RABIES, see _Amens_.
RADIARE, see _Lucere_.
RAMI; RAMALIA; VIRGA; TERMES; TURIO; SURCULUS; TALEA; SARMENTUM; STOLO;
VIRGULTUM; FRUTICETUM. 1. +Rami+ and +ramalia+ are the boughs of a tree;
+rami+ (from #rhakos#) the living, green boughs, #thalloi#; +ramalia+,
the withered dry boughs. Whereas +virga+, +termes+, +turio+, +surculus+,
+talea+, +sarmentum+, and +stolo+, are only twigs; +virga+, and the
words of rare occurrence, +termes olivæ+, and +turio lauri+, without any
accessory reference, like #klados#, #klôn#, #klêma#; +surculus+ and
+talea+ as members and offspring of the tree, which as scions and shoots
should be subservient to the parent-stock, like #orsos#; +sarmentum+ and
+stolo+, as mere off-shoots of the tree, are set aside, and cast away;
+sarmentum+ (from sarpere, #harpê#,) as a completely useless twig;
+stolo+, as at the same time an injurious sucker. 2. +Virgultum+ is a
place grown over with bushes, and not bare; +fruticetum+ (from frutices)
a place grown over with shrubs, and not passable. (v. 283.)
RAPINA, RAPTOR, see _Præda_.
[[RATIONEM HABERE, see _Respectum habere_.]]
RECENS, see _Novus_.
RECIPERE, see _Polliceri_ and _Sumere_.
RECITARI, see _Eloqui_.
RECLUDERE, see _Aperire_.
RECONDERE, see _Celare_.
RECORDARI, s. _Meminisse_.
RECUPERARE, s. _Sumere_.
RECURVUS, see _Curvus_.
RECUSARE, see _Negare_ and _Spernere_.
REDIMERE, see _Emere_.
REDIRE, see _Reverti_.
REDOLERE, see _Olere_.
REDUNCUS, see _Curvus_.
REDUNDARE, s. _Abundare_.
REFELLERE, see _Refutare_.
REFUGIUM, see _Perfuga_.
REFUTARE; CONFUTARE; REFELLERE. 1. +Refutare+ and +confutare+ (from
sputare? or #phoitan#?) denote a refutation, in whatever manner;
+refellere+ (from fallere) on good grounds, and by convincing arguments.
2. The +refutans+ acts on the defensive in refuting the arguments that
are opposed to him; the +confutans+, on the offensive, in exposing their
nullity, and cutting them up. Cic. Font. 1. Plus laboris consumo in
poscendis testibus quam defensores in _refutandis_; comp. with N. D.
ii. 17. Cujus opinionis levitas _confutata_ a Cotta non desiderat
orationem meam. (iv. 43.)
REGALIS, see _Regius_.
REGIO, see _Locus_.
REGIUS; REGALIS. +Regius+ means, what belongs to a king, and descends
from kings; +regalis+, what is suitable to a king, and worthy of him.
(iv. 93 v. 48.)
RELIGIO; FIDES. +Religio+ (from #alegein#) is conscientiousness, on the
ground of an inward obligation, through the conscience; +fides+ (from
#pithein#) on the ground of an outward obligation, through a promise.
(vi. 268.)
RELINQUERE; DESERERE; OMITTERE; DESTITUERE; DESOLATUS. 1. +Relinquere+,
to leave behind, has reference to an object, to which one stands in a
mere outward and local relation of proximity; whereas +deserere+ and
+omittere+, to an object to which one stands in an inward and moral
relation as an owner or friend; +desertio+, like leaving in the lurch,
has its ground in cowardice, or other forgetfulness of duty, in opp. to
_defensio_, _tutatio_; +omissio+, like giving up, has its ground in a
conviction of being able to dispense with, in opp. to _obtinere_. Tac.
Dial. 16. Partes quas intellexerimus te non tam _omisisse_ quam nobis
_reliquisse_. And 9. _Relinquenda_ conversatio amicorum et jucunditas
urbis, _deserenda_ cætera officia. Cic. Verr. i. 4. 11. _Desertum_
exercitum, _relictam_ provinciam. 2. +Deserere+ means to forsake, and
expose to a possible and remote danger; +destituere+ to an actual and
impending danger. Curt. iv. 2, 32. _Desertus_, _destitutus_, hostibus
deditus. Liv. vi. 2. Quod defensores suos in ipso discrimine periculi
_destituat_. 3. +Desertus+ and +destitutus+ denote, especially,
forgetfulness of duty; whereas +desolatus+, the unmercifulness of the
action. Suet. Cal. 12. Deserta, _desolataque reliquis_ subsidiis aula.
(iii. 290.)
RELIQUI, see _Cæteri_.
