CHAPTER I.

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LOSS AND GAIN:

THE STORY OF A CONVERT.

BY

JOHN HENRY NEWMAN,

OF THE ORATORY.

ADHUC MODICUM ALIQUANTULUM,

QUI VENTURUS EST, VENIET, ET NON TARDABIT.

JUSTUS AUTEM MEUS EX FIDE VIVIT.

Eighth Edition.

LONDON: BURNS AND OATES.

1881.

TO THE VERY REV.

CHARLES W. RUSSELL, D.D.,

PRESIDENT OF ST. PATRICK'S COLLEGE, MAYNOOTH,

&c. &c.

My dear Dr. Russell,--Now that at length I take the step of printing my

name in the Title-Page of this Volume, I trust I shall not be

encroaching on the kindness you have so long shown to me, if I venture

to follow it up by placing yours in the page which comes next, thus

associating myself with you, and recommending myself to my readers by

the association.

Not that I am dreaming of bringing down upon you, in whole or part, the

criticisms, just or unjust, which lie against a literary attempt which

has in some quarters been thought out of keeping with my antecedents and

my position; but the warm and sympathetic interest which you took in

Oxford matters thirty years ago, and the benefits which I derived

personally from that interest, are reasons why I am desirous of

prefixing your name to a Tale, which, whatever its faults, at least is a

more intelligible and exact representation of the thoughts, sentiments,

and aspirations, then and there prevailing, than was to be found in the

anti-Catholic pamphlets, charges, sermons, reviews, and story-books of

the day.

These reasons, too, must be my apology, should I seem to be asking your

acceptance of a Volume, which, over and above its intrinsic defects, is,

in its very subject and style, hardly commensurate with the theological

reputation and the ecclesiastical station of the person to whom it is

presented.

I am, my dear Dr. Russell,

Your affectionate friend,

JOHN H. NEWMAN.

THE ORATORY, _Feb. 21, 1874_.

ADVERTISEMENT.

The following tale is not intended as a work of controversy in behalf of

the Catholic Religion; but as a description of what is understood by

few, viz. the course of thought and state of mind,--or rather one such

course and state,--which issues in conviction of its Divine origin.

Nor is it founded on fact, to use the common phrase. It is not the

history of any individual mind among the recent converts to the Catholic

Church. The principal characters are imaginary; and the writer wishes to

disclaim personal allusion in any. It is with this view that he has

feigned ecclesiastical bodies and places, to avoid the chance, which

might otherwise occur, of unintentionally suggesting to the reader real

individuals, who were far from his thoughts.

At the same time, free use has been made of sayings and doings which

were characteristic of the time and place in which the scene is laid.

And, moreover, when, as in a tale, a general truth or fact is exhibited

in individual specimens of it, it is impossible that the ideal

representation should not more or less coincide, in spite of the

author's endeavour, or even without his recognition, with its existing

instances or champions.

It must also be added, to prevent a farther misconception, that no

proper representative is intended in this tale, of the religious

opinions which had lately so much influence in the University of Oxford.

_Feb. 21, 1848._

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SIXTH EDITION.

A tale, directed against the Oxford converts to the Catholic Faith, was

sent from England to the author of this Volume in the summer of 1847,

when he was resident at Santa Croce in Rome. Its contents were as

wantonly and preposterously fanciful, as they were injurious to those

whose motives and actions it professed to represent; but a formal

criticism or grave notice of it seemed to him out of place.

The suitable answer lay rather in the publication of a second tale;

drawn up with a stricter regard to truth and probability, and with at

least some personal knowledge of Oxford, and some perception of the

various aspects of the religious phenomenon, which the work in question

handled so rudely and so unskilfully.

Especially was he desirous of dissipating the fog of pomposity and

solemn pretence, which its writer had thrown around the personages

introduced into it, by showing, as in a specimen, that those who were

smitten with love of the Catholic Church, were nevertheless as able to

write common-sense prose as other men.

Under these circumstances "Loss and Gain" was given to the public.

_Feb. 21, 1874._

LOSS AND GAIN.

Part I.

CHAPTER I.

Charles Reding was the only son of a clergyman, who was in possession of

a valuable benefice in a midland county. His father intended him for

orders, and sent him at a proper age to a public school. He had long

revolved in his mind the respective advantages and disadvantages of

public and private education, and had decided in favour of the former.

"Seclusion," he said, "is no security for virtue. There is no telling

what is in a boy's heart: he may look as open and happy as usual, and be

as kind and attentive, when there is a great deal wrong going on within.

The heart is a secret with its Maker; no one on earth can hope to get at

it or to touch it. I have a cure of souls; what do I really know of my

parishioners? Nothing; their hearts are sealed books to me. And this

dear boy, he comes close to me; he throws his arms round me, but his

soul is as much out of my sight as if he were at the antipodes. I am

not accusing him of reserve, dear fellow: his very love and reverence

for me keep him in a sort of charmed solitude. I cannot expect to get at

the bottom of him.

'Each in his hidden sphere of bliss or woe,

Our hermit spirits dwell.'

It is our lot here below. No one on earth can know Charles's secret

thoughts. Did I guard him here at home ever so well, yet, in due time,

it would be found that a serpent had crept into the heart of his

innocence. Boys do not fully know what is good and what is evil; they do

wrong things at first almost innocently. Novelty hides vice from them;

there is no one to warn them or give them rules; and they become slaves

of sin, while they are learning what sin is. They go to the University,

and suddenly plunge into excesses, the greater in proportion to their

inexperience. And, besides all this, I am not equal to the task of

forming so active and inquisitive a mind as his. He already asks

questions which I know not how to answer. So he shall go to a public

school. There he will get discipline at least, even if he has more of

trial: at least he will gain habits of self-command, manliness, and

circumspection; he will learn to use his eyes, and will find materials

to use them upon; and thus will be gradually trained for the liberty

which, any how, he must have when he goes to college."

This was the more necessary, because, with many high excellences,

Charles was naturally timid and retiring, over-sensitive, and, though

lively and cheerful, yet not without a tinge of melancholy in his

character, which sometimes degenerated into mawkishness.

To Eton, then, he went; and there had the good fortune to fall into the

hands of an excellent tutor, who, while he instructed him in the old

Church-of-England principles of Mant and Doyley, gave his mind a

religious impression, which secured him against the allurements of bad

company, whether at the school itself, or afterwards at Oxford. To that

celebrated seat of learning he was in due time transferred, being

entered at St. Saviour's College; and he is in his sixth term from

matriculation, and his fourth of residence, at the time our story opens.

At Oxford, it is needless to say, he had found a great number of his

schoolfellows, but, it so happened, had found very few friends among

them. Some were too gay for him, and he had avoided them; others, with

whom he had been intimate at Eton, having high connections, had fairly

cut him on coming into residence, or, being entered at other colleges,

had lost sight of him. Almost everything depends at Oxford, in the

matter of acquaintance, on proximity of rooms. You choose your friend,

not so much by your tastes, as by your staircase. There is a story of a

London tradesman who lost custom after beautifying his premises, because

his entrance went up a step; and we all know how great is the difference

between open and shut doors when we walk along a street of shops. In a

university a youth's hours are portioned out to him. A regular man gets

up and goes to chapel, breakfasts, gets up his lectures, goes to

lecture, walks, dines; there is little to induce him to mount any

staircase but his own; and if he does so, ten to one he finds the friend

from home whom he is seeking; not to say that freshmen, who naturally

have common feelings and interests, as naturally are allotted a

staircase in common. And thus it was that Charles Reding was brought

across William Sheffield, who had come into residence the same term as

himself.

The minds of young people are pliable and elastic, and easily

accommodate themselves to any one they fall in with. They find grounds

of attraction both where they agree with one another and where they

differ; what is congenial to themselves creates sympathy; what is

correlative, or supplemental, creates admiration and esteem. And what is

thus begun is often continued in after-life by the force of habit and

the claims of memory. Thus, in the choice of friends, chance often does

for us as much as the most careful selection could have effected. What

was the character and degree of that friendship which sprang up between

the freshmen Reding and Sheffield, we need not here minutely explain: it

will be enough to say, that what they had in common was freshmanship,

good talents, and the back staircase; and that they differed in

this--that Sheffield had lived a good deal with people older than

himself, had read much in a desultory way, and easily picked up opinions

and facts, especially on controversies of the day, without laying

anything very much to heart; that he was ready, clear-sighted,

unembarrassed, and somewhat forward: Charles, on the other hand, had

little knowledge as yet of principles or their bearings, but understood

more deeply than Sheffield, and held more practically, what he had once

received; he was gentle and affectionate, and easily led by others,

except when duty clearly interfered. It should be added, that he had

fallen in with various religious denominations in his father's parish,

and had a general, though not a systematic, knowledge of their tenets.

What they were besides, will be seen as our narrative advances.

CHAPTER II.

It was a little past one P.M. when Sheffield, passing Charles's door,

saw it open. The college servant had just entered with the usual

half-commons for luncheon, and was employed in making up the fire.

Sheffield followed him in, and found Charles in his cap and gown,

lounging on the arm of his easy-chair, and eating his bread and cheese.

Sheffield asked him if he slept, as well as ate and drank, "accoutred as

he was."

"I am just going for a turn into the meadow," said Charles; "this is to

me the best time of the year: _nunc formosissimus annus_; everything is

beautiful; the laburnums are out, and the may. There is a greater

variety of trees there than in any other place I know hereabouts; and

the planes are so touching just now, with their small multitudinous

green hands half-opened; and there are two or three such fine dark

willows stretching over the Cherwell; I think some dryad inhabits them:

and, as you wind along, just over your right shoulder is the Long Walk,

with the Oxford buildings seen between the elms. They say there are dons

here who recollect when the foliage was unbroken, nay, when you might

walk under it in hard rain, and get no wet. I know I got drenched there

the other day."

Sheffield laughed, and said that Charles must put on his beaver, and

walk with him a different way. He wanted a good walk; his head was

stupid from his lectures; that old Jennings prosed so awfully upon

Paley, it made him quite ill. He had talked of the Apostles as neither

"deceivers nor deceived," of their "sensible miracles," and of their

"dying for their testimony," till he did not know whether he himself was

an _ens physiologicum_ or a _totum metaphysicum_, when Jennings had

cruelly asked him to repeat Paley's argument; and because he had not

given it in Jennings' words, friend Jennings had pursed up his lips, and

gone through the whole again; so intent, in his wooden enthusiasm, on

his own analysis of it, that he did not hear the clock strike the hour;

and, in spite of the men's shuffling their feet, blowing their noses,

and looking at their watches, on he had gone for a good twenty minutes

past the time; and would have been going on even then, he verily

believed, but for an interposition only equalled by that of the geese at

the Capitol. For that, when he had got about half through his

recapitulation, and was stopping at the end of a sentence to see the

impression he was making, that uncouth fellow, Lively, moved by what

happy inspiration he did not know, suddenly broke in, apropos of

nothing, nodding his head, and speaking in a clear cackle, with, "Pray,

sir, what is your opinion of the infallibility of the Pope?" Upon which

every one but Jennings did laugh out: but he, _au contraire_, began to

look very black; and no one can tell what would have happened, had he

not cast his eyes by accident on his watch, on which he coloured, closed

his book, and _instanter_ sent the whole lecture out of the room.

Charles laughed in his turn, but added, "Yet, I assure you, Sheffield,

that Jennings, stiff and cold as he seems, is, I do believe, a very good

fellow at bottom. He has before now spoken to me with a good deal of

feeling, and has gone out of his way to do me favours. I see poor bodies

coming to him for charity continually; and they say that his sermons at

Holy Cross are excellent."

Sheffield said he liked people to be natural, and hated that donnish

manner. What good could it do? and what did it mean?

"That is what I call bigotry," answered Charles; "I am for taking every

one for what he is, and not for what he is not: one has this excellence,

another that; no one is everything. Why should we not drop what we don't

like, and admire what we like? This is the only way of getting through

life, the only true wisdom, and surely our duty into the bargain."

Sheffield thought this regular prose, and unreal. "We must," he said,

"have a standard of things, else one good thing is as good as another.

But I can't stand here all day," he continued, "when we ought to be

walking." And he took off Charles's cap, and, placing his hat on him

instead, said, "Come, let us be going."

"Then must I give up my meadow?" said Charles.

"Of course you must," answered Sheffield; "you must take a beaver walk.

I want you to go as far as Oxley, a village some little way out, all

the vicars of which, sooner or later, are made bishops. Perhaps even

walking there may do us some good."

The friends set out, from hat to boot in the most approved Oxford

bandbox-cut of trimness and prettiness. Sheffield was turning into the

High Street, when Reding stopped him: "It always annoys me," he said,

"to go down High Street in a beaver; one is sure to meet a proctor."

"All those University dresses are great fudge," answered Sheffield; "how

are we the better for them? They are mere outside, and nothing else.

Besides, our gown is so hideously ugly."

"Well, I don't go along with your sweeping condemnation," answered

Charles; "this is a great place, and should have a dress. I declare,

when I first saw the procession of Heads at St. Mary's, it was quite

moving. First----"

"Of course the pokers," interrupted Sheffield.

"First the organ, and every one rising; then the Vice-Chancellor in red,

and his bow to the preacher, who turns to the pulpit; then all the Heads

in order; and lastly the Proctors. Meanwhile, you see the head of the

preacher slowly mounting up the steps; when he gets in, he shuts-to the

door, looks at the organ-loft to catch the psalm, and the voices strike

up."

Sheffield laughed, and then said, "Well, I confess I agree with you in

your instance. The preacher is, or is supposed to be, a person of

talent; he is about to hold forth; the divines, the students of a great

University, are all there to listen. The pageant does but fitly

represent the great moral fact which is before us; I understand _this_.

I don't call _this_ fudge; what I mean by fudge is, outside without

inside. Now I must say, the sermon itself, and not the least of all the

prayer before it--what do they call it?"

"The bidding prayer," said Reding.

"Well, both sermon and prayer are often arrant fudge. I don't often go

to University sermons, but I have gone often enough not to go again

without compulsion. The last preacher I heard was from the country. Oh,

it was wonderful! He began at the pitch of his voice, 'Ye shall pray.'

What stuff! 'Ye shall _pray_;' because old Latimer or Jewell said, 'Ye

shall praie,' therefore we must not say, 'Let us pray.' Presently he

brought out," continued Sheffield, assuming a pompous and up-and-down

tone, "'especially for that pure and apostolic branch of it

_established_,'--here the man rose on his toes, '_established_ in these

dominions.' Next came, 'for our Sovereign Lady Victoria, Queen, Defender

of the Faith, in all causes and over all persons, ecclesiastical as well

as civil, within these her dominions, _supreme_'--an awful pause, with

an audible fall of the sermon-case on the cushion; as though nature did

not contain, as if the human mind could not sustain, a bigger thought.

Then followed, 'the pious and munificent founder,' in the same twang,

'of All Saints' and Leicester Colleges,' But his _chef-d'oeuvre_ was

his emphatic recognition of '_all_ the doctors, _both_ the proctors', as

if the numerical antithesis had a graphic power, and threw those

excellent personages into a charming _tableau vivant_."

Charles was amused at all this; but he said in answer, that he never

heard a sermon but it was his own fault if he did not gain good from it;

and he quoted the words of his father, who, when he one day asked him if

so-and-so had not preached a very good sermon, "My dear Charles," his

father had said, "all sermons are good." The words, simple as they were,

had retained a hold on his memory.

Meanwhile, they had proceeded down the forbidden High Street, and were

crossing the bridge, when, on the opposite side, they saw before them a

tall, upright man, whom Sheffield had no difficulty in recognizing as a

bachelor of Nun's Hall, and a bore at least of the second magnitude. He

was in cap and gown, but went on his way, as if intending, in that

extraordinary guise, to take a country walk. He took the path which they

were going themselves, and they tried to keep behind him; but they

walked too briskly, and he too leisurely, to allow of that. It is very

difficult duly to delineate a bore in a narrative, for the very reason

that he _is_ a bore. A tale must aim at condensation, but a bore acts in

solution. It is only on the long-run that he is ascertained. Then,

indeed, he is _felt_; he is oppressive; like the sirocco, which the

native detects at once, while a foreigner is often at fault. _Tenet

occiditque._ Did you hear him make but one speech, perhaps you would say

he was a pleasant, well-informed man; but when he never comes to an end,

or has one and the same prose every time you meet him, or keeps you

standing till you are fit to sink, or holds you fast when you wish to

keep an engagement, or hinders you listening to important

conversation,--then there is no mistake, the truth bursts on you,

_apparent diræ facies_, you are in the clutches of a bore. You may

yield, or you may flee; you cannot conquer. Hence it is clear that a

bore cannot be represented in a story, or the story would be the bore as

much as he. The reader, then, must believe this upright Mr. Bateman to

be what otherwise he might not discover, and thank us for our

consideration in not proving as well as asserting it.

Sheffield bowed to him courteously, and would have proceeded on his way;

but Bateman, as became his nature, would not suffer it; he seized him.

"Are you disposed," he said, "to look into the pretty chapel we are

restoring on the common? It is quite a gem--in the purest style of the

fourteenth century. It was in a most filthy condition, a mere cow-house;

but we have made a subscription, and set it to rights."

"We are bound for Oxley," Sheffield answered; "you would be taking us

out of our way."

"Not a bit of it," said Bateman; "it's not a stone's throw from the

road; you must not refuse me. I'm sure you'll like it."

He proceeded to give the history of the chapel--all it had been, all it

might have been, all it was not, all it was to be.

"It is to be a real specimen of a Catholic chapel," he said; "we mean to

make the attempt of getting the Bishop to dedicate it to the Royal

Martyr--why should not we have our St. Charles as well as the

Romanists?--and it will be quite sweet to hear the vesper-bell tolling

over the sullen moor every evening, in all weathers, and amid all the

changes and chances of this mortal life."

Sheffield asked what congregation they expected to collect at that hour.

"That's a low view," answered Bateman; "it does not signify at all. In

real Catholic churches the number of the congregation is nothing to the

purpose; service is for those who come, not for those who stay away."

"Well," said Sheffield, "I understand what that means when a Roman

Catholic says it; for a priest is supposed to offer sacrifice, which he

can do without a congregation as well as with one. And, again, Catholic

chapels often stand over the bodies of martyrs, or on some place of

miracle, as a record; but our service is 'Common Prayer,' and how can

you have that without a congregation?"

Bateman replied that, even if members of the University did not drop in,

which he expected, at least the bell would be a memento far and near.

"Ah, I see," retorted Sheffield, "the use will be the reverse of what

you said just now; it is not for those that come, but for those who stay

away. The congregation is outside, not inside; it's an outside concern.

I once saw a tall church-tower--so it appeared from the road; but on the

sides you saw it was but a thin wall, made to look like a tower, in

order to give the church an imposing effect. Do run up such a bit of a

wall, and put the bell in it."

"There's another reason," answered Bateman, "for restoring the chapel,

quite independent of the service. It has been a chapel from time

immemorial, and was consecrated by our Catholic forefathers."

Sheffield argued that this would be as good a reason for keeping up the

Mass as for keeping up the chapel.

"We do keep up the Mass," said Bateman; "we offer our Mass every Sunday,

according to the rite of the English Cyprian, as honest Peter Heylin

calls him; what would you have more?"

Whether Sheffield understood this or no, at least it was beyond Charles.

Was the Common Prayer the English Mass, or the Communion-service, or the

Litany, or the sermon, or any part of these? or were Bateman's words

really a confession that there were clergymen who actually said the

Popish Mass once a week? Bateman's precise meaning, however, is lost to

posterity; for they had by this time arrived at the door of the chapel.

It had once been the chapel of an almshouse; a small farmhouse stood

near; but, for population, it was plain no "church accommodation" was

wanted. Before entering, Charles hung back, and whispered to his friend

that he did not know Bateman. An introduction, in consequence, took

place. "Reding of St. Saviour's--Bateman of Nun's Hall;" after which

ceremony, in place of holy water, they managed to enter the chapel in

company.

It was as pretty a building as Bateman had led them to expect, and very

prettily done up. There was a stone altar in the best style, a credence

table, a piscina, what looked like a tabernacle, and a couple of

handsome brass candlesticks. Charles asked the use of the piscina--he

did not know its name--and was told that there was always a piscina in

the old churches in England, and that there could be no proper

restoration without it. Next he asked the meaning of the beautifully

wrought closet or recess above the altar; and received for answer, that

"our sister churches of the Roman obedience always had a tabernacle for

reserving the consecrated bread." Here Charles was brought to a stand:

on which Sheffield asked the use of the niches; and was told by Bateman

that images of saints were forbidden by the canon, but that his friends,

in all these matters, did what they could. Lastly, he asked the meaning

of the candlesticks; and was told that, Catholicly-minded as their

Bishop was, they had some fear lest he would object to altar lights in

service--at least at first: but it was plain that the _use_ of the

candlesticks was to hold candles. Having had their fill of gazing and

admiring, they turned to proceed on their walk, but could not get off an

invitation to breakfast, in a few days, at Bateman's lodgings in the

Turl.

CHAPTER III.

Neither of the friends had what are called _views_ in religion; by which

expression we do not here signify that neither had taken up a certain

line of opinion, though this was the case also; but that neither of

them--how could they at their age?--had placed his religion on an

intellectual basis. It may be as well to state more distinctly what a

"view" is, what it is to be "viewy," and what is the state of those who

have no "views." When, then; men for the first time look upon the world

of politics or religion, all that they find there meets their mind's eye

as a landscape addresses itself for the first time to a person who has

just gained his bodily sight. One thing is as far off as another; there

is no perspective. The connection of fact with fact, truth with truth,

the bearing of fact upon truth, and truth upon fact, what leads to what,

what are points primary and what secondary,--all this they have yet to

learn. It is all a new science to them, and they do not even know their

ignorance of it. Moreover, the world of to-day has no connection in

their minds with the world of yesterday; time is not a stream, but

stands before them round and full, like the moon. They do not know what

happened ten years ago, much less the annals of a century; the past does

not live to them in the present; they do not understand the worth of

contested points; names have no associations for them, and persons

kindle no recollections. They hear of men, and things, and projects, and

struggles, and principles; but everything comes and goes like the wind,

nothing makes an impression, nothing penetrates, nothing has its place

in their minds. They locate nothing; they have no system. They hear and

they forget; or they just recollect what they have once heard, they

can't tell where. Thus they have no consistency in their arguments; that

is, they argue one way to-day, and not exactly the other way to-morrow,

but indirectly the other way, at random. Their lines of argument

diverge; nothing comes to a point; there is no one centre in which their

mind sits, on which their judgment of men and things proceeds. This is

the state of many men all through life; and miserable politicians or

Churchmen they make, unless by good luck they are in safe hands, and

ruled by others, or are pledged to a course. Else they are at the mercy

of the winds and waves; and, without being Radical, Whig, Tory, or

Conservative, High Church or Low Church, they do Whig acts, Tory acts,

Catholic acts, and heretical acts, as the fit takes them, or as events

or parties drive them. And sometimes, when their self-importance is

hurt, they take refuge in the idea that all this is a proof that they

are unfettered, moderate, dispassionate, that they observe the mean,

that they are "no party men;" when they are, in fact, the most helpless

of slaves; for our strength in this world is, to be the subjects of the

reason, and our liberty, to be captives of the truth.

Now Charles Reding, a youth of twenty, could not be supposed to have

much of a view in religion or politics; but no clever man allows himself

to judge of things simply at hap-hazard; he is obliged, from a sort of

self-respect, to have some rule or other, true or false; and Charles was

very fond of the maxim, which he has already enunciated, that we must

measure people by what they are, and not by what they are not. He had a

great notion of loving every one--of looking kindly on every one; he was

pierced with the sentiment which he had seen in a popular volume of

poetry, that--

"Christian souls, ...

Though worn and soil'd with sinful clay,

Are yet, to eyes that see them true,

All glistening with baptismal dew."

He liked, as he walked along the road, and met labourer or horseman,

gentleman or beggar, to say to himself, "He is a Christian." And when he

came to Oxford, he came there with an enthusiasm so simple and warm as

to be almost childish. He reverenced even the velvet of the Pro.; nay,

the cocked hat which preceded the Preacher had its claim on his

deferential regard. Without being himself a poet, he was in the season

of poetry, in the sweet spring-time, when the year is most beautiful,

because it is new. Novelty was beauty to a heart so open and cheerful as

his; not only because it was novelty, and had its proper charm as such,

but because when we first see things, we see them in a "gay confusion,"

which is a principal element of the poetical. As time goes on, and we

number and sort and measure things--as we gain views--we advance towards

philosophy and truth, but we recede from poetry.

When we ourselves were young, we once on a time walked on a hot

summer-day from Oxford to Newington--a dull road, as any one who has

gone it knows; yet it was new to us; and we protest to you, reader,

believe it or not, laugh or not, as you will, to us it seemed on that

occasion quite touchingly beautiful; and a soft melancholy came over us,

of which the shadows fall even now, when we look back on that dusty,

weary journey. And why? because every object which met us was unknown

and full of mystery. A tree or two in the distance seemed the beginning

of a great wood, or park, stretching endlessly; a hill implied a vale

beyond, with that vale's history; the bye-lanes, with their green

hedges, wound and vanished, yet were not lost to the imagination. Such

was our first journey; but when we had gone it several times, the mind

refused to act, the scene ceased to enchant, stern reality alone

remained; and we thought it one of the most tiresome, odious roads we

ever had occasion to traverse.

