☽ Luna, the Moon, Silver.
♃ Jupiter, Tin.
♀ Venus, Copper.
♂ Mars, Iron.
☿ Mercury, Quicksilver.
[astrological symbol] Saturn, Lead.
It may be noted in passing how these old-time fictions have influenced
our language, our literature, and especially our medicine. Lunatic,
jovial, saturnine, martial, venereal, and mercurial, are etymological
reminiscences of the time when temperaments and diseases were
associated with the heavenly bodies, and the extent to which metallic
compounds acquired their medical reputations from their artificial
relationship with the powers which were assumed to have adopted them,
is curious. Nitrate of silver was given in brain disorders originally
because of the belief in the control of the mental faculties by the
moon. The administration of iron for the purpose of invigorating the
constitution was largely due to its connection with Mars, whose fame
for virility assured the possession of similar virtue in his metallic
god-son.
[Illustration:
These symbols are a few of those used in alchemical treatises
of the fifteenth century. They are collected in “The Follies of
Science at the Court of Rudolph II.,” by H. C. Bolton, published
by the Pharmaceutical Review Publishing Co. of Milwaukee, U.S.A.
Reproduced by permission.
]
To the ancient planetary symbols the alchemists added a number of other
signs to represent chemicals of later discovery, and to make their
jargon even more incomprehensible than it would have been without them.
Thus they indicated earth, air, fire, and water by the signs
[Illustration]
These were a few of their other characters:
[Illustration]
The introduction of any kind of mysticism was dear to the alchemical
fraternity, some of whom, perhaps, really believed there was some
hidden meaning in the symbols, for there were among the adepts clever
men, true discoverers, who cannot be accused of fraudulent intentions,
and yet can hardly have accepted literally the poetry they devised.
Glauber, contemporary with our James I. and Charles I., was one of
these. According to him the symbols were invested with a special
mysterious meaning. He showed them in squares, thus:
[Illustration]
and explained that the extent to which the symbol touches the four
sides of the square indicates how near it approaches perfection. Gold,
it will be observed, touches all four sides, silver three, and the
other metals only two each.
INTERPRETING THE SIGNS.
Interpretations of these symbols have often been attempted, but they
are for the most part mere guesses. Those representing the sun and
moon are easy, but the others may generally be read in various ways.
The sign for Jupiter is alleged to represent one of his thunderbolts;
that for copper is supposed to illustrate the looking-glass of Venus;
the iron sign is the shield and spear of Mars; the caduceus of Mercury
and the scythe of Saturn are likewise traced in their respective
signatures. It has also been fancied that the three signs of which
a circle forms part--namely, those for quicksilver, copper, and
iron--were intended to suggest that gold could be formed from them, the
cross or spear attached being in fact the Egyptian phallus, or organ of
generative vigour. In tin and lead there are evidences of the presence
of silver. Perhaps more probable is the idea that these signs were
originally combinations of letters--monograms, in fact, indicating the
name which the planet bore in the country where the symbol was first
adopted. Thus, in the sign for Jupiter, [symbol], the Greek initial
for Zeus, has been traced; in that of Venus, [symbol], we have the
initial of phosphorus; ♂, has been supposed to be [symbol], and
[symbol], the first and last letters of Thouros, one of the names of
Mars; while [symbol] represents the first and second letters of Chronos
(Saturn) welded together. But the interpretation depends largely on the
period when the signs were first used. Pictures preceded alphabets;
they were in fact the originals of the phonetic sounds which ultimately
the letters indicated.
The mysteries which made up so large a part of the science of alchemy
passed from its votaries to the practitioners of physic and pharmacy,
and are hardly dead in those professions yet. Pretended solutions of
gold, vaunted as universal cures, were sold under the title of solar
elixirs; the popular name of nitrate of silver to this day is lunar
caustic; a black oxide of iron is called Ethiops martial; a solution of
sugar of lead is extract of Saturn; sulphate of copper was once known
as vitriol of Venus; muriate of tin was famous for the expulsion of
worms under the name of Salt of Jove; and ointment of quicksilver is
still universally labelled mercurial ointment.
INDEX
A
Ablathanabla, 166
Abracadabra mystery, 164
Abraxas, mystic word, 165
Absorbent ethiops, 351
Abtinas, incense makers, 57
Acetabulum, ii, 278
Acetanilide, discovery, ii, 273
Acetic acid, synthetic, ii, 271.
_See also_ Pyroligneous acid
Acetum Philosophicum, ii, 279
Achillea milfoil, virtues discovered, 16
Achilles, medical discoveries, 16
Acids, how first made, 323
Acidum causticum, 325
Acidum Pingue, 325
(_For other acids see specific names._)
Aconite, discovery, ii, 221;
as poison, ii, 223
Acopa, 91; ii, 279; ii, 290
Adders. _See_ Vipers
Adept, ii, 279
Adrenaline, synthetic, ii, 269
Adrian’s antidote, 288;
dropsy cure, 299
Adulteration, early methods of detecting, 210
Adust, ii, 279
Advertisement, early, 141
Ægyptiacum 16; ii, 52
Aërated cod-liver oil, ii, 167
Æsculapius, Greek physician, 7;
portraits, 8;
death, 8;
descendants, 10;
temples, 11, 79
Æthiops. _See_ Ethiops
Aetius, medical writer, 215
Aggregatives, ii, 279
Ague, cures, 50; ii, 133
Agyrtoi, 93
Alabaster, ii, 279
Albucasis of Cordova, 110, 329
Album Græcum, ii, 10
Album Rhasis, ii, 279
Alchemy, invention, 4.
_See also_ Chemistry
Alcohol, constitution, 330;
formula, ii, 270;
etymology, 103, 326;
early references, 328, 329;
synthesis, 330; ii, 271
Alcohol of Mars, 327
Alcohol of sulphur, 327
Aldehyde, preparation, ii, 271
Alembic, etymology, ii, 279
Alembroth salt, 243, 417;
etymology, ii, 279
Alexander of Tralles, 216;
Hiera, ii, 141
Alexandria library, 88, 98
Alexandrinus, Nicolas, 219
Alexipharmic, ii, 279
Alexiteria, ii, 279
Alfred the Great, letter to, 114, 131
Alga nostoch, 375
Algaroth’s powder, 381
Algarotti, note on, 381
Alhandal, ii, 279
Alkahest, Glauber’s 264; ii, 279
Alkali, etymology, ii, 280
Alkalies, early knowledge of, 324;
Black on, 324
Alkalised ethiops, 351
Alkaloids, discovery of, 274; ii, 243;
synthesis, ii, 265
Alkekengi, ii, 280
Alkermes, Arabic derivation, 103
Al-Koh’l, 326
Alkool, ii, 280
Allicola, 360
All-flower-water, ii, 8
Almond tree, Biblical reference, 75
Alœdarium, ii, 280
Aloes, as pigment, 95;
tincture, ii, 37;
elixir, ii, 57;
notes on, ii, 86;
picture of, ii, 87; ii, 88;
books on, ii, 88;
decoction, ii, 176
Aloes wood, Biblical references, 63
Alquimesci oil, 110
Aludels, ii, 280
Aluka, 70
Alum, early uses, 331;
first factories, 332;
discovered in Yorkshire, 333;
composition investigated, 333;
symbol, ii, 309
Aluminium, first made, 333
Amalgam, ii, 280
Amalgama Jovis, 425
Amaranth, meaning of, 22
Ambix, 328
Ambrosia, identity of, 22
Ambrosial elixir, 26
Amen, 6
Ammon, 6
Ammonia, made from bones, 263;
history, 334;
etymology, 334;
composition, 337
Ammoniacum, etymology, 334
Ammoniated Tincture of Quinine, origin of, ii, 153
Ammonium acetate solution, 132
Amphide salts, 326
Amphora, ii, 280
Amulets for preventing disease, 162.
_See also_ Charms
Anæsthetic, mysterious, ii, 254
Anæsthetics, discovery, ii, 248
Analeptica, ii, 280
Anderson, Dr. P., portrait, ii, 168;
publication, ii, 168;
invents pills, ii, 169
Anderson’s Scots Pills, origin of, ii, 168;
formulæ, ii, 169
Andreas, author, 182
Andromachus’s theriakon, 90; ii, 20; ii, 42
Anethon in Bible, 71
Anglicanus’s “Compendium of Medicine,” 132
Aniline, discovery of, ii, 263
Animal magnetism, 199
medicines, 89, 127; ii, 1; ii, 2
oil, ii, 25
Animals, mythical, 26
Aniseed, magical plant, 18
oil, use of, 247
Anne, Queen, cures by touch, 301
Anodyne necklaces, ii, 170
Anointing oil, 38, 50, 55;
formula, 59
Anointment, ii, 280
Antidotary, meaning, ii, 280
of Nicolas Prepositus, 116
of Nicolas Myrepsus, 219
Antidote, meaning, ii, 281
Antidotos ex duobus, 215, 310
Antidotum Acharistos, 220
Antidotum Adrianum, 288
Andromachus, 292
Mithridatum, 289;
absurdities of, 290;
Galen on, 292
Podagrica, 310
Pythagoras, 18
Anthony, Francis, panacea of, 391;
epitaph, 393
Anthropomorphon, 20
Antifebrin, discovery, ii, 273
Anti-hecticum poterii, 425
Antimony, introduction, 224, 226, 227;
used by Paracelsus, 243;
early use in medicine, 376;
etymology, 377;
alchemists, researches on, 379;
compounds of, 227, 378, 380;
controversy, 383;
symbol, ii, 309
Antimony cups, 385
sulphide, 326, 378, 382
Antipyrin, discovery, ii, 274
Antiseptic vinegar, ii, 56
Apollo, god of medicine, 6;
portrait, 7;
banished from Olympia, 8;
Apollo and Daphne myth, 9, 33
Apotheca, meaning, 117
Apothecary, Biblical mention, 50
Apothecary’s duty defined, 155
Apothecary, picture of, ii, 81
in “Romeo and Juliet,” ii, 77
versions, ii, 78; ii, 79; ii, 80
Apothecaries’ Jewish Guild, 51
become physicians, 152
charges, 149, 150
curriculum, 122
during the Plague, 149
early references, 142
oath, 122
Shakespearian references, ii, 70; ii, 71; ii, 77
Society, arms, 9, 31;
motto, 10;
incorporation, 144, 256;
drug-inspection, ii, 17;
weights as metaphor, ii, 71.
_See also_ Chemists _and_ Pharmacists
Apothek, derivation, 95
Apoplexy, remedy, 133
Apozem of Epsom Salts, 345
Apozems, meaning, ii, 281; ii, 299
Aqua aluminosa, 346
ardens, 223, 328
arthritica, ii, 8
kali Puri, 325
Luccana, 339
Lulliana, 348
mirabilis, ii, 281
Omnium Florum, ii, 8
Phagadænica, 414
Aqua Sancti Luciæ, 339
Temperata, 348
Tufania, ii, 235
Vitæ, early use, 223, 329;
Rhazes on, 107;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 75;
symbol, ii, 309;
Hibernorum, ii, 65.
_See also_ alcohol
vini, 329
Aquetta di Napoli, ii, 235
Aquila Alba, 419; ii, 281
Arab pharmacy, 97
Arabic names in pharmacy, 103
Arcanum Corallinum, 249
duplicatum, 355, 371; ii, 281
meaning of, 249; ii, 281
Tartari, ii, 281
Vitrioli, 398
Arcœus invents elemi ointment, ii, 133
Areometer, invention, 281
Arfwedson discovers lithium, 353
Argentum vivum, 408
Argile, 333
Archidoxa Medicinæ of Paracelsus, 390
Archigenes’s Hiera, ii, 139
Aristes, medical discoveries, 16
Arithmetic, invention, 4
Armoniac, 334
Arnold of Villa Nova, 329
Arquebusade water, ii, 56
Arrow-poisoning, antiquity of, ii, 222
Arsenic, early use, 108;
eaten in Styria, ii, 238;
Marsh’s test, ii, 241;
symbol, ii, 309
Assassin, origin of word, ii, 226
Asclepiades, 79
Asparagin, isolation of, 275
Asphalt used in embalming, 359
Astronomy. _See_ Starcraft
Athanasia, identity of, 22
Athanor, ii, 281
Atropa, sister of the Fates, 24
Atropine, discovery, ii, 248;
synthetic, ii, 266
Attalus cultivates medicinal plants, 288
Aurum fulminans, 396
musivum, 424
Potabile, Anthony’s formula, 392;
Glauber’s formula, 389, 390, 393;
other recipes, 394, 395, 396;
Shakespearian reference, ii, 74
vitæ, 414
Avenzoar of Seville, 110
Averrhoes of Cordova, 110
Avicenna’s doctrines, 102;
formulas, 103;
biography, 108;
writings, 109;
portrait, 108;
influence of, 117;
introduces silvering pills, 423
B
Baaras, identity of, 21
Bacchus, ancient god, 5
Bacon, Roger, writings, 132;
on aurum potabile, 390
Bagdad, foundation of, 100
Bain-Marie, ii, 282
Baktischwah, Persian physician, 104
Balanites Egyptiaca gum, 53
Balanoi, ii, 299
Balard, discovers bromine, 273, 339
Balm, etymology, ii, 281
Balm of Gilead, 49, 53;
Galen on, 213;
in mithridatum, 293; ii, 281
Balneum Mariæ, ii, 282
Balsam Arcœi, ii, 133
Balsam of bats, 257
etymology, ii, 281
of sulphur, 360; ii, 58
Barbadoes tar, 360
Barbarossa’s mercurial pills, 411
Barley water, Hippocrates recommends, 87
Barytes, discovery, 269
Basilic powder, 420
Basilicon ointment, origin, ii, 282
Basilides, note on, 165
Bateman’s pectoral drops, ii, 163
Baths, varieties, ii, 282
Baume du Chevalier de Saint Victor, ii, 136
du Commandeur de Permes, ii, 136
de Fioraventi, ii, 173
Tranquille, ii, 175
de Vie, ii, 176
Baumé, French chemist, 281
Bayen, French pharmacist, 276
Bdellium, identity of, 62
Bears’ grease, use of, ii, 12
Beer, medicinal, ii, 283
Bell’s “Historical Sketch of the Progress of Pharmacy,” 150, 156
Belladonna, etymology, 24;
old names, 25;
uses, 25
Belloste’s mercurial pills, 412
Benjamin, etymology, ii, 269
Benzoic acid, synthetic, ii, 268
Benzoyl, discovery, ii, 257
Berkeley, Bishop, portrait, 315;
devises tar water, 316;
publications, 316
Bernard, Claude, 285
of Gordon, 135
Berthelot’s “History of Alchemy,” 114
Berthollet, French Chemist, 281
Besen, meaning of, ii, 281
Bestucheff’s Tincture, 321;
secret purchased, 322;
formula, 404
Betton’s British Oils, 359; ii, 164
Bezoar Germanosum, ii, 15
stones, first mention, 111;
use in medicine, ii, 15;
source, ii, 15;
price, ii, 16; ii, 18;
as charms, ii, 16;
fallacy of, ii, 18;
as antidote, ii, 221
Bezoardic powder, ii, 19
Bezoards, ii, 282
Bible, pharmacy in, 46
drugs mentioned in, 53
poisons in, ii, 222
Biblical references, 27, 29, 33, 46, 53; ii, 222
Biliousness remedies, 161, 167
Bindo, A., Earl of Rochester’s pseudonym, ii, 204
Birthwort as remedy, 184
Bismuth, first mention, 386;
regarded as poisonous, 387;
liquor, 388;
lozenges, 388;
oxychloride, 387
Bitter flavours, Jewish objection to, 48, 64
Bitter Purging Salts, 345
Bitumen of Judæa, in embalming, 359
Black, Joseph, on alkalies, 324;
portrait, 357;
on alkaline earths, 356
Black draught, origin of, ii, 121
drop, invention of, ii, 145
precipitate, 418
wash, introduction, 146, 257
Bladder wort as remedy, 184
Blanc de fard, 386
Blatta Byzantina, 57
Blaud, Dr., French physician, ii, 122
Blaud’s pills, original formula, ii, 122
Bleeding, old cure for, 172
Blindness, cures, 81, 82, 298
Blisters, introduced, ii, 282
Blood root as remedy, 184
Blue vitriol, 373
Bodega, derivation, 95
Boils, Biblical remedy, 46, 73;
cure for, 170
Bole armeniæ, medical uses, 216
Bologna sun-stone, 361
Bolus, meaning of, ii, 282
Bombast _See_ Paracelsus
Borax, early use, 108
Borith, 324
Botanologoi, 95
Boulduc, French apothecary, 281
Boules de Mars, 402
de Nancy, 402
Boutique, derivation, 95
Bovins’s remedy, 374
Boyle investigates phosphorus, 365
Boyle’s “Hell,” 417
Boyveau-Laffecteur’s rob, 415
Brandt discovers phosphorus, 363
Brass, 426
Brass-alum, 427
“Breviarium Bartholomei,” 135
Brinvilliers, poisoner, ii, 232
British oils, 359; ii, 164
British Pharmacopœia, animal substances in, ii, 4;
editions, ii, 69
Brockenden’s compressed drugs, ii, 167
Bromine, discoverer, 273;
isolation, 339
Brongniart, French pharmacist, 276
Broom, Biblical plant, 65
Brugnatelli’s Poudre Vermifuge, 426
Bucklersbury, drug trade centre, 140
Burchell’s necklaces, ii, 171
Burghley’s gout preventive, 172
Bulleyn’s electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35
Burnt sponge for scrofula, 353
Burt’s “Heartburn Tablets,” 388
Butter of antimony, 380
Byfield’s sal oleosum volatile, ii, 162
C
Caffeine, discovery, ii, 247;
synthesis, ii, 268
Caius, Dr., ii, 71
Calamus draconis fruit, 31
Calatippe, ii, 17
Calomel, introduction, 146, 257, 418;
etymology, 419
Calx Jovis, 425; ii, 283
Lunæ, ii, 283
meaning of, ii, 283
Mercurii, ii, 283
Saturnii, ii, 283
Camphor, use in medicine, 109;
synthetic, ii, 269
Canterbury bells as remedy, 184
Cantharides as gout remedy, 216
Capers, use in East, 74
Caput mortuum, ii, 283
Carbonic acid gas, discovered, 259
Cardinal’s powder, ii, 97
Carduus Benedictus, Shakespearian reference, ii, 73
Carminative, etymology, ii, 283
Spirit of Sylvius, 337
Cassia, introduction of, 105
Castor oil, used by Dioscorides, 210;
notes on, ii, 89;
picture of plant, ii, 90;
early uses, ii, 90;
treatise on, ii, 92;
etymology, ii, 93.
_See also_ Ricinus.
Castorum, early use, 217
Cat, medicinal use, ii, 13
Cataplasm, etymology, ii, 283
Catholica, meaning of, ii, 283
Caustic potash formulæ, 325
Caventou discovers quinine, 274.
_See also_ Pelletier
Celsus, on Egyptian medicine, 35;
writings, 90
Centaurs, fable, 15
Centaury, etymology, 14;
figure of, 25
Ceratum, ii, 127
de Lapide calaminari, ii, 158
lithargyri, 400
Cerates, meaning of, ii, 283
Cereirsiæ, ii, 283
Ceruse, ii, 284. _See also_ White lead.
of antimony, ii, 284
Chamberlain’s restorative pills, 421
Chamberlen’s necklaces, ii, 170
Chamomile, use in medicine, 125
Chambre ardente enquiry, ii, 236
Chaptal, French chemist, 281
Charas, French chemist, 279
Charms, dragon’s blood as, 32;
use of, 157, 171.
_See also_ Talismans
Charles II, prescription for, ii, 6; ii, 182
Chaucer on physicians, 133
Chelbanah, 56
Chelsea Pensioner, origin, ii, 123;
formula, ii, 124
Chemistry, Patin on, 243;
Boerhaave’s definition, 323;
debt of pharmacy to, 323
Chemists and Druggists origin, 154.
_See also_ Apothecaries _and_ Pharmacists
Chenopodium Botrys, old name, 22
Chloral hydrate, preparation, ii, 272
Chloric ether, ii, 252
Chlorine, discovery, 269
Chloroform anæsthesia, discovery of, ii, 251; ii, 272
Cholera, Heraclides’s remedy, 89
Chinchon, Countess of, ii, 94; ii, 102
Ching’s Worm Lozenges, ii, 166
Chin-Nong herbal, 287
Chiron, knowledge of simples, 14
Christ, meaning of, 60
Chromium, discovery, 271
Churchill, Dr., introduces hypophosphites, 307
Cibus Celestus, ii, 31
Cinchona, discovery of, ii, 93;
how its virtues were discovered, ii, 94;
first used in Europe, ii, 95;
opposition to using, ii, 95;
Talbor employs, ii, 97;
tincture of, ii, 100;
derivation of word, ii, 102;
introduction, ii, 104
Cinchonidine, discovery, ii, 247
Cinchonine, discovery, ii, 247
Cinnabar as panacea, 421;
confused with minium, 408
Circe, invention of poisons, ii, 221
Circulatores, 93
Circumforanei, 93
Citrine ointment, origin, ii, 125
Clement of Alexandria, writings, 37
“Closed ring” theory, ii, 261
Clyster, ii, 290
Cobwebs, for bleeding, ii, 73
Cocaine, synthetic, ii, 266
Cochineal insects, patent, ii, 162
Cochleare, meaning of, ii, 284
Codeine, discovery, 276; ii, 248
Coffee, introduction, 284
Cohal, 327
Cohobation, meaning of, ii, 284
Colcothar, ii, 284
Colchicum, virtues discovered, 17;
introduction, ii, 182; ii, 221
wine, ii, 67
Cold cream, ii, 65; ii, 127
Collier de Morand, ii, 171
Collodion, discovery, 340
Collutories, ii, 284
Collyrium, ii, 284
Colical antidote of Nicostratus, 215
Colocynth, Biblical reference, 69
Comfrey, used by Saxons, 126
Commander’s Balsam, ii, 135
Compound liquorice powder, origin, ii, 148
soap pills, origin of, ii, 153
Confectio Anti-Epileptica, 248
piperis, origin of, ii, 210; ii, 214
Raleighana, 312, 313, 314
Confection of Alkermes, ii, 51
of Mithridates, 290
of opium, origin of, ii, 40
Confectionarii, 117
Coniine, synthetic, ii, 266
Conserves, ii, 285
Copper, Valentine’s method of preparing, 228;
symbol, ii, 307; ii, 310
Copper sulphate, early use, 108
Coral, use in medicine, 247; ii, 32
Cordova, 98;
view of, 99
Cornachino’s powder, 420
Corrosive sublimate, introduction, 105;
for itch, 108;
concession, 148;
as syphilis remedy, 414;
medical use, 421
Cos, temple of, 11
Cosmas, patron saint of pharmacy, 19
“Cotta contra Antonium,” 391
Cough, old remedies, 90, 128
“Council of Ten” as poisoners, ii, 228
Coursus de Gangeland, 142
Courtois discovers iodine, 351
Cow-dung as a medicine, ii, 8
Crabs’-claws’ powder, ii, 19
Crabs’ eyes, 356
Cramp rings, 172, 294;
antiquity of, 305;
origin, 306;
consecration, 306
Cream of tartar, investigated, 268, 371
Cress, use in medicine, 125
Crocomagma, ii, 285
Crocus Martis, 350, 398, ii, 284, ii, 285
meaning of, ii, 285
metallorum, ii, 285
veneris, ii, 285
Crollius, medical writer, 183, 185
Crucible, meaning, ii, 285
Cubebs, history, ii, 108;
medicinal uses, ii, 108;
ingredient in Mithridate, ii, 108;
re-introduced, ii, 108
Cucupha, ii, 285
Cucurbit, ii, 285
Culpepper, Nicholas, 251;
criticises P.L., 251;
portrait, 252;
house, 253;
career, 253
Cusinier’s syrup, ii, 155
Cyathus, meaning, ii, 285
D
Daffy, Rev. T., invents elixir, ii, 172
Damien, patron saint of pharmacy, 19
Damocrates, 91;
Mithridatum, ii, 38; ii, 39
Dante, connection with pharmacy, 279
Daphnine, discovery of, ii, 245
Darsini, 219
David, King, electuary, 220
Davy, Sir Humphry, portrait, 284
Decocta, invention, ii, 285
Decoctum Aloes Co., origin, ii, 176
“Degrees” in diagnosis, 179
Deliquium, ii, 286
Demons as cause of disease, 158
Danaus’s Collyrium, 215
Dephlogisticated air, 269
Derosne’s salt, ii, 244
Despumation, ii, 286
Devil’s claw, 57
D’Husson’s Eau Medicinale, ii, 182;
price, ii, 184;
composition, ii, 184
Dia, meaning, ii, 286
Diabetes, papyrus remedy, 43
Diachylon plaster, invention, 91; ii, 127;
first formula, ii, 128;
etymology, ii, 128; ii, 286, 406
Diacodium, inventor, 90;
etymology, ii, 287
Dia-kodion, origin, ii, 116
Diapente, etymology, ii, 287
Diaphoretic vitriol, 374
Diarrhœa, old remedies, 43, 294
Diascordium, 223;
formula, ii, 41; ii, 287
Diatesseron, 310
Diet, Hippocrates on, 87;
Aetius on, 215;
Alexander of Trailles on, 217
Digby, Sir Kenelm, toothache cure, 168;
biography, 193;
portrait, 194;
tincture of gold, 395
Digitalis, origin of name, ii, 109;
medical history, ii, 109;
book on, ii, 110
Dill, Biblical reference, 71;
used by Saxons, 126
Dioscorides, 90;
biography, 206;
writings, 208, 209
Dippel’s oil, ii, 25;
uses, ii, 26
Diseases, transferring, 170
Distillation, antiquity of, 327
Distilled waters, 328
Distillers’ Company, 148
Dittany, uses, 26
Dover, T., biography, ii, 129;
“Ancient Physician’s Legacy,” ii, 131
Dover’s powder, first official, ii, 67; ii, 115;
origin, ii, 129;
original formula, ii, 132
Drachm sign, origin, ii, 300
Draco Mitigatus, 419, 420
Dragon’s blood, origin, 31
Dragon tree, figure of, 32
Dragons, Biblical references, 33
Drink cures, old, 130; ii, 12
Dropaxes, ii, 282; ii, 287
Dropsy cured by touch, 299
Drug, etymology, ii, 287
Drug-inspection, 138; ii, 17
Drug-trade, development, 138
Drugs as charms, ii, 75;
in Ebers’s papyrus, 40;
in Bible, 53;
mentioned by Hippocrates, 77
Dschondisabour, medical college at, 101, 103
Dublin Pharmacopœias, ii, 69
Dudaim, identity of, 20, 49
Duke of Portland’s powder, 215, 309; ii, 125
Dumas, French chemist, 286;
theory of substitution, ii, 259
Dumeril, French physician, 276
Duncan and Flockhart’s chloroform, ii, 253
Dutch Drops, origin of, ii, 176
Dysentery, ipecacuanha as remedy, ii, 114
E
Ear-ache, early remedies, 45, 130
Earl of Warwick’s powder, 308, 383, 420
Earthworms as remedy, ii, 11, ii, 12
Eaton’s styptick, ii, 163
Eau des Carmes, origin, ii, 178;
formula, ii, 179
Divine de Fernel, 414
de Luce, 338;
inventor, 339
de Lusse, 339
Medicinale d’Husson, ii, 67, ii, 182
de la Reine d’Hongrie, 297
Ebers’ papyrus, 36;
described, 37;
photograph, 41;
date, 48
Ebn-Izak, translator of Greek works, 105
Ecclesiasticus, author, 47;
medical aphorisms, 47
Eclegma, ii, 288
Ecussons, ii, 288
Edinburgh Pharmacopœias, ii, 69
Edulcorate, ii, 288
Edward the Confessor treats scrofula, 299, 300
Elements, old theories, 174
Elemi ointment, origin, ii, 133
Egrea, daughter of Æsculapius, 11
Egypt, medicine in, 34, 46;
conquest, 98
Egyptiacum. _See_ Ægyptiacum
Egyptian papyri, medical, 36
Electron, as poison test, ii, 231
Electrum, 40
Electuarium de Gemmis, ii, 35
Electuary, etymology, ii, 288
of Alexander of Tralles, 216
Elemi ointment, invention, ii, 133
Elixir of Alves, origin, ii, 57
etymology, ii, 288
of Garus, ii, 57
of Long Life, 390
Proprietatis, ii, 57
of vitriol, 375
Elizabeth, Queen, medical knowledge, 295
Emeralds, used in medicine, ii, 34
Emetic cups, 385
Emetic tartar, preparation, 380;
invention, 382;
uses, 383
Emetine, discovery of, ii, 248
Empedocles, theory of elements, 174
Empirics, old sect, 89;
leader of, 217
Emplastra, ii, 289
Emplastrum Commune, ii, 129
vigonium, 410
Empyreal gas, 269
Emulsion, etymology, ii, 289
Enchrista, ii, 289
Enema, ii, 290
Enoch, book of, 4
Ens, ii, 290
Epidaurus, temple of, 11