REMEDIUM, see _Mederi_.
REMINISCI, see _Meminisse_.
RENIDERE, see _Ridere_.
RENUERE, see _Negare_.
REPAGULUM, see _Sera_.
REPANDUS, see _Curvus_.
REPENTE; SUBITO; EXTEMPLO; E VESTIGIO; ILLICO; STATIM; PROTINUS;
CONFESTIM; CONTINUO. +Repente+ and +subito+ denote suddenly; +repens+
means sudden, in opp. to _exspectatus_, expected, Cic. Tusc. iii. 22; to
sensim, Cic. Off. i. 33. Suet. Tib. 11, like #exapinês#; but +subitus+,
in opp. to foreseen, ante provisus, Cic. Tusc. iii. 22; meditatus, Plin.
Ep. i. 16; paratus, Cic. Or. i. 33, like #parachrêma#. +Extemplo+ and +e
vestigio+, in opp. to delay; +extemplo+ (ex tempore) in a moment, with
reference to time; +e vestigio+, on the spot, sur-le-champ, with
reference to place. +Illico+ and +ilicet+, in opp. to slowness; +illico+
(in loco) is used in prose, like #parautika#; +ilicet+, by writers of
comedy and poets. +Statim+ and +protinus+, in opp. to, at a future time;
+statim+, immediately, in opp. to _deinde_, Tac. Ann. vi. 3; _postea_,
Suet. Cl. 39. A. 51. N. 34, like #euthus#; +protinus+, forthwith, like
#proka#. +Confestim+ and +continuo+, in opp. to ex intervallo, Cic. Inv.
ii. 12. (v. 157.)
REPERE; SERPERE; SERPENS; ANGUIS; COLUBER. 1. +Repere+ means, with small
feet and short steps, to move slowly along, to creep; whereas +serpere+,
without feet, by merely twisting the whole body, and without noise to
move forward, to creep on the belly. 2. +Serpens+ (#herpôn#) is the
general name for whatever creeps like a snake, like #herpeton#; +anguis+
(#enchos#, #enchelus#?) is a great formidable snake, #ophis#; +coluber+
(#askalaphos#) a small, spiteful snake, #echis#, #echidna#. (v. 341.)
REPERIRE, see _Invenire_.
REPETERE, see _Iterum_.
REPREHENDERE; VITUPERARE. +Reprehendere+ has in view the amendment of a
fault, and warning for the future, like showing the right path, and
#mempsis#; +vituperare+ (from vitii #peparein#) has in view the
acknowledgment of a fault, better judgment, shame and repentance, like a
rebuke, and #psogos#. +Reprehensio+ is in opp. to _probatio_; for
examples, see Cic. Or. 48, 159. Mur. 20, 142. Senec. Vit. B. 1; whereas
+vituperatio+ is in opp. to _laudatio_; for examples, see Cic. Fat. 5.
Off. iii. 82. Quintil. iii. 7, 1. (ii. 259, iii. 323.)
REPUDIARE, see _Negare_.
REPUDIUM; DIVORTIUM. +Repudium+ is a one-sided putting away of a
betrothed bride, or of a married woman; +divortium+, a mutual agreement,
acquiescing in the dissolution of a marriage, or a formal divorce, by
which each party was released. The formula of the _repudium_ was:
Conditione tua non utor:--that of the _divortium_: Res tuas tibi habeto.
We say: _Repudium mittere_, _remittere_, _renunciare_, _dicere alicui_;
whereas _divortium facere cum aliqua_.
REQUIES, see _Quietus_.
REQUIRERE; DESIDERARE. +Requirere+ denotes requisition as an act of the
understanding, which has in view the usefulness of the object;
+desiderare+, as an act of feeling, which surrounds the object with love
and sympathy. The _requirens_ claims a right, and expects the fulfilment
of his claim from others; the _desiderans_ harbors a wish, and expects
its fulfilment from the course of things, from fortune. Cic. Fam.
vii. 26. Magis tuum officium _desiderari_, quam abs te _requiri_ putavi
meum. (v. 128.)
RERI, see _Censere_.
RESERARE, see _Aperire_.
RESPECTUM; RATIONEM HABERE. +Respectum habere+ means, to have regard in
thoughts and intentions; +rationem habere+, in acts and measures.
(vi. 304.)
RESTARE; SUPERESSE. +Restare+ means to remain, in opp. to _præteriisse_,
_interiisse_; whereas +superesse+, in opp. to _deesse_. (vi. 304.)
RESTAURARE, see _Instituere_.
RESTIS, see _Laqueus_.
RESTITUERE, see _Instituere_.