But to return to our story. Such was Reding. But Sheffield, on the other

hand, without possessing any real view of things more than Charles, was,

at this time, fonder of hunting for views, and more in danger of taking

up false ones. That is, he was "viewy," in a bad sense of the word. He

was not satisfied intellectually with things as they are; he was

critical, impatient to reduce things to system, pushed principles too

far, was fond of argument, partly from pleasure in the exercise, partly

because he was perplexed, though he did not lay anything very much to

heart.

They neither of them felt any special interest in the controversy going

on in the University and country about High and Low Church. Sheffield

had a sort of contempt for it; and Reding felt it to be bad taste to be

unusual or prominent in anything. An Eton acquaintance had asked him to

go and hear one of the principal preachers of the Catholic party, and

offered to introduce him; but he had declined it. He did not like, he

said, mixing himself up with party; he had come to Oxford to get his

degree, and not to take up opinions; he thought his father would not

relish it; and, moreover, he felt some little repugnance to such

opinions and such people, under the notion that the authorities of the

University were opposed to the whole movement. He could not help looking

at its leaders as demagogues; and towards demagogues he felt an

unmeasured aversion and contempt. He did not see why clergymen, however

respectable, should be collecting undergraduates about them; and he

heard stories of their way of going on which did not please him.

Moreover, he did not like the specimens of their followers whom he fell

in with; they were forward, or they "talked strong," as it was called;

did ridiculous, extravagant acts; and sometimes neglected their college

duties for things which did not concern them. He was unfortunate,

certainly: for this is a very unfair account of the most exemplary men

of that day, who doubtless are still, as clergymen or laymen, the

strength of the Anglican Church; but in all collections of men, the

straw and rubbish (as Lord Bacon says) float on the top, while gold and

jewels sink and are hidden. Or, what is more apposite still, many men,

or most men, are a compound of precious and worthless together, and

their worthless swims, and their precious lies at the bottom.

CHAPTER IV.

Bateman was one of these composite characters: he had much good and much

cleverness in him; but he was absurd, and he afforded a subject of

conversation to the two friends as they proceeded on their walk. "I wish

there was less of fudge and humbug everywhere," said Sheffield; "one

might shovel off cartloads from this place, and not miss it."

"If you had your way," answered Charles, "you would scrape off the roads

till there was nothing to walk on. We are forced to walk on what you

call humbug; we put it under our feet, but we use it."

"I cannot think that; it's like doing evil that good may come. I see

shams everywhere. I go into St. Mary's, and I hear men spouting out

commonplaces in a deep or a shrill voice, or with slow, clear, quiet

emphasis and significant eyes--as that Bampton preacher not long ago,

who assured us, apropos of the resurrection of the body, that 'all

attempts to resuscitate the inanimate corpse by natural methods had

hitherto been experimentally abortive.' I go into the place where

degrees are given--the Convocation, I think--and there one hears a deal

of unmeaning Latin for hours, graces, dispensations, and proctors

walking up and down for nothing; all in order to keep up a sort of ghost

of things passed away for centuries, while the real work might be done

in a quarter of an hour. I fall in with this Bateman, and he talks to me

of rood-lofts without roods, and piscinæ without water, and niches

without images, and candlesticks without lights, and masses without

Popery; till I feel, with Shakespeare, that 'all the world's a stage.'

Well, I go to Shaw, Turner, and Brown, very different men, pupils of Dr.

Gloucester--you know whom I mean--and they tell us that we ought to put

up crucifixes by the wayside, in order to excite religious feeling."

"Well, I really think you are hard on all these people," said Charles;

"it is all very much like declamation; you would destroy externals of

every kind. You are like the man in one of Miss Edgeworth's novels, who

shut his ears to the music that he might laugh at the dancers."

"What is the music to which I close my ears?" asked Sheffield.

"To the meaning of those various acts," answered Charles; "the pious

feeling which accompanies the sight of the image is the music."

"To those who have the pious feeling, certainly," said Sheffield; "but

to put up images in England in order to create the feeling is like

dancing to create music."

"I think you are hard upon England," replied Charles; "we are a

religious people."

"Well, I will put it differently: do _you_ like music?"

"You ought to know," said Charles, "whom I have frightened so often with

my fiddle."

"Do you like dancing?"

"To tell the truth," said Charles, "I don't."

"Nor do I," said Sheffield; "it makes me laugh to think what I have

done, when a boy, to escape dancing; there is something so absurd in it;

and one had to be civil and to duck to young girls who were either prim

or pert. I have behaved quite rudely to them sometimes, and then have

been annoyed at my ungentlemanlikeness, and not known how to get out of

the scrape."

"Well, I didn't know we were so like each other in anything," said

Charles; "oh, the misery I have endured, in having to stand up to dance,

and to walk about with a partner!--everybody looking at me, and I so

awkward. It has been a torture to me days before and after."

They had by this time come up to the foot of the rough rising ground

which leads to the sort of table-land on the edge of which Oxley is

placed; and they stood still awhile to see some equestrians take the

hurdles. They then mounted the hill, and looked back upon Oxford.

"Perhaps you call those beautiful spires and towers a sham," said

Charles, "because you see their tops and not their bottoms?"

"Whereabouts were we in our argument?" said the other, reminded that

they had been wandering from it for the last ten minutes. "Oh, I

recollect; I know what I was at. I was saying that you liked music, but

didn't like dancing; music leads another person to dance, but not you;

and dancing does not increase but diminishes the intensity of the

pleasure you find in music. In like manner, it is a mere piece of

pedantry to make a religious nation, like the English, more religious by

placing images in the streets; this is not the English way, and only

offends us. If it were our way, it would come naturally without any one

telling us. As music incites to dancing, so religion would lead to

images; but as dancing does not improve music to those who do not like

dancing, so ceremonies do not improve religion to those who do not like

ceremonies."

"Then do you mean," said Charles, "that the English Romanists are shams,

because they use crucifixes?"

"Stop there," said Sheffield; "now you are getting upon a different

subject. They believe that there is _virtue_ in images; that indeed is

absurd in them, but it makes them quite consistent in honouring them.

They do not put up images as outward shows, merely to create feelings in

the minds of beholders, as Gloucester would do, but they in good,

downright earnest worship images, as being more than they seem, as being

not a mere outside show. They pay them a religious worship, as having

been handled by great saints years ago, as having been used in

pestilences, as having wrought miracles, as having moved their eyes or

bowed their heads; or, at least, as having been blessed by the priest,

and been brought into connection with invisible grace. This is

superstitious, but it is real."

Charles was not satisfied. "An image is a mode of teaching," he said;

"do you mean to say that a person is a sham merely because he mistakes

the particular mode of teaching best suited to his own country?"

"I did not say that Dr. Gloucester was a sham," answered Sheffield; "but

that mode of teaching of his was among Protestants a sham and a humbug."

"But this principle will carry you too far, and destroy itself," said

Charles. "Don't you recollect what Thompson quoted the other day out of

Aristotle, which he had lately begun in lecture with Vincent, and which

we thought so acute--that habits are created by those very acts in which

they manifest themselves when created? We learn to swim well by trying

to swim. Now Bateman, doubtless, wishes to _introduce_ piscinæ and

tabernacles; and to wait, before beginning, _till_ they are received, is

like not going into the water till you can swim."

"Well, but what is Bateman the better when his piscinæ are universal?"

asked Sheffield; "what does it _mean_? In the Romish Church it has a

use, I know--I don't know what--but it comes into the Mass. But if

Bateman makes piscinæ universal among us, what has he achieved but the

reign of a universal humbug?"

"But, my dear Sheffield," answered Reding, "consider how many things

there are which, in the course of time, have altered their original

meaning, and yet have a meaning, though a changed one, still. The

judge's wig is no sham, yet it has a history. The Queen, at her

coronation, is said to wear a Roman Catholic vestment, is that a sham?

Does it not still typify and impress upon us the 'divinity that doth

hedge a king,' though it has lost the very meaning which the Church of

Rome gave it? Or are you of the number of those, who, according to the

witticism, think majesty, when deprived of its externals, a jest?"

"Then you defend the introduction of unmeaning piscinæ and

candlesticks?"

"I think," answered Charles, "that there's a great difference between

reviving and retaining; it may be natural to retain, even while the use

fails, unnatural to revive when it has failed; but this is a question of

discretion and judgment."

"Then you give it against Bateman?" said Sheffield.

A slight pause ensued; then Charles added, "But perhaps these men

actually do wish to introduce the realities as well as the externals:

perhaps they wish to use the piscina as well as to have it ...

Sheffield," he continued abruptly, "why are not canonicals a sham, if

piscinæ are shams?"

"Canonicals," said Sheffield, as if thinking about them; "no, canonicals

are no sham; for preaching, I suppose, is the highest ordinance in our

Church, and has the richest dress. The robes of a great preacher cost, I

know, many pounds; for there was one near us who, on leaving, had a

present from the ladies of an entire set, and a dozen pair of worked

slippers into the bargain. But it's all fitting, if preaching is the

great office of the clergy. Next comes the Sacrament, and has the

surplice and hood. And hood," he repeated, musing; "what's that for? no,

it's the scarf. The hood is worn in the University pulpit; what is the

scarf?--it belongs to chaplains, I believe, that is, to _persons_; I

can't make a view out of it."

"My dear Sheffield," said Charles, "you have cut your own throat. Here

you have been trying to give a sense to the clerical dress, and cannot;

are you then prepared to call it a sham? Answer me this single

question--Why does a clergyman wear a surplice when he reads prayers?

Nay, I will put it more simply--Why can only a clergyman read prayers in

church?--Why cannot I?"

Sheffield hesitated, and looked serious. "Do you know," he said, "you

have just pitched on Jeremy Bentham's objection. In his 'Church of

Englandism' he proposes, if I recollect rightly, that a parish-boy

should be taught to read the Liturgy; and he asks, Why send a person to

the University for three or four years at an enormous expense, why teach

him Latin and Greek, on purpose to read what any boy could be taught to

read at a dame's school? What is the _virtue_ of a clergyman's reading?

Something of this kind, Bentham says; and," he added, slowly, "to tell

the truth, _I_ don't know how to answer him."

Reding was surprised, and shocked, and puzzled too; he did not know what

to say; when the conversation was, perhaps fortunately, interrupted.

CHAPTER V.

Every year brings changes and reforms. We do not know what is the state

of Oxley Church now; it may have rood-loft, piscina, sedilia, all new;

or it may be reformed backwards, the seats on principle turning from the

Communion-table, and the pulpit planted in the middle of the aisle; but

at the time when these two young men walked through the churchyard,

there was nothing very good or very bad to attract them within the

building; and they were passing on, when they observed, coming out of

the church, what Sheffield called an elderly don, a fellow of a college,

whom Charles knew. He was a man of family, and had some little property

of his own, had been a contemporary of his father's at the University,

and had from time to time been a guest at the parsonage. Charles had, in

consequence, known him from a boy; and now, since he came into

residence, he had, as was natural, received many small attentions from

him. Once, when he was late for his own hall, he had given him his

dinner in his rooms; he had taken him out on a fishing expedition

towards Faringdon; and had promised him tickets for some ladies,

lionesses of his, who were coming up to the Commemoration. He was a

shrewd, easy-tempered, free-spoken man, of small desires and no

ambition; of no very keen sensibilities or romantic delicacies, and very

little religious pretension; that is, though unexceptionable in his

deportment, he hated the show of religion, and was impatient at those

who affected it. He had known the University for thirty years, and

formed a right estimate of most things in it. He had come out to Oxley

to take a funeral for a friend, and was now returning home. He hallooed

to Charles, who, though feeling at first awkward on finding himself with

two such different friends and in two such different relations, was,

after a time, partially restored to himself by the unconcern of Mr.

Malcolm; and the three walked home together. Yet, even to the last, he

did not quite know how and where to walk, and how to carry himself,

particularly when they got near Oxford, and he fell in with various

parties who greeted him in passing.

Charles, by way of remark, said they had been looking in at a pretty

little chapel on the common, which was now in the course of repair. Mr.

Malcolm laughed. "So, Charles," he said, "_you're_ bit with the new

fashion."

Charles coloured, and asked, "What fashion?" adding, that a friend, by

accident, had taken them in.

"You ask what fashion," said Mr. Malcolm; "why, the newest, latest

fashion. This is a place of fashions; there have been many fashions in

my time. The greater part of the residents, that is, the boys, change

once in three years; the fellows and tutors, perhaps, in half a dozen;

and every generation has its own fashion. There is no principle of

stability in Oxford, except the Heads, and they are always the same,

and always will be the same to the end of the chapter. What is in now,"

he asked, "among you youngsters--drinking or cigars?"

Charles laughed modestly, and said he hoped drinking had gone out

everywhere.

"Worse things may come in," said Mr. Malcolm; "but there are fashions

everywhere. There was once a spouting club, perhaps it is in favour

still; before it was the music-room. Once geology was all the rage; now

it is theology; soon it will be architecture, or medieval antiquities,

or editions and codices. Each wears out in its turn; all depends on one

or two active men; but the secretary takes a wife, or the professor gets

a stall; and then the meetings are called irregularly, and nothing is

done in them, and so gradually the affair dwindles and dies."

Sheffield asked whether the present movement had not spread too widely

through the country for such a termination; he did not know much about

it himself, but the papers were full of it, and it was the talk of every

neighbourhood; it was not confined to Oxford.

"I don't know about the country," said Mr. Malcolm, "that is a large

question; but it has not the elements of stability here. These gentlemen

will take livings and marry, and that will be the end of the business. I

am not speaking against them; they are, I believe, very respectable men;

but they are riding on the spring-tide of a fashion."

Charles said it was a nuisance to see the party-spirit it introduced.

Oxford ought to be a place of quiet and study; peace and the Muses

always went together; whereas there was talk, talk, in every quarter. A

man could not go about his duties in a natural way, and take every one

as he came, but was obliged to take part in questions, and to consider

points which he might wish to put from him, and must sport an opinion

when he really had none to give.

Mr. Malcolm assented in a half-absent way, looking at the view before

him, and seemingly enjoying it. "People call this county ugly," said he,

"and perhaps it is; but whether I am used to it or no, I always am

pleased with it. The lights are always new; and thus the landscape, if

it deserves the name, is always presented in a new dress. I have known

Shotover there take the most opposite hues, sometimes purple, sometimes

a bright saffron or tawny orange." Here he stopped: "Yes, you speak of

party-spirit; very true, there's a good deal of it.... No, I don't think

there's much," he continued, rousing; "certainly there is more division

just at this minute in Oxford, but there always is division, always

rivalry. The separate societies have their own interests and honour to

maintain, and quarrel, as the orders do in the Church of Rome. No,

that's too grand a comparison; rather, Oxford is like an almshouse for

clergymen's widows. Self-importance, jealousy, tittle-tattle are the

order of the day. It has always been so in my time. Two great ladies,

Mrs. Vice-Chancellor and Mrs. Divinity-Professor, can't agree, and have

followings respectively: or Vice-Chancellor himself, being a new broom,

sweeps all the young Masters clean out of Convocation House, to their

great indignation: or Mr. Slaney, Dean of St. Peter's, does not scruple

to say in a stage-coach that Mr. Wood is no scholar; on which the said

Wood calls him in return 'slanderous Slaney;' or the elderly Mr. Barge,

late Senior Fellow of St. Michael's, thinks that his pretty bride has

not been received with due honours; or Dr. Crotchet is for years kept

out of his destined bishopric by a sinister influence; or Mr. Professor

Carraway has been infamously shown up, in the _Edinburgh_, by an idle

fellow whom he plucked in the schools; or (_majora movemus_) three

colleges interchange a mortal vow of opposition to a fourth; or the

young working Masters conspire against the Heads. Now, however, we are

improving; if we must quarrel, let it be the rivalry of intellect and

conscience, rather than of interest or temper; let us contend for

things, not for shadows."

Sheffield was pleased at this, and ventured to say that the present

state of things was more real, and therefore more healthy. Mr. Malcolm

did not seem to hear him, for he did not reply; and, as they were now

approaching the bridge again, the conversation stopped. Sheffield looked

slily at Charles, as Mr. Malcolm proceeded with them up High Street; and

both of them had the triumph and the amusement of being convoyed safely

past a proctor, who was patrolling it, under the protection of a

Master.

CHAPTER VI.

The walk to Oxley had not been the first or the second occasion on which

Charles had, in one shape or other, encountered Sheffield's views about

realities and shams; and his preachments had begun to make an impression

on him; that is, he felt that there was truth in them at bottom, and a

truth new to him. He was not a person to let a truth sleep in his mind;

though it did not vegetate very quickly, it was sure ultimately to be

pursued into its consequences, and to affect his existing opinions. In

the instance before us, he saw Sheffield's principle was more or less

antagonistic to his own favourite maxim, that it was a duty to be

pleased with every one. Contradictions could not both be real: when an

affirmative was true, a negative was false. All doctrines could not be

equally sound: there was a right and a wrong. The theory of dogmatic

truth, as opposed to latitudinarianism (he did not know their names or

their history, or suspect what was going on within him), had in the

course of these his first terms, gradually begun to energise in his

mind. Let him but see the absurdities of the latitudinarian principle,

when carried out, and he is likely to be still more opposed to it.

Bateman, among his peculiarities, had a notion that bringing persons of

contrary sentiments together was the likeliest way of making a party

agreeable, or at least useful. He had done his best to give his

breakfast, to which our friends were invited, this element of

perfection; not, however, to his own satisfaction; for with all his

efforts, he had but picked up Mr. Freeborn, a young Evangelical Master,

with whom Sheffield was acquainted; a sharp, but not very wise freshman,

who, having been spoiled at home, and having plenty of money, professed

to be _æsthetic_, and kept his college authorities in a perpetual fidget

lest he should some morning wake up a Papist; and a friend of his, a

nice, modest-looking youth, who, like a mouse, had keen darting eyes,

and ate his bread and butter in absolute silence.

They had hardly seated themselves, and Sheffield was pouring out coffee,

and a plate of muffins was going round, and Bateman was engaged,

saucepan in hand, in the operation of landing his eggs, now boiled, upon

the table, when our flighty youth, whose name was White, observed how

beautiful the Catholic custom was of making eggs the emblem of the

Easter-festival. "It is truly Catholic," said he; "for it is retained in

parts of England, you have it in Russia, and in Rome itself, where an

egg is served up on every plate through the Easter-week, after being, I

believe, blessed; and it is as expressive and significant as it is

Catholic."

"Beautiful indeed!" said their host; "so pretty, so sweet; I wonder

whether our Reformers thought of it, or the profound Hooker,--he was

full of types--or Jewell. You recollect the staff Jewell gave Hooker:

that was a type. It was like the sending of Elisha's staff by his

servant to the dead child."

"Oh, my dear, dear Bateman," cried Sheffield, "you are making Hooker

Gehazi!"

"That's just the upshot of such trifling," said Mr. Freeborn; "you never

know where to find it; it proves anything, and disproves anything."

"That is only till it's sanctioned," said White; "When the Catholic

Church sanctions it, we're safe."

"Yes, we're safe," said Bateman; "it's safe when it's Catholic."

"Yes," continued White, "things change their nature altogether when they

are taken up by the Catholic Church: that's how we are allowed to do

evil that good may come."

"What's that?" said Bateman.

"Why," said White, "the Church makes evil good."

"My dear White," said Bateman gravely, "that's going too far; it is

indeed."

Mr. Freeborn suspended his breakfast operations, and sat back in his

chair.

"Why," continued White, "is not idolatry wrong--yet image-worship is

right?"

Mr. Freeborn was in a state of collapse.

"That's a bad instance, White," said Sheffield; "there _are_ people in

the world who are uncatholic enough to think image-worship is wrong, as

well as idolatry."

"A mere Jesuitical distinction," said Freeborn with emotion.

"Well," said White, who did not seem in great awe of the young M.A.,

though some years, of course, his senior, "I will take a better

instance: who does not know that baptism gives grace? yet there were

heathen baptismal rites, which, of course, were devilish."

"I should not be disposed, Mr. White, to grant you so much as you would

wish," said Freeborn, "about the virtue of baptism."

"Not about Christian baptism?" asked White.

"It is easy," answered Freeborn, "to mistake the sign for the thing

signified."

"Not about Catholic baptism?" repeated White.

"Catholic baptism is a mere deceit and delusion," retorted Mr. Freeborn.

"Oh, my dear Freeborn," interposed Bateman, "now _you_ are going too

far; you are indeed."

"Catholic, Catholic--I don't know what you mean," said Freeborn.

"I mean," said White, "the baptism of the one Catholic Church of which

the Creed speaks: it's quite intelligible."

"But what do you mean by the Catholic Church?" asked Freeborn.

"The Anglican," answered Bateman.

"The Roman," answered White; both in the same breath.

There was a general laugh.

"There is nothing to laugh at," said Bateman; "Anglican and Roman are

one."

"One! impossible," cried Sheffield.

"Much worse than impossible," observed Mr. Freeborn.

"I should make a distinction," said Bateman: "I should say, they are

one, except the corruptions of the Romish Church."

"That is, they are one, except where they differ," said Sheffield.

"Precisely so," said Bateman.

"Rather, _I_ should say," objected Mr. Freeborn, "two, except where they

agree."

"That's just the issue," said Sheffield; "Bateman says that the Churches

are one except when they are two; and Freeborn says that they are two

except when they are one."

It was a relief at this moment that the cook's boy came in with a dish

of hot sausages; but though a relief, it was not a diversion; the

conversation proceeded. Two persons did not like it; Freeborn, who was

simply disgusted at the doctrine, and Reding, who thought it a bore; yet

it was the bad luck of Freeborn forthwith to set Charles against him, as

well as the rest, and to remove the repugnance which he had to engage in

the dispute. Freeborn, in fact, thought theology itself a mistake, as

substituting, as he considered, worthless intellectual notions for the

vital truths of religion; so he now went on to observe, putting down his

knife and fork, that it really was to him inconceivable, that real

religion should depend on metaphysical distinctions, or outward

observances; that it was quite a different thing in Scripture; that

Scripture said much of faith and holiness, but hardly a word about

Churches and forms. He proceeded to say that it was the great and evil

tendency of the human mind to interpose between itself and its Creator

some self-invented mediator, and it did not matter at all whether that

human device was a rite, or a creed, or a form of prayer, or good works,

or communion with particular Churches--all were but "flattering unctions

to the soul," if they were considered necessary; the only safe way of

using them was to use them with the feeling that you might dispense with

them; that none of them went to the root of the matter, for that faith,

that is, firm belief that God had forgiven you, was the one thing

needful; that where that one thing was present, everything else was

superfluous; that where it was wanting, nothing else availed. So

strongly did he hold this, that (he confessed he put it pointedly, but

still not untruly), where true faith was present, a person might be

anything in profession; an Arminian, a Calvinist, an Episcopalian, a

Presbyterian, a Swedenborgian--nay, a Unitarian--he would go further,

looking at White, a Papist, yet be in a state of salvation.

Freeborn came out rather more strongly than in his sober moments he

would have approved; but he was a little irritated, and wished to have

his turn of speaking. It was altogether a great testification.

"Thank you for your liberality to the poor Papists," said White; "it

seems they are safe if they are hypocrites, professing to be Catholics,

while they are Protestants in heart."

"Unitarians, too," said Sheffield, "are debtors to your liberality; it

seems a man need not fear to believe too little, so that he feels a good

deal."

"Rather," said White, "if he believes himself forgiven, he need not

believe anything else."

Reding put in his word; he said that in the Prayer Book, belief in the

Holy Trinity was represented, not as an accident, but as "before all

things" necessary to salvation.

"That's not a fair answer, Reding," said Sheffield; "what Mr. Freeborn

observed was, that there's no creed in the Bible; and you answer that

there is a creed in the Prayer Book."

"Then the Bible says one thing, and the Prayer Book another," said

Bateman.

"No," answered Freeborn; "The Prayer Book only _deduces_ from Scripture;

the Athanasian Creed is a human invention; true, but human, and to be

received, as one of the Articles expressly says, because 'founded on

Scripture.' Creeds are useful in their place, so is the Church; but

neither Creed nor Church is religion."

"Then why do you make so much of your doctrine of 'faith only'?" said

Bateman; "for that is not in Scripture, and is but a human deduction."

"_My_ doctrine!" cried Freeborn; "why it's in the Articles; the Articles

expressly say that we are justified by faith only."

"The Articles are not Scripture any more than the Prayer Book," said

Sheffield.

"Nor do the Articles say that the doctrine they propound is necessary

for salvation," added Bateman.

All this was very unfair on Freeborn, though he had provoked it. Here

were four persons on him at once, and the silent fifth apparently a

sympathiser. Sheffield talked through malice; White from habit; Reding

came in because he could not help it; and Bateman spoke on principle; he

had a notion that he was improving Freeborn's views by this process of

badgering. At least he did not improve his temper, which was suffering.

