predecessors mainly by the fact that they preyed on the commerce of all
flags indiscriminately, and were outlawed and hunted down by all nations
alike. They, moreover, widely extended their field of operations. No
longer content with the West Indies and the shores of the Caribbean Sea,
they sailed east to the coast of Guinea and around Africa to the Indian
Ocean. They haunted the shores of Madagascar, the Red Sea and the
Persian Gulf, and ventured even as far as the Malabar Coast,
intercepting the rich trade with the East, the great ships from Bengal
and the Islands of Spice. And not only did the outlaws of all nations
from America and the West Indies flock to these regions, but sailors
from England were fired by reports of the rich spoils obtained to
imitate their example. One of the most remarkable instances was that of
Captain Henry Avery, _alias_ Bridgman. In May 1694 Avery was on an
English merchantman, the "Charles II.," lying near Corunna. He persuaded
the crew to mutiny, set the captain on shore, re-christened the ship the
"Fancy," and sailed to the East Indies. Among other prizes he captured,
in September 1695, a large vessel called the "Gunsway," belonging to the
Great Mogul--an exploit which led to reprisals and the seizure of the
English factories in India. On application of the East India Company,
proclamations were issued on 17th July, 10th and 21st August 1696, by
the Lords Justices of England, declaring Avery and his crew pirates and
offering a reward for their apprehension.[531] Five of the crew were
seized on their return to England in the autumn of the same year, were
tried at the Old Bailey and hanged, and several of their companions were
arrested later.[532]
In the North American colonies these new pirates still continued to find
encouragement and protection. Carolina had long had an evil reputation
as a hot-bed of piracy, and deservedly so. The proprietors had removed
one governor after another for harbouring the freebooters, but with
little result. In the Bahamas, which belonged to the same proprietors,
the evil was even more flagrant. Governor Markham of the Quaker colony
of Pennsylvania allowed the pirates to dispose of their goods and to
refit upon the banks of the Delaware, and William Penn, the proprietor,
showed little disposition to reprimand or remove him. Governor Fletcher
of New York was in open alliance with the outlaws, accepted their gifts
and allowed them to parade the streets in broad daylight. The merchants
of New York, as well as those of Rhode Island and Massachusetts, who
were prevented by the Navigation Laws from engaging in legitimate trade
with other nations, welcomed the appearance of the pirate ships laden
with goods from the East, provided a ready market for their cargoes, and
encouraged them to repeat their voyages.
In 1699 an Act was passed through Parliament of such severity as to
drive many of the outlaws from American waters. It was largely a revival
of the Act of 28, Henry VIII., was in force for seven years, and was
twice renewed. The war of the Spanish Succession, moreover, gave many
men of piratical inclinations an opportunity of sailing under lawful
commissions as privateers against the French and Spaniards. In this long
war, too, the French filibusters were especially numerous and active. In
1706 there were 1200 or 1300 who made their headquarters in Martinique
alone.[533] While keeping the French islands supplied with provisions
and merchandise captured in their prizes, they were a serious
discouragement to English commerce in those regions, especially to the
trade with the North American colonies. Occasionally they threatened the
coasts of Virginia and New England, and some combined with their West
Indian cruises a foray along the coasts of Guinea and into the Red Sea.
These corsairs were not all commissioned privateers, however, for some
of them seized French shipping with as little compunction as English or
Dutch. Especially after the Treaty of Utrecht there was a recrudescence
of piracy both in the West Indies and in the East, and it was ten years
or more thereafter before the freebooters were finally suppressed.
Footnotes:
[Footnote 424: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 501, 552. _Cf._ also Nos.
197, 227.]
[Footnote 425: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 364-366, 431, 668.]
[Footnote 426: Ibid., Nos. 476, 609, 668. Paine was sent from Jamaica
under arrest to Governor de Cussy in 1684, and thence was shipped on a
frigate to France. (Bibl. Nat., Nouv. Acq., 9325, f. 334.)]
[Footnote 427: Ibid., Nos. 668, 769, 963.]
[Footnote 428: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 769, 963, 993.]
[Footnote 429: Ibid., Nos. 1065, 1313.]
[Footnote 430: Ibid., No. 1313.]
[Footnote 431: Ibid., Nos. 1190, 1216.]
[Footnote 432: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 1173.]
[Footnote 433: Ibid., Nos. 1168, 1190, 1223, 1344; _cf._ also Nos. 1381,
1464, 1803.
