wounds; for pains at extremity of spine; and, when made into a plaster
with oil, it dissolved glandular and scrofulous swellings and tumors.
The dung of bulls was a remedy for falling of the womb; when drunk with
wine, was frequently given as a remedy in epilepsy; used also in the cure
of suppressed menstruation and to expel the fœtus in retarded delivery;
administered in menstrual hemorrhages; for the alleviation of gout in the
feet, serpent bites, erysipelas, etc. Goat and sheep dung was used for
the same purposes.
Dried goat-dung, drunk in wine, checked hemorrhages, as did that of asses
and horses. The dung of grass-fed kine taken in wine for scorpion bites.
Dove and poultry dung given to break up the old sores and scrofulous
swellings.
Hen-dung believed to be almost a specific against the effects of
poisonous mushrooms; it was to be drunk in wine.
Stork-dung was another remedy for epilepsy; it was also to be drunk in
wine.
Vulture-dung expelled the fœtus; mouse-dung expelled calculi.
Hen-dung, especially that laid during the dog-days, was good for
dysentery.
Fresh human ordure was applied to inflamed wounds, and as a plaster in
angina; dog-dung was also used in such cases.
Crocodile-excrement was in high repute as a cosmetic. (See “Cosmetics.”)
Purchasers were warned that it was frequently adulterated with the
excrement of starlings fed on rice.
The urine of the patient himself should be drunk in cases of serpent
bites, poisons from drugs, bites of scorpions, mad dogs, etc. For
old ulcers, cicatrices, “lepras,” an excellent application; also for
ulcerations in the genitalia, sores in the ears, etc.
The urine of an undefiled boy was highly commended for various purposes,
especially when triturated with honey in a brass mortar.
The “sediment of urine” (see “Mangeurs de Blanc”) was regarded as of
great value in erysipelas. Bull’s urine was given for the cure of
ulcerated ears.
Goat urine expelled stone from the bladder; likewise, beneficial in
dropsy, if drunk daily.
Asses’ urine cured mania.
“Dioscoride, lib. ii. cap. 73, et ses commentateurs, P. Andr. Mathicle,
fol. 238, et J. Cornarius, comment. cap. 69, fol. m. 134, permettent
l’usage des stercoraria pour les paysans, et quand on n’a rien de mieux
sous la main, mais ils l’interdisent pour les habitants des villes et les
personnages honorati alicujus estimationis. Outre son grand ouvrage, de
maître médical on attribue généralement à Dioscoride un traité désigné
sous le titre de Euporista, ou des remèdes faciles à procurer.” (This
was published at Strasbourg and again at Frankfort in 1565 and 1598,
respectively, from the original Greek.) “Dans l’Euporista, Dioscoride
cherche à établir que les remèdes indigènes valent souvent mieux que
ceux qu’on fait venir à grands frais des pays éloignés, et, à ce titre,
il mentionne le stercus comme offrant de curieuses ressources.”—(“Bib.
Scatalogica,” p. 74.)
“Stercus bovis armentalis recens impositum, inflammationem ex vulneribus
lenit; foliis autem involutum in cineris calentis calefit, atque ita
imponuntur. Simili modo fotu applicitum coxendicis cruciatus mitigat. Ex
aceto vero cataplasmatis vice impositum duritias, strumas et glandarum
tumores discutit. Speciatim vero bovis masculi fimus prolapsum uterum
suffitu restituit, accensi quoque nidore culices abiguntur. Cuprarum
præsertim in montibus degentium, stercus ex vino bibitum regium morbum
emendat, cum aromatibus vero potum menses ciet et fœtus ejiciet.
“Siccum, tritumque et cum turre in velleræ appositum, fluxum muliebrem
cohibet aliasque sanguinis eruptiones ex aceto compescit. Ustum ac
cum aceto aut oxymelite illitum calvitiei medetur. Cum axungia vero
cataplasmata adhibitum podagracis opitulatur. Decoctum in aceto, aut vino
imponitur ad serpentiæ morsum, herpetas, erysipelata, parotides. Quin et
ischiadicis ustis eorum ope administratur utiliter hunc in modum; in eo
cavo, quod est inter pollicem et indicem qua parte pollex committitur,
lana oleo imbuta prius substernitur, ac dein singulatim imponuntur
fimi caprini ferventes pilulæ, donec sensus per brachium ad coxendicem
perveniat doloremque mitiget atque adustis talis arabica appellatur.
“At vero stercus ovillum ex aceto impositum sanat epinyctidas, clavos,
verrucas, quæ thymi vocantur, et quæ pensiles sunt.... Aprinum autem
aridum in aqua aut vino potum, sanguinis rejectionem sistit ac diuturnum
sedat lateris dolorem. Sed ad rapta convulsaque, ex aceto bibitur;
luxatis vero exceptum curato rosaceo medetur. Porro tam asinorum quam
equorum fimum, sive crudum sive crematum, addito aceto, sanguinis
eruptiones cohibet. Armentinorum vero, qui herba pascuntur, siccum
stercus vino imbutum et bibitum a scorpione ictis magnopere auxiliatur.
“Columbinum quoniam vehementer calefacit ac urit, farinæ crudæ
admiscetur, et ex aceto quidem strumas discutit. Carbunculos vero
emarginat cum melle, lini seminæ, et oleo tritum, nec non ambustis quoque
medetur. Gallinaceum eadem, sed malignis, præstat. Speciatim tamen contra
letales fongos et colicos dolores confert, si ex aceto aut vino bibatur.
Ciconæ vero fimium ex aqua potum comitialibus prodesse creditur. Vulturis
suffumigatum fœtum excutere traditur. Murium cum aceto tritum illitumque
calvitiei medetur, cum turre vero et mulso potum calculos expellit. Sed
et subditæ infantibus muscerdæ alvum ad dejectionem lacessunt. Caninum
stercus, quod per caniculæ ardores exceptum fuerit, aridum cum vino aut
aqua potum, alvum cohibet. Ad humanum recens cataplasmatis vice impositum
vulnera ab inflammatione vindicat, simul vero glutinat. Siccum autem cum
melle perunctum anginosos auxiliari traditur.
“Stercus crocodilis terrestris mulieribus confert ad colorem facei
nitoremque producendum.
“Optimum vero quod candidissimum et friabile amyli modo leve in humore
statim eliquiescit, atque dum teritur, subacidum est et fermentum
redolet. Sunt qui id vendant adulterant fimo non dissimili sturnorum quos
oryza paverunt. Alii amylum aut cimoliam subigunt, et adescito, colore,
per rarum cribrum, paullatim percolant et siccant, ut vermiculorum specie
loco genuini vendant. Ceterum humanum stercus siccum melle subactum, et
gutturi impositum sicut et caninum, anginosis opitulari in arcanis, aut
turpibus etiam inveniunt.”—(Dioscorides, “Materia Medica,” Latin-Greek
edit. of Kuhn, Leipsig, 1829, vol. i., pp. 222 _et seq._)
“Humanam urinam suum cuique bibere prodest contra viperæ morsus et
letalia pharmaca, hydropemque incipientem; prodest etiam ea fovere
echinorum marinorum scorpionis itidem marini draconisque ictus. Canina
rabidi canis morsibus perfundendis idonea est; lepras quoque et
pruritus, nitro addito, exterit. Vetus etiam achoras, furfures, scabiem,
fervidasque eruptiones potentius extergit, quin et ulcera depascentia,
etiam genitalium coarcet. Purulentis quoque auribus infusa pus condensat,
et in malicordio cocta animalcula (quæ forte in aures irrepsirent)
ejicit. Pueri innocentis absorta urina anhelantibus confert, cocta vero
in æreo vaso cum melle cicatrices albugines et caligines emendat.
“Quin etiam ex ea et ære cyprio idoneum auro ferruminando glutea
paratur. Sedimentum urinæ erysipelata illita mitigat. Fervefactum cum
cyprino appositumque uteri dolorem demulcet ex utero, strangulata levat,
palpebras deterget et oculorum cicatrices expurgat. Taurinum lotium cum
myrrha tritum et instillatum dolores aurium lenit.
“Aprinum iisdem viribus præditum est sed peculiariter vesicæ calculos
potu comminuit et expellit. Caprinum traditur ad hydropem inter cutem
cum spica nardi binisque aquæ cyathis quotidie bibiti urinas ducere et
alvum instillatum, vero aurium doloribus mederi. Asinino denique ferunt
nephreticos sanari.”—(Dioscorides, idem, vol. i. pp. 227 _et seq._)
On p. 228 Dioscorides speaks of the use of a medicine known as “lynx
urine,” but which he says was a variety of amber.
THE VIEWS OF GALEN.
Galen disapproved of the pharmaceutical use of human ordure on account
of its abominable smell, but he assented to the employment of that of
domestic cattle, goats, crocodiles, and dogs; he makes known, moreover,
that human ordure was taken internally, as a medicine, by very many
persons.
“De Copro, Stercore, Copros, sive Copron, sive Apoptema, apellari
velis perinde est. Scito autem hanc substantiam vim habere vel maxime
digerentem. Verum stercus humanum ob fœtorem abominandum est, at bubulum,
caprinum, crocodilorum terrestrium, et canum, ubi in ossibus duntaxat
vescuntur neque graviter olet, et multa experientia non tantum nobis, sed
et aliis medicis me natu majoribus comprobatum est. Siquidem Asclepiades
cui cognomentum erat Pharmaceon, et alia omnia medicamenta collegit, ut
multos impleret libros, et stercore ad multos sæpe affectus utitur non
modo medicamentis, quæ focis imponuntur commiscens, sed iis quoque quæ
intro in os sumuntur.”—(Galeni Claudii, “Opera Omnia,” edit. of Dr. Carl
Gottleib Kuhn, Leipsig, 1826, vol. xii., pp. 290, 291.)
Dog-dung, especially of an animal “sola ossa cani edenda exhibens duobus
continuo diebus, ex quibus durum, candidum, ac minime fœtorum stercus
proveniebat.” Such dog-dung was administered in angina, dysentery,
inveterate ulcers, etc., in milk or other convenient menstruum.—(Idem,
vol. xii. p. 291.)
The urine of boys was drunk by patients suffering from the plague in
Syria, but the year is not given.—(See idem, vol. xii. p. 285.)
Galen did not believe that calculi had the slightest value for effecting
a reduction of calculi.—(Idem, lib. xii. p. 290.)
Galen could not bring himself to agree with Xenocrates, who recommended
the internal and external employment of sweat, urine, catamenial
fluid, and ear-wax in medicine. (Idem, lib. xii. p. 249.) “At potis
sudoris aut urinæ aut mensium mulieris abominanda detestandaque est,
atque horum in primis stercus, quod tamen scribit Xenocrates, si oris
ac gutturis partibus inungatur et in ventrem devoretur, quid præstare
valeat.—Scripsit etiam de aurium sordis devorandis. At ego ne has quidem
morbo deinceps liber degerem. Atque his etiam magis abominandum puto
stercus. Estque probrum gravius homini modesto audire stercorivorum quam
fellatorum aut cinædum.”
He shows that it was used by some physicians in “psoras,” and in
“lepras,” in the washing of ulcers, affections of the ears and genitalia,
as an embrocation and a liniment for scald and scabby head, and by
rustics in the alleviation of the pains of sore feet. (Galen, lib. xii.
p. 285 _et seq._)
Galen instances the ordure of a boy, dried, mixed with Attic honey,
given as a cure for consumption. “Stercus pueri siccum cum melle Attico
ad lævorem tritum.” (Idem, lib. xii. p. 294.) The boy was to be fed on
vegetables and well-cooked bread, leavened, made with a little salt, in a
small oven (Clibanus, Dutch oven?). The boy was also to be temperate in
drink, using only a small quantity of good wine.—(Idem, lib. xii. p. 294.)
Wolf-dung was given in drink, in the intervals between the paroxysms of
colic; the white excrement ejected after eating bones was regarded as the
stronger, and especially that which had not touched the ground,—a thing
not difficult to find, because he says the wolf has the same disposition
as the dog; that is, to eject its urine and ordure upon rocks, stones,
thorns, and bushes, whenever possible, etc.—(Galen, “Opera Omnia,” Kuhn’s
edition, lib. xii. pp. 295-297.)
Goat-dung was useful in the reduction of inveterate hard tumors and
boils. Galen used it with great success when made into a cataplasm
with barley meal. “We also use it,” he adds, “in dropsy” (“aquam inter
cutem”). It was also employed in “lepras,” “psoras,” and other skin
affections. It was applied as a plaster in tumors and other swellings and
in abscesses of the ear; also in bites of vipers and other wild beasts
(“aliarum bestiarum”). It was drunk in wine as a cure for the yellow
jaundice, and applied as a suppository, mixed with incense, in uterine
hemorrhages. But Galen thought that the internal employment at least
of such disgusting curatives is of questionable expediency, especially
when more agreeable remedies may be available. This objection would,
of course, apply with special force in cities, although he admits that
travellers, country people, and those suffering from poison, must use
the first thing within reach (vol. xii. p. 299). Bull-dung was regarded
by Galen as of value in the cure of the stings of bees and wasps (see
notes on the same subject taken in the State of New Jersey). In Mysia, a
country near the Hellespont, physicians ordered it to be smeared on the
skins of dropsical patients in the sun. The same treatment was supposed
to help consumptive patients, if the dung was that of grass-fed stock;
but he repeats that such remedies are better adapted for rustics than for
the inhabitants of cities (lib. xii. p. 301).
Sheep-dung was used for all kinds of warty and excrescential growths
externally, either raw or burnt, and in the latter case was often mixed
with, or superseded by, goat-dung (lib. xii. p. 302).
The dung of wild doves was preferred to the excrement of the domestic
pigeon; administered internally, generally mixed with the seed of
the nasturtium, in all inveterate pains affecting sides, shoulders,
skull, loins, kidneys, in vertigo, head-aches, etc. It was used just as
frequently in cities as in rural communities (lib. xii. p. 302).
Mouse-dung seems to have been extensively used in medical practice,
although Galen ridicules the fact, and does not mention the purposes of
its employment (lib. xii. p. 307).
The dung of barn-yard fowl was used for the same purposes as dove-dung.
Some people thought that the dung was more efficacious if dropped by a
fowl that had been stuffed with mushrooms. Galen here takes occasion to
remark that all animals must differ in the character of their excreta
as they do in their food; the same animal, by a change of habitat, and
consequent change of food, must cause a perceptible variation in the
qualities of its excrement (lib. xii. p. 304). Galen flatly expresses his
disbelief in the medicinal value of the excrement of the goose, stork,
eagle, or hawk, although he admits that they were used internally by
many practitioners of good standing, in difficulties of the respiratory
organs; but he says these same authorities are wont to extol the merits,
in the treatment of the same diseases, of such absurd remedies as
night-owl’s blood, human urine, etc.—(Galen, lib. 12, p. 305.)
Lucian, in his treatise upon remedies for the cure of gout
(“tragopodagra”), makes mention in several places of excrementitious
remedies,—as, for example, “dung of mountain-goat and man,”
“And Bones, and Skin, and Fat, and Blood, and Dung,
Marrow, Milk, Urine, to the fight are brought.”
—(Edition of William Tooke, F. R. S., London, 1820, vol. i. p. 741.)
SEXTUS PLACITUS.
This author is supposed to have lived in the beginning of the fourth
century after Christ.
The edition of his work, “De Medicamentis ex Animalibus,” was printed
in Lyons, in 1537. The pages are not numbered, and the citations are
consequently by chapter.
Goat-urine was given as a drink to dropsical patients (“De Capro”). This
urine was also drunk by women to relieve suppression of the menses.
For inflammation of the joints, goat-dung was dried and applied as a
fine powder; for colic, a fomentation of hot goat-dung was applied to
the abdomen; for serpent bites it was applied as a plaster, and also
drunk in some convenient liquor. For tumors goat-dung was to be applied
externally.
For ear troubles goat-urine was applied as a lotion. “Ad aures nimus
bene audientium, Apri lotium in nitro repositum tepefactum, auribus
instillatur audire facit” (“De Apro”).
For burns, whether by water or fire, burnt cow-dung was to be sprinkled
on. “Ad combusturam sive ab aqua, sive ab igne factam, Taurinus fimus
combustus et aspersus sanat” (“De Tauro”).
“Ad profluvium mulierum, Taurus ibicuncque pastus fuerit folia ulmi
arboris de fimo ipsius facias siccari et terre in pollinem tenuissimum,
mitte ipsum in carbones in quodam testo, et deponas in vaso et sedeat
mulier quæ patitur encatesma diligenter co-operta (well covered up), et
sanabitur ut mireris” (“De Tauro”).
_Testo_ means the “lid of a pot;” _encatesma_ means a “sitting-bath;” and
the sense seems to be that the woman was to take the dung of a bull which
had been eating the leaves of an elm-tree, dry, reduce to fine powder,
throw on hot coals on the lid of a pot, and let the woman sit on this,
well covered up, and have a steam-bath.
For all kinds of tumors, as well as for every kind of head-ache, the
dung of elephants was applied externally. (“De Elephantis.”) He makes no
mention of the use of asses’ dung, but strongly recommends the use of
the excrement of the horse. “Ad sanguinem e naribus profluentem, equi
stercus siccum et aspersum, sanguinem fluentem retinet, maxime naribus
suffumigatum.” He also recommends the use of horse-dung externally in
the treatment of ear-ache, and for retention of the menses internally.
“Ad aurium dolorem, stercus equi siccum et rosaceo succo liquefactum
et collatum, auribus instillatur aurium dolorem perfecte tollit....
Ad ventrem non fluentem, nimiumque tumescentem, Equi stercus aqua
liquefactum, et percolatum, postea bibitum, mox faciet egressum.”—(“De
Equo.”)
Cat-dung was used in the eradication of dandruff and of scald in the
head; for excessive after-birth hemorrhages in the form of fumigation
or bath. For the relief of a person who had swallowed a bone or thorn,
his fauces were rubbed with cat-dung. For the relief of the quartan
ague, hang cat-dung and cow horn or hoof to the patient’s arm; after
the seventh attack the fever will leave him for good.—(Idem. See under
“Witchcraft,” extract from Etmuller, p. 267.)
Vulture-dung, mixed with the white dung of dog, cured dropsy and palsy,
especially if from a vulture which had lived on human flesh; to be taken
internally.—(“De Vulture.”)
The urine of a virgin boy or girl was an invaluable application for
affections of the eyes; also for stings of bees, wasps, and other
insects. As a cure for elephantiasis, the urine of boys was to be
drunk freely. “Ad elephantiam puerorum, pueri lotium si puer biberit
liberaliter.”
The crust from human urine was useful in burns and in bites of mad dogs.
(Idem. See notes on the Parisian “Mangeurs du blanc.”) For cancers man’s
ordure was burnt and sprinkled over the sore places; for tertian fevers,
it had to be that of the patient himself; and to be held in the left hand
while burning, then placed in a rag, and tied to his left arm before the
hour of the recurrence of the fever. “Ad tertianas, ipsius ægri stercus
sinistra manu sublatum comburunt et in sinistro brachio ante horam
accessionis suspendunt.”—(“De Puello et Puella Virgine.”)
Hawk-dung, boiled in oil, made an excellent application for sore eyes.
(“De Accipitro.”) Crow-dung was given to children to cure coughs, and was
placed in carious teeth to cure tooth-ache.—(“De Corvi.”)
Dove-dung was applied externally to tumors.—(“De Columba.”)
“SAXON LEECHDOMS.”
In “Saxon Leechdoms,” is arranged the medical lore of the early centuries
of the Saxon occupancy and conquest of England.
“Alexander of Tralles (A.D. 550) ... guarantees, of his own experience
and the approval of almost all the best doctors, dung of a wolf with bits
of bone in it” for colic.—(“Saxon Leechdoms,” lib. i. c. 18.)
“Bull’s dung was good for dropsical men; cow’s dung for women” (vol. i.
c. 12, quoting Pliny, lib. xxviii. c. 68).
Swine-dung was applied to warts (vol. i. p. 101).
“For bite of any serpent, melt goat’s grease and her turd and wax, and
mingle together; work it up, so that a man may swallow it whole” (vol. i.
p. 355, quoting Sextus Flacitus).
For dropsy, “Let him drink buck’s mie ... best is the mie.... For sore of
ears, apply goat’s mie to the ear.... Against churnels, mingle a goat’s
turd with honey ... smear therewith.”
“For thigh pains,” “for sore joints,” “for cancer,” “against swellings,”
“tugging of sinews,” “carbuncle,” “smear with goat’s dung” (vol. i. pp.
355, 357).
“For every sore ... let one drink bull’s urine in hot water; soon
it healeth.... For a breach or fracture ... lay bull’s dung warm on
the breach.... For waters burning or fires, burn bull’s dung and shed
thereon.” (Idem, p. 369.) The word “shed” as here employed means to
urinate, apparently.
“For swerecothe or quinsy,” the Saxons used an external application of
the white “thost” or dung of a dog which had been gnawing a bone before
defecation (vol. ii. p. 49).
“Against shoulder pains, mingle a tord of an old swine.”—(Idem, p. 63.)
“If a sinew shrank ... take a she-goat’s tord” (p. 69).
“Against swelling, take goat’s treadles sodden in sharp vinegar” (p. 73).
For a leper, boil in urine hornbeam, elder, and other barks and
roots.—(Idem, p. 79.)
“A wound salve for lung diseases,”—of this the dung of goose was an
important ingredient (p. 93).
“A salve for every wound.... Collect cow-dung, cow-stale, work up a large
kettle full into a batter, as a man worketh soap, then take apple-tree
rind” and other rinds mentioned, and make a lotion (p. 99).
For felons, leg diseases, and erysipelas, calf and bullock dungs were
applied as a fomentation (p. 101).
“For a dew worm, some take warm, thin ordure of man, they bind it on for
the space of a night” (vol. ii. p. 125).
“Against a burn, work a salve; take goate turd,” etc.—(Idem, p. 131.)
“For a horse’s leprosy ... take piss, heat it with stones, wash the horse
with the piss so hot.”—(Idem, p. 157.)
“If there be mist before the eyes, take a child’s urine and virgin honey;
mingle together.... Smear the eyes therewith on the inside” (vol. ii. p.
309).
“For joint pain ... take dove’s dung and a goat’s turd,” externally (vol.
ii. p. 323).
“For warts ... take hound’s mie and a mouse’s blood,” externally.—(Idem,
p. 323.)
“Against cancer ... take a man’s dung, dry it thoroughly, rub to dust,
apply it. If with this thou were not able to cure him, thou mayst never
do it by any means.”—(Idem, p. 329.)
“Si muliebra nimis fluunt ... take a fresh horse’s tord, lay it on hot
glades, make it reek strongly between the thighs, up under the raiment,
that the woman may sweat much.”—(Idem, pp. 332, 333.)
“A smearing for a penetrating worm” was made with “two buckets of
bullock’s mie,” among many other ingredients.—(Idem, p. 333.)
“If a thorn or a reed prick a man in the foot, and will not be gone,
let him take a fresh goose tord and green yarrow ... paste them on the
wound.”—(Idem, p. 337.)
“Against a penetrating worm ... smear with thy spittle ... and bathe with
hot cow-stale” (vol. iii. p. 11).
“Against a warty eruption.... Warm and apply the sharn or dung of a calf
or of an old ox.”—(Idem, p. 45.)
“An asses tord was recommended to be applied to weak eyes.”—(Idem, p. 99.)
AVICENNA.
A careful examination of a Latin edition of “Averrhoes,” Lyons, 1537,
discovered nothing in regard to the medicinal use of human or animal
egestæ.
But, on the contrary, the works of Avicenna teem with such references;
there is hardly a page of the index to his portly volumes that does not
contain mention of stercoraceous remedies. Out of all this abundance
these selections will show that the Arabian physicians made of such
medicaments the same free use as their older brethren of the subverted
Roman empire: “Matricem mundant,” “Urina” (vol. i. p. 330, a 38);
“Sanguinem sistunt,” “Urina hominis cum cinere vitis” (vol. i. p. 466, a
26); “Scabei,” “Scabiei ulcerosa conferunt,” “Urina” (vol. i. p. 330, a
8); “Sciatica conferunt,” “Stercus vaccarum et Caprarum cum adipe porci”
(vol. i. p. 390, a 5); for scrofula “Stercus Caprarum” (vol. i. p. 388,
a 11); “Lentiginibus conferunt,” “stercus lupi” (vol. i. p. 387, b 66);
“Erysipelati conferunt,” “fex urinæ hominis” (vol. i. p. 330, a 11);
while for the same disease, as well as for “excoriationi conferunt” were
prescribed “stercus cameli et pecudis” (vol. i. p. 388, a 11); “Urinæ
fex,” (idem, vol. i. p. 408, a 39); “Lapidi conferunt,” “Stercus muris
cum thure” (vol. i. p. 390, b 2); again (vol. i. p. 361, a 60); “urina
porci” (vol. i. p. 408, a 66).
Lizard-dung an ingredient in a collyrium (vol. ii. p. 322, a 34).