Most of the party were undergraduates; he (Freeborn) was a Master; it

was too bad of Bateman. He finished in silence his sausage, which had

got quite cold. The conversation flagged; there was a rise in toast and

muffins; coffee-cups were put aside, and tea flowed freely.

CHAPTER VII.

Freeborn did not like to be beaten; he began again. Religion, he said,

was a matter of the heart; no one could interpret Scripture rightly

whose heart was not right. Till our eyes were enlightened, to dispute

about the sense of Scripture, to attempt to deduce from Scripture, was

beating about the bush: it was like the blind disputing about colours.

"If this is true," said Bateman, "no one ought to argue about religion

at all; but you were the first to do so, Freeborn."

"Of course," answered Freeborn, "those who have _found_ the truth are

the very persons to argue, for they have the gift."

"And the very last persons to persuade," said Sheffield; "for they have

the gift all to themselves."

"Therefore true Christians should argue with each other, and with no one

else," said Bateman.

"But those are the very persons who don't want it," said Sheffield;

"reasoning must be for the unconverted, not for the converted. It is the

means of seeking."

Freeborn persisted that the reason of the unconverted was carnal, and

that such could not understand Scripture.

"I have always thought," said Reding, "that reason was a general gift,

though faith is a special and personal one. If faith is really rational,

all ought to see that it is rational; else, from the nature of the case,

it is not rational."

"But St. Paul says," answered Freeborn, "that 'to the natural man the

things of the Spirit are foolishness.'"

"But how are we to arrive at truth at all," said Reding, "except by

reason? It is the appointed method for our guidance. Brutes go by

instinct, men by reason."

They had fallen on a difficult subject; all were somewhat puzzled except

White, who had not been attending, and was simply wearied; he now

interposed. "It would be a dull world," he said, "if men went by reason:

they may think they do, but they don't. Really, they are led by their

feelings, their affections, by the sense of the beautiful, and the good,

and the holy. Religion is the beautiful; the clouds, sun, and sky, the

fields and the woods, are religion."

"This would make all religions true," said Freeborn, "good and bad."

"No," answered White, "heathen rites are bloody and impure, not

beautiful; and Mahometanism is as cold and as dry as any Calvinistic

meeting. The Mahometans have no altars or priests, nothing but a pulpit

and a preacher."

"Like St. Mary's," said Sheffield.

"Very like," said White; "we have no life or poetry in the Church of

England; the Catholic Church alone is beautiful. You would see what I

mean if you went into a foreign cathedral, or even into one of the

Catholic churches in our large towns. The celebrant, deacon, and

subdeacon, acolytes with lights, the incense, and the chanting--all

combine to one end, one act of worship. You feel it _is_ really a

worshipping; every sense, eyes, ears, smell, are made to know that

worship is going on. The laity on the floor saying their beads, or

making their acts; the choir singing out the _Kyrie_; and the priest and

his assistants bowing low, and saying the _Confiteor_ to each other.

This is worship, and it is far above reason."

This was spoken with all his heart; but it was quite out of keeping with

the conversation which had preceded it, and White's poetry was almost as

disagreeable to the party as Freeborn's prose.

"White, you should turn Catholic out and out," said Sheffield.

"My dear good fellow," said Bateman, "think what you are saying. You

can't really have gone to a schismatical chapel. Oh, for shame!"

Freeborn observed, gravely, that if the two Churches _were_ one, as had

been maintained, he could not see, do what he would, why it was wrong to

go to and fro from one to the other.

"You forget," said Bateman to White, "you have, or might have, all this

in your own Church, without the Romish corruptions."

"As to the Romish corruptions," answered White, "I know very little

about them."

Freeborn groaned audibly.

"I know very little about them," repeated White eagerly, "very little;

but what is that to the purpose? We must take things as we find them. I

don't like what is bad in the Catholic Church, if there is bad, but what

is good. I do not go to it for what is bad, but for what is good. You

can't deny that what I admire is very good and beautiful. Only you try

to introduce it into your own Church. You would give your ears, you know

you would, to hear the _Dies iræ_."

Here a general burst of laughter took place. White was an Irishman. It

was a happy interruption; the party rose up from table, and a tap at

that minute, which sounded at the door, succeeded in severing the thread

of the conversation.

It was a printseller's man with a large book of plates.

"Well timed," said Bateman;--"put them down, Baker: or rather give them

to me;--I can take the opinion of you men on a point I have much at

heart. You know I wanted you, Freeborn, to go with me to see my chapel;

Sheffield and Reding have looked into it. Well now, just see here."

He opened the portfolio; it contained views of the Campo Santo at Pisa.

The leaves were slowly turned over in silence, the spectators partly

admiring, partly not knowing what to think, partly wondering at what was

coming.

"What do you think my plan is?" he continued. "You twitted me,

Sheffield, because my chapel would be useless. Now I mean to get a

cemetery attached to it; there is plenty of land; and then the chapel

will become a chantry. But now, what will you say if we have a copy of

these splendid medieval monuments round the burial-place, both sculpture

and painting? Now, Sheffield, Mr. Critic, what do you say to that?"

"A most admirable plan," said Sheffield, "and quite removes my

objections.... A chantry! what is that? Don't they say Mass in it for

the dead?"

"Oh, no, no, no," said Bateman, in fear of Freeborn; "we'll have none of

your Popery. It will be a simple, guileless chapel, in which the Church

Service will be read."

Meanwhile Sheffield was slowly turning over the plates. He stopped at

one. "What will you do with that figure?" he said, pointing to a

Madonna.

"Oh, it will be best, most prudent, to leave it out; certainly,

certainly."

Sheffield soon began again: "But look here, my good fellow, what do you

do with these saints and angels? do see, why here's a complete legend;

do you mean to have this? Here's a set of miracles, and a woman invoking

a saint in heaven."

Bateman looked cautiously at them, and did not answer. He would have

shut the book, but Sheffield wished to see some more. Meanwhile he said,

"Oh yes, true, there _are_ some things; but I have an expedient for all

this; I mean to make it all allegorical. The Blessed Virgin shall be the

Church, and the saints shall be cardinal and other virtues; and as to

that saint's life, St. Ranieri's, it shall be a Catholic 'Pilgrim's

Progress.'"

"Good! then you must drop all these popes and bishops, copes and

chalices," said Sheffield; "and have their names written under the rest,

that people mayn't take them for saints and angels. Perhaps you had

better have scrolls from their mouths, in old English. This St. Thomas

is stout; make him say, 'I am Mr. Dreadnought,' or 'I am Giant Despair;'

and, since this beautiful saint bears a sort of dish, make her 'Mrs.

Creature Comfort.' But look here," he continued, "a whole set of devils;

are _these_ to be painted up?"

Bateman attempted forcibly to shut the book; Sheffield went on: "St.

Anthony's temptations; what's this? Here's the fiend in the shape of a

cat on a wine-barrel."

"Really, really," said Bateman, disgusted, and getting possession of it,

"you are quite offensive, quite. We will look at them when you are more

serious."

Sheffield indeed was very provoking, and Bateman more good-humoured than

many persons would have been in his place. Meanwhile Freeborn, who had

had his gown in his hand the last two minutes, nodded to his host, and

took his departure by himself; and White and Willis soon followed in

company.

"Really," said Bateman to Sheffield, when they were gone, "you and

White, each in his own way, are so very rash in your mode of speaking,

and before other people, too. I wished to teach Freeborn a little good

Catholicism, and you have spoilt all. I hoped something would have come

out of this breakfast. But only think of White! it will all out.

Freeborn will tell it to his set. It is very bad, very bad indeed. And

you, my friend, are not much better; never serious. What _could_ you

mean by saying that our Church is not one with the Romish? It was giving

Freeborn such an advantage."

Sheffield looked provokingly easy; and, leaning with his back against

the mantelpiece, and his coat-tail almost playing with the spout of the

kettle, replied, "You had a most awkward team to drive." Then he added,

looking sideways at him, with his head back, "And why had you, O most

correct of men, the audacity to say that the English Church and the

Romish Church _were_ one?"

"It must be so," answered Bateman; "there is but one Church--the Creed

says so; would you make two?"

"I don't speak of doctrine," said Sheffield, "but of fact. I didn't mean

to say that there _were_ two _Churches_; nor to deny that there was one

_Church_. I but denied the fact, that what are evidently two bodies were

one body."

Bateman thought awhile; and Charles employed himself in scraping down

the soot from the back of the chimney with the poker. He did not wish to

speak, but he was not sorry to listen to such an argument.

"My good fellow," said Bateman, in a tone of instruction, "you are

making a distinction between a Church and a body which I don't quite

comprehend. You say that there are two bodies, and yet but one Church.

If so, the Church is not a body, but something abstract, a mere name, a

general idea; is _that_ your meaning? if so, you are an honest

Calvinist."

"You are another," answered Sheffield; "for if you make two visible

Churches, English and Romish, to be one Church, that one Church must be

invisible, not visible. Thus, if I hold an abstract Church, you hold an

invisible one."

"I do not see that," said Bateman.

"Prove the two Churches to be one," said Sheffield, "and then I'll prove

something else."

"Some paradox?" said Bateman.

"Of course," answered Sheffield, "a huge one; but yours, not mine. Prove

the English and Romish Churches to be in any sense one, and I will prove

by parallel arguments that in the same sense we and the Wesleyans are

one."

This was a fair challenge. Bateman, however, suddenly put on a demure

look, and was silent. "We are on sacred subjects," he said at length in

a subdued tone, "we are on very sacred subjects; we must be reverent,"

and he drew a very long face.

Sheffield laughed out, nor could Reding stand it. "What is it?" cried

Sheffield; "don't be hard on me? What have I done? Where did the

sacredness begin? I eat my words."

"Oh, he meant nothing," said Charles, "indeed he did not; he's more

serious than he seems; do answer him; I am interested."

"Really, I do wish to treat the subject gravely," said Sheffield; "I

will begin again. I am very sorry, indeed I am. Let me put the objection

more reverently."

Bateman relaxed: "My good Sheffield," he said, "the thing is irreverent,

not the manner. It is irreverent to liken your holy mother to the

Wesleyan schismatics."

"I repent, I do indeed," said Sheffield; "it was a wavering of faith; it

was very unseemly, I confess it. What can I say more? Look at me; won't

this do? But now tell me, do tell me, _how_ are we one body with the

Romanists, yet the Wesleyans not one body with us?"

Bateman looked at him, and was satisfied with the expression of his

face. "It's a strange question for you to ask," he said; "I fancied you

were a sharper fellow. Don't you see that we have the apostolical

succession as well as the Romanists?"

"But Romanists say," answered Sheffield, "that that is not enough for

unity; that we ought to be in communion with the Pope."

"That's their mistake," answered Bateman.

"That's just what the Wesleyans say of us," retorted Sheffield, "when we

won't acknowledge _their_ succession; they say it's our mistake."

"Their succession!" cried Bateman; "they have no succession."

"Yes, they have," said Sheffield; "they have a ministerial succession."

"It isn't apostolical," answered Bateman.

"Yes, but it is evangelical, a succession of doctrine," said Sheffield.

"Doctrine! Evangelical!" cried Bateman; "whoever heard! that's not

enough; doctrine is not enough without bishops."

"And succession is not enough without the Pope," answered Sheffield.

"They act against the bishops," said Bateman, not quite seeing whither

he was going.

"And we act against the Pope," said Sheffield.

"We say that the Pope isn't necessary," said Bateman.

"And they say that bishops are not necessary," returned Sheffield.

They were out of breath, and paused to see where they stood. Presently

Bateman said, "My good sir, this is a question of _fact_, not of

argumentative cleverness. The question is, whether it is not _true_ that

bishops are necessary to the notion of a Church, and whether it is not

_false_ that Popes are necessary."

"No, no," cried Sheffield, "the question is this, whether obedience to

our bishops is not necessary to make Wesleyans one body with us, and

obedience to their Pope necessary to make us one body with the

Romanists. You maintain the one, and deny the other; I maintain both.

Maintain both, or deny both: I am consistent; you are inconsistent."

Bateman was puzzled.

"In a word," Sheffield added, "succession is not unity, any more than

doctrine."

"Not unity? What then is unity?" asked Bateman.

"Oneness of polity," answered Sheffield.

Bateman thought awhile. "The idea is preposterous," he said: "here we

have _possession_; here we are established since King Lucius's time, or

since St. Paul preached here; filling the island; one continuous Church;

with the same territory, the same succession, the same hierarchy, the

same civil and political position, the same churches. Yes," he

proceeded, "we have the very same fabrics, the memorials of a thousand

years, doctrine stamped and perpetuated in stone; all the mystical

teaching of the old saints. What have the Methodists to do with Catholic

rites? with altars, with sacrifice, with rood-lofts, with fonts, with

niches?--they call it all superstition."

"Don't be angry with me, Bateman," said Sheffield, "and, before going, I

will put forth a parable. Here's the Church of England, as like a

Protestant Establishment as it can stare; bishops and people, all but a

few like yourselves, call it Protestant; the living body calls itself

Protestant; the living body abjures Catholicism, flings off the name and

the thing, hates the Church of Rome, laughs at sacramental power,

despises the Fathers, is jealous of priestcraft, is a Protestant

reality, is a Catholic sham. This existing reality, which is alive and

no mistake, you wish to top with a filagree-work of screens, dorsals,

pastoral staffs, croziers, mitres, and the like. Now most excellent

Bateman, will you hear my parable? will you be offended at it?"

Silence gave consent, and Sheffield proceeded.

"Why, once on a time a negro boy, when his master was away, stole into

his wardrobe, and determined to make himself fine at his master's

expense. So he was presently seen in the streets, naked as usual, but

strutting up and down with a cocked hat on his head, and a pair of white

kid gloves on his hands."

"Away with you! get out, you graceless, hopeless fellow!" said Bateman,

discharging the sofa-bolster at his head. Meanwhile Sheffield ran to the

door, and quickly found himself with Charles in the street below.

CHAPTER VIII.

Sheffield and Charles may go their way; but we must follow White and

Willis out of Bateman's lodgings. It was a Saint's day, and they had no

lectures; they walked arm-in-arm along Broad Street, evidently very

intimate, and Willis found his voice: "I can't bear that Freeborn," said

he, "he's such a prig; and I like him the less because I am obliged to

know him."

"You knew him in the country, I think?" said White.

"In consequence, he has several times had me to his spiritual

tea-parties, and has introduced me to old Mr. Grimes, a good,

kind-hearted old _fogie_, but an awful evangelical, and his wife worse.

Grimes is the old original religious tea-man, and Freeborn imitates him.

They get together as many men as they can, perhaps twenty freshmen,

bachelors, and masters, who sit in a circle, with cups and saucers in

their hands and hassocks at their knees. Some insufferable person of

Capel Hall or St. Mark's, who hardly speaks English, under pretence of

asking Mr. Grimes some divinity question, holds forth on original sin,

or justification, or assurance, monopolizing the conversation. Then

tea-things go, and a portion of Scripture comes instead; and old Grimes

expounds; very good it is, doubtless, though he is a layman. He's a good

old soul; but no one in the room can stand it; even Mrs. Grimes nods

over her knitting, and some of the dear brothers breathe very audibly.

Mr. Grimes, however, hears nothing but himself. At length he stops; his

hearers wake up, and the hassocks begin. Then we go; and Mr. Grimes and

the St. Mark's man call it a profitable evening. I can't make out why

any one goes twice; yet some men never miss."

"They all go on faith," said White: "faith in Mr. Grimes."

"Faith in old Grimes," said Willis; "an old half-pay lieutenant!"

"Here's a church open," said White; "that's odd; let's go in."

They entered; an old woman was dusting the pews as if for service. "That

will be all set right," said Willis; "we must have no women, but

sacristans and servers."

"Then, you know, all these pews will go to the right about. Did you ever

see a finer church for a function?"

"Where would you put the sacristy?" said Willis; "that closet is meant

for the vestry, but would never be large enough."

"That depends on the number of altars the church admits," answered

White; "each altar must have its own dresser and wardrobe in the

sacristy."

"One," said Willis, counting, "where the pulpit stands, that'll be the

high altar; one quite behind, that may be Our Lady's; two, one on each

side of the chancel--four already; to whom do you dedicate them?"

"The church is not wide enough for those side ones," objected White.

"Oh, but it is," said Willis; "I have seen, abroad, altars with only one

step to them, and they need not be very broad. I think, too, this wall

admits of an arch--look at the depth of the window; _that_ would be a

gain of room."

"No," persisted White; "the chancel is too narrow;" and he began to

measure the floor with his pocket-handkerchief. "What would you say is

the depth of an altar from the wall?" he asked.

On looking up he saw some ladies in the church whom he and Willis

knew--the pretty Miss Boltons--very Catholic girls, and really kind,

charitable persons into the bargain. We cannot add, that they were much

wiser at that time than the two young gentlemen whom they now

encountered; and if any fair reader thinks our account of them a

reflection on Catholic-minded ladies generally, we beg distinctly to

say, that we by no means put them forth as a type of a class; that among

such persons were to be found, as we know well, the gentlest spirits and

the tenderest hearts; and that nothing short of severe fidelity to

historical truth keeps us from adorning these two young persons in

particular with that prudence and good sense with which so many such

ladies were endowed. These two sisters had open hands, if they had not

wise heads; and their object in entering the church (which was not the

church of their own parish) was to see the old woman, who was at once a

subject and instrument of their bounty, and to say a word about her

little grandchildren, in whom they were interested. As may be supposed,

they did not know much of matters ecclesiastical, and they knew less of

themselves; and the latter defect White could not supply, though he was

doing, and had done, his best to remedy the former deficiency; and every

meeting did a little.

The two parties left the church together, and the gentlemen saw the

ladies home. "We were imagining, Miss Bolton," White said, walking at a

respectful distance from her, "we were imagining St. James's a Catholic

church, and trying to arrange things as they ought to be."

"What was your first reform?" asked Miss Bolton.

"I fear," answered White, "it would fare hard with your _protégée_, the

old lady who dusts out the pews."

"Why, certainly," said Miss Bolton, "because there would be no pews to

dust."

"But not only in office, but in person, or rather in character, she must

make her exit from the church," said White.

"Impossible," said Miss Bolton; "are women, then, to remain

Protestants?"

"Oh, no," answered White, "the good lady will reappear, only in another

character; she will be a widow."

"And who will take her present place?"

"A sacristan," answered White; "a sacristan in a cotta. Do you like the

short cotta or the long?" he continued, turning to the younger lady.

"I?" answered Miss Charlotte; "I always forget, but I think you told us

the Roman was the short one; I'm for the short cotta."

"You know, Charlotte," said Miss Bolton, "that there's a great reform

going on in England in ecclesiastical vestments."

"I hate all reforms," answered Charlotte, "from the Reformation

downwards. Besides, we have got some way in our cope; you have seen it,

Mr. White? it's such a sweet pattern."

"Have you determined what to do with it?" asked Willis.

"Time enough to think of that," said Charlotte; "it'll take four years

to finish."

"Four years!" cried White; "we shall be all real Catholics by then;

England will be converted."

"It will be done just in time for the Bishop," said Charlotte.

"Oh, it's not good enough for him!" said Miss Bolton; "but it may do in

church for the _Asperges_. How different all things will be!" continued

she; "I don't quite like, though, the idea of a cardinal in Oxford. Must

we be so very Roman? I don't see why we might not be quite Catholic

without the Pope."

"Oh, you need not be afraid," said White sagely; "things don't go so

apace. Cardinals are not so cheap."

"Cardinals have so much state and stiffness," said Miss Bolton: "I hear

they never walk without two servants behind them; and they always leave

the room directly dancing begins."

"Well, I think Oxford must be just cut out for cardinals," said Miss

Charlotte; "can anything be duller than the President's parties? I can

fancy Dr. Bone a cardinal, as he walks round the parks."

"Oh, it's the genius of the Catholic Church," said White; "you will

understand it better in time. No one is his own master; even the Pope

cannot do as he will; he dines by himself, and speaks by precedent."

"Of course he does," said Charlotte, "for he is infallible."

"Nay, if he makes mistakes in the functions," continued White, "he is

obliged to write them down and confess them, lest they should be drawn

into precedents."

"And he is obliged, during a function, to obey the master of ceremonies,

against his own judgment," said Willis.

"Didn't you say the Pope confessed, Mr. White?" asked Miss Bolton; "it

has always puzzled me whether the Pope was obliged to confess like

another man."

"Oh, certainly," answered White, "every one confesses."

"Well," said Charlotte, "I can't fancy Mr. Hurst of St. Peter's, who

comes here to sing glees, confessing, or some of the grave heads of

houses, who bow so stiffly."

"They will all have to confess," said White.

"All?" asked Miss Bolton; "you don't mean converts confess? I thought it

was only old Catholics."

There was a little pause.

"And what will the heads of houses be?" asked Miss Charlotte.

"Abbots or superiors," answered White; "they will bear crosses; and when

they say Mass, there will be a lighted candle in addition."

"What a good portly abbot the Vice-Chancellor will make!" said Miss

Bolton.

"Oh, no; he's too short for an abbot," said her sister; "but you have

left out the Chancellor himself: you seem to have provided for every one

else; what will become of him?"

"The Chancellor is my difficulty," said White gravely.

"Make him a Knight-Templar," said Willis.

"The Duke's a queer hand," said White, still thoughtfully: "there's no

knowing what he'll come to. A Knight-Templar--yes; Malta is now English

property; he might revive the order."

The ladies both laughed.

"But you have not completed your plan, Mr. White," said Miss Bolton:

"the heads of houses have got wives; how can they become monks?"

"Oh, the wives will go into convents," said White: "Willis and I have

been making inquiries in the High Street, and they are most

satisfactory. Some of the houses there were once university-halls and

inns, and will easily turn back into convents: all that will be wanted

is grating to the windows."

"Have you any notion what order they ought to join?" said Miss

Charlotte.

"That depends on themselves," said White: "no compulsion whatever must

be put on them. _They_ are the judges. But it would be useful to have

two convents--one of an active order, and one contemplative: Ursuline

for instance, and Carmelite of St. Theresa's reform."

Hitherto their conversation had been on the verge of jest and earnest;

now it took a more pensive tone.

"The nuns of St. Theresa are very strict, I believe, Mr. White," said

Miss Bolton.

"Yes," he made reply; "I have fears for the Mrs. Wardens and Mrs.

Principals who at their age undertake it."

They had got home, and White politely rang the bell.

"Younger persons," said he tenderly, "are too delicate for such a

sacrifice."

Louisa was silent; presently she said, "And what will you be, Mr.

White?"

"I know not," he answered; "I have thought of the Cistercians; they

never speak."

"Oh, the dear Cistercians!" she said; "St. Bernard wasn't it?--sweet,

heavenly man, and so young! I have seen his picture: such eyes!"

White was a good-looking man. The nun and the monk looked at each other

very respectfully, and bowed; the other pair went through a similar

ceremony; then it was performed diagonally. The two ladies entered their

home; the two gentlemen retired.

We must follow the former upstairs. When they entered the drawing-room

they found their mother sitting at the window in her bonnet and shawl,

dipping into a chance volume in that unsettled state which implies that

a person is occupied, if it may be so called, in waiting, more than in

anything else.

"My dear children," she said as they entered, "where _have_ you been?

the bells have stopped a good quarter of an hour: I fear we must give up

going to church this morning."

"Impossible, dear mamma," answered Miss Bolton; "we went out punctually

at half-past nine; we did not stop two minutes at your worsted-shop; and

here we are back again."

"The only thing we did besides," said Charlotte, "was to look in at St.

James's, as the door was open, to say a word or two to poor old Wiggins.

Mr. White was there, and his friend Mr. Willis; and they saw us home."

"Oh, I understand," answered Mrs. Bolton; "that is the way when young

gentlemen and ladies get together: but at any rate we are late for

church."

"Oh, no," said Charlotte, "let us set out directly, we shall get in by

the first lesson."

"My dear child, how can you propose such a thing?" said her mother: "I

would not do so for any consideration; it is so very disgraceful. Better

not go at all."

"Oh, dearest mamma," said the elder sister, "this certainly _is_ a

prejudice. Why always come in at one time? there is something so formal

in people coming in all at once, and waiting for each other. It is

surely more reasonable to come in when you can: so many things may

hinder persons."

"Well, my dear Louisa," said her mother, "I like the old way.

It used always to be said to us, Be in your seats before 'When the

wicked man,' and at latest before the 'Dearly Beloved.' That's the good

old-fashioned way. And Mr. Jones and Mr. Pearson used always to sit at

least five minutes in the desk to give us some law, and used to look

round before beginning; and Mr. Jones used frequently to preach against

late comers. I can't argue, but it seems to me reasonable that good

Christians should hear the whole service. They might as well go out

before it's over."

"Well, but, mamma," said Charlotte, "so it _is_ abroad: they come in and

go out when they please. It's so devotional."

"My dear girl," said Mrs. Bolton, "I am too old to understand all this;

it's beyond me. I suppose Mr. White has been saying all this to you.

He's a good young man, very amiable and attentive. I have nothing to say

against him, except that he _is_ young, and he'll change his view of

things when he gets older."

"While we talk, time's going," said Louisa; "is it quite impossible we

should still go to church?"

"My dear Louisa, I would not walk up the aisle for the world; positively

I should sink into the earth: such a bad example! How can you dream of

such a thing?"

"Then I suppose nothing's to be done," said Louisa, taking off her

bonnet; "but really it is very sad to make worship so cold and formal a

thing. Twice as many people would go to church if they might be late."

"Well, my dear, all things are changed now: in my younger days Catholics

were the formal people, and we were the devotional; now it's just the

reverse."

"But isn't it so, dear mamma?" said Charlotte, "isn't it something much

more beautiful, this continued concourse, flowing and ebbing, changing

yet full, than a way of praying which is as wooden as the

reading-desk?--it's so free and natural."

"Free and easy, _I_ think," said her mother; "for shame, Charlotte! how

can you speak against the beautiful Church Service; you pain me."

"I don't," answered Charlotte; "it's a mere puritanical custom, which is

no more part of our Church than the pews are."

"Common Prayer is offered to all who can come," said Louisa; "Church

should be a privilege, not a mere duty."

"Well, my dear love, this is more than I can follow. There was young

George Ashton--he always left before the sermon; and when taxed with it,

he said he could not bear an heretical preacher; a boy of eighteen!"

"But, dearest mamma," said Charlotte, "what _is_ to be done when a

preacher is heretical? what else can be done?--it's so distressing to a

Catholic mind."

"Catholic, Catholic!" cried Mrs. Bolton, rather vexed; "give me good old

George the Third and the Protestant religion. Those were the times!

Everything went on quietly then. We had no disputes or divisions; no

differences in families. But now it is all otherwise. My head is turned,

I declare; I hear so many strange, out-of-the-way things."

The young ladies did not answer; one looked out of the window, the other

prepared to leave the room.

"Well it's a disappointment to us all," said their mother; "you first

hindered me going, then I have hindered you. But I suspect, dear Louisa,

mine is the greater disappointment of the two."

Louisa turned round from the window.

"I value the Prayer Book as you cannot do, my love," she continued; "for

I have known what it is to one in deep affliction. May it be long,

dearest girls, before you know it in a similar way; but if affliction

comes on you, depend on it, all these new fancies and fashions will

vanish from you like the wind, and the good old Prayer Book alone will

stand you in any stead."

They were both touched.

"Come, my dears; I have spoken too seriously," she added. "Go and take

your things off, and come and let us have some quiet work before

luncheon-time."

CHAPTER IX.

Some persons fidget at intellectual difficulties, and, successfully or

not, are ever trying to solve them. Charles was of a different cast of

temper; a new idea was not lost on him, but it did not distress him, if

it was obscure, or conflicted with his habitual view of things. He let

it work its way and find its place, and shape itself within him, by the

slow spontaneous action of the mind. Yet perplexity is not in itself a

pleasant state; and he would have hastened its removal, had he been

able.

By means of conversations such as those which we have related (to which

many others might be added, which we spare the reader's patience), and

from the diversities of view which he met with in the University, he had

now come, in the course of a year, to one or two conclusions, not very

novel, but very important:--first, that there are a great many opinions

in the world on the most momentous subjects; secondly, that all are not

equally true; thirdly, that it is a duty to hold true opinions; and,

fourthly, that it is uncommonly difficult to get hold of them. He had

been accustomed, as we have seen, to fix his mind on persons, not on

opinions, and to determine to like what was good in every one; but he

had now come to perceive that, to say the least, it was not respectable

in any great question to hold false opinions. It did not matter that

such false opinions were sincerely held,--he could not feel that respect

for a person who held what Sheffield called a sham, with which he

regarded him who held a reality. White and Bateman were cases in point;

they were very good fellows, but he could not endure their unreal way of

talking, though they did not feel it to be unreal themselves. In like

manner, if the Roman Catholic system was untrue, so far was plain

(putting aside higher considerations), that a person who believed in the

power of saints, and prayed to them, was an actor in a great sham, let

him be as sincere as he would. He mistook words for things, and so far

forth, he could not respect him more than he respected White or Bateman.

And so of a Unitarian; if he believed the power of unaided human nature

to be what it was not; if by birth man is fallen, and he thought him

upright, he was holding an absurdity. He might redeem and cover this

blot by a thousand excellences, but a blot it would remain; just as we

should feel a handsome man disfigured by the loss of an eye or a hand.

And so, again, if a professing Christian made the Almighty a being of

simple benevolence, and He was, on the contrary, what the Church of

England teaches, a God who punishes for the sake of justice, such a

person was making an idol or unreality the object of his religion, and

(apart from more serious thoughts about him) so far he could not respect

him. Thus the principle of dogmatism gradually became an essential

element in Charles's religious views.

Gradually, and imperceptibly to himself; for the thoughts which we have

been tracing only came on him at spare times, and were taken up at

intervals from the point at which they were laid down. His lectures and

other duties of the place, his friends and recreations, were the staple

of the day; but there was this undercurrent ever in motion, and sounding

in his mental ear as soon as other sounds were hushed. As he dressed in

the morning, as he sat under the beeches of his college-garden, when he

strolled into the meadow, when he went into the town to pay a bill or

make a call, when he threw himself on his sofa after shutting his oak at

night, thoughts cognate with those which have been described were busy

within him.

Discussions, however, and inquiries, as far as Oxford could afford

matter for them, were for a while drawing to an end; for Trinity Sunday

was now past, and the Commemoration was close at hand. On the Sunday

before it, the University sermon happened to be preached by a

distinguished person, whom that solemnity brought up to Oxford; no less

a man than the Very Rev. Dr. Brownside, the new Dean of Nottingham, some

time Huntingdonian Professor of Divinity, and one of the acutest, if not

soundest academical thinkers of the day. He was a little, prim,

smirking, be-spectacled man, bald in front, with curly black hair

behind, somewhat pompous in his manner, with a clear musical utterance,

which enabled one to listen to him without effort. As a divine, he

seemed never to have had any difficulty on any subject; he was so clear

or so shallow, that he saw to the bottom of all his thoughts: or, since

Dr. Johnson tells us that "all shallows are clear," we may perhaps

distinguish him by both epithets. Revelation to him, instead of being

the abyss of God's counsels, with its dim outlines and broad shadows,

was a flat, sunny plain, laid out with straight macadamised roads. Not,

of course, that he denied the Divine incomprehensibility itself, with

certain heretics of old; but he maintained that in Revelation all that

was mysterious had been left out, and nothing given us but what was

practical, and directly concerned us. It was, moreover, to him a marvel,

that every one did not agree with him in taking this simple, natural

view, which he thought almost self-evident; and he attributed the

phenomenon, which was by no means uncommon, to some want of clearness of

head, or twist of mind, as the case might be. He was a popular preacher;

that is, though he had few followers, he had numerous hearers; and on

this occasion the church was overflowing with the young men of the

place.

He began his sermon by observing, that it was not a little remarkable

that there were so few good reasoners in the world, considering that the

discursive faculty was one of the characteristics of man's nature, as

contrasted with brute animals. It had indeed been said that brutes

reasoned; but this was an analogical sense of the word "reason," and an

instance of that very ambiguity of language, or confusion of thought, on

which he was animadverting. In like manner, we say that the _reason_ why

the wind blows is, that there is a change of temperature in the

atmosphere; and the _reason_ why the bells ring is, because the ringers

pull them; but who would say that the wind _reasons_ or that bells

_reason_? There was, he believed, no well-ascertained fact (an emphasis

on the word _fact_) of brutes reasoning. It had been said, indeed, that

that sagacious animal, the dog, if, in tracking his master, he met three

ways, after smelling the two, boldly pursued the third without any such

previous investigation; which, if true, would be an instance of a

disjunctive hypothetical syllogism. Also Dugald Stewart spoke of the

case of a monkey cracking nuts behind a door, which, not being a strict

imitation of anything which he could have actually seen, implied an

operation of abstraction, by which the clever brute had first ascended

to the general notion of nut-crackers, which perhaps he had seen in a

particular instance, in silver or in steel, at his master's table, and

then descending, had embodied it, thus obtained, in the shape of an

expedient of his own devising. This was what had been said: however, he

might assume on the present occasion, that the faculty of reasoning was

characteristic of the human species; and, this being the case, it

certainly was remarkable that so few persons reasoned well.

After this introduction, he proceeded to attribute to this defect the

number of religious differences in the world. He said that the most

celebrated questions in religion were but verbal ones; that the

disputants did not know their own meaning, or that of their opponents;

and that a spice of good logic would have put an end to dissensions,

which had troubled the world for centuries,--would have prevented many a

bloody war, many a fierce anathema, many a savage execution, and many a

ponderous folio. He went on to imply that in fact there was no truth or

falsehood in the received dogmas in theology; that they were modes,

neither good nor bad in themselves, but personal, national, or periodic,

in which the intellect reasoned upon the great truths of religion; that

the fault lay, not in holding them, but in insisting on them, which was

like insisting on a Hindoo dressing like a Fin, or a regiment of

dragoons using the boomarang.

He proceeded to observe, that from what he had said, it was plain in

what point of view the Anglican formularies were to be regarded; viz.

they were _our_ mode of expressing everlasting truths, which might be as

well expressed in other ways, as any correct thinker would be able to

see. Nothing, then, was to be altered in them; they were to be retained

in their integrity; but it was ever to be borne in mind that they were

Anglican theology, not theology in the abstract; and that, though the

Athanasian Creed was good for us, it did not follow that it was good for

our neighbours; rather, that what seemed the very reverse might suit

others better, might be _their_ mode of expressing the same truths.

He concluded with one word in favour of Nestorius, two for Abelard,

three for Luther, "that great mind," as he worded it, "who saw that

churches, creeds, rites, persons, were nought in religion, and that the

inward spirit, _faith_," as he himself expressed it, "was all in all;"

and with a hint that nothing would go well in the University till this

great principle was so far admitted, as to lead its members--not,

indeed, to give up their own distinctive formularies, no--but to

consider the direct contradictories of them equally pleasing to the

divine Author of Christianity.

Charles did not understand the full drift of the sermon; but he

understood enough to make him feel that it was different from any sermon

he had heard in his life. He more than doubted, whether, if his good

father had heard it, he would not have made it an exception to his

favourite dictum. He came away marvelling with himself what the preacher

could mean, and whether he had misunderstood him. Did he mean that

Unitarians were only bad reasoners, and might be as good Christians as

orthodox believers? He could mean nothing else. But what if, after all,

he was right? He indulged the thought awhile. "Then every one is what

Sheffield calls a sham, more or less; and there was no reason for being

annoyed at any one. Then I was right originally in wishing to take every

one for what he was. Let me think; every one a sham ... shams are

respectable, or rather no one is respectable. We can't do without some

outward form of belief; one is not truer than another; that is, all are

equally true.... _All_ are true.... That is the better way of taking it;

none are shams, all are true.... All are _true_! impossible! one as true

as another! why then it is as true that our Lord is a mere man, as that

He is God. He could not possibly mean this; what _did_ he mean?"

So Charles went on, painfully perplexed, yet out of this perplexity two

convictions came upon him, the first of them painful too; that he could

not take for gospel everything that was said, even by authorities of the

place and divines of name; and next, that his former amiable feeling of

taking every one for what he was, was a dangerous one, leading with

little difficulty to a sufferance of every sort of belief, and

legitimately terminating in the sentiment expressed in Pope's Universal

Prayer, which his father had always held up to him as a pattern specimen

of shallow philosophism:--

"Father of all, in every age,

In every clime adored,

By saint, by savage, and by sage,

Jehovah, Jove, or Lord."

CHAPTER X.

Charles went up this term for his first examination, and this caused him

to remain in Oxford some days after the undergraduate part of his

college had left for the Long Vacation. Thus he came across Mr. Vincent,

one of the junior tutors, who was kind enough to ask him to dine in

Common-room on Sunday, and on several mornings made him take some turns

with him up and down the Fellows' walk in the college garden.

A few years make a great difference in the standing of men at Oxford,

and this made Mr. Vincent what is called a don in the eyes of persons

who were very little younger than himself. Besides, Vincent looked much

older than he really was; he was of a full habit, with a florid

complexion and large blue eyes, and showed a deal of linen at his bosom,

and full wristbands at his cuffs. Though a clever man, and a hard reader

and worker, and a capital tutor, he was a good feeder as well; he ate

and drank, he walked and rode, with as much heart as he lectured in

Aristotle, or crammed in Greek plays. What is stranger still, with all

this he was something of a valetudinarian. He had come off from school

on a foundation fellowship, and had the reputation both at school and

in the University of being a first-rate scholar. He was a strict

disciplinarian in his way, had the undergraduates under his thumb, and

having some _bonhomie_ in his composition, was regarded by them with

mingled feelings of fear and good will. They laughed at him, but

carefully obeyed him. Besides this he preached a good sermon, read

prayers with unction, and in his conversation sometimes had even a touch

of evangelical spirituality. The young men even declared they could tell

how much port he had taken in Common-room by the devoutness of his

responses in evening-chapel; and it was on record that once, during the

Confession, he had, in the heat of his contrition, shoved over the huge

velvet cushion in which his elbows were imbedded upon the heads of the

gentlemen commoners who sat under him.

He had just so much originality of mind as gave him an excuse for being

"his own party" in religion, or what he himself called being "no party

man;" and just so little that he was ever mistaking shams for truths,

and converting pompous nothings into oracles. He was oracular in his

manner, denounced parties and party-spirit, and thought to avoid the one

and the other by eschewing all persons, and holding all opinions. He had

a great idea of the _via media_ being the truth; and to obtain it,

thought it enough to flee from extremes, without having any very

definite mean to flee to. He had not clearness of intellect enough to

pursue a truth to its limits, nor boldness enough to hold it in its

simplicity; but he was always saying things and unsaying them, balancing

his thoughts in impossible attitudes, and guarding his words by

unintelligible limitations. As to the men and opinions of the day and

place, he would in the main have agreed with them, had he let himself

alone; but he was determined to have an intellect of his own, and this

put him to great shifts when he would distinguish himself from them. Had

he been older than they, he would have talked of "young heads," "hot

heads," and the like; but since they were grave and cool men, and outran

him by fourteen or fifteen years, he found nothing better than to shake

his head, mutter against party-spirit, refuse to read their books, lest

he should be obliged to agree with them, and make a boast of avoiding

their society. At the present moment he was on the point of starting for

a continental tour to recruit himself after the labours of an Oxford

year; meanwhile he was keeping hall and chapel open for such men as were

waiting either for Responsions, or for their battel money; and he took

notice of Reding as a clever, modest youth of whom something might be

made. Under this view of him, he had, among other civilities, asked him

to breakfast a day or two before he went down.

A tutor's breakfast is always a difficult affair both for host and

guests; and Vincent piqued himself on the tact with which he managed it.

The material part was easy enough; there were rolls, toast, muffins,

eggs, cold lamb, strawberries, on the table; and in due season the

college-servant brought in mutton-cutlets and broiled ham; and every one

ate to his heart's, or rather his appetite's, content. It was a more

arduous undertaking to provide the running accompaniment of thought, or

at least of words, without which the breakfast would have been little

better than a pig-trough. The conversation or rather mono-polylogue, as

some great performer calls it, ran in somewhat of the following strain:

"Mr. Bruton," said Vincent, "what news from Staffordshire? Are the

potteries pretty quiet now? Our potteries grow in importance. You need

not look at the cup and saucer before you, Mr. Catley; those came from

Derbyshire. But you find English crockery everywhere on the Continent. I

myself found half a willow-pattern saucer in the crater of Vesuvius. Mr.

Sikes, I think _you_ have _been_ in Italy?"

"No, sir," said Sikes; "I was near going; my family set off a fortnight

ago, but I was kept here by these confounded smalls."

"Your _Responsiones_," answered the tutor in a tone of rebuke; "an

unfortunate delay for you, for it is to be an unusually fine season, if

the meteorologists of the sister University are right in their

predictions. Who is in the Responsion schools, Mr. Sikes?"

"Butson of Leicester is the strict one, sir; he plucks one man in three.

He plucked last week Patch of St. George's, and Patch has taken his oath

he'll shoot him; and Butson has walked about ever since with a bulldog."

"These are reports, Mr. Sikes, which often flit about, but must not be

trusted. Mr. Patch could not have given a better proof that his

rejection was deserved."

A pause--during which poor Vincent hastily gobbled up two or three

mouthfuls of bread and butter, the knives and forks meanwhile clinking

upon his guests' plates.

"Sir, is it true," began one of his guests at length, "that the old

Principal is going to be married?"

"These are matters, Mr. Atkins," answered Vincent, "which we should

always inquire about at the fountain-head; _antiquam exquirite matrem_,

or rather _patrem_; ha, ha! Take some more tea, Mr. Reding; it won't

hurt your nerves. I am rather choice in my tea; this comes overland

through Russia; the sea-air destroys the flavour of our common tea.

Talking of air, Mr. Tenby, I think you are a chemist. Have you paid

attention to the recent experiments on the composition and resolution of

air? Not? I am surprised at it; they are well worth your most serious

consideration. It is now pretty well ascertained that inhaling gases is

the cure for all kinds of diseases. People are beginning to talk of the

gas-cure, as they did of the water-cure. The great foreign chemist,

Professor Scaramouch, has the credit of the discovery. The effects are

astounding, quite astounding; and there are several remarkable

coincidences. You know medicines are always unpleasant, and so these

gases are always fetid. The Professor cures by stenches, and has brought

his science to such perfection that he actually can classify them. There

are six elementary stenches, and these spread into a variety of

subdivisions? What do you say, Mr. Reding? Distinctive? Yes, there is

something very distinctive in smells. But what is most gratifying of

all, and is the great coincidence I spoke of, his ultimate resolution of

fetid gases assigns to them the very same precise number as is given to

existing complaints in the latest treatises on pathology. Each complaint

has its gas. And, what is still more singular, an exhausted receiver is

a specific for certain desperate disorders. For instance, it has

effected several cures of hydrophobia. Mr. Seaton," he continued to a

freshman, who, his breakfast finished, was sitting uncomfortably on his

chair, looking down and playing with his knife--"Mr. Seaton, you are

looking at that picture"--it was almost behind Seaton's back--"I don't

wonder at it; it was given me by my good old mother, who died many years

ago. It represents some beautiful Italian scenery."

Vincent stood up, and his party after him, and all crowded round the

picture.

"I prefer the green of England," said Reding.

"England has not that brilliant variety of colour," said Tenby.

"But there is something so soothing in green."

"You know, of course, Mr. Reding," said the tutor, "that there is plenty

of green in Italy, and in winter even more than in England; only there

are other colours too."

"But I can't help fancying," said Charles, "that that mixture of colours

takes off from it the repose of English scenery."

"The repose, for instance," said Tenby, "of Binsey Common, or Port

Meadow in winter."

"Say in summer," said Reding; "if you choose place, I will choose time.

I think the University goes down just when Oxford begins to be most

beautiful. The walks and meadows are so fragrant and bright now, the hay

half carried, and the short new grass appearing."

"Reding ought to live here all through the Long," said Tenby: "does any

one live through the Vacation, sir, in Oxford?"

"Do you mean they die before the end of it, Mr. Tenby?" asked Vincent.

"It can't be denied," he continued, "that many, like Mr. Reding, think

it a most pleasant time. _I_ am fond of Oxford; but it is not my

_habitat_ out of term-time."

"Well, I think I should like to make it so," said Charles, "but, I

suppose, undergraduates are not allowed."

Mr. Vincent answered with more than necessary gravity, "No;" it rested

with the Principal; but he conceived that he would not consent to it.

Vincent added that certainly there _were_ parties who remained in Oxford

through the Long Vacation. It was said mysteriously.

Charles answered that, if it was against college rules, there was no

help for it; else, were he reading for his degree, he should like

nothing better than to pass the Long Vacation in Oxford, if he might

judge by the pleasantness of the last ten days.

"That is a compliment, Mr. Reding, to your company," said Vincent.

At this moment the door opened, and in came the manciple with the dinner

paper, which Mr. Vincent had formally to run his eye over. "Watkins," he

said, giving it back to him, "I almost think to-day is one of the Fasts

of the Church. Go and look, Watkins, and bring me word."

The astonished manciple, who had never been sent on such a commission in

his whole career before, hastened out of the room, to task his wits how

best to fulfil it. The question seemed to strike the company as

forcibly, for there was a sudden silence, which was succeeded by a

shuffling of feet and a leave-taking; as if, though they had secured

their ham and mutton at breakfast, they did not like to risk their

dinner. Watkins returned sooner than could have been expected. He said

that Mr. Vincent was right; to-day he had found was "the feast of the

Apostles."

"The Vigil of St. Peter, you mean, Watkins," said Mr. Vincent; "I

thought so. Then let us have a plain beefsteak and a saddle of mutton;

no Portugal onions, Watkins, or currant-jelly; and some simple pudding,

Charlotte pudding, Watkins--that will do."

Watkins vanished. By this time, Charles found himself alone with the

college authority; who began to speak to him in a more confidential

tone.

"Mr. Reding," said he, "I did not like to question you before the

others, but I conceive you had no particular _meaning_ in your praise of

Oxford in the Long Vacation? In the mouths of some it would have been

suspicious."

Charles was all surprise.

"To tell the truth, Mr. Reding, as things stand," he proceeded, "it is

often a mark of _party_, this residence in the Vacation; though, of

course, there is nothing in the _thing_ itself but what is perfectly

natural and right."

Charles was all attention.

"My good sir," the tutor proceeded, "avoid parties; be sure to avoid

party. You are young in your career among us. I always feel anxious

about young men of talent; there is the greatest danger of the talent

of the University being absorbed in party."

Reding expressed a hope that nothing he had done had given cause to his

tutor's remark.

"No," replied Mr. Vincent, "no;" yet with some slight hesitation; "no, I

don't know that it has. But I have thought some of your remarks and

questions at lecture were like a person pushing things _too far_, and

wishing to form a _system_."

Charles was so much taken aback by the charge, that the unexplained

mystery of the Long Vacation went out of his head. He said he was "very

sorry," and "obliged;" and tried to recollect what he could have said to

give ground to Mr. Vincent's remark. Not being able at the moment to

recollect, he went on. "I assure you, sir, I know so little of parties

in the place, that I hardly know their leaders. I have heard persons

mentioned, but, if I tried, I think I should, in some cases, mismatch

names and opinions."

"I believe it," said Vincent; "but you are young; I am cautioning you

against _tendencies_. You may suddenly find yourself absorbed before you

know where you are."

Charles thought this a good opportunity of asking some questions in

detail, about points which puzzled him. He asked whether Dr. Brownside

was considered a safe divine to follow.

"I hold, d'ye see," answered Vincent, "that all errors are counterfeits

of truth. Clever men say true things, Mr. Reding, true in their

substance, but," sinking his voice to a whisper, "they go _too far_. It

might even be shown that all sects are in one sense but parts of the

Catholic Church. I don't say true parts, that is a further question; but

they _embody_ great _principles_. The Quakers represent the principle of

simplicity and evangelical poverty; they even have a dress of their own,

like monks. The Independents represent the rights of the laity; the

Wesleyans cherish the devotional principle; the Irvingites, the

symbolical and mystical; the High Church party, the principle of

obedience; the Liberals are the guardians of reason. No party, then, I

conceive, is entirely right or entirely wrong. As to Dr. Brownside,

there certainly have been various opinions entertained about his

divinity; still, he is an able man, and I think you will gain _good_,

gain _good_ from his teaching. But mind, I don't _recommend_ him; yet I

respect him, and I consider that he says many things very well worth

your attention. I would advise you, then, to accept the _good_ which his

sermons offer, without committing yourself to the _bad_. That, depend

upon it, Mr. Reding, is the golden though the obvious rule in these

matters."

Charles said, in answer, that Mr. Vincent was overrating his powers;

that he had to learn before he could judge; and that he wished very much

to know whether Vincent could recommend him any book, in which he might

see at once _what_ the true Church-of-England doctrine was on a number

of points which perplexed him.

Mr. Vincent replied, he must be on his guard against dissipating his

mind with such reading, at a time when his University duties had a

definite claim upon him. He ought to avoid all controversies of the

day, all authors of the day. He would advise him to read _no_ living

authors. "Read dead authors alone," he continued; "dead authors are

safe. Our great divines," and he stood upright, "were models; 'there

were giants on the earth in those days,' as King George the Third had

once said of them to Dr. Johnson. They had that depth, and power, and

gravity, and fulness, and erudition; and they were so racy, always racy,

and what might be called English. They had that richness, too, such a

mine of thought, such a world of opinion, such activity of mind, such

inexhaustible resource, such diversity, too. Then they were so eloquent;

the majestic Hooker, the imaginative Taylor, the brilliant Hall, the

learning of Barrow, the strong sense of South, the keen logic of

Chillingworth, good, honest old Burnet," etc., etc.

There did not seem much reason why he should stop at one moment more

than another; at length, however, he did stop. It was prose, but it was

pleasant prose to Charles; he knew just enough about these writers to

feel interested in hearing them talked about, and to him Vincent seemed

to be saying a good deal, when in fact he was saying very little. When

he stopped, Charles said he believed that there were persons in the

University who were promoting the study of these authors.

Mr. Vincent looked grave. "It is true," he said; "but, my young friend,

I have already hinted to you that indifferent things are perverted to

the purposes of _party_. At this moment the names of some of our

greatest divines are little better than a watchword by which the

opinions of living individuals are signified."

"Which opinions, I suppose," Charles answered, "are not to be found in

those authors."

"I'll not say that," said Mr. Vincent. "I have the greatest respect for

the individuals in question, and I am not denying that they have done

good to our Church by drawing attention in this lax day to the old

Church-of-England divinity. But it is one thing to agree with these

gentlemen; another," laying his hand on Charles's shoulder, "another to

belong to their party. Do not make man your master; get good from all;

think well of all persons, and you will be a wise man."

Reding inquired, with some timidity, if this was not something like what

Dr. Brownside had said in the University pulpit; but perhaps the latter

advocated a toleration of opinions in a different sense? Mr. Vincent

answered rather shortly, that he had not heard Dr. Brownside's sermon;

but, for himself, he had been speaking only of persons in our own

communion.

"Our Church," he said, "admitted of great liberty of thought within her

pale. Even our greatest divines differed from each other in many

respects; nay, Bishop Taylor differed from himself. It was a great

principle in the English Church. Her true children agree to differ. In

truth," he continued, "there is that robust, masculine, noble

independence in the English mind, which refuses to be tied down to

artificial shapes, but is like, I will say, some great and beautiful

production of nature,--a tree, which is rich in foliage and fantastic

in limb, no sickly denizen of the hothouse, or helpless dependent of

the garden wall, but in careless magnificence sheds its fruits upon the

free earth, for the bird of the air and the beast of the field, and all

sorts of cattle, to eat thereof and rejoice."

When Charles came away, he tried to think what he had gained by his

conversation with Mr. Vincent; not exactly what he had wanted, some

practical rules to guide his mind and keep him steady; but still some

useful hints. He had already been averse to parties, and offended at

what he saw of individuals attached to them. Vincent had confirmed him

in his resolution to keep aloof from them, and to attend to his duties

in the place. He felt pleased to have had this talk with him; but what

could he mean by suspecting a tendency in himself to push things too

far, and thereby to implicate himself in party? He was obliged to resign

himself to ignorance on the subject, and to be content with keeping a

watch over himself in future.

CHAPTER XI.

No opportunity has occurred of informing the reader that, during the

last week or two, Charles had accidentally been a good deal thrown

across Willis, the _umbra_ of White at Bateman's breakfast-party. He had

liked his looks on that occasion, when he was dumb; he did not like him

so much when he heard him talk; still he could not help being interested

in him, and not the least for this reason, that Willis seemed to have

taken a great fancy to himself. He certainly did court Charles, and

seemed anxious to stand well with him. Charles, however, did not like

his mode of talking better than he did White's; and when he first saw

his rooms, there was much in them which shocked both his good sense and

his religious principles. A large ivory crucifix, in a glass case, was a

conspicuous ornament between the windows; an engraving, representing the

Blessed Trinity, as is usual in Catholic countries, hung over the

fireplace, and a picture of the Madonna and St. Dominic was opposite to

it. On the mantelpiece were a rosary, a thuribulum, and other tokens of

Catholicism, of which Charles did not know the uses; a missal, ritual,

and some Catholic tracts, lay on the table; and, as he happened to come

on Willis unexpectedly, he found him sitting in a vestment more like a

cassock than a reading-gown, and engaged upon some portion of the

Breviary. Virgil and Sophocles, Herodotus and Cicero seemed, as impure

pagans, to have hid themselves in corners, or flitted away, before the

awful presence of the Ancient Church. Charles had taken upon himself to

protest against some of these singularities, but without success.

On the evening before his departure for the country he had occasion to

go towards Folly Bridge to pay a bill, when he was startled, as he

passed what he had ever taken for a dissenting chapel, to see Willis

come out of it. He hardly could believe he saw correctly; he knew,

indeed, that Willis had been detained in Oxford, as he had been himself;

but what had compelled him to a visit so extraordinary as that which he

had just made, Charles had no means of determining.

"Willis!" he cried, as he stopped.

Willis coloured, and tried to look easy.

"Do come a few paces with me," said Charles. "What in the world has

taken you there? Is it not a dissenting meeting?"

"Dissenting meeting!" cried Willis, surprised and offended in his turn:

"what on earth could make you think I would go to a dissenting meeting?"

"Well, I beg your pardon," said Charles; "I recollect now: it's the

exhibition room. However, _once_ it _was_ a chapel: that's my mistake.

Isn't it what is called 'the Old Methodist Chapel?' I never was there;

they showed there the _Dio-astro-doxon_, so I think they called it."

Charles talked on, to cover his own mistake, for he was ashamed of the

charge he had made.

Willis did not know whether he was in jest or earnest. "Reding," he

said, "don't go on; you offend me."

"Well, what is it?" said Charles.

"You know well enough," answered Willis, "though you wish to annoy me."

"I don't indeed."

"It's the Catholic church," said Willis.

Reding was silent a moment; then he said, "Well, I don't think you have

mended the matter; it _is_ a dissenting meeting, call it what you will,

though not the kind of one I meant."

"What can you mean?" asked Willis.

"Rather, what mean _you_ by going to such places?" retorted Charles;

"why, it is against your oath."

"My oath! what oath?"

"There's not an oath now; but there was an oath till lately," said

Reding; "and we still make a very solemn engagement. Don't you recollect

your matriculation at the Vice-Chancellor's, and what oaths and

declarations you made?"

"I don't know what I made: my tutor told me nothing about it. I signed a

book or two."

"You did more," said Reding. "I was told most carefully. You solemnly

engaged to keep the statutes; and one statute is, not to go into any

dissenting chapel or meeting whatever."

"Catholics are not Dissenters," said Willis.

"Oh, don't speak so," said Charles; "you know it's meant to include

them. The statute wishes us to keep from all places of worship whatever

but our own."

"But it is an illegal declaration or vow," said Willis, "and so not

binding."

"Where did you find that get-off?" said Charles; "the priest put that

into your head."

"I don't know the priest; I never spoke a word to him," answered Willis.

"Well, any how, it's not your own answer," said Reding; "and does not

help you. I am no casuist; but if it is an illegal engagement you should

not continue to enjoy the benefit of it."

"What benefit?"

"Your cap and gown; a university education; the chance of a scholarship

or fellowship. Give up these, and then plead, if you will, and lawfully,

that you are quit of your engagement; but don't sail under false

colours: don't take the benefit and break the stipulation."

"You take it too seriously; there are half a hundred statutes _you_

don't keep, any more than I. You are most inconsistent."

"Well, if we don't keep them," said Charles, "I suppose it is in points

where the authorities don't enforce them; for instance, they don't mean

us to dress in brown, though the statutes order it."

"But they _do_ mean to keep you from walking down High Street in

beaver," answered Willis; "for the Proctors march up and down, and send

you back, if they catch you."

"But _this_ is a different matter," said Reding, changing his ground;

"this is a matter of religion. It can't be right to go to strange places

of worship or meetings."

"Why," said Willis, "if we are one Church with the Roman Catholics, I

can't make out for the life of me how it's wrong for us to go to them or

them to us."

"I'm no divine, I don't understand what is meant by one Church," said

Charles; "but I know well that there's not a bishop, not a clergyman,

not a sober churchman in the land but would give it against you. It's a

sheer absurdity."

"Don't talk in that way," answered Willis, "please don't. I feel all my

heart drawn to the Catholic worship; our own service is so cold."

"That's just what every stiff Dissenter says," answered Charles; "every

poor cottager, too, who knows no better, and goes after the

Methodists--after her dear Mr. Spoutaway or the preaching cobbler. _She_

says (I have heard them), 'Oh, sir, I suppose we ought to go where we

get most good. Mr. So-and-so goes to my heart--he goes through me.'"

Willis laughed; "Well, not a bad reason, as times go, _I_ think," said

he: "poor souls, what better means of judging have they? how can you

hope they will like 'the Scripture moveth us'? Really you are making too

much of it. This is only the second time I have been there, and, I tell

you in earnest, I find my mind filled with awe and devotion there; as I

think you would too. I really am better for it; I cannot pray in church;

there's a bad smell there, and the pews hide everything; I can't see

through a deal board. But here, when I went in, I found all still, and

calm, the space open, and, in the twilight, the Tabernacle just visible,

pointed out by the lamp."

Charles looked very uncomfortable. "Really, Willis," he said, "I don't

know what to say to you. Heaven forbid that I should speak against the

Roman Catholics; I know nothing about them. But _this_ I know, that you

are not a Roman Catholic, and have no business there. If they have such

sacred things among them as those you allude to, still these are not

yours; you are an intruder. I know nothing about it; I don't like to

give a judgment, I am sure. But it's a tampering with sacred things;

running here and there, touching and tasting, taking up, putting down. I

don't like it," he added, with vehemence; "it's taking liberties with

God."

"Oh, my dear Reding, please don't speak so very severely," said poor

Willis; "now what have I done more than you would do yourself, were you

in France or Italy? Do you mean to say you wouldn't enter the churches

abroad?"

"I will only decide about what is before me," answered Reding; "when I

go abroad, then will be the time to think about your question. It is

quite enough to know what we ought to do at the moment, and I am clear

you have been doing wrong. How did you find your way there?"

"White took me."

"Then there is one man in the world more thoughtless than you: do many

of the gownsmen go there?"

"Not that I know of; one or two have gone from curiosity; there is no

practice of going, at least this is what I am told."

"Well," said Charles, "you must promise me you will not go again. Come,

we won't part till you do."

"That is too much," said Willis, gently; then, disengaging his arm from

Reding's, he suddenly darted away from him, saying, "Good-bye, good-bye;

to our next merry meeting--_au revoir_."

There was no help for it. Charles walked slowly home, saying to himself:

"What if, after all, the Roman Catholic Church is the true Church? I

wish I knew what to believe; no one will tell me what to believe; I am

so left to myself." Then he thought: "I suppose I know quite enough for

practice--more than I _do_ practise; and I ought surely to be contented

and thankful."

CHAPTER XII.

Charles was an affectionate son, and the Long Vacation passed very

happily at home. He was up early, and read steadily till luncheon, and

then he was at the service of his father, mother, and sisters for the

rest of the day. He loved the calm, quiet country; he loved the

monotonous flow of time, when each day is like the other; and, after the

excitement of Oxford, the secluded parsonage was like a haven beyond the

tossing of the waves. The whirl of opinions and perplexities which had

encircled him at Oxford now were like the distant sound of the

ocean--they reminded him of his present security. The undulating

meadows, the green lanes, the open heath, the common with its

wide-spreading dusky elms, the high timber which fringed the level path

from village to village, ever and anon broken and thrown into groups, or

losing itself in copses--even the gate, and the stile, and the

turnpike-road had the charm, not of novelty, but of long familiar use;

they had the poetry of many recollections. Nor was the dilapidated,

deformed church, with its outside staircases, its unsightly galleries,

its wide intruded windows, its uncouth pews, its low nunting table, its

forlorn vestry, and its damp earthy smell, without its pleasant

associations to the inner man; for there it was that for many a year,

Sunday after Sunday, he had heard his dear father read and preach; there

were the old monuments, with Latin inscriptions and strange devices, the

black boards with white letters, the Resurgams and grinning skulls, the

fire-buckets, the faded militia-colours, and, almost as much a fixture,

the old clerk, with a Welsh wig over his ears, shouting the responses

out of place--which had arrested his imagination, and awed him when a

child. And then there was his home itself; its well-known rooms, its

pleasant routine, its order, and its comfort--an old and true friend,

the dearer to him because he had made new ones. "Where I shall be in

time to come I know not," he said to himself; "I am but a boy; many

things which I have not a dream of, which my imagination cannot compass,

may come on me before I die--if I live; but here at least, and now, I am

happy, and I will enjoy my happiness. Some say that school is the

pleasantest time of one's life; this does not exclude college. I suppose

care is what makes life so wearing. At present I have no care, no

responsibility; I suppose I shall feel a little when I go up for my

degree. Care is a terrible thing; I have had a little of it at times at

school. What a strange thing to fancy, I shall be one day twenty-five or

thirty! How the weeks are flying by! the Vacation will soon be over. Oh,

I am so happy, it quite makes me afraid. Yet I shall have strength for

my day."

Sometimes, however, his thoughts took a sadder turn, and he anticipated

the future more vividly than he enjoyed the present. Mr. Malcolm had

come to see them, after an absence from the parsonage for several years:

his visit was a great pleasure to Mr. Reding, and not much less to

himself, to whom a green home and a family circle were agreeable sights,

after his bachelor-life at college. He had been a great favourite with

Charles and his sisters as children, though now his popularity with them

for the most part rested on the memory of the past. When he told them

amusing stories, or allowed them to climb his knee and take off his

spectacles, he did all that was necessary to gain their childish hearts;

more is necessary to conciliate the affection of young men and women;

and thus it is not surprising that he lived in their minds principally

by prescription. He neither knew this, nor would have thought much about

it if he had; for, like many persons of advancing years, he made himself

very much his own centre, did not care to enter into the minds of

others, did not consult for them, or find his happiness in them. He was

kind and friendly to the young people, as he would be kind to a

canary-bird or a lap-dog; it was a sort of external love; and, though

they got on capitally with him, they did not miss him when gone, nor

would have been much troubled to know that he was never to come again.

Charles drove him about the country, stamped his letters, secured him

his newspapers from the neighbouring town, and listened to his stories

about Oxford and Oxford men. He really liked him, and wished to please

him; but, as to consulting him in any serious matter, or going to him

for comfort in affliction, he would as soon have thought of betaking him

to Dan the pedlar, or old Isaac who played the Sunday bassoon.

"How have your peaches been this year, Malcolm?" said Mr. Reding one day

after dinner to his guest.

"You ought to know that we have no peaches in Oxford," answered Mr.

Malcolm.

"My memory plays me false, then: I had a vision of, at least, October

peaches on one occasion, and fine ones too."

"Ah, you mean at old Tom Spindle's, the jockey's," answered Mr. Malcolm;

"it's true, he had a bit of a brick wall, and was proud of it. But

peaches come when there is no one in Oxford to eat them; so either the

tree, or at least the fruit, is a great rarity there. Oxford wasn't so

empty once; you have old mulberry-trees there in record of better days."

"At that time, too," said Charles, "I suppose, the more expensive fruits

were not cultivated. Mulberries are the witness, not only of a full

college, but of simple tastes."

"Charles is secretly cutting at our hothouse here," said Mr. Reding; "as

if our first father did not prefer fruits and flowers to beef and

mutton."

"No, indeed," said Charles, "I think peaches capital things; and as to

flowers, I am even too fond of scents."

"Charles has some theory, then, about scents, I'll be bound," said his

father; "I never knew a boy who so placed his likings and dislikings on

fancies. He began to eat olives directly he read the OEdipus of

Sophocles; and, I verily believe, will soon give up oranges from his

dislike to King William."

"Every one does so," said Charles: "who would not be in the fashion?

There's Aunt Kitty, she calls a bonnet, 'a sweet' one year, which makes

her 'a perfect fright' the next."

"You're right, papa, in this instance," said his mother; "I know he has

some good reason, though I never can recollect it, why he smells a rose,

or distils lavender. What is it, my dear Mary?"

"'Relics ye are of Eden's bowers,'" said she.

"Why, sir, that was precisely your own reason just now," said Charles to

his father.

"There's more than that," said Mrs. Reding, "if I knew what it was."

"He thinks the scent more intellectual than the other senses," said

Mary, smiling.

"Such a boy for paradoxes!" said his mother.

"Well, so it is in a certain way," said Charles, "but I can't explain.

Sounds and scents are more ethereal, less material; they have no

shape--like the angels."

Mr. Malcolm laughed. "Well, I grant it, Charles," he said; "they are

length without breadth!"

"Did you ever hear the like?" said Mrs. Reding, laughing too; "don't

encourage him, Mr. Malcolm; you are worse than he. Angels length without

breadth!"

"They pass from place to place, they come, they go," continued Mr.

Malcolm.

"They conjure up the past so vividly," said Charles.

"But sounds surely more than scents," said Mr. Malcolm.

"Pardon me; the reverse as _I_ think," answered Charles.

"That _is_ a paradox, Charles," said Mr. Malcolm; "the smell of

roast-beef never went further than to remind a man of dinner; but sounds

are pathetic and inspiring."

"Well, sir, but think of this," said Charles, "scents are complete in

themselves, yet do not consist of parts. Think how very distinct the

smell of a rose is from a pink, a pink from a sweet-pea, a sweet-pea

from a stock, a stock from lilac, lilac from lavender, lavender from

jasmine, jasmine from honeysuckle, honeysuckle from hawthorn, hawthorn

from hyacinth, hyacinth"----

"Spare us," interrupted Mr. Malcolm; "you are going through the index of

Loudon!"

"And these are only the scents of flowers; how different flowers smell

from fruits, fruits from spices, spices from roast-beef or pork-cutlets,

and so on. Now, what I was coming to is this--these scents are perfectly

distinct from each other, and _sui generis_; they never can be confused;

yet each is communicated to the apprehension in an instant. Sights take

up a great space, a tune is a succession of sounds; but scents are at

once specific and complete, yet indivisible. Who can halve a scent? they

need neither time nor space; thus they are immaterial or spiritual."

"Charles hasn't been to Oxford for nothing," said his mother, laughing

and looking at Mary; "this is what I call chopping logic!"

"Well done, Charles," cried Mr. Malcolm; "and now, since you have such

clear notions of the power of smells, you ought, like the man in the

story, to be satisfied with smelling at your dinner, and grow fat upon

it. It's a shame you sit down to table."

"Well, sir," answered Charles, "some people _do_ seem to thrive on snuff

at least."

"For shame, Charles!" said Mr. Malcolm; "you have seen me use the

common-room snuff-box to keep myself awake after dinner; but nothing

more. I keep a box in my pocket merely as a bauble--it was a present.

You should have lived when I was young. There was old Dr. Troughton of

Nun's Hall, he carried his snuff loose in his pocket; and old Mrs.

Vice-Principal Daffy used to lay a train along her arm, and fire it with

her nose. Doctors of medicine took it as a preservative against

infection, and doctors of divinity against drowsiness in church."

"They take wine against infection now," said Mr. Reding; "it's a much

surer protective."

"Wine?" cried Mr. Malcolm; "oh, they didn't take less wine then, as you

and I know. On certain solemn occasions they made a point of getting

drunk, the whole college, from the Vice-Principal or Sub-Warden down to

the scouts. Heads of houses were kept in order by their wives; but I

assure you the jolly god came _very_ near Mr. Vice-Chancellor himself.

There was old Dr. Sturdy of St. Michael's, a great martinet in his time.

One day the King passed through Oxford; Sturdy, a tall, upright,

iron-faced man, had to meet him in procession at Magdalen Bridge, and

walked down with his pokers before him, gold and silver, vergers, cocked

hats, and the rest. There wasn't one of them that wasn't in liquor.

Think of the good old man's horror, Majesty in the distance, and his own

people swaying to and fro under his very nose, and promising to leave

him for the gutter before the march was ended."

"No one can get tipsy with snuff, I grant," said Mr. Reding; "but if

wine has done some men harm it has done others a deal of good."

"Hair-powder is as bad as snuff," said Mary, preferring the former

subject; "there's old Mr. Butler of Cooling, his wig is so large and

full of powder that when he nods his head I am sure to sneeze."

"Ah, but all these are accidents, young lady," said Mr. Malcolm, put out

by this block to the conversation, and running off somewhat testily in

another direction; "accidents after all. Old people are always the same;

so are young. Each age has its own fashion: if Mr. Butler wore no wig,

still there would be something about him odd and strange to young eyes.

Charles, don't you be an old bachelor. No one cares for old people.

Marry, my dear boy; look out betimes for a virtuous young woman, who

will make you an attentive wife."

Charles slightly coloured, and his sister laughed as if there was some

understanding between them.

Mr. Malcolm continued: "Don't wait till you want some one to buy flannel

for your rheumatism or gout; marry betimes."

"You will let me take my degree first, sir?" said Charles.

"Certainly, take your M.A.'s if you will; but don't become an old

Fellow. Don't wait till forty; people make the strangest mistakes."

"Dear Charles will make a kind and affectionate husband, I am sure,"

said his mother, "when the time comes; and come it will, though not just

yet. Yes, my dear boy," she added, nodding at him, "you will not be able

to escape your destiny, when it comes."

"Charles, you must know," said Mr. Reding to his guest, "is romantic in

his notions just now. I believe it is that he thinks no one good enough

for him. Oh, my dear Charlie, don't let me pain you, I meant nothing

serious; but somehow he has not hit it off very well with some young

ladies here, who expected more attention than he cared to give."

"I am sure," said Mary, "Charles is most attentive whenever there is

occasion, and always has his eyes about him to do a service; only he's a

bad hand at small-talk."

"All will come in time, my dear," said his mother; "a good son makes a

good husband."

"And a very loving papa," said Mr. Malcolm.

"Oh, spare me, sir," said poor Charles; "how have I deserved this?"

"Well," proceeded Mr. Malcolm, "and young ladies ought to marry betimes

too."

"Come, Mary, _your_ turn is coming," cried Charles; and taking his

sister's hand, he threw up the sash, and escaped with her into the

garden.

They crossed the lawn, and took refuge in a shrubbery. "How strange it

is!" said Mary, as they strolled along the winding walk; "we used to

like Mr. Malcolm so, as children; but now--I like him _still_, but he is

not the same."

"We are older," said her brother; "different things take us now."

"He used to be so kind," continued she; "when he was coming, the day was

looked out for; and mamma said, 'Take care you be good when Mr. Malcolm

comes.' And he was sure to bring a twelfth-cake, or a Noah's ark, or

something of the sort. And then he romped with us, and let us make fun

of him."

"Indeed it isn't he that is changed," said Charles, "but we; we are in

the time of life to change; we have changed already, and shall change

still."

"What a mercy it is," said his sister, "that we are so happy among

ourselves as a family! If we change, we shall change together, as apples

of one stock; if one fails, the other does. Thus we are always the same

to each other."

"It is a mercy, indeed," said Charles; "we are so blest that I am

sometimes quite frightened."

His sister looked earnestly at him. He laughed a little to turn off the

edge of his seriousness. "You would know what I mean, dear Mary, if you

had read Herodotus. A Greek tyrant feared his own excessive prosperity,

and therefore made a sacrifice to fortune. I mean, he gave up something

which he held most precious; he took a ring from his finger and cast it

into the sea, lest the Deity should afflict him, if he did not afflict

himself."

"My dear Charles," she answered, "if we do but enjoy God's gifts

thankfully, and take care not to set our hearts on them or to abuse

them, we need not fear for their continuance."

"Well," said Charles, "there's one text which has ever dwelt on my mind,

'Rejoice with trembling.' I can't take full, unrestrained pleasure in

anything."

"Why not, if you look at it as God's gift?" asked Mary.

"I don't defend it," he replied; "it's my way; it may be a selfish

prudence, for what I know; but I am sure that, did I give my heart to

any creature, I should be withdrawing it from God. How easily could I

idolize these sweet walks, which we have known for so many years!"

They walked on in silence. "Well," said Mary, "whatever we lose, no

change can affect us as a family. While we are we, we are to each other

what nothing external can be to us, whether as given or as taken away."

Charles made no answer.

"What has come to you, dear Charles?" she said, stopping and looking at

him; then, gently removing his hair and smoothing his forehead, she

said, "you are so sad to-day."

"Dearest Mary," he made answer, "nothing's the matter, indeed. I think

it is Mr. Malcolm who has put me out. It's so stupid to talk of the

prospects of a boy like me. Don't look so, I mean nothing; only it

annoys me."

Mary smiled.

"What I mean is," continued Charles, "that we can rely on nothing here,

and are fools if we build on the future."

"We can rely on each other," she repeated.

"Ah, dear Mary, don't say so; it frightens me."

She looked round at him surprised, and almost frightened herself.

"Dearest," he continued, "I mean nothing; only everything is so

uncertain here below."

"We are sure of each other, Charles."

"Yes, Mary," and he kissed her affectionately, "it is true, most true;"

then he added, "all I meant was that it seems presumptuous to say so.

David and Jonathan were parted; St. Paul and St. Barnabas."

Tears stood in Mary's eyes.

"Oh, what an ass I am," he said, "for thus teasing you about nothing;

no, I only mean that there is One _only_ who cannot die, who never

changes, only One. It can't be wrong to remember this. Do you recollect

Cowper's beautiful lines? I know them without having learned them--they

struck me so much the first time I read them;" and he repeated them:--

Thou art the source and centre of all minds,

Their only point of rest, Eternal Word.

From Thee departing, they are lost, and rove

At random, without honour, hope, or peace.

From Thee is all that soothes the life of man,

His high endeavour and his glad success,

His strength to suffer and his will to serve.

But oh, Thou Sovereign Giver of all good,

Thou art of all Thy gifts Thyself the crown;

Give what Thou canst, without Thee we are poor,

And with Thee rich, take what Thou wilt away.

CHAPTER XIII.

October came at length, and with it Charles's thoughts were turned again

to Oxford. One or two weeks passed by; then a few days; and it was time

to be packing. His father parted with him with even greater emotion than

when he first went to school. He would himself drive him in the phaeton

to the neighbouring town, from which the omnibus ran to the railroad,

though he had the gout flying about him; and when the moment for parting

came he could not get himself to give up his hand, as if he had

something to say which he could not recollect or master.

"Well, Christmas will soon come," he said; "we must part, it's no use

delaying it. Write to us soon, dear boy; and tell us all about yourself

and your matters. Tell us about your friends; they are nice young men

apparently: but I have great confidence in your prudence; you have more

prudence than some of them. Your tutor seems a valuable man, from what

you tell me," he went on repeating what had passed between him and

Charles many times before; "a sound, well-judging man, that Mr. Vincent.

Sheffield is too clever; he is young; you have an older head. It's no

good my going on; I have said all this before; and you may be late for

the train. Well, God bless you, my dearest Charlie, and make you a

blessing. May you be happier and better than your father! I have ever

been blest all my life long--wonderfully blest. Blessings have been

poured on me from my youth, far above my deserts; may they be doubled

upon you! Good-bye, my beloved Charles, good-bye!"

Charles had to pass a day or two at the house of a relative who lived a

little way out of London. While he was there a letter arrived for him,

forwarded from home; it was from Willis, dated from London, and

announced that he had come to a very important decision, and should not

return to Oxford. Charles was fairly in the world again, plunged into

the whirl of opinions: how sad a contrast to his tranquil home! There

was no mistaking what the letter meant; and he set out at once with the

chance of finding the writer at the house from which he dated it. It was

a lodging at the west-end of town; and he reached it about noon.

He found Willis in company with a person apparently two or three years

older. Willis started on seeing him.

"Who would have thought! what brings you here?" he said; "I thought you

were in the country." Then to his companion, "This is the friend I was

speaking to you about, Morley. A happy meeting; sit down, dear Reding; I

have much to tell you."

Charles sat down all suspense, looking at Willis with such keen anxiety

that the latter was forced to cut the matter short. "Reding, I am a

Catholic."

Charles threw himself back in his chair, and turned pale.

"My dear Reding, what is the matter with you? why don't you speak to

me?"

Charles was still silent; at last, stooping forward, with his elbows on

his knees, and his head on his hands, he said, in a low voice, "O

Willis, what have you done!"

"Done?" said Willis; "what _you_ should do, and half Oxford besides. O

Reding, I'm so happy!"

"Alas, alas!" said Charles; "but what is the good of my staying?--all

good attend you, Willis; good-bye!"

"No, my good Reding, you don't leave me so soon, having found me so

unexpectedly; and you have had a long walk, I dare say; sit down,

there's a good fellow; we shall have luncheon soon, and you must not go

without taking your part in it." He took Charles's hat from him, as he

spoke; and Charles, in a mixture of feelings, let him have his way.

"O Willis, so you have separated yourself from us for ever!" he said;

"you have taken your course, we keep ours: our paths are different."

"Not so," said Willis; "you must follow me, and we shall be one still."

Charles was half offended; "Really I must go," he said, and he rose;

"you must not talk in that manner."

"Pray, forgive me," answered Willis; "I won't do so again; but I could

not help it; I am not in a common state, I'm so happy!"

A thought struck Reding. "Tell me, Willis," he said, "your exact

position; in what sense are you a Catholic? What is to prevent your

returning with me to Oxford?"

His companion interposed: "I am taking a liberty perhaps," he said; "but

Mr. Willis has been regularly received into the Catholic Church."

"I have not introduced you," said Willis. "Reding, let me introduce Mr.

Morley; Morley, Mr. Reding. Yes, Reding, I owe it to him that I am a

Catholic. I have been on a tour with him abroad. We met with a good

priest in France, who consented to receive my abjuration."

"Well, I think he might profitably have examined into your state of mind

a little before he did so," said Reding; "_you_ are not the person to

become a Catholic, Willis."

"What do you mean?"

"Because," answered Reding, "you are more of a Dissenter than a

Catholic. I beg your pardon," he added, seeing Willis look up sharply,

"let me be frank with you, pray do. You were attached to the Church of

Rome, not as a child to a mother, but in a wayward roving way, as a

matter of fancy or liking, or (excuse me) as a greedy boy to something

nice; and you pursued your object by disobeying the authorities set over

you."

It was as much as Willis could bear; he said, he thought he recollected

a text about "obeying God _rather_ than men."

"I _see_ you have disobeyed men," retorted Charles; "I _trust_ you have

been obeying God."

Willis thought him rude, and would not speak.

Mr. Morley began: "If you knew the circumstances better," he said, "you

would doubtless judge differently. I consider Mr. Willis to be just the

very person on whom it was incumbent to join the Church, and who will

make an excellent Catholic. You must blame, not the venerable priest who

received him, but me. The good man saw his devotion, his tears, his

humility, his earnest desire; but the state of his mind he learned

through me, who speak French better than Mr. Willis. However, he had

quite enough conversation with him in French and Latin. He could not

reject a postulant for salvation; it was impossible. Had you been he,

you would have done the same."

"Well, sir, perhaps I have been unjust to him and you," said Charles;

"however, I cannot augur well of this."

"You are judging, sir," answered Mr. Morley, "let me say it, of things

you do not know. You do not know what the Catholic religion is, you do

not know what its grace is, or the gift of faith."

The speaker was a layman; he spoke with earnestness the more intense,

because quiet. Charles felt himself reproved by his manner; his good

taste suggested to him that he had been too vehement in the presence of

a stranger; yet he did not feel the less confidence in his cause. He

paused before he answered; then he said briefly, that he was aware that

he did not know the Roman Catholic religion, but he knew Mr. Willis. He

could not help giving his opinion that good would not come of it.

"_I_ have ever been a Catholic," said Mr. Morley; "so far I cannot judge

of members of the Church of England; but this I know, that the Catholic

Church is the only true Church. I may be wrong in many things; I cannot

be wrong in this. This too I know, that the Catholic faith is one, and

that no other Church has faith. The Church of England has no faith. You,

my dear sir, have not faith."

This was a home-thrust; the controversies of Oxford passed before

Reding's mind; but he instantly recovered himself. "You cannot expect,"

said he, smiling, "that I, almost a boy, should be able to argue with

yourself, or to defend my Church or to explain her faith. I am content

to hold that faith, to hold what she holds, without professing to be a

divine. This is the doctrine which I have been taught at Oxford. I am

under teaching there, I am not yet taught. Excuse me, then, if I decline

an argument with you. With Mr. Willis, it is natural that I should

argue; we are equals, and understand each other; but I am no

theologian."

Here Willis cried out, "O my dear Reding, what I say is, 'Come and see.'

Don't stand at the door arguing; but enter the great home of the soul,

enter and adore."

"But," said Reding, "surely God wills us to be guided by reason; I don't

mean that reason is everything, but it is at least something. Surely we

ought not to act without it, against it."

"But is not doubt a dreadful state?" said Willis; "a most perilous

state? No state is safe but that of faith. Can it be safe to be without

faith? Now _have_ you faith in your Church? I know you well enough to

know you have not; where, then, are you?"

"Willis, you have misunderstood me most extraordinarily," said Charles:

"ten thousand thoughts pass through the mind, and if it is safe to note

down and bring against a man his stray words, I suppose there's nothing

he mayn't be accused of holding. You must be alluding to some

half-sentence or other of mine, which I have forgotten, and which was no

real sample of my sentiments. Do you mean I have no worship? and does

not worship presuppose faith? I have much to learn, I am conscious; but

I wish to learn it from the Church under whose shadow my lot is cast,

and with whom I am content."

"He confesses," said Willis, "that he has no faith; he confesses that he

is in doubt. My dear Reding, can you sincerely plead that you are in

invincible ignorance after what has passed between us? now, suppose for

an instant that Catholicism is true, is it not certain that you now have

an opportunity of embracing it? and if you do not, are you in a state to

die in?"

Reding was perplexed how to answer; that is, he could not with the

necessary quickness analyze and put into words the answer which his

reason suggested to Willis's rapid interrogatories. Mr. Morley had kept

silence, lest Charles should have two upon him at once; but when Willis

paused, and Charles did not reply, he interposed. He said that all the

calls in Scripture were obeyed with promptitude by those who were

called; and that our Lord would not suffer one man even to go and bury

his father. Reding answered, that in those cases the voice of Christ was

actually heard; He was on earth, in bodily presence; now, however, the

very question was, _which_ was the voice of Christ; and whether the

Church of Rome did or did not speak with the voice of Christ;--that

surely we ought to act prudently; that Christ could not wish us to act

otherwise; that, for himself, he had no doubt that he was in the place

where Providence wished him to be; but, even if he had any doubts

whether Christ was calling him elsewhere (which he had not), but if he

had, he should certainly think that Christ called him in the way and

method of careful examination,--that prudence was the divinely appointed

means of coming at the truth.

"Prudence!" cried Willis, "such prudence as St. Thomas's, I suppose,

when he determined to see before believing."

Charles hesitated to answer.

"I see it," continued Willis; and, starting up, he seized his arm;

"come, my dear fellow, come with me directly; let us go to the good

priest who lives two streets off. You shall be received this very day.

On with your hat." And, before Charles could show any resistance, he was

half out of the room.

He could not help laughing, in spite of his vexation; he disengaged his

arm, and deliberately sat down. "Not so fast," he said; "we are not

quite this sort of person."

Willis looked awkward for a moment; then he said, "Well, at least you

must go into a retreat; you must go forthwith. Morley, do you know when

Mr. de Mowbray or Father Agostino gives his next retreat? Reding, it is

just what you want, just what all Oxford men want; I think you will not

refuse me."

Charles looked up in his face, and smiled. "It is not my line," he said

at length. "I am on my way to Oxford. I must go. I came here to be of

use to you; I can be of none, so I must go. Would I _could_ be of

service; but it is hopeless. Oh, it makes my heart ache!" And he went on

brushing his hat with his glove, as if on the point of rising, yet loth

to rise.

Morley now struck in: he spoke all along like a gentleman, and a man of

real piety, but with a great ignorance of Protestants, or how they were

to be treated.

"Excuse me, Mr. Reding," he said, "if before you go, I say one word. I

feel very much for the struggle which is going on in your mind; and I am

sure it is not for such as me to speak harshly or unkindly to you. The

struggle between conviction and motives of this world is often long; may

it have a happy termination in your case! Do not be offended if I

suggest to you that the dearest and closest ties, such as your connexion

with the Protestant Church involves, may be on the side of the world in

certain cases. It is a sort of martyrdom to have to break such; but they

who do so have a martyr's reward. And, then, at a University you have so

many inducements to fall in with the prevailing tone of thought;

prospects, success in life, good opinion of friends--all these things

are against you. They are likely to choke the good seed. Well, I could

have wished that you had been able to follow the dictates of conscience

at once; but the conflict must continue its appointed time; we will

hope that all will end well."

"I can't persuade these good people," thought Charles, as he closed the

street-door after him, "that I am not in a state of conviction, and

struggling against it; how absurd! Here I come to reclaim a deserter,

and I am seized even bodily, and against my will all but hurried into a

profession of faith. Do these things happen to people every day? or is

there some particular fate with me thus to be brought across religious

controversies which I am not up to? I a Roman Catholic! what a contrast

all this with quiet Hartley!" naming his home. As he continued to think

on what had passed he was still less satisfied with it or with himself.

He had gone to lecture, and he had been lectured; and he had let out his

secret state of mind: no, not let out, he had nothing to let out. He had

indeed implied that he was inquiring after religious truth, but every

Protestant inquires; he would not be a Protestant if he did not. Of

course he was seeking the truth; it was his duty to do so; he

recollected distinctly his tutor laying down, on one occasion, the duty

of private judgment. This was the very difference between Protestants

and Catholics; Catholics begin with faith, Protestants with inquiry; and

he ought to have said this to Willis. He was provoked he had not said

it; it would have simplified the question, and shown how far he was from

being unsettled. Unsettled! it was most extravagant. He wished this had

but struck him during the conversation, but it was a relief that it

struck him now; it reconciled him to his position.

CHAPTER XIV.

The first day of Michaelmas term is, to an undergraduate's furniture,

the brightest day of the year. Much as Charles regretted home, he

rejoiced to see old Oxford again. The porter had acknowledged him at the

gate, and the scout had smiled and bowed, as he ran up the worn

staircase and found a blazing fire to welcome him. The coals crackled

and split, and threw up a white flame in strong contrast with the

newly-blackened bars and hobs of the grate. A shining copper kettle

hissed and groaned under the internal torment of water at boiling point.

The chimney-glass had been cleaned, the carpet beaten, the curtains

fresh glazed. A tea-tray and tea commons were placed on the table;

besides a battel paper, two or three cards from tradesmen who desired

his patronage, and a note from a friend whose term had already

commenced. The porter came in with his luggage, and had just received

his too ample remuneration, when, through the closing door, in rushed

Sheffield in his travelling dress.

"Well, old fellow, how are you?" he said, shaking both of Charles's

hands, or rather arms, with all his might; "here we are all again; I am

just come like you. Where have you been all this time? Come, tell us

all about yourself. Give me some tea, and let's have a good jolly chat."

Charles liked Sheffield, he liked Oxford, he was pleased to get back;

yet he had some remains of home-sickness on him, and was not quite in

cue for Sheffield's good-natured boisterousness. Willis's matter, too,

was still on his mind. "Have you heard the news?" said Sheffield; "I

have been long enough in college to pick it up. The kitchen-man was full

of it as I passed along. Jack's a particular friend of mine, a good

honest fellow, and has all the gossip of the place. I don't know what it

means, but Oxford has just now a very bad inside. The report is, that

some of the men have turned Romans; and they say that there are

strangers going about Oxford whom no one knows anything of. Jack, who is

a bit of a divine himself, says he heard the Principal say that, for

certain, there were Jesuits at the bottom of it; and I don't know what

he means, but he declares he saw with his own eyes the Pope walking down

High Street with the priest. I asked him how he knew it; he said he knew

the Pope by his slouching hat and his long beard; and the porter told

him it was the Pope. The Dons have met several times; and several tutors

are to be discommoned, and their names stuck up against the

buttery-door. Meanwhile the Marshal, with two bulldogs, is keeping guard

before the Catholic chapel; and, to complete it, that old drunken fellow

Topham is reported, out of malice, when called in to cut the Warden of

St. Mary's hair, to have made a clean white tonsure atop of him."

"My dear Sheffield, how you run on!" said Reding. "Well, do you know, I

can tell you a piece of real news bearing on these reports, and not of

the pleasantest. Did you know Willis of St. George's?"

"I think I once saw him at wine in your rooms; a modest, nice-looking

fellow, who never spoke a word."

"Ah, I assure you, he has a tongue in his head when it suits him,"

answered Charles: "yet I do think," he added, musingly, "he's very much

changed, and not for the better."

"Well, what's the upshot?" asked Sheffield.

"He has turned Catholic," said Charles.

"What a fool!" cried Sheffield.

There was a pause. Charles felt awkward: then he said, "I can't say I

was surprised; yet I should have been less surprised at White."

"Oh, White won't turn Catholic," said Sheffield; "he hasn't it in him.

He's a coward."

"Fools and cowards!" answered Charles: "thus you divide the world,

Sheffield? Poor Willis!" he added; "one must respect a man who acts

according to his conscience."

"What can he know of conscience?" said Sheffield; "the idea of his

swallowing, of his own free-will, the heap of rubbish which every

Catholic has to believe! in cold blood tying a collar round his neck,

and politely putting the chain into the hands of a priest!... And then

the Confessional! 'Tis marvellous!" and he began to break the coals with

the poker. "It's very well," he continued, "if a man is born a Catholic;

I don't suppose they really believe what they are obliged to profess;

but how an Englishman, a gentleman, a man here at Oxford, with all his

advantages, can so eat dirt, scraping and picking up all the dead lies

of the dark ages--it's a miracle!"

"Well, if there is anything that recommends Romanism to me," said

Charles, "it is what you so much dislike: I'd give twopence, if some

one, whom I could trust, would say to me, 'This is true; this is not

true.' We should be saved this eternal wrangling. Wouldn't you be glad

if St. Paul could come to life? I've often said to myself, 'Oh, that I

could ask St. Paul this or that!'"

"But the Catholic Church isn't St. Paul quite, I guess," said Sheffield.

"Certainly not; but supposing you _did_ think it had the inspiration of

an Apostle, as the Roman Catholics do, what a comfort it would be to

know, beyond all doubt, what to believe about God, and how to worship

and please Him! I mean, _you_ said, 'I can't believe this or that;' now

you ought to have said, 'I can't believe the Pope has _power_ to

_decide_ this or that.' If he had, you ought to believe it, whatever it

is, and not to say, 'I can't believe.'"

Sheffield looked hard at him: "We shall have you a papist some of these

fine days," said he.

"Nonsense," answered Charles; "you shouldn't say such things, even in

jest."

"I don't jest; I am in earnest: you are plainly on the road."

"Well, if I am, you have put me on it," said Reding, wishing to get away

from the subject as quick as he could; "for you are ever talking

against shams, and laughing at King Charles and Laud, Bateman, White,

rood-lofts, and piscinas."

"Now you are a Puseyite," said Sheffield in surprise.

"You give me the name of a very good man, whom I hardly know by sight,"

said Reding; "but I mean, that nobody knows what to believe, no one has

a definite faith, but the Catholics and the Puseyites; no one says,

'This is true, that is false; this comes from the Apostles, that does

not.'"

"Then would you believe a Turk," asked Sheffield, "who came to you with

his 'One Allah, and Mahomet his Prophet'?"

"I did not say a creed was everything," answered Reding, "or that a

religion could not be false which had a creed; but a religion can't be

true which has none."

"Well, somehow that doesn't strike me," said Sheffield.

"Now there was Vincent at the end of term, after you had gone down,"

continued Charles; "you know I stayed up for Littlego; and he was very

civil, very civil indeed. I had a talk with him about Oxford parties,

and he pleased me very much at the time; but afterwards, the more I

thought of what he said, the less was I satisfied; that is, I had got

nothing definite from him. He did not say, 'This is true, that is

false;' but 'Be true, be true, be good, be good, don't go too far, keep

in the mean, have your eyes about you, eschew parties, follow our

divines, all of them;'--all which was but putting salt on the bird's

tail. I want some practical direction, not abstract truths."

"Vincent is a humbug," said Sheffield.

"Dr. Pusey, on the other hand," continued Charles, "is said always to be

decisive. He says, 'This is Apostolic, that's in the Fathers; St.

Cyprian says this, St. Augustine denies that; this is safe, that's

wrong; I bid you, I forbid you.' I understand all this; but I don't

understand having duties put on me which are too much for me. I don't

understand, I dislike, having a will of my own, when I have not the

means to use it justly. In such a case, to tell me to act of myself, is

like Pharaoh setting the Israelites to make bricks without straw.

Setting me to inquire, to judge, to decide, forsooth! it's absurd; who

has taught me?"

"But the Puseyites are not always so distinct," said Sheffield; "there's

Smith, he never speaks decidedly in difficult questions. I know a man

who was going to remain in Italy for some years, at a distance from any

English chapel,--he could not help it,--and who came to ask him if he

might communicate in the Catholic churches; he could not get an answer

from him; he would not say yes or no."

"Then he won't have many followers, that's all," said Charles.

"But he has more than Dr. Pusey," answered Sheffield.

"Well, I can't understand it," said Charles; "he ought not; perhaps they

won't stay."

"The truth is," said Sheffield, "I suspect he is more of a sceptic at

bottom."

"Well, I honour the man who builds up," said Reding, "and I despise the

man who breaks down."

"I am inclined to think you have a wrong notion of building up and

pulling down," answered Sheffield; "Coventry, in his 'Dissertations,'

makes it quite clear that Christianity is not a religion of doctrines."

"Who is Coventry?"

"Not know Coventry? he is one of the most original writers of the day;

he's an American, and, I believe, a congregationalist. Oh, I assure you,

you should read Coventry, although he is wrong on the question of

Church-government: you are not well _au courant_ with the literature of

the day unless you do. He is no party man; he is a correspondent of the

first men of the day; he stopped with the Dean of Oxford when he was in

England, who has published an English edition of his 'Dissertations,'

with a Preface; and he and Lord Newlights were said to be the two most

witty men at the meeting of the British Association, two years ago."

"I don't like Lord Newlights," said Charles, "he seems to me to have no

principle; that is, no fixed, definite religious principle. You don't

know where to find him. This is what my father thinks; I have often

heard him speak of him."

"It's curious you should use the word _principle_," said Sheffield; "for

it is that which Coventry lays such stress on. He says that Christianity

has no creed; that this is the very point in which it is distinguished

from other religions; that you will search the New Testament in vain for

a creed; but that Scripture is full of _principles_. The view is very

ingenious, and seemed to me true, when I read the book. According to

him, then, Christianity is not a religion of doctrines or mysteries; and

if you are looking for dogmatism in Scripture, it's a mistake."

Charles was puzzled. "Certainly," he said, "at first sight there _is_ no

creed in Scripture.--No creed in Scripture," he said slowly, as if

thinking aloud; "no creed in Scripture, _therefore_ there is no creed.

But the Athanasian Creed," he added quickly, "is _that_ in Scripture? It

either _is_ in Scripture, or it is _not_. Let me see, it either is

there, or it is not.... What was it that Freeborn said last term?...

Tell me, Sheffield, would the Dean of Oxford say that the Creed was in

Scripture or not? perhaps you do not fairly explain Coventry's view;

what is your impression?"

"Why, I will tell you frankly, my impression is, judging from his

Preface, that he would not scruple to say that it is not in Scripture,

but a scholastic addition."

"My dear fellow," said Charles, "do you mean that he, a dignitary of the

Church, would say that the Athanasian Creed was a mistake, because it

represented Christianity as a revelation of doctrines or mysteries to be

received on faith?"

"Well, I may be wrong," said Sheffield, "but so I understood him."

"After all," said Charles sadly, "it's not so much more than that other

Dean, I forget his name, said at St. Mary's before the Vacation; it's

part of the same system. Oh, it was after you went down, or just at the

end of term: you don't go to sermons; I'm inclined not to go either. I

can't enter upon the Dean's argument; it's not worth while. Well," he

added, standing up and stretching himself, "I am tired with the day, yet

it has not been a fatiguing one either; but London is so bustling a

place."

"You wish me to say good-night," said Sheffield. Charles did not deny

the charge; and the friends parted.

CHAPTER XV.

There could not have been a lecture more unfavourable for Charles's

peace of mind than that in which he found himself this term placed; yet,

so blind are we to the future, he hailed it with great satisfaction, as

if it was to bring him an answer to the perplexities into which

Sheffield, Bateman, Freeborn, White, Willis, Mr. Morley, Dr. Brownside,

Mr. Vincent, and the general state of Oxford, had all, in one way or

other, conspired to throw him. He had shown such abilities in the former

part of the year, and was reading so diligently, that his tutors put him

prematurely into the lecture upon the Articles. It was a capital lecture

so far as this, that the tutor who gave it had got up his subject

completely. He knew the whole history of the Articles, how they grew

into their present shape, with what fortunes, what had been added, and

when, and what omitted. With this, of course, was joined an explanation

of the text, as deduced, as far as could be, from the historical account

thus given. Not only the British, but the foreign Reformers were

introduced; and nothing was wanting, at least in the intention of the

lecturer, for fortifying the young inquirer in the doctrine and

discipline of the Church of England.

It did not produce this effect on Reding. Whether he had expected too

much, or whatever was the cause, so it was that he did but feel more

vividly the sentiment of the old father in the comedy, after consulting

the lawyers, "_Incertior sum multo quam ante_." He saw that the

profession of faith contained in the Articles was but a patchwork of

bits of orthodoxy, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Zuinglism; and this too

on no principle; that it was but the work of accident, if there be such

a thing as accident; that it had come down in the particular shape in

which the English Church now receives it, when it might have come down

in any other shape; that it was but a toss-up that Anglicans at this day

were not Calvinists, or Presbyterians, or Lutherans, equally well as

Episcopalians. This historical fact did but clench the difficulty, or

rather impossibility, of saying what the faith of the English Church

was. On almost every point of dispute the authoritative standard of

doctrine was vague or inconsistent, and there was an imposing weight of

external testimony in favour of opposite interpretations. He stopped

after lecture once or twice, and asked information of Mr. Upton, the

tutor, who was quite ready to give it; but nothing came of these

applications as regards the object which led him to make them.

One difficulty which Charles experienced was to know whether, according

to the Articles, Divine truth was directly _given_ us, or whether we had

to _seek_ it for ourselves from Scripture. Several Articles led to this

question; and Mr. Upton, who was a High Churchman, answered him that the

saving doctrine neither was _given_ nor was to be _sought_, but that it

was _proposed_ by the Church, and _proved_ by the individual. Charles

did not see this distinction between _seeking_ and _proving_; for how

can we _prove_ except by _seeking_ (in Scripture) for _reasons_? He put

the question in another form, and asked if the Christian Religion

allowed of private judgment? This was no abstruse question, and a very

practical one. Had he asked a Wesleyan or Independent, he would have had

an unconditional answer in the affirmative; had he asked a Catholic, he

would have been told that we used our private judgment to find the

Church, and then in all matters of faith the Church superseded it; but

from this Oxford divine he could not get a distinct answer. First he was

told that doubtless we _must_ use our judgment in the determination of

religious doctrine; but next he was told that it was sin (as it

undoubtedly is) to doubt the dogma of the Blessed Trinity. Yet, while he

was told that to doubt of that doctrine was a sin, he was told in

another conversation that our highest state here is one of doubt. What

did this mean? Surely certainty was simply necessary on _some_ points,

as on the Object of worship; how could we worship what we doubted of?

The two acts were contrasted by the Evangelist; when the disciples saw

our Lord after the resurrection, "they worshipped Him, _but_ some

doubted;" yet, in spite of this, he was told that there was "impatience"

in the very idea of desiring certainty.

At another time he asked whether the anathemas of the Athanasian Creed

applied to all its clauses; for instance, whether it is necessary to

salvation to hold that there is "_unus æternus_" as the Latin has it; or

"such as the Father, ... such the Holy Ghost;" or that the Holy Ghost

is "by Himself God and Lord;" or that Christ is one "by the taking of

the manhood into God?" He could get no answer. Mr. Upton said that he

did not like extreme questions; that he could not and did not wish to

answer them; that the Creed was written against heresies, which no

longer existed, as a sort of _protest_. Reding asked whether this meant

that the Creed did not contain a distinctive view of its own, which

alone was safe, but was merely a negation of error. The clauses, he

observed, were positive, not negative. He could get no answer farther

than that the Creed taught that the doctrines of "the Trinity" and "the

Incarnation" were "necessary to salvation," it being apparently left

uncertain _what_ those doctrines consisted in. One day he asked how

grievous sins were to be forgiven which were committed after baptism,

whether by faith, or not at all in this life. He was answered that the

Articles said nothing on the subject; that the Romish doctrine of pardon

and purgatory was false; and that it was well to avoid both curious

questions and subtle answers.

Another question turned up at another lecture, viz. whether the Real

Presence meant a Presence of Christ in the elements, or in the soul,

i.e. in the faith of the recipient; in other words, whether the Presence

was really such, or a mere name. Mr. Upton pronounced it an open

question. Another day Charles asked whether Christ was present in fact,

or only in effect. Mr. Upton answered decidedly "in effect," which

seemed to Reding to mean no real presence at all.

He had had some difficulty in receiving the doctrine of eternal

punishment; it had seemed to him the hardest doctrine of Revelation.

Then he said to himself, "But what is faith in its very notion but an

acceptance of the word of God when reason seems to oppose it? How is it

faith at all if there is nothing to try it?" This thought fully

satisfied him. The only question was, _Is_ it part of the revealed word?

"I can believe it," he said, "if I know for certain that I _ought_ to

believe it; but if I am not bound to believe it, I can't believe it."

Accordingly he put the question to Mr. Upton whether it was a doctrine

of the Church of England; that is, whether it came under the

subscription to the Articles. He could obtain no answer. Yet if he did

_not_ believe this doctrine, he felt the whole fabric of his faith shake

under him. Close upon it came the doctrine of the Atonement.

It is difficult to give instances of this kind, without producing the

impression on the reader's mind that Charles was forward and captious in

his inquiries. Certainly Mr. Upton had his own thoughts about him, but

he never thought his manner inconsistent with modesty and respect

towards himself.

Charles naturally was full of the subject, and would have disclosed his

perplexities to Sheffield, had he not had a strong anticipation that

this would have been making matters worse. He thought Bateman, however,

might be of some service, and he disburdened himself to him in the

course of a country walk. What was he to do? for on his entrance he had

been told that when he took his degree he should have to sign the

Articles, not on faith as then, but on reason; yet they were

unintelligible; and how could he prove what he could not construe?

Bateman seemed unwilling to talk on the subject; at last he said, "Oh,

my dear Reding, you really are in an excited state of mind; I don't like

to talk to you just now, for you will not see things in a

straightforward way and take them naturally. What a bug-bear you are

conjuring up! You are in an Article lecture in your second year; and

hardly have you commenced, but you begin to fancy what you will, or will

not think at the end of your time. Don't ask about the Articles now;

wait at least till you have seen the lecture through."

"It really is not my way to be fussed or to fidget," said Charles,

"though I own I am not so quiet as I ought to be. I hear so many

different opinions in conversation; then I go to church, and one

preacher deals his blows at another; lastly, I betake myself to the

Articles, and really I cannot make out what they would teach me. For

instance, I cannot make out their doctrine about faith, about the

sacraments, about predestination, about the Church, about the

inspiration of Scripture. And their tone is so unlike the Prayer Book.

Upton has brought this out in his lectures most clearly."

"Now, my most respectable friend," said Bateman, "do think for a moment

what men have signed the Articles. Perhaps King Charles himself;

certainly Laud, and all the great Bishops of his day, and of the next

generation. Think of the most orthodox Bull, the singularly learned

Pearson, the eloquent Taylor, Montague, Barrow, Thorndike, good dear

Bishop Horne, and Jones of Nayland. Can't you do what they did?"

"The argument is a very strong one," said Charles; "I have felt it: you

mean, then, I must sign on faith."

"Yes, certainly, if necessary," said Bateman.

"And how am I to sign as a Master, and when I am ordained?" asked

Charles.

"That's what I mean by fidgeting," answered Bateman. "You are not

content with your day; you are reaching forward to live years hence."

Charles laughed. "It isn't quite that," he said, "I was but testing your

advice; however, there's some truth in it." And he changed the subject.

They talked awhile on indifferent matters; but on a pause Charles's

thoughts fell back again to the Articles. "Tell me, Bateman," he said,

"as a mere matter of curiosity, how _you_ subscribed when you took your

degree."

"Oh, I had no difficulty at all," said Bateman; "the examples of Bull

and Pearson were enough for me."

"Then you signed on faith."

"Not exactly, but it was that thought which smoothed all difficulties."

"Could you have signed without it?"

"How can you ask me the question? of course."

"Well, do tell me, then, what was your _ground_?"

"Oh, I had many grounds. I can't recollect in a moment what happened

some time ago."

"Oh, then it was a matter of difficulty; indeed, you said so just now."

"Not at all: my only difficulty was, not about myself, but how to state

the matter to other people."

"What! some one suspected you?"

"No, no; you are quite mistaken. I mean, for instance, the Article says

that we are justified by faith only; now the Protestant sense of this

statement is point blank opposite to our standard divines: the question

was, what I was to say when asked _my_ sense of it."

"I understand," said Charles; "now tell me how you solved the problem."

"Well, I don't deny that the Protestant sense is heretical," answered

Bateman; "and so is the Protestant sense of many other things in the

Articles; but then we need not take them in the Protestant sense."

"Then in what sense?"

"Why, first," said Bateman, "we need not take them in any sense at all.

Don't smile; listen. Great authorities, such as Laud or Bramhall, seem

to have considered that we only sign the Articles as articles of peace;

not as really holding them, but as not opposing them. Therefore, when we

sign the Articles, we only engage not to preach against them."

Reding thought; then he said: "Tell me, Bateman, would not this view of

subscription to the Articles let the Unitarians into the Church?"

Bateman allowed it would, but the Liturgy would still keep them out.

Charles then went on to suggest that _they_ would take the Liturgy as a

Liturgy of peace too. Bateman began again.

"If you want some tangible principle," he said, "for interpreting

Articles and Liturgy, I can give you one. You know," he continued, after

a short pause, "what it is _we_ hold? Why, we give the Articles a

Catholic interpretation."

Charles looked inquisitive.

"It is plain," continued Bateman, "that no document can be a dead

letter; it must be the expression of some mind; and the question here

is, _whose_ is what may be called the voice which speaks the Articles.

Now, if the Bishops, Heads of houses, and other dignitaries and

authorities were unanimous in their religious views, and one and all

said that the Articles meant this and not that, they, as the imponents,

would have a right to interpret them; and the Articles would mean what

those great men said they meant. But they do not agree together; some of

them are diametrically opposed to others. One clergyman denies

Apostolical Succession, another affirms it; one denies the Lutheran

justification, another maintains it; one denies the inspiration of

Scripture, a second holds Calvin to be a saint, a third considers the

doctrine of sacramental grace a superstition, a fourth takes part with

Nestorius against the Church, a fifth is a Sabellian. It is plain, then,

that the Articles have no sense at all, if the collective voice of

Bishops, Deans, Professors, and the like is to be taken. They cannot

supply what schoolmen call the _form_ of the Articles. But perhaps the

writers themselves of the Articles will supply it? No; for, first, we

don't know for certain who the writers were; and next, the Articles have

gone through so many hands, and so many mendings, that some at least of

the original authors would not like to be responsible for them. Well,

let us go to the Convocations which ratified them: but they, too, were

of different sentiments; the seventeenth century did not hold the

doctrine of the sixteenth. Such is the state of the case. On the other

hand, _we_ say that if the Anglican Church be a part of the one Church

Catholic, it must, from the necessity of the case, hold Catholic

doctrine. Therefore, the whole Catholic Creed, the acknowledged doctrine

of the Fathers, of St. Ignatius, St. Cyprian, St. Augustin, St. Ambrose,

is the _form_, is the one true sense and interpretation of the Articles.

They may be ambiguous in themselves; they may have been worded with

various intentions by the individuals concerned in their composition;

but these are accidents; the Church knows nothing of individuals; she

interprets herself."

Reding took some time to think over this. "All this," he said, "proceeds

on the fundamental principle that the Church of England is an integral

part of that visible body of which St. Ignatius, St. Cyprian, and the

rest were Bishops; according to the words of Scripture, 'one body, one

faith.'"

Bateman assented; Charles proceeded: "Then the Articles must not be

considered primarily as teaching; they have no one sense in themselves;

they are confessedly ambiguous: they are compiled from heterogeneous

sources; but all this does not matter, for all must be interpreted by

the teaching of the Catholic Church."

Bateman agreed in the main, except that Reding had stated the case

rather too strongly.

"But what if their letter _contradicts_ a doctrine of the Fathers? am I

to force the letter?"

"If such a case actually happened, the theory would not hold," answered

Bateman; "it would only be a gross quibble. You can in no case sign an

Article in a sense which its words will not bear. But, fortunately, or

rather providentially, this is not the case; we have merely to explain

ambiguities, and harmonize discrepancies. The Catholic interpretation

does no greater violence to the text than _any other_ rule of

interpretation will be found to do."

"Well, but I know nothing of the Fathers," said Charles; "others too are

in the same condition; how am I to learn practically to interpret the

Articles?"

"By the Prayer Book; the Prayer Book is the voice of the Fathers."

"How so?"

"Because the Prayer Book is confessedly ancient, while the Articles are

modern."

Charles kept silence again. "It is very plausible," he said; he thought

on. Presently he asked: "Is this a _received_ view?"

"_No_ view is received," said Bateman; "the Articles themselves are

received, but there is no authoritative interpretation of them at all.

That's what I was saying just now; Bishops and Professors don't agree

together."

"Well," said Charles, "is it a _tolerated_ view?"

"It has certainly been strongly opposed," answered Bateman; "but it has

never been condemned."

"That is no answer," said Charles, who saw by Bateman's manner how the

truth lay. "Does any one Bishop hold it? did any one Bishop ever hold

it? has it ever been formally admitted as tenable by any one Bishop? is

it a view got up to meet existing difficulties, or has it an historical

existence?"

Bateman could give but one answer to these questions, as they were

successively put to him.

"I thought so," said Charles, when he had made his answer: "I know, of

course, whose view you are putting before me, though I never heard it

drawn out before. It is specious, certainly: I don't see but it might

have done, had it been tolerably sanctioned; but you have no sanction to

show me. It is, as it stands, a mere theory struck out by individuals.

Our Church _might_ have adopted this mode of interpreting the Articles;

but from what you tell me, it certainly _has not_ done so. I am where I

was."

CHAPTER XVI.

The thought came across Reding whether perhaps, after all, what is

called Evangelical Religion was not the true Christianity: its

professors, he knew, were active and influential, and in past times had

been much persecuted. Freeborn had surprised and offended him at

Bateman's breakfast-party before the Vacation; yet Freeborn had a

serious manner about him, and perhaps he had misunderstood him. The

thought, however, passed away as suddenly as it came, and perhaps would

not have occurred to him again, when an accident gave him some data for

determining the question.

One afternoon he was lounging in the Parks, gazing with surprise on one

of those extraordinary lights for which the neighbourhood of Oxford is

at that season celebrated, and which, as the sun went down, was

colouring Marston, Elsfield, and their half-denuded groves with a pale

gold-and-brown hue, when he found himself overtaken and addressed by the

said Freeborn _in propriâ personâ_. Freeborn liked a _tête-à-tête_ talk

much better than a dispute in a party; he felt himself at more advantage

in long leisurely speeches, and he was soon put out of breath when he

had to bolt-out or edge-in his words amid the ever-varying voices of a

breakfast-table. He thought the present might be a good opportunity of

doing good to a poor youth who did not know chalk from cheese, and who,

by his means, might be, as he would word it, "savingly converted." So

they got into conversation, talked of Willis's step, which Freeborn

called awful; and, before Charles knew where he was, he found himself

asking Freeborn what he meant by "faith."

"Faith," said Freeborn, "is a Divine gift, and is the instrument of our

justification in God's sight. We are all by nature displeasing to Him,

till He justifies us freely for Christ's sake. Faith is like a hand,

appropriating personally the merits of Christ, who is our justification.

Now, what can we want more, or have more, than those merits? Faith,

then, is everything, and does everything for us. You see, then, how

important it is to have a right view about justification by faith only.

If we are sound on this capital point, everything else may take its

chance; we shall at once see the folly of contending about ceremonies,

about forms of Church-government, about, I will even say, sacraments or

creeds. External things will, in that case, either be neglected, or will

find a subordinate place."

Reding observed that of course Freeborn did not mean to say that good

works were not necessary for obtaining God's favour; "but if they were,

how was justification by faith only?"

Freeborn smiled, and said that he hoped Reding would have clearer views

in a little time. It was a very simple matter. Faith not only justified,

it regenerated also. It was the root of sanctification, as well as of

Divine acceptance. The same act, which was the means of bringing us into

God's favour, secured our being meet for it. Thus good works were

secured, because faith would not be true faith unless it were such as to

be certain of bringing forth good works in due time.

Reding thought this view simple and clear, though it unpleasantly

reminded him of Dr. Brownside. Freeborn added that it was a doctrine

suited to the poor, that it put all the gospel into a nutshell, that it

dispensed with criticism, primitive ages, teachers--in short, with

authority in whatever form. It swept theology clean away. There was no

need to mention this last consequence to Charles; but he passed it by,

wishing to try the system on its own merits.

"You speak of _true_ faith," he said, "as producing good works: you say

that no faith justifies _but_ true faith, and true faith produces good

works. In other words, I suppose, faith, which is _certain to be

fruitful_, or _fruitful_ faith, justifies. This is very like saying that

faith and works are the joint means of justification."

"Oh, no, no," cried Freeborn, "that is deplorable doctrine: it is quite

opposed to the gospel, it is anti-Christian. We are justified by faith

only, apart from good works."

"I am in an Article lecture just now," said Charles, "and Upton told us

that we must make a distinction of _this_ kind; for instance, the Duke

of Wellington is Chancellor of the University, but, though he is as much

Chancellor as Duke, still he sits in the House of Lords as Duke, not as

Chancellor. Thus, although faith is as truly fruitful as it is faith,

yet it does not justify as being fruitful, but as being faith. Is this

what you mean?"

"Not at all," said Freeborn; "that was Melancthon's doctrine; he

explained away a cardinal truth into a mere matter of words; he made

faith a mere symbol, but this is a departure from the pure gospel: faith

is the _instrument_, not a _symbol_ of justification. It is, in truth, a

mere _apprehension_, and nothing else: the seizing and clinging which a

beggar might venture on when a king passed by. Faith is as poor as Job

in the ashes: it is like Job stripped of all pride and pomp and good

works: it is covered with filthy rags: it is without anything good: it

is, I repeat, a mere apprehension. Now you see what I mean."

"I can't believe I understand you," said Charles: "you say that to have

faith is to seize Christ's merits; and that we have them, if we will but

seize them. But surely not every one who seizes them, gains them;

because dissolute men, who never have a dream of thorough repentance or

real hatred of sin, would gladly seize and appropriate them, if they

might do so. They would like to get to heaven for nothing. Faith, then,

must be some particular _kind_ of apprehension; _what_ kind? good works

cannot be mistaken, but an 'apprehension' may. What, then, is a true

apprehension? what _is_ faith?"

"What need, my dear friend," answered Freeborn, "of knowing

metaphysically what true faith is, if we have it and enjoy it? I do not

know what bread is, but I eat it; do I wait till a chemist analyzes it?

No, I eat it, and I feel the good effects afterwards. And so let us be

content to know, not what faith _is_, but what it _does_, and enjoy our

blessedness in possessing it."

"I really don't want to introduce metaphysics," said Charles, "but I

will adopt your own image. Suppose I suspected the bread before me to

have arsenic in it, or merely to be unwholesome, would it be wonderful

if I tried to ascertain how the fact stood?"

"Did you do so this morning at breakfast?" asked Freeborn.

"I did not suspect my bread," answered Charles.

"Then why suspect faith?" asked Freeborn.

"Because it is, so to say, a new substance,"--Freeborn sighed,--"because

I am not used to it, nay, because I suspect it. I must say _suspect_ it;

because, though I don't know much about the matter, I know perfectly

well, from what has taken place in my father's parish, what excesses

this doctrine may lead to, unless it is guarded. You say that it is a

doctrine for the poor; now they are very likely to mistake one thing for

another; so indeed is every one. If, then, we are told, that we have but

to apprehend Christ's merits, and need not trouble ourselves about

anything else; that justification has taken place, and works will

follow; that all is done, and that salvation is complete, while we do

but continue to have faith; I think we ought to be pretty sure that we

_have_ faith, real faith, a real apprehension, before we shut up our

books and make holiday."

Freeborn was secretly annoyed that he had got into an argument, or

pained, as he would express it, at the pride of Charles's natural man,

or the blindness of his carnal reason; but there was no help for it, he

must give him an answer.

"There are, I know, many kinds of faith," he said; "and of course you

must be on your guard against mistaking false faith for true faith. Many

persons, as you most truly say, make this mistake; and most important is

it, all important I should say, to go right. First, it is evident that

it is not mere belief in facts, in the being of a God, or in the

historical event that Christ has come and gone. Nor is it the submission

of the reason to mysteries; nor, again, is it that sort of trust which

is required for exercising the gift of miracles. Nor is it knowledge and

acceptance of the contents of the Bible. I say, it is not knowledge, it

is not assent of the intellect, it is not historical faith, it is not

dead faith: true justifying faith is none of these--it is seated in the

heart and affections." He paused, then added: "Now, I suppose, for

practical purposes, I have described pretty well what justifying faith

is."

Charles hesitated: "By describing what it is _not_, you mean," said he;

"justifying faith, then, is, I suppose, living faith."

"Not so fast," answered Freeborn.

"Why," said Charles, "if it's not dead faith, it's living faith."

"It's neither dead faith nor living," said Freeborn, "but faith, simple

faith, which justifies. Luther was displeased with Melancthon for saying

that living and operative faith justified. I have studied the question

very carefully."

"Then do _you_ tell me," said Charles, "what faith is, since I do not

explain it correctly. For instance, if you said (what you don't say),

that faith was submission of the reason to mysteries, or acceptance of

Scripture as an historical document, I should know perfectly well what

you meant; _that_ is information: but when you say, that faith which

justifies is an _apprehension_ of Christ, that it is _not_ living faith,

or fruitful faith, or operative, but a something which in fact and

actually is distinct from these, I confess I feel perplexed."

Freeborn wished to be out of the argument. "Oh," he said, "if you really

once experienced the power of faith--how it changes the heart,

enlightens the eyes, gives a new spiritual taste, a new sense to the

soul; if you once knew what it was to be blind, and then to see, you

would not ask for definitions. Strangers need verbal descriptions; the

heirs of the kingdom enjoy. Oh, if you could but be persuaded to put off

high imaginations; to strip yourself of your proud self, and to

_experience_ in yourself the wonderful change, you would live in praise

and thanksgiving, instead of argument and criticism."

Charles was touched by his warmth; "But," he said, "we ought to act by

reason; and I don't see that I have more, or so much, reason to listen

to you, as to listen to the Roman Catholic, who tells me I cannot

possibly have that certainty of faith before believing, which on

believing will be divinely given me."

"Surely," said Freeborn, with a grave face, "you would not compare the

spiritual Christian, such as Luther, holding his cardinal doctrine about

justification, to any such formal, legal, superstitious devotee as

Popery can make, with its carnal rites and quack remedies, which never

really cleanse the soul or reconcile it to God?"

"I don't like you to talk so," said Reding; "I know very little about

the real nature of Popery; but when I was a boy I was once, by chance,

in a Roman Catholic chapel; and I really never saw such devotion in my

life--the people all on their knees, and most earnestly attentive to

what was going on. I did not understand what that was; but I am sure,

had you been there, you never would have called their religion, be it

right or wrong, an outward form or carnal ordinance."

Freeborn said it deeply pained him to hear such sentiments, and to find

that Charles was so tainted with the errors of the day; and he began,

not with much tact, to talk of the Papal Antichrist, and would have got

off to prophecy, had Charles said a word to afford fuel for discussion.

As he kept silence, Freeborn's zeal burnt out, and there was a break in

the conversation.

After a time, Reding ventured to begin again.

"If I understand you," he said, "faith carries its own evidence with it.

Just as I eat my bread at breakfast without hesitation about its

wholesomeness, so, when I have really faith, I know it beyond mistake,

and need not look out for tests of it?"

"Precisely so," said Freeborn; "you begin to see what I mean; you grow.

The soul is enlightened to see that it has real faith."

"But how," asked Charles, "are we to rescue those from their dangerous

mistake, who think they have faith, while they have not? Is there no way

in which they can find out that they are under a delusion?"

"It is not wonderful," said Freeborn, "though there be no way. There are

many self-deceivers in the world. Some men are self-righteous, trust in

their works, and think they are safe when they are in a state of

perdition; no formal rules _can_ be given by which their reason might

for certain detect their mistake. And so of false faith."

"Well, it does seem to me wonderful," said Charles, "that there is no

natural and obvious warning provided against this delusion; wonderful

that false faith should be so exactly like true faith that there is

nothing to determine their differences from each other. Effects imply

causes: if one apprehension of Christ leads to good works, and another

does not, there must be something _in_ the one which is not _in_ the

other. _What_ is a false apprehension of Christ wanting in, which a true

apprehension has? The word _apprehension_ is so vague; it conveys no

definite idea to me, yet justification depends on it. Is a false

apprehension, for instance, wanting in repentance and amendment?"

"No, no," said Freeborn; "true faith is complete without conversion;

conversion follows; but faith is the root."

"Is it the love of God which distinguishes true faith from false?"

"Love?" answered Freeborn; "you should read what Luther says in his

celebrated comment on the Galatians. He calls such a doctrine

'_pestilens figmentum_,' '_diaboli portentum_;' and cries out against

the Papists, '_Pereant sophistæ cum suâ maledictâ glossâ!_'"

"Then it differs from false faith in nothing."

"Not so," said Freeborn; "it differs from it in its fruits: 'By their

fruits ye shall know them.'"

"This is coming round to the same point again," said Charles; "fruits

come after; but a man, it seems, is to take comfort in his justification

_before_ fruits come, before he knows that his faith will produce them."

"Good works are the _necessary_ fruits of faith," said Freeborn; "so

says the Article."

Charles made no answer, but said to himself, "My good friend here

certainly has not the clearest of heads;" then aloud, "Well, I despair

of getting at the bottom of the subject."

"Of course," answered Freeborn, with an air of superiority, though in a

mild tone, "it is a very simple principle, '_Fides justificat ante et

sine charitate_;' but it requires a Divine light to embrace it."

They walked awhile in silence; then, as the day was now closing in, they

turned homewards, and parted company when they came to the Clarendon.

CHAPTER XVII.

Freeborn was not the person to let go a young man like Charles without

another effort to gain him; and in a few days he invited him to take tea

at his lodgings. Charles went at the appointed time, through the wet and

cold of a dreary November evening, and found five or six men already

assembled. He had got into another world; faces, manners, speeches, all

were strange, and savoured neither of Eton, which was his own school,

nor of Oxford itself. He was introduced, and found the awkwardness of a

new acquaintance little relieved by the conversation which went on. It

was a dropping fire of serious remarks; with pauses, relieved only by

occasional "ahems," the sipping of tea, the sound of spoons falling

against the saucers, and the blind shifting of chairs as the flurried

servant-maid of the lodgings suddenly came upon them from behind, with

the kettle for the teapot, or toast for the table. There was no nature

or elasticity in the party, but a great intention to be profitable.

"Have you seen the last _Spiritual Journal_?" asked No. 1 of No. 2 in a

low voice.

No. 2 had just read it.

"A very remarkable article that," said No. 1, "upon the deathbed of the

Pope."

"No one is beyond hope," answered No. 2.

"I have heard of it, but not seen it," said No. 3.

A pause.

"What is it about?" asked Reding.

"The late Pope Sixtus the Sixteenth," said No. 3; "he seems to have died

a believer."

A sensation. Charles looked as if he wished to know more.

"The _Journal_ gives it on excellent authority," said No. 2; "Mr.

O'Niggins, the agent for the Roman Priest Conversion Branch Tract

Society, was in Rome during his last illness. He solicited an audience

with the Pope, which was granted to him. He at once began to address him

on the necessity of a change of heart, belief in the one Hope of

sinners, and abandonment of all creature mediators. He announced to him

the glad tidings, and assured him there was pardon for all. He warned

him against the figment of baptismal regeneration; and then, proceeding

to apply the word, he urged him, though in the eleventh hour, to receive

the Bible, the whole Bible, and nothing but the Bible. The Pope listened

with marked attention, and displayed considerable emotion. When it was

ended, he answered Mr. O'Niggins that it was his fervent hope that they

two would not die without finding themselves in one communion, or

something of the sort. He declared moreover, what was astonishing, that

he put his sole trust in Christ, 'the source of all merit,' as he

expressed it--a remarkable phrase."

"In what language was the conversation carried on?" asked Reding.

"It is not stated," answered No. 2; "but I am pretty sure Mr. O'Niggins

is a good French scholar."

"It does not seem to me," said Charles, "that the Pope's admissions are

greater than those made continually by certain members of our own

Church, who are nevertheless accused of Popery."

"But they are extorted from such persons," said Freeborn, "while the

Pope's were voluntary."

"The one party go back into darkness," said No. 3; "the Pope was coming

forward into light."

"One ought to interpret everything for the best in a real Papist," said

Freeborn, "and everything for the worst in a Puseyite. That is both

charity and common sense."

"This was not all," continued No. 2; "he called together the Cardinals,

protested that he earnestly desired God's glory, said that inward

religion was all in all, and forms were nothing without a contrite

heart, and that he trusted soon to be in Paradise--which, you know, was

a denial of the doctrine of Purgatory."

"A brand from the burning, I do hope," said No. 3.

"It has frequently been observed," said No. 4, "nay it has struck me

myself, that the way to convert Romanists is first to convert the Pope."

"It is a sure way, at least," said Charles timidly, afraid he was saying

too much; but his irony was not discovered.

"Man cannot do it," said Freeborn; "it's the power of faith. Faith can

be vouchsafed even to the greatest sinners. You see now, perhaps," he

said, turning to Charles, "better than you did, what I meant by faith

the other day. This poor old man could have no merit; he had passed a

long life in opposing the Cross. Do your difficulties continue?"

Charles had thought over their former conversation very carefully

several times, and he answered, "Why, I don't think they do to the same

extent."

Freeborn looked pleased.

"I mean," he said, "that the idea hangs together better than I thought

it did at first."

Freeborn looked puzzled.

Charles, slightly colouring, was obliged to proceed, amid the profound

silence of the whole party. "You said, you know, that justifying faith

was without love or any other grace besides itself, and that no one

could at all tell what it was, except afterwards, from its fruits; that

there was no test by which a person could examine himself, whether or

not he was deceiving himself when he thought he had faith, so that good

and bad might equally be taking to themselves the promises and the

privileges peculiar to the gospel. I thought this a hard doctrine

certainly at first; but, then, afterwards it struck me that faith is

perhaps a result of a previous state of mind, a blessed result of a

blessed state, and therefore may be considered the reward of previous

obedience; whereas sham faith, or what merely looks like faith, is a

judicial punishment."

In proportion as the drift of the former part of this speech was

uncertain, so was the conclusion very distinct. There was no mistake,

and an audible emotion.

"There is no such thing as previous merit," said No. 1; "all is of

grace."

"Not merit, I know," said Charles, "but"----

"We must not bring in the doctrine of _de condigno_ or _de congruo_,"

said No. 2.

"But surely," said Charles, "it is a cruel thing to say to the unlearned

and the multitude, 'Believe, and you are at once saved; do not wait for

fruits, rejoice at once,' and neither to accompany this announcement by

any clear description of what faith is, nor to secure them by previous

religious training against self-deception!"

"That is the very gloriousness of the doctrine," said Freeborn, "that it

is preached to the worst of mankind. It says, 'Come as you are; don't

attempt to make yourselves better. Believe that salvation is yours, and

it is yours: good works follow after.'"

"On the contrary," said Charles, continuing his argument, "when it is

said that justification follows upon baptism, we have an intelligible

something pointed out, which every one can ascertain. Baptism is an

external unequivocal token; whereas that a man has this secret feeling

called faith, no one but himself can be a witness, and he is not an

unbiassed one."

Reding had at length succeeded in throwing that dull tea-table into a

state of great excitement. "My dear friend," said Freeborn, "I had hoped

better things; in a little while, I hope, you will see things

differently. Baptism is an outward rite; what is there, can there be,

spiritual, holy, or heavenly in baptism?"

"But you tell me faith too is not spiritual," said Charles.

"_I_ tell you!" cried Freeborn, "when?"

"Well," said Charles, somewhat puzzled, "at least you do not think it

holy."

Freeborn was puzzled in his turn.

"If it is holy," continued Charles, "it has something good in it; it has

some worth; it is not filthy rags. All the good comes afterwards, you

said. You said that its fruits were holy, but that it was nothing at all

itself."

There was a momentary silence, and some agitation of thought.

"Oh, faith is certainly a holy feeling," said No. 1.

"No, it is spiritual, but not holy," said No. 2; "it is a mere act, the

apprehension of Christ's merits."

"It is seated in the affections," said No. 3; "faith is a feeling of the

heart; it is trust, it is a belief that Christ is _my_ Saviour; all this

is distinct from holiness. Holiness introduces self-righteousness. Faith

is peace and joy, but it is not holiness. Holiness comes after."

"Nothing can cause holiness but what is holy; this is a sort of axiom,"

said Charles; "if the fruits are holy, faith, which is the root, is

holy."

"You might as well say that the root of a rose is red, and of a lily

white," said No. 3.

"Pardon me, Reding," said Freeborn, "it is, as my friend says, an

_apprehension_. An apprehension is a seizing; there is no more holiness

in justifying faith, than in the hand's seizing a substance which comes

in its way. This is Luther's great doctrine in his 'Commentary' on the

Galatians. It is nothing in itself--it is a mere instrument; this is

what he teaches, when he so vehemently resists the notion of justifying

faith being accompanied by love."

"I cannot assent to that doctrine," said No. 1; "it may be true in a

certain sense, but it throws stumbling-blocks in the way of seekers.

Luther could not have meant what you say, I am convinced. Justifying

faith is always accompanied by love."

"That is what I thought," said Charles.

"That is the Romish doctrine all over," said No. 2; "it is the doctrine

of Bull and Taylor."

"Luther calls it, '_venenum infernale_,'" said Freeborn.

"It is just what the Puseyites preach at present," said No. 3.

"On the contrary," said No. 1, "it is the doctrine of Melancthon. Look

here," he continued, taking his pocketbook out of his pocket, "I have

got his words down as Shuffleton quoted them in the Divinity-school the

other day: '_Fides significat fiduciam; in fiducidâ_ inest _dilectio;

ergo etiam dilectione sumus justi_.'"

Three of the party cried "Impossible!" The paper was handed round in

solemn silence.

"Calvin said the same," said No. 1 triumphantly.

"I think," said No. 4, in a slow, smooth, sustained voice, which

contrasted with the animation which had suddenly inspired the

conversation, "that the con-tro-ver-sy, ahem, may be easily arranged. It

is a question of words between Luther and Melancthon. Luther says, ahem,

'faith is _without_ love,' meaning, 'faith without love justifies.'

Melancthon, on the other hand, says, ahem, 'faith is _with_ love,'

meaning, 'faith justifies with love.' Now both are true: for, ahem,

faith-without-love _justifies_, yet faith justifies _not-without-love_."

There was a pause, while both parties digested this explanation.

"On the contrary," he added, "it is the Romish doctrine that

faith-with-love justifies."

Freeborn expressed his dissent; he thought this the doctrine of

Melancthon which Luther condemned.

"You mean," said Charles, "that justification is given to faith _with_

love, not to faith _and_ love."

"You have expressed my meaning," said No. 4.

"And what is considered the difference between _with_ and _and_?" asked

Charles.

No. 4 replied without hesitation, "Faith is the _instrument_, love the

_sine quâ non_."

Nos. 2 and 3 interposed with a protest; they thought it "legal" to

introduce the phrase _sine quâ non_; it was introducing _conditions_.

Justification was unconditional.

"But is not faith a condition?" asked Charles.

"Certainly not," said Freeborn; "'condition' is a legal word. How can

salvation be free and full, if it is conditional?"

"There are no conditions," said No. 3; "all must come from the heart. We

believe with the heart, we love from the heart, we obey with the heart;

not because we are obliged, but because we have a new nature."

"Is there no obligation to obey?" said Charles, surprised.

"No obligation to the regenerate," answered No. 3; "they are above

obligation; they are in a new state."

"But surely Christians are under a law," said Charles.

"Certainly not," said No. 2; "the law is done away in Christ."

"Take care," said No. 1; "that borders on Antinomianism."

"Not at all," said Freeborn; "an Antinomian actually holds that he may

break the law: a spiritual believer only holds that he is not bound to

keep it."

Now they got into a fresh discussion among themselves; and, as it seemed

as interminable as it was uninteresting, Reding took an opportunity to

wish his host a good night, and to slip away. He never had much leaning

towards the evangelical doctrine; and Freeborn and his friends, who knew

what they were holding a great deal better than the run of their party,

satisfied him that he had not much to gain by inquiring into that

doctrine farther. So they will vanish in consequence from our pages.

CHAPTER XVIII.

When Charles got to his room he saw a letter from home lying on his

table; and, to his alarm, it had a deep black edge. He tore it open.

Alas, it announced the sudden death of his dear father! He had been

ailing some weeks with the gout, which at length had attacked his

stomach, and carried him off in a few hours.

O my poor dear Charles, I sympathize with you keenly all that long

night, and in that indescribable waking in the morning, and that dreary

day of travel which followed it! By the afternoon you were at home. O

piercing change! it was but six or seven weeks before that you had

passed the same objects the reverse way, with what different feelings,

and oh, in what company, as you made for the railway omnibus! It was a

grief not to be put into words; and to meet mother, sisters--and the

Dead!...

The funeral is over by some days; Charles is to remain at home the

remainder of the term, and does not return to Oxford till towards the

end of January. The signs of grief have been put away; the house looks

cheerful as before; the fire as bright, the mirrors as clear, the

furniture as orderly; the pictures are the same, and the ornaments on

the mantelpiece stand as they have stood, and the French clock tells the

hour, as it has told it, for years past. The inmates of the parsonage

wear, it is most true, the signs of a heavy bereavement; but they

converse as usual, and on ordinary subjects; they pursue the same

employments, they work, they read, they walk in the garden, they dine.

There is no change except in the inward consciousness of an overwhelming

loss. _He_ is not there, not merely on this day or that, for so it well

might be; he is not merely away, but, as they know well, he is gone and

will not return. That he is absent now is but a token and a memorial to

their minds that he will be absent always. But especially at dinner;

Charles had to take a place which he had sometimes filled, but then as

the deputy, and in the presence of him whom now he succeeded. His

father, being not much more than a middle-aged man, had been accustomed

to carve himself. And when at the meal of the day Charles looked up, he

had to encounter the troubled look of one, who, from her place at table,

had before her eyes a still more vivid memento of their common

loss;--_aliquid desideraverunt oculi_.

Mr. Reding had left his family well provided for; and this, though a

real alleviation of their loss in the event, perhaps augmented the pain

of it at the moment. He had ever been a kind indulgent father. He was a

most respectable clergyman of the old school; pious in his sentiments, a

gentleman in his feelings, exemplary in his social relations. He was no

reader, and never had been in the way to gain theological knowledge; he

sincerely believed all that was in the Prayer Book, but his sermons were

very rarely doctrinal. They were sensible, manly discourses on the moral

duties. He administered Holy Communion at the three great festivals, saw

his Bishop once or twice a year, was on good terms with the country

gentlemen in his neighbourhood, was charitable to the poor, hospitable

in his housekeeping, and was a staunch though not a violent supporter of

the Tory interest in his county. He was incapable of anything harsh, or

petty, or low, or uncourteous; and died esteemed by the great houses

about him, and lamented by his parishioners.

It was the first great grief poor Charles had ever had, and he felt it

to be real. How did the small anxieties which had of late teased him,

vanish before this tangible calamity! He then understood the difference

between what was real and what was not. All the doubts, inquiries,

surmises, views, which had of late haunted him on theological subjects,

seemed like so many shams, which flitted before him in sun-bright hours,

but had no root in his inward nature, and fell from him, like the

helpless December leaves, in the hour of his affliction. He felt now

_where_ his heart and his life lay. His birth, his parentage, his

education, his home, were great realities; to these his being was

united; out of these he grew. He felt he must be what Providence had

made him. What is called the pursuit of truth, seemed an idle dream. He

had great tangible duties to his father's memory, to his mother and

sisters, to his position; he felt sick of all theories, as if they had

taken him in; and he secretly resolved never more to have anything to do

with them. Let the world go on as it might, happen what would to others,

his own place and his own path were clear. He would go back to Oxford,

attend steadily to his books, put aside all distractions, avoid

bye-paths, and do his best to acquit himself well in the schools. The

Church of England as it was, its Articles, bishops, preachers,

professors, had sufficed for much better persons than he was; they were

good enough for him. He could not do better than imitate the life and

death of his beloved father; quiet years in the country at a distance

from all excitements, a round of pious, useful works among the poor, the

care of a village school, and at length the death of the righteous.

At the moment, and for some time to come, he had special duties towards

his mother; he wished, as far as might be, to supply to her the place of

him she had lost. She had great trials before her still; if it was a

grief to himself to leave Hartley, what would it be to her? Not many

months would pass before she would have to quit a place ever dear, and

now sacred in her thoughts; there was in store for her the anguish of

dismantling the home of many years, and the toil and whirl of packing; a

wearied head and an aching heart at a time when she would have most need

of self-possession and energy.

Such were the thoughts which came upon him again and again in those

sorrowful weeks. A leaf had been turned over in his life; he could not

be what he had been. People come to man's estate at very different

ages. Youngest sons in a family, like monks in a convent, may remain

children till they have reached middle age; but the elder, should their

father die prematurely, are suddenly ripened into manhood, when they are

almost boys. Charles had left Oxford a clever unformed youth; he

returned a man.

Part II.

CHAPTER I.

About three miles from Oxford a thickly-wooded village lies on the side

of a steep, long hill or chine, looking over the Berkshire woods, and

commanding a view of the many-turreted city itself. Over its broad

summit once stretched a chestnut forest; and now it is covered with the

roots of trees, or furze, or soft turf. The red sand which lies

underneath contrasts with the green, and adds to its brilliancy; it

drinks in, too, the rain greedily, so that the wide common is nearly

always fit for walking; and the air, unlike the heavy atmosphere of the

University beneath it, is fresh and bracing. The gorse was still in

bloom, in the latter end of the month of June, when Reding and Sheffield

took up their abode in a small cottage at the upper end of this

village--so hid with trees and girt in with meadows that for the

stranger it was hard to find--there to pass their third and last Long

Vacation before going into the schools.

A year and a half had passed since Charles's great affliction, and the

time had not been unprofitably spent either by himself or his friend.

Both had read very regularly, and Sheffield had gained the Latin verse

into the bargain. Charles had put all religious perplexities aside; that

is, he knew of course many more persons of all parties than he did

before, and became better acquainted with their tenets and their

characters, but he did not dwell upon anything which he met with, nor

attempt to determine the merits or solve the difficulties of this or

that question. He took things as they came; and, while he gave his mind

to his books, he thankfully availed himself of the religious privileges

which the College system afforded him. Nearly a year still remained

before his examination; and, as Mrs. Reding had not as yet fully

arranged her plans, but was still, with her daughters, passing from

friend to friend, he had listened to Sheffield's proposal to take a

tutor for the Vacation, and to find a site for their studies in the

neighbourhood of Oxford. There was every prospect of their both

obtaining the highest honours which the schools award: they both were

good scholars, and clever men; they had read regularly, and had had the

advantage of able lectures.

The side of the hill forms a large, sweeping hollow or theatre just on

one side of the village of Horsley. The two extreme points may be half a

mile across; but the distance is increased to one who follows the path

which winds through the furze and fern along the ridge. Their tutor had

been unable to find lodgings in the village; and, while the two young

men lived on one extremity of the sweep we have been describing, Mr.

Carlton, who was not above three years older than they, had planted

himself at a farmhouse upon the other. Besides, the farmhouse suited

him better, as being nearer to a hamlet which he was serving during the

Vacation.

"I don't think you like Carlton as well as I do," said Reding to

Sheffield, as they lay on the green sward with some lighter classic in

their hands, waiting for dinner, and watching their friend as he

approached them from his lodgings. "He is to me so taking a man; so

equable, so gentle, so considerate--he brings people together, and fills

them with confidence in himself and friendly feeling towards each other,

more than any person I know."

"You are wrong," said Sheffield, "if you think I don't value him

extremely, and love him too; it's impossible not to love him. But he's

not the person quite to get influence over me."

"He's too much of an Anglican for you," said Reding.

"Not at all," said Sheffield, "except indirectly. My quarrel with him

is, that he has many original thoughts, and holds many profound truths

in detail, but is quite unable to see how they lie to each other, and

equally unable to draw consequences. He never sees a truth until he

touches it; he is ever groping and feeling, and, as in hide-and-seek,

continually burns without discovering. I know there are ten thousand

persons who cannot see an inch before their nose, and who can

comfortably digest contradictions; but Carlton is really a clever man;

he is no common thinker; this makes it so provoking. When I write an

essay for him--I know I write obscurely, and often do not bring out the

sequence of my ideas in due order, but, so it is--he is sure to cut out

the very thought or statement on which I especially pride myself, on

which the whole argument rests, which binds every part together; and he

coolly tells me that it is extravagant or far-fetched--not seeing that

by leaving it out he has made nonsense of the rest. He is a man to rob

an arch of its keystone, and then quietly to build his house upon it."

"Ah, your old failing again," said Reding; "a craving after views. Now,

what I like in Carlton, is that repose of his;--always saying enough,

never too much; never boring you, never taxing you; always practical,

never in the clouds. Save me from a viewy man; I could not live with him

for a week, present company always excepted."

"Now, considering how hard I have read, and how little I have talked

this year past, that is hard on me," said Sheffield. "Did not I go to be

one of old Thruston's sixteen pupils, last Long? He gave us capital

feeds, smoked with us, and coached us in Ethics and Agamemnon. He knows

his books by heart, can repeat his plays backwards, and weighs out his

Aristotle by grains and pennyweights; but, for generalizations, ideas,

poetry, oh, it was desolation--it was a darkness which could be felt!"

"And you stayed there just six weeks out of four months, Sheffield,"

answered Reding.

Carlton had now joined them, and, after introductory greetings on both

sides, he too threw himself upon the turf. Sheffield said: "Reding and I

were disputing just now whether Nicias was a party man."

"Of course you first defined your terms," said Carlton.

"Well," said Sheffield, "I mean by a party man, one who not only belongs

to a party, but who has the _animus_ of party. Nicias did not make a

party, he found one made. He found himself at the head of it; he was no

more a party man than a prince who was born the head of his state."

"I should agree with you," said Carlton; "but still I should like to

know what a party is, and what a party man."

"A party," said Sheffield, "is merely an extra-constitutional or

extra-legal body."

"Party action," said Charles, "is the exertion of influence instead of

law."

"But supposing, Reding, there is no law existing in the quarter where

influence exerts itself?" asked Carlton.

Charles had to explain: "Certainly," he said, "the State did not

legislate for all possible contingencies."

"For instance," continued Carlton, "a prime minister, I have understood,

is not acknowledged in the Constitution; he exerts influence beyond the

law, but not, in consequence, against any existing law; and it would be

absurd to talk of him as a party man."

"Parliamentary parties, too, are recognised among us," said Sheffield,

"though extra-constitutional. We call them parties; but who would call

the Duke of Devonshire or Lord John Russell, in a bad sense, a party

man?"

"It seems to me," said Carlton, "that the formation of a party is

merely a recurrence to the original mode of forming into society. You

recollect Deioces; he formed a party. He gained influence; he laid the

foundation of social order."

"Law certainly begins in influence," said Reding, "for it presupposes a

lawgiver; afterwards it supersedes influence; from that time the

exertion of influence is a sign of party."

"Too broadly said, as you yourself just now allowed," said Carlton: "you

should say that law _begins_ to supersede influence, and that _in

proportion_ as it supersedes it, does the exertion of influence involve

party action. For instance, has not the Crown an immense personal

influence? we talk of the Court _party_; yet it does not interfere with

law, it is intended to conciliate the people to the law."

"But it is recognized by law and constitution," said Charles, "as was

the Dictatorship."

"Well, then, take the influence of the clergy," answered Carlton; "we

make much of that influence as a principle supplemental to the law, and

as a support to the law, yet not created or defined by the law. The law

does not recognize what some one calls truly a 'resident gentleman' in

every parish. Influence, then, instead of law is not necessarily the

action of party."

"So again, national character is an influence distinct from the law,"

said Sheffield, "according to the line, '_Quid leges sine moribus_?'"

"Law," said Carlton, "is but gradually formed and extended. Well, then,

so far as there is no law, there is the reign of influence; there is

party without of necessity _party_ action. This is the justification of

Whigs and Tories at the present day; to supply, as Aristotle says on

another subject, the defects of the law. Charles I. exerted a regal,

Walpole a ministerial influence; but influence, not law, was the

operating principle in both cases. The object or the means might be

wrong, but the process could not be called party action."

"You would justify, then," said Charles, "the associations or

confraternities which existed, for instance, in Athens; not, that is, if

they 'took the law into their own hands,' as the phrase goes, but if

there was no law to take, or if there was no constituted authority to

take it of right. It was a recurrence to the precedent of Deioces."

"Manzoni gives a striking instance of this in the beginning of his

_Promessi Sposi_," said Sheffield, "when he describes that protection,

which law ought to give to the weak, as being in the sixteenth century

sought and found almost exclusively in factions or companies. I don't

recollect particulars, but he describes the clergy as busy in extending

their immunities, the nobility their privileges, the army their

exemptions, the trades and artisans their guilds. Even the lawyers

formed a union, and medical men a corporation."

"Thus constitutions are gradually moulded and perfected," said Carlton,

"by extra-constitutional bodies, either coming under the protection of

law, or else being superseded by the law's providing for their objects.

In the middle ages the Church was a vast extra-constitutional body. The

German and Anglo-Norman sovereigns sought to bring its operation

_under_ the law; modern parliaments have superseded its operation _by

law_. Then the State wished to gain the right of investitures; now the

State marries, registers, manages the poor, exercises ecclesiastical

jurisdiction instead of the Church."

"This will make ostracism parallel to the Reformation or the

Revolution," said Sheffield; "there is a battle of influence against

influence, and one gets rid of the other; law or constitution does not

come into question, but the will of the people or of the court ejects,

whether the too-gifted individual, or the monarch, or the religion. What

was not under the law could not be dealt with, had no claim to be dealt

with, by the law."

"A thought has sometimes struck me," said Reding, "which falls in with

what you have been saying. In the last half-century there has been a

gradual formation of the popular party in the State, which now tends to

be acknowledged as constitutional, or is already so acknowledged. My

father never could endure newspapers--I mean the system of newspapers;

he said it was a new power in the State. I am sure I am not defending

what he was thinking of, the many bad proceedings, the wretched

principles, the arrogance and tyranny of newspaper writers, but I am

trying the subject by the test of your theory. The great body of the

people are very imperfectly represented in parliament; the Commons are

not their voice, but the voice of certain great interests. Consequently

the press comes in--to do that which the constitution does not do--to

form the people into a vast mutual-protection association. And this is

done by the same right that Deioces had to collect people about him; it

does not interfere with the existing territory of the law, but builds

where the constitution has not made provision. It _tends_, then,

ultimately to be recognised by the constitution."

"There is another remarkable phenomenon of a similar kind now in process

of development," said Carlton, "and that is, the influence of agitation.

I really am not politician enough to talk of it as good or bad; one's

natural instinct is against it; but it may be necessary. However,

agitation is getting to be recognised as the legitimate instrument by

which the masses make their desires known, and secure the accomplishment

of them. Just as a bill passes in parliament, after certain readings,

discussions, speeches, votings, and the like, so the process by which an

act of the popular will becomes law is a long agitation, issuing in

petitions, previous to and concurrent with the parliamentary process.

The first instance of this was about fifty or sixty years ago, when ...

Hallo!" he cried, "who is this cantering up to us?"

"I declare it is old Vincent," said Sheffield.

"He is to come to dine," said Charles, "just in time."

"How are you, Carlton?" cried Vincent. "How d'ye do, Mr. Sheffield? Mr.

Reding, how d'ye do? acting up to your name, I suppose, for you were

ever a reading man. For myself," he continued, "I am just now an eating

man, and am come to dine with you, if you will let me. Have you a place

for my horse?"

There was a farmer near who could lend a stable; so the horse was led

off by Charles; and the rider, without any delay--for the hour did not

admit it--entered the cottage to make his brief preparation for dinner.