In June 1684 we learn that "Hamlin, captain of La Trompeuse, got into a
ship of thirty-six guns on the coast of the Main last month, with sixty
of his old crew and as many new men. They call themselves pirates, and
their ship La Nouvelle Trompeuse, and talk of their old station at Isle
de Vaches." (Ibid., No. 1759.)]
[Footnote 434: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 777, 1188, 1189, 1223, 1376,
1471-1474, 1504, 1535, 1537, 1731.]
[Footnote 435: Ibid., Nos. 1222, 1223, 1676, 1678, 1686, 1909; _cf._
also Nos. 1382, 1547, 1665.]
[Footnote 436: Ibid., Nos. 552, 599, 668, 712.
Coxon continued to vacillate between submission to the Governor of
Jamaica and open rebellion. In October 1682 he was sent by Sir Thos.
Lynch with three vessels to the Gulf of Honduras to fetch away the
English logwood-cutters. "His men plotted to take the ship and go
privateering, but he valiently resisted, killed one or two with his own
hand, forced eleven overboard, and brought three here (Port Royal) who
were condemned last Friday." (Ibid., No. 769. Letter of Sir Thos. Lynch,
6th Nov. 1682.) A year later, in November 1683, he had again reverted to
piracy (_ibid._, No. 1348), but in January 1686 surrendered to
Lieut.-Governor Molesworth and was ordered to be arrested and tried at
St. Jago de la Vega (_ibid._, 1685-88, No. 548). He probably in the
meantime succeeded in escaping from the island, for in the following
November he was reported to be cutting logwood in the Gulf of Campeache,
and Molesworth was issuing a proclamation declaring him an outlaw
(_ibid._, No. 965). He remained abroad until September 1688 when he
again surrendered to the Governor of Jamaica (_ibid._, No. 1890), and
again by some hook or crook obtained his freedom.]
[Footnote 437: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 660, 673.]
[Footnote 438: Ibid., Nos. 627, 769.]
[Footnote 439: He is not to be confused with the Peter Paine who brought
"La Trompeuse" to Port Royal. Thomas Pain, a few months before he
arrived in the Bahamas, had come in and submitted to Sir Thomas Lynch,
and had been sent out again by the governor to cruise after pirates.
(C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 769, 1707.)]
[Footnote 440: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1509, 1540, 1590, 1924,
1926.]
[Footnote 441: Ibid., Nos. 1927, 1938.]
[Footnote 442: Ibid., Nos. 1540, 1833.]
[Footnote 443: Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv. viii. p. 130. In 1684 there
were between 2000 and 3000 filibusters who made their headquarters in
French Hispaniola. They had seventeen vessels at sea with batteries
ranging from four to fifty guns. (C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 668; Bibl.
Nat., Nouv. Acq., 9325, f. 336.)]
[Footnote 444: Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv. viii. pp. 128-30.]
[Footnote 445: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 963, 998, 1065.]
[Footnote 446: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 709, 712.]
[Footnote 447: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 1163; Charlevoix, liv. viii.
p. 133; Narrative contained in "The Voyages and Adventures of Captain
Barth, Sharpe and others in the South Sea." Lon. 1684.
Governor Lynch wrote in July 1683: "All the governors in America have
known of this very design for four or five months." Duro, quoting from a
Spanish MS. in the Coleccion Navarrete, t. x. No. 33, says that the
booty at Vera Cruz amounted to more than three million reales de plata
in jewels and merchandise, for which the invaders demanded a ransom of
150,000 pieces of eight. They also carried away, according to the
account, 1300 slaves. (_Op. cit._, v. p. 271.) A real de plata was
one-eighth of a peso or piece of eight.]
[Footnote 448: S.P. Spain, vol. 69, f. 339.]
[Footnote 449: Ibid., vol. 70, f. 57; C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 1633.]
[Footnote 450: During de Franquesnay's short tenure of authority,
Laurens, driven from Hispaniola by the stern measures of the governor
against privateers, made it understood that he desired to enter the
service of the Governor of Jamaica. The Privy Council empowered Lynch to
treat with him, offering pardon and permission to settle on the island
on giving security for his future good behaviour. But de Cussy arrived
in the meantime, reversed the policy of de Franquesnay, received Laurens
with all the honour due to a military hero, and endeavoured to engage
him in the services of the government (Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv.
viii. pp. 141, 202; C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1210, 1249, 1424, 1461,
1649, 1718 and 1839).]
[Footnote 451: Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv. viii. pp. 139-145; C.S.P.
Colon., 1685-88, No. 378.]
[Footnote 452: Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv. ix. pp. 197-99; Duro., _op.
cit._, v. pp. 273-74; C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 193, 339, 378, 778.]
[Footnote 453: According to Charlevoix, de Grammont was a native of
Paris, entered the Royal Marine, and distinguished himself in several
naval engagements. Finally he appeared in the West Indies as the
commander of a frigate armed for privateering, and captured near
Martinique a Dutch vessel worth 400,000 livres. He carried his prize to
Hispaniola, where he lost at the gaming table and consumed in debauchery
the whole value of his capture; and not daring to return to France he
joined the buccaneers.]
[Footnote 454: "Laurens-Cornille Baldran, sieur de Graff, lieutenant du
roi en l'isle de Saint Domingue, capitaine de frégate légère, chevalier
de Saint Louis"--so he was styled after entering the service of the
French king (Vaissière, _op cit._, p. 70, note). According to Charlevoix
he was a native of Holland, became a gunner in the Spanish navy, and for
his skill and bravery was advanced to the post of commander of a vessel.
He was sent to American waters, captured by the buccaneers, and joined
their ranks. Such was the terror inspired by his name throughout all the
Spanish coasts that in the public prayers in the churches Heaven was
invoked to shield the inhabitants from his fury. Divorced from his first
wife, whom he had married at Teneriffe in 1674, he was married again in
March 1693 to a Norman or Breton woman named Marie-Anne Dieu-le-veult,
the widow of one of the first inhabitants of Tortuga (_ibid._). The
story goes that Marie-Anne, thinking one day that she had been
grievously insulted by Laurens, went in search of the buccaneer, pistol
in hand, to demand an apology for the outrage. De Graff, judging this
Amazon to be worthy of him, turned about and married her (Ducéré, _op.
cit._, p. 113, note). In October 1698 Laurens de Graff, in company with
Iberville, sailed from Rochefort with two ships, and in Mobile and at
the mouths of the Mississippi laid the foundations of Louisiana (Duro,
_op. cit._, v. p. 306). De Graff died in May 1704. _Cf._ also Bibl.
Nat., Nouv. Acq., 9325 f. 311.]
[Footnote 455: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1958, 1962, 1964, 1991,
2000.
Dampier writes (1685) that "it hath been usual for many years past for
the Governor of Petit Guaves to send blank Commissions to Sea by many of
his Captains, with orders to dispose of them to whom they saw
convenient.... I never read any of these French Commissions ... but I
have learnt since that the Tenor of them is to give a Liberty to Fish,
Fowl and Hunt. The Occasion of this is, that ... in time of Peace these
Commissions are given as a Warrant to those of each side (i.e., French
and Spanish in Hispaniola) to protect them from the adverse Party: But
in effect the French do not restrain them to Hispaniola, but make them a
pretence for a general ravage in any part of America, by Sea or
Land."--Edition 1906, I. pp. 212-13.]
[Footnote 456: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 668, 769, 942, 948, 1281,
1562, 1759; _ibid._, 1685-88, No. 558.
In a memoir of MM. de St. Laurent and Begon to the French King in
February 1684, they report that in the previous year some French
filibusters discovered in a patache captured from the Spaniards a letter
from the Governor of Jamaica exhorting the Spaniards to make war on the
French in Hispaniola, and promising them vessels and other means for
entirely destroying the colony. This letter caused a furious outburst of
resentment among the French settlers against the English (_cf._ also
C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 1348). Shortly after, according to the
memoir, an English ship of 30 guns appeared for several days cruising in
the channel between Tortuga and Port de Paix. The sieur de Franquesnay,
on sending to ask for an explanation of this conduct, received a curt
reply to the effect that the sea was free to everyone. The French
governor thereupon sent a barque with 30 filibusters to attack the
Englishman, but the filibusters returned well beaten. In despair de
Franquesnay asked Captain de Grammont, who had just returned from a
cruise in a ship of 50 guns, to go out against the intruder. With 300 of
the corsairs at his back de Grammont attacked the English frigate. The
reception accorded by the latter was as vigorous as before, but the
result was different, for de Grammont at once grappled with his
antagonist, boarded her and put all the English except the captain to
the sword.--Bibl. Nat., Nouv. Acq., 9325 f. 332.
No reference to this incident is found in the English colonial records.]
[Footnote 457: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, No. 963.]
[Footnote 458: Ibid., Nos. 1844, 1852.]
[Footnote 459: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1246, 1249, 1250, 1294,
1295, 1302, 1311, 1348, 1489, 1502, 1503, 1510, 1562, 1563, 1565.]
[Footnote 460: Ibid., No. 1938; _ibid._, 1685-88, Nos. 33, 53, 57, 68,
128, 129, 157.]
[Footnote 461: Ibid., 1681-85, Nos. 668, 769; _ibid._, 1685-88, No.
986.]
[Footnote 462: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1163, 1198; Bibl. Nat.,
Nouv. Acq., 9325, f. 332.]
[Footnote 463: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1796, 1854, 1855, 1943;
_ibid._, 1685-88, Nos. 218, 269, 569, 591, 609, 706, 739.]
[Footnote 464: Ibid., 1681-85, Nos. 1163, 1198, 1249, 1630.]
[Footnote 465: Ibid., Nos. 963, 992, 1938, 1949, 2025, 2067.]
[Footnote 466: Ibid., Nos. 963, 992, 1759.]
[Footnote 467: Ibid., Nos. 1259, 1563.]
[Footnote 468: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1845, 1851, 1862, 2042.
His ship is called in these letters "La Trompeuse." Unless this is a
confusion with Hamlin's vessel, there must have been more than one "La
Trompeuse" in the West Indies. Very likely the fame or ill-fame of the
original "La Trompeuse" led other pirate captains to flatter themselves
by adopting the same name. Breha was captured in 1686 by the Armada de
Barlovento and hung with nine or ten of his companions (Charlevoix, _op.
cit._, liv. ix. p. 207).]
[Footnote 469: Ibid., Nos. 1299, 1862.]
[Footnote 470: Ibid., No. 1249.]
[Footnote 471: C.S.P. Colon., 1681-85, Nos. 1560, 1561.]
[Footnote 472: Ibid., Nos. 1605, 1862.]
[Footnote 473: Ibid., Nos. 1634, 1845, 1851, 1862.]
[Footnote 474: Ibid., 1685-88, Nos. 363, 364, 639, 1164.]
[Footnote 475: Ibid., Nos. 1029, 1161; Hughson: Carolina Pirates, p.
24.]
[Footnote 476: Ibid., 1681-85, No. 1165.]
[Footnote 477: Hughson, _op. cit._, p. 22.]
[Footnote 478: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 1277, 1278.]
[Footnote 479: Ibid., No. 1411.]
[Footnote 480: Ibid., No. 1463.]
[Footnote 481: Ibid., No. 1602; _cf._ also _ibid._, 1693-96, No. 2243.]
[Footnote 482: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 116, 269, 805.]
[Footnote 483: Ibid., Nos. 1066, 1212.]
[Footnote 484: Ibid., Nos. 965, 1066, 1128.]
[Footnote 485: Ibid., 1681-85, Nos. 1759, 1852, 2067; _ibid._, 1685-88,
No. 1127 and _cf._ Index.
For the careers of John Williams (_alias_ Yankey) and Jacob Everson
(_alias_ Jacobs) during these years _cf._ C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos.
259, 348, 897, 1449, 1476-7, 1624, 1705, 1877; Hist. MSS. Comm., xi. pt.
5, p. 136 (Earl of Dartmouth's MSS.).]
[Footnote 486: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 1406, 1656, 1670, 1705,
1723, 1733; _ibid._, 1689-92, Nos. 52, 515; Hist. MSS. Commiss., xi. pt.
5, p. 136.]
[Footnote 487: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, No. 1959.]
[Footnote 488: Ibid., No. 433.]
[Footnote 489: Ibid., Nos. 706, 1026.]
[Footnote 490: Ibid., No. 1567.]
[Footnote 491: Ibid., Nos. 758, 920, 927, 930, 1001, 1187, 1210.]
[Footnote 492: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, Nos. 1567, 1646, 1655, 1656,
1659, 1663, 1721, 1838, 1858.]
[Footnote 493: Dict. of Nat. Biog.]
[Footnote 494: C.S.P. Colon., 1685-88, No. 1941; _cf._ also 1906.]
[Footnote 495: Ibid., No. 1940.]
[Footnote 496: Ibid., 1689-92, Nos. 6, 29, 292.]
[Footnote 497: Ibid., No. 299.]
[Footnote 498: Ibid., No. 493.]
[Footnote 499: Ibid., Nos. 7, 50, 52, 54, 85, 120, 176-178, 293,
296-299, 514, 515, 874, 880, 980, 1041.]
[Footnote 500: C.S.P. Colon., 1689-92, Nos. 293, 467; Ibid., 1693-96,
Nos. 1931, vii., 1934.]
[Footnote 501: Ibid., 1689-92, Nos. 515, 616, 635, 769.]
[Footnote 502: C.S.P. Colon., 1689-92, Nos. 873, 980, 1021, 1041.]
[Footnote 503: Ibid., No. 714.]
[Footnote 504: Ibid., Nos. 2034, 2043, 2269, 2496, 2498, 2641, 2643.]
[Footnote 505: Ibid., Nos. 72-76, 2034.]
[Footnote 506: Ibid., Nos. 2034, 2044, 2047, 2052, 2103.]
[Footnote 507: Ibid., Nos. 2278, 2398, 2416, 2500.]
[Footnote 508: Ibid., 1693-96, Nos. 634, 635, 1009, 1236.]
[Footnote 509: C.S.P. Colon., 1693-96, Nos. 778, 876; Archives
Coloniales, Corresp. Gen. de St. Dom. III. Letter of Ducasse, 30 March
1694.]
[Footnote 510: C.S.P. Colon., 1693-96, Nos. 1109, 1236 (i.).]
[Footnote 511: Ibid., Nos. 1074, 1083, 1106, 1109, 1114, 1121, 1131,
1194, 1236; Charlevoix, I. x. p. 256 _ff._; Stowe MSS., 305 f., 205 b;
Ducéré: Les corsaires sous l'ancien regime, p. 142.]
[Footnote 512: The number of white men on the island at this time was
variously estimated from 2000 to 2400 men. (C.S.P. Colon., 1693-96, Nos.
1109 and 1258.)]
[Footnote 513: C.S.P. Colon, 1693-96, No. 1516.]
[Footnote 514: Ibid., Nos. 207, 876, 1004.]
[Footnote 515: C.S.P. Colon., 1693-96, Nos. 1946, 1973, 1974, 1980,
1983, 2022. According to Charlevoix, it was the dalliance and cowardice
of Laurens de Graff, who was in command at Cap François, and feared
falling into the hands of his old enemies the English and Spaniards,
which had much to do with the success of the invasion. After the
departure of the allies Laurens was deprived of his post and made
captain of a light corvette. (Charlevoix, I. x. p. 266 _ff._)]
[Footnote 516: Ducéré, _op. cit._ p. 148.]
[Footnote 517: Narrative of de Pointis.]
[Footnote 518: Narrative of de Pointis; C.S.P. Colon., 1696-97, No.
824.]
[Footnote 519: Narrative of de Pointis; C.S.P. Colon., 1696-97, No.
868.]
[Footnote 520: Narrative of de Pointis.]
[Footnote 521: C.S.P. Colon., 1696-97, Nos. 373-376, 413, 661, 769.]
[Footnote 522: Ibid., Nos. 715, 868.]
[Footnote 523: C.S.P. Colon., 1696-97, Nos. 375, 453.]
[Footnote 524: Ibid., 944. 978.]
[Footnote 525: The mouth of the harbour, called Boca Chica, was defended
by a fort with 4 bastions and 33 guns; but the guns were badly mounted
on flimsy carriages of cedar, and were manned by only 15 soldiers.
Inside the harbour was another fort called Santa Cruz, well-built with 4
bastions and a moat, but provided with only a few iron guns and without
a garrison. Two other forts formed part of the exterior works of the
town, but they had neither garrison nor guns. The city itself was
surrounded by solid walls of stone, with 12 bastions and 84 brass
cannon, to man which there was a company of 40 soldiers. Such was the
war footing on which the Spanish Government maintained the "Key of the
Indies." (Duro, _op. cit._, v. p. 287.)]
[Footnote 526: Narrative of de Pointis. _Cf._ Charlevoix, _op cit._,
liv. xi., for the best account of the whole expedition.]
[Footnote 527: Charlevoix, _op. cit._, liv. xi. p. 352.
In one of the articles of capitulation which the Governor of Cartagena
obtained from de Pointis, the latter promised to leave untouched the
plate, jewels and other treