (_1901_)
1 6
=A Handbook of Formulæ, Tables, and Memoranda=, for
Architectural Surveyors and others engaged in Building. By J.T.
HURST. Fifteenth edition, 512 pp. royal 32mo, roan. (_1905_)
_net_ 5 0
=Quantity Surveying=, for the Use of Surveyors, Architects,
Engineers and Builders. By J. LEANING. Fifth edition, 936 pp.
demy 8vo. (_1904_)
_net_ 1 5 0
=Obstruction to Light.= A Graphic Method of determining
Problems of Ancient Lights. By H.B. MOLESWORTH. 9 folding
plates, 4to. (_1902_)
_net_ 6 0
=Suburban Houses.= A series of practical plans. By J.H.
PEARSON. 46 plates and 12 pp. text, crown 4to. (_1905_)
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=Solid Bitumens=, their Physical and Chemical Properties and
Chemical Analysis. By S.F. PECKHAM. 23 illus. 324 pp. 8vo.
(_New York, 1909_)
_net_ 1 1 0
=Roman Architecture, Sculpture and Ornament.= By G.B. PIRANESI.
200 plates, reproduced in facsimile from the original. 2 vols.
Imperial folio, in wrappers. (_1900_)
_net_ 2 2 0
=The Seven Periods of English Architecture=, defined and
illustrated. By E. SHARPE. Third edition, 20 steel plates,
royal 8vo. (_1888_)
12 6
=Our Factories, Workshops and Warehouses=, their Sanitary and
Fire-Resisting Arrangements. By B.H. THWAITE. 183 illus. 282
pp. crown 8vo. (_1882_)
9 0
=Elementary Principles of Carpentry.= By T. TREDGOLD and J.T.
HURST. Eleventh edition, 48 plates, 517 pp. crown 8vo. (_1904_)
12 6
=Practical Stair Building and Handrailing.= By W.H. WOOD. 32
plates, 91 pp. crown 4to. (_1894_)
10 6
=Spons' Architects' and Builders' Pocket Price-Book=,
Memoranda, Tables and Prices. Edited by CLYDE YOUNG. Revised by
STANFORD M. BROOKS. Illustrated, 552 pp. 16mo, leather cloth
(size 6½ in. by 3¾ in. by ½ in. thick). Issued annually
_net_ 3 0
=Heating Engineers' Quantities.= By W.L. WHITE and G.M. WHITE.
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_net_ 10 6
ARTILLERY.
=Guns and Gun Making Material.= By G. EDE. Crown 8vo. (_1889_)
6 0
=Treatise on Application of Wire to Construction of Ordnance.=
By J.A. LONGRIDGE. 180 pp. 8vo. (_1884_)
1 5 0
=The Progress of Artillery: Naval Guns.= By J.A. LONGRIDGE.
8vo, sewed. (_1896_)
2 0
=The Field Gun of the Future.= By J.A. LONGRIDGE. 8vo, sewed.
(_1892_)
2 6
BRIDGES, ARCHES, ROOFS, AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN.
=Strains in Ironwork.= By HENRY ADAMS. Fourth edition, 8 plates, 65
pp. crown 8vo. (_1904_)
5 0
=The Practical Designing of Structural Ironwork.= By HENRY ADAMS. 13
plates, 194 pp. 8vo. (_1894_)
8 6
=Designing Ironwork.= By HENRY ADAMS. Second series. 8vo, sewed.
Part I. A Steel Box Girder. (_1894_)
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=A Practical Treatise on Segmental and Elliptical Oblique or Skew
Arches.= By G.J. BELL. Second edition, 17 plates, 125 pp. royal 8vo.
(_1906_)
_net_ 1 1 0
=Economics of Construction in relation to Framed Structures.= By R.H.
Bow. Third thousand, 16 plates, 88 pp. 8vo. (1873)
5 0
=Theory of Voussoir Arches.= By Prof. W. CAIN. Third edition, 201 pp.
18mo, boards. (_New York, 1905_)
_net_ 2 0
=New Formulæ for the Loads and Deflections= of Solid Beams and
Girders. By W. DONALDSON. Second edition, 8vo. (_1872_)
4 6
=Plate Girder Railway Bridges.= By M. FITZMAURICE. 4 plates, 104 pp.
8vo. (_1895_)
6 0
=Pocket Book of Calculations in Stresses.= By E.M. GEORGE. 66 illus.
140 pp. royal 32mo, half roan. (_1895_)
3 6
=Strains on Braced Iron Arches= and Arched Iron Bridges. By A.S.
HEAFORD. 39 pp. 8vo. (_1883_)
6 0
=Tables for Roof Framing.= By G.D. INSKIP. Second edition, 451 pp.
8vo, leather. (_New York, 1905_)
_net_ 12 6
=Stresses in Girder and Roof Frames,= for both dead and live loads,
by simple Multiplication, etc. By F.R. JOHNSON. 28 plates, 215 pp.
crown 8vo. (_1894_)
6 0
=A Graphical Method for Swing Bridges.= By B.F. LA RUE. 4 plates, 104
pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1892_)
_net_ 2 0
=Notes on Cylinder Bridge Piers= and the Well System of Foundations.
By J. NEWMAN. 144 pp. 8vo. (_1893_)
6 0
=A New Method of Graphic Statics= applied in the Construction of
Wrought Iron Girders. By E. OLANDER. 16 plates, small folio. (_1887_)
10 6
=Reference Book for Statical Calculations.= By F. RUFF. With diagrams,
140 pp. crown 8vo. (_1906_)
_net_ 5 0
=The Strength and Proportion of Riveted Joints.= By B.B. STONEY. 87
pp. 8vo. (_1885_)
5 0
=The Anatomy of Bridgework.= By W.H. THORPE. 103 illus. 190 pp. crown
8vo. (_1906_)
_net_ 6 0
CEMENT AND CONCRETE.
=Portland Cement:= its Manufacture, Testing and Use. By D.B. BUTLER.
Second edition, 97 illus. 396 pp. demy 8vo. (_1905_)
_net_ 16 0
=Theory of Steel-Concrete Arches= and of Vaulted Structures. By W.
CAIN. Fourth edition, 27 illus. 212 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York,
1906_)
_net_ 2 0
=Cement Users' and Buyers' Guide.= By CALCARE. 115 pp. 32mo, cloth.
(_1901_)
_net_ 1 6
=Diagrams for Designing Reinforced Concrete Structures.= By G.F.
DODGE. 31 illus. 104 pp. oblong folio. (_New York, 1910_)
_net_ 17 0
=Cements, Mortars, and Concretes;= their Physical properties. By M.S.
FALK. 78 illus. 176 pp. 8vo. (_New York, 1904_)
_net_ 10 6
=Concrete Construction, Methods and Cost.= By H.P. GILLETTE and C.S.
HILL. 310 illus. 690 pp. 8vo. (_New York, 1908_)
_net_ 1 1 0
=Engineers' Pocket-Book of Reinforced Concrete.= By E.L. HEIDENREICH.
164 illus. 364 pp. crown 8vo, leather, gilt edges. (_New York, 1909_)
_net_ 12 6
=Concrete Inspection.= By C.S. HILL. Illustrated, 179 pp. 12mo. (_New
York, 1909_)
_net_ 4 6
=Reinforced Concrete.= By E. MCCULLOCH. 28 illus. 128 pp. crown 8vo.
(_New York, 1908_)
_net_ 6 6
=Concrete and Reinforced Concrete.= By H.A. REID. 715 illus. 884 pp.
royal 8vo. (_New York, 1907_)
_net_ 21 0
=Theory and Design of Reinforced Concrete Arches.= By A. REUTERDAHL.
41 illus. 126 pp. 8vo. (_New York, 1908_)
_net_ 8 6
=Practical Cement Testing.= By W.P. TAYLOR. With 142 illus. 329 pp.
demy 8vo. (New York, 1906)
_net_ 12 6
=Concrete Bridges and Culverts.= By H.G. TYRRELL. 66 illus. 251 pp.
crown 8vo, leather
_net_ 12 6
CIVIL ENGINEERING.
CANALS, SURVEYING.
(_See also_ IRRIGATION _and_ WATER SUPPLY.)
=Practical Hints to Young Engineers Employed on Indian Railways.= By
A.W.C. ADDIS. With 14 illus. 154 pp. 12mo. (_1910_)
_net_ 3 6
=Levelling,= Barometric, Trigonometric and Spirit. By I.O. BAKER.
Second edition, 15 illus. 145 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1903_) ..
_net_ 2 0
=Notes on Instruments= best suited for Engineering Field Work in India
and the Colonies. By W.G. BLIGH. 65 illus. 218 pp. 8vo. (_1899_)
7 6
=The Sextant and other Reflecting Mathematical Instruments.= By
F.R. BRAINARD. 33 illus. 120 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1891_)
_net_ 2 0
=Practical Designing of Retaining Walls.= By Prof. W. CAIN. Fifth
edition, 14 illus. 172 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1908_)
_net_ 2 0
=The Maintenance of Macadamised Roads.= By T. CODRINGTON. Second
edition, 186 pp. 8vo. (_1892_)
7 6
=Retaining Walls in Theory and Practice.= By T.E. COLEMAN. 104 illus.
160 pp. crown 8vo. (_1909_)
_net_ 5 0
=The Barometrical Determination of Heights.= By F.J.B. CORDEIRO.
Crown 8vo, limp leather. (_New York, 1898_)
_net_ 4 6
=On Curved Masonry Dams.= By W.B. COVENTRY. 8vo, sewed. (_1894_)
2 0
=A Practical Method of Determining the Profile of a Masonry Dam.= By
W.B. COVENTRY. 8vo, sewed. (_1894_)
2 6
=The Stresses on Masonry Dams= (oblique sections). By W.B. COVENTRY.
8vo, sewed. (_1894_)
2 0
=Tables for facilitating the Calculation of Earthworks.= By D.
CUNNINGHAM. 120 pp. royal 8vo
10 6
=Handbook of Cost Data for Contractors and Engineers.= By H.P.
GILLETTE. 1854 pp. crown 8vo, leather, gilt edges. (_New York, 1910_)
_net_ 1 1 0
=Rock Excavation, Methods and Cost.= By H.P. GILLETTE. 56 illus. 376
pp. crown 8vo. (_New York, 1904_)
_net_ 12 6
=High Masonry Dams.= By E.S. GOULD. With illus. 88 pp. 18mo, boards.
(_New York, 1897_)
_net_ 2 0
=Grace's Tables for Curves,= with hints to young engineers. 8 figures,
43 pp. oblong 8vo. (_1908_)
_net_ 5 0
=Grace's Earthwork Tables.= 36 double-page tables, 4to. (_1907_)
_net_ 12 6
=Railway Tunnelling= in Heavy Ground. By C. GRIPPER. 3 plates, 66 pp.
royal 8vo. (_1879_)
7 6
=Levelling and its General Application.= By T. HOLLOWAY. Second
edition, 53 illus. 147 pp. 8vo. (_1895_)
5 0
=Waterways and Water Transport= in different Countries. By J.S. JEANS.
55 illus. 520 pp. 8vo. (_1890_)
_net_ 9 0
=Table of Barometrical Heights to 20,000 Feet.= By W.H. MACKESY, with
some practical suggestions by Sir Guildford Molesworth. 1 plate, 24
pp. royal 32mo. (_1882_)
3 0
=Aid Book to Engineering Enterprise.= By E. MATHESON. Third edition,
illustrated, 916 pp. medium 8vo, buckram. (_1898_)
1 4 0
=A Treatise on Surveying.= By R.E. MIDDLETON and O. CHADWICK. Second
edition, royal 8vo.
Part I. 11 plates, 296 pp. (_1904_)
10 6
" II. Fully illustrated, 334 pp. (_1906_)
10 6
=A Pocket Book of Useful Formulæ and Memoranda,= for Civil and
Mechanical Engineers. By Sir G.L. MOLESWORTH and H.B. MOLESWORTH. With
an Electrical Supplement by W.H. MOLESWORTH. Twenty-sixth edition, 760
illus. 901 pp. royal 32mo, French morocco, gilt edges. (_1908_)
_net_ 5 0
=The Pocket Books of Sir G.L. Molesworth and J.T. Hurst,= printed on
India paper and bound in one vol. Royal 32mo, russia, gilt edges.
_net_ 10 6
=Metallic Structures: Corrosion and Fouling and their Prevention.= By
J. NEWMAN. Illustrated, 385 pp. crown 8vo. (_1896_)
9 0
=Scamping Tricks and Odd Knowledge= occasionally practised upon Public
Works. By J. NEWMAN. New impression, 129 pp. crown 8vo. (_1908_)
_net_ 2 0
=Earthwork Slips and Subsidences= on Public Works. By J. NEWMAN.
240 pp. crown 8vo. (_1890_)
7 6
=Co-ordinate Geometry= as applied to Land Surveying. By W. PILKINGTON.
5 illus. 44 pp. 12mo. (_1909_)
_net_ 1 6
=Diagrams for the Graphic Calculation of Earthwork Quantities.= By
A.H. ROBERTS. Ten cards, fcap. in cloth case
_net_ 10 6
=Pioneering.= By F. SHELFORD, illustrated. 88 pp. crown 8vo. (_1909_)
_net_ 3 0
=Topographical Surveying.= By G.J. SPECHT. Second edition, 2 plates
and 28 illus. 210 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1898_)
_net_ 2 0
=Spons' Dictionary of Engineering,= Civil, Mechanical, Military and
Naval. 10,000 illus. 4300 pp. super royal 8vo. (_1874, Supplement
issued in 1881_). Complete with Supplement, in 11 divisions
_net_ 3 10 0
Ditto ditto in 4 vols.
_net_ 3 3 0
=Surveying and Levelling Instruments.= By W.F. STANLEY. Third edition,
372 illus. 562 pp. crown 8vo. (_1901_)
7 6
=Surveyor's Handbook.= By T.U. TAYLOR. 116 illus. 310 pp. crown 8vo,
leather, gilt edges. (_New York, 1908_)
_net_ 8 6
=Logarithmic Land Measurement.= By J. WALLACE. 32 pp. royal 8vo.
(_1910_)
_net_ 5 0
=Hints on Levelling Operations.= By W.H. WELLS. Second edition, 8vo,
sewed. (_1890_)
_net_ 1 0
=The Drainage of Fens and Low Lands= by Gravitation and Steam Power.
By W.H. WHEELER. 8 plates, 175 pp. 8vo. (_1888_)
12 6
=Stadia Surveying,= the theory of Stadia Measurements. By A. WINSLOW.
Fifth edition, 148 pp. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1902_)
_net_ 2 0
=Handbook on Tacheometrical Surveying.= By C. XYDIS. 55 illus. 3
plates, 63 pp. 8vo. (_1909_)
_net_ 6 0
DICTIONARIES.
=Technological Dictionary in the English, Spanish, German and French
Languages.= By D. CARLOS HUELIN Y ARSSU. Crown 8vo.
Vol. I. ENGLISH-SPANISH-GERMAN-FRENCH.
609 pp. (_1906_)
_net_ 10 6
Vol. II. GERMAN-ENGLISH-FRENCH-SPANISH.
720 pp. (_1908_)
_net_ 10 6
Vol. III. FRENCH-GERMAN-SPANISH-ENGLISH.
In preparation.
Vol. IV. SPANISH-FRENCH-ENGLISH-GERMAN.
750 pp. (_1910_)
_net_ 10 6
=English-French and French-English Dictionary of the Motor-Car, Cycle
and Boat.= By F. LUCAS. 171 pp. crown 8vo. (_1905_)
_net_ 5 0
=Spanish-English Dictionary of Mining Terms.= By F. LUCAS. 78 pp. 8vo.
(_1905_)
_net_ 5 0
=English-Russian and Russian-English Engineering Dictionary.= By L.
MEYCLIAR. 100 pp. 16mo. (_1909_)
_net_ 2 6
=Reed's Polyglot Guide to the Marine Engine,= in English, French,
German and Norsk. Second edition, oblong 8vo. (_1900_).
_net_ 6 0
DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
=Food Adulteration and its Detection.= By J.P. BATTERSHALL. 12 plates,
328 pp. demy 8vo. (_New York, 1887_)
15 0
=How to Check Electricity Bills.= By S.W. BORDEN. 41 illus. 54 pp.
crown 8vo. (_New York, 1907_)
_net_ 2 0
=Practical Hints on Taking a House.= By H.P. BOULNOIS. 71 pp. 18mo.
(_1885_)
1 6
=The Cooking Range,= its Failings and Remedies. By F. DYE. 52 pp.
fcap. 8vo, sewed. (_1888_)
0 6
=The Kitchen Boiler and Water Pipes.= By H. GRIMSHAW. 8vo, sewed.
(_1887_)
_net_ 1 0
=Cookery and Domestic Management,= including economic and middle class
Practical Cookery. By K. MELLISH. 56 coloured plates and 441 illus.
987 pp. super-royal 8vo. (_1901_)
_net_ 16 0
=Spons' Household Manual.= 250 illus. 1043 pp. demy 8vo. (_1902_)
7 6
Ditto ditto half-bound French morocco
9 0
=Handbook of Sanitary Information= for Householders. By R.S. TRACY. 33
illus. 114 pp. 18mo. (_New York, 1900_)
2 6
DRAWING.
=The Ornamental Penman's,= Engraver's and Sign Writer's Pocket Book of
Alphabets. By B. ALEXANDER. Oblong 12mo, sewed
0 6
=The Draughtsman's Handbook= of Plan and Map Drawing. By G.G. ANDRE.
87 illus. and 34 plain and coloured plates, 162 pp. crown 4to.
(_1891_)
9 0
=Slide Valve Diagrams:= a French Method for their Construction. By L.
BANKSON. 18mo, boards. (_New York, 1892_) . . .
_net_ 2 0
=A System of Easy Lettering.= By J.H. CROMWELL. With Supplement by G.
MARTIN. Sixth thousand, oblong 8vo. (_New York, 1900_)
_net_ 2 0
=Plane Geometrical Drawing.= BY R.C. FAWDRY. Illustrated, 185 pp.
crown 8vo. (_1901_)
_net_ 3 0
=Twelve Plates on Projection Drawing.= By O. GUETH. Oblong 4to. (_New
York, 1903_)
_net_ 3 0
=Hints on Architectural Draughtsmanship.= By G.W.T. HALLATT. Fourth
edition, 80 pp. 18mo. (_1906_)
_net_ 1 6
=A First Course of Mechanical Drawing= (Tracing). By G. HALLIDAY.
Oblong 4to, sewed
2 0
=Drawings for Medium-sized Repetition Work.= By R.D. SPINNEY. With 47
illus. 130 pp. 8vo. (_1909_)
_net_ 3 6
=Mathematical Drawing Instruments.= By W.F. STANLEY. Seventh edition,
265 illus. 370 pp. crown 8vo. (_1900_)
5 0
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.
=Practical Electric Bell Fitting.= By F.C. ALLSOP. Tenth edition, 186
illus. including 8 folding plates, 185 pp. crown 8vo. (_1903_)
3 6
=Telephones:= their Construction and Fitting. By F.C. ALLSOP. Eighth
edition, 184 illus. 222 pp. crown 8vo. (_1909_)
3 6
=Thermo-electric Reactions= and Currents between Metals in Fused
Salts. By T. ANDREWS. 8vo, sewed. (_1896_)
1 0
=Auto-Transformer Design.= By A.H. AVERY. 25 illus. 60 pp. 8vo.
(_1909_)
_net_ 3 6
=Principles of Electric Power= (Continuous Current) for Mechanical
Engineers. By A.H. BATE. 63 illus. 204 pp. crown 8vo. (_1905_)
(FINSBURY TECHNICAL MANUAL)
_net_ 4 6
=Practical Construction of Electric Tramways.= By WILLIAM R. BOWKER.
93 illus. 119 pp. 8vo. (_1903_)
_net_ 6 0
=Design and Construction of Induction Coils.= By A.F. COLLINS. 155
illus. 272 pp. demy 8vo. (_New York, 1909_)
_net_ 12 6
=Switchboard Measuring Instruments= for Continuous and Polyphase
Currents. By J.C. CONNAN. 117 illus. 150 pp. 8vo, cloth. (_1908_)
_net_ 5 0
=Electric Cables, their Construction and Cost.= By D. COYLE and F.J.
O. HOWE. With many diagrams and 216 tables, 467 pp. crown 8vo,
leather. (_1909_)
_net_ 15 0
=Management of Electrical Machinery.= By F.B. CROCKER and S.S.
WHEELER. Eighth edition, 131 illus. 223 pp. crown 8vo. (_New York,
1909_)
_net_ 4 6
=Electric Lighting:= A Practical Exposition of the Art. By F.B.
CROCKER. Royal 8vo. (_New York._)
Vol. I. =The Generating Plant.= Sixth edition, 213 illus. 470
pp. (_1904_)
_net_ 12 6
Vol. II. =Distributing Systems and Lamps.= Second edition, 391
illus. 505 pp. (_1905_)
_net_ 12 6
=The Care and Management of Ignition Accumulators.= By H.H.U. CROSS.
12 illus. 74 pp. crown 8vo, limp. (S. & C. SERIES, NO. 19.) (_1910_)
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=Elementary Telegraphy and Telephony.= By ARTHUR CROTCH. 238 illus.
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=Dynamo Electric Machinery.= By Prof. S.P. THOMPSON. Seventh edition,
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=Pumps:= Historically, Theoretically and Practically Considered. By
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=Treatise on the Richards Steam Engine Indicator.= By C.T.
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=Practical Treatise on the Steam Engine.= By A. RIGG. Second
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=Slide and Piston Valve Geared Steam Engines.= By W.H. UHLAND.
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=How to run Engines and Boilers.= By E.P. WATSON. Fifth
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=Practical Method of Designing Slide Valve Gearing.= By E.J.
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=Brassfounders' Alloys.= By J.F. BUCHANAN. Illustrated, 129 pp.
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=Practical Notes on Pipe Founding.= By J.W. MACFARLANE. 15
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=Roll Turning for Sections in Steel and Iron.= By A. SPENCER.
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=Manual of Assaying Gold, Silver, Copper and Lead Ores.= By
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=Our Coal Resources= at the End of the Nineteenth Century. By
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=Hydraulic Gold Miners' Manual.= By T.S.G. KIRKPATRICK. Second
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=Tests for Ores, Minerals and Metals of Commercial Value.= By
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=Theory and Practice of Centrifugal Ventilating Machines.= By
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=Manual of Engineering Specifications= and Contracts. By L.M.
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=Commercial Organisation of Engineering Factories.= By H.
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=Heat for Engineers.= By C.R. DARLING. 110 illus. 430 pp. 8vo.
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=The Colourist.= A method of determining colour harmony. By
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=Engineering Thermodynamics.= By C.F. HIRSCHFELD. 22 illus. 157
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=Reform in Chemical and Physical Calculations.= By C.J.T.
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=Introduction to the Study of Colour Phenomena.= By J.W.
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=Simple and Automatic Vacuum Brakes.= By C. BRIGGS, G.N.R. 11
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=Modern British Locomotives.= By A.T. TAYLOR. 100 diagrams of
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Transcriber's Notes
Obvious punctuation and spelling errors and inconsistent hyphenation
have been corrected.
Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=.
The OE ligature has been replaced by the separate characters.
The fractions ¼, ½ and ¾ are represented using the Latin-1 characters,
but other fractions use the / and - symbols, e.g. 3/8 or 2-5/8.
The exponents 2 and 3 are represented using ² and ³ respectively, but
other exponents are indicated by the caret character, for example,
v^{1·85}
Subscripts are simply enclosed in braces, e.g. W{0}.
Other symbols that cannot be represented have been replaced by words
in braces: {alpha}, {pi}, {therefore}, {square root} and
{proportional to}.
The skin friction formulæ given on pages 11 and 128 have been corrected
by comparison with other sources. Respectively, the formulæ were
originally printed as
_f_ = 0·00000778_l_^{9·3}_v_^{1·85}
and
_f_ = 0·00000778_l_ - ^{00·7}_v_^{1·85}
In ambiguous cases, the text has been left as it appears in the
original book.