RETE; CASSIS; PLAGA. +Retia+ (from #rhêchos#, #arachnê#,) is the most
general expression for fishing and hunting nets; +casses+ and +plagæ+
are implements used in hunting only; +casses+ (from #kottanê#), nets for
catching the smaller wild animals; +plagæ+ (from #plexai#), nets of a
stronger texture to get larger animals into one's power by entangling
them. Hor. Ep. 2, 32. Aut trudit acres apros in obstantes _plagas_, aut
amite levi rara tendit _retia_. (vi. 304.)
RETICERE, see _Silere_.
RETURARE, see _Aperire_.
REVERERI, see _Vereri_.
REVERTI; REVENIRE; REDIRE. +Reverti+ and +revenire+ denote properly only
momentary actions; +reverti+, in opp. to _proficisci_, the turning back;
+revenire+, in opp. to _advenire_, the return; whereas +redire+ denotes
a more lasting action, which lies between turning back and the return,
in opp. to _porro ire_, the journey home. Cic. Att. xvi. 7. p. m. Quam
valde ille _reditu_ vel potius _reversione_ mea lætatus effudit.
(iv. 63.)
RIDERE; CACHINNARI; RENIDERE; SUBRIDERE; IRRIDERE; DERIDERE. 1. +Ridere+
and +cachinnari+ denote an audible laugh; +ridere+, a joyous and
temperate laugh, like #gelan#; +cachinnari+ (from hinnire) an
unrestrained and resounding fit of laughter, like #kanchazein#; whereas
+subridere+, and +renidere+ only a visible smile; +subridere+, as the
expression of a waggish or satirical humor; +renidere+ (from nidor,
#oneidos#,) as the expression of a friendly, and also of a dissembling
humor, like #meidian#. Cic. Tusc. iv. 31. Si _ridere_ concessum sit,
vituperatur tamen _cachinnatio_. Verr. iii. 25. Herenn. iii. 14, 25.
Ovid, Art. iii. 287. 2. +Deridere+ denotes laughing at, as an act of
loftiness and contempt, inasmuch as others are laughed down, like
#katagelan#; +irridere+, as an act of insolence and malignant pleasure,
inasmuch as others are laughed at before their faces, like #engelan#.
Cic. Orat. iii. 14. Istos omnes _deridete_ atque contemnite; and Verr.
v. 92: comp. with N. D. ii. 3. Claudius etiam per jocum deos _irridens_;
and Suet. Aug. 36. (iii. 251.)
RIMARI, see _Quærere_.
RIPA; LITUS; ORA; ACTA. 1. +Ripa+ (#rhipê#, #ereipô#,) is the bank of a
river, like #ochthê#; whereas +litus+, +ora+, +acta+, the shores of the
sea. Mela. lii. 9. _Oras_ ad Eurum sequentibus nihil memorabile
occurrit; vasta omnia vastis præcisa montibus _ripæ_ potius sunt quam
_litora_: and iii. 3, 4. i. 2, 2. Vitruv. ii. 9, 14. Circa _ripam_
fluminis Padi et _litora_ maris Adriatici. Colum. i. 5. Ovid, Met.
i. 42. 2. +Litus+ denotes the shore only as the line which separates the
land from the sea, as the strand, like #êiôn# and #rhêgmin#; whereas
+ora+ and +acta+, as the space and tract of land that borders on the
sea, as the coast, like #aktê# and #aigialos#; +ora+ (#ôa#, #ouros#,)
only in geographical reference to the adjacent land, in opp. to the
inland country; but +acta+ (#aktê#) with the accessory notion of being
distinguishable by the senses, inasmuch as the coast affords striking
views and a pleasant residence. Liv. xxiv. 8. Classem paravimus ut
Africæ _oram_ popularemur, ut tuta nobis Italiæ _litora_ essent. Plin.
Ep. v. 6, 2. Gravis et pestilens _ora_ Tuscorum, quæ per _litus_
extenditur. Hence _litoris ora_, that is, _ora per litus extensa_, Virg.
G. ii. 44. Tac. Ann. ii. 78. Appul. Met. iv. p. 92. Avian. Fab.
xx. 10.--And Prudent. adv. Symm. iv. 136. Invenit expositum secreti in
_litoris acta_. Cic. Fam. ix. 6. Ea tractes quorum et usus et delectatio
est omnibus illis _actis_ et voluptatibus anteponenda. _Acta_ is a
foreign word of Greek extraction, which Tacitus (Hist. iii. 76.)
expresses by the circumlocution _amoena litorum_. (iii. 207.)
RITUS, see _Consuetudo_.
RIVALITAS, see _Imitatio_.
RIXA, see _Disceptatio_.
ROBUR, see _Potentia_.
ROBUSTUS, see _Validus_.
ROGARE; ORARE; OBSECRARE; OBTESTARI; PRECARI; SUPPLICARE. 1. +Rogare+
and +orare+ denote simply a request as the quiet utterance of a wish;
but the _rogans_ (#organ#, #oregesthai#) feels himself _al pari_, on a
par with the person whom he asks, and asks only a courtesy, like
#aitein#; the _orans_ acknowledges the superiority of the other, and
asks a benefit, like #deisthai#; whereas +obsecrare+ and +obtestari+
denote a passionate asking, as to conjure; but the _obsecrans_ asks
urgently, like #liparein#; the _obtestans_ (from #thessasthai#) in a
suppliant manner. Cic. Att. xvi. 10. Igitur, mi Plance, _rogo_ te atque
etiam _oro_. Pseudocic. p. Red. 16. Pro mea vos salute non _rogavit_
solum, verum etiam _obsecravit_. 2. +Precari+ denotes the calm act of
prayer, in which one raises one's hand to heaven, like #euchesthai#; but
+supplicare+ denotes the passionate act of supplication, in which one
throws one's self on one's knees, or on the ground, and wrings one's
hands, like #hiketeuein#. By hyperbole, however, +precor+ denotes any
urgent request; +supplicare+, any humble request, addressed to a human
being. Cic. Parad. v. 3. Noctu venire domum ad eum, _precari_, denique
_supplicare_. (v. 232.)
ROGARE; INTERROGARE; PERCONTARI; SCISCITARI. +Rogare+, +interrogare+,
and +quærere+, denote a simple questioning; +rogare+ (#organ#,
#oregesthai#), as willing to know; +interrogare+, as wishing to know;
whereas +percontari+ and +sciscitari+ denote urgently asking;
+percontari+ (from #gnônai#) always from a desire of knowledge, with
seriousness and calmness; +sciscitari+ (redupl. of scitari) often from
curiosity, with inquisitiveness, eagerness, or also with cunning, like
pumping or ferreting out. (v. 125.)
ROGARE, see _Petere_.
RUDIS, see _Fustis_.
RUINA; STRAGES. +Ruina+ (from #rheusai# is the falling down of things
raised one upon another, in consequence of the basis giving way; whereas
+strages+ is the throwing down of bodies standing upright, in
consequence of a push from without. Liv. iv. 33. _Strages ruinæ_
similis. (vi. 309.)
RUMOR; FAMA. +Rumor+ (from #rheuma#), like report, is the uncertain,
dark, often clandestine propagation of intelligence, in opp. to
authentic assurance; +fama+ (#phêmê#), like information, is the open and
public propagation of intelligence, in opp. to ocular demonstration. The
_rumor_ interests only by its novelty, is an object of curiosity, and
passes away with the generation in which it sprung up; the _fama_
interests through its importance, is an object of research, and as a
permanent property descends to posterity. (v. 233.)
RUMPERE, see _Frangere_.
RUPES, see _Saxum_.
RURSUS, see _Iterum_.
RUS, see _Villa_.
RUS; AGER; RUSTICUS; AGRESTIS; RUSTICANUS. 1. +Rus+ (#aroton#) denotes
the country, in opp. to the town or city, the village with what belongs
to it; whereas +ager+ (#agros#) the country, in opp. to the district in
general, the open country or fields. Cels. Med. 1. Sanum oportet . . .
modo _ruri_ esse, modo in urbe, sæpiusque in _agro_. 2. +Rusticus+
denotes, like #agroikos#, merely residing in the country; +agrestis+,
like #agrios#, growing wild in the fields, like _ferus_, but as a milder
expression, for _ferus_ (#phêres#) denotes wildness as an inward nature;
+agrestis+, merely as a mark of the place of residence, or of
extraction. 3. In a spiritual sense, +rusticus+ denotes more an
intellectual, +agrestis+ more a moral roughness; +rusticus+, like
countrified, has a reference to bashfulness and uncouthness; in its best
sense, it is allied to innocence; in its worst, to awkwardness; whereas
+agrestis+, like boorish, has a reference to shamelessness and
vulgarity, is never used in a good sense, but borders on _feritas_, and
answers to the German word Flegelei, 'churlishness.' The _rusticus_, in
opp. to _urbanus_, violates only the conventional laws of decorum; the
_agrestis_, in opp. to _humanus_, the natural laws of decorum also. 4.
When Cicero wishes to give to _rusticus_ a still milder sense, and
secure it from ambiguity, he adopts the word _rusticanus_; so that,
according to him, +rusticus+ is one who actually lives in a
country-village, +rusticanus+, one who resembles those who live in
country-villages; hence among the _rusticani_ the _municipes_ may be
reckoned, as _rusticorum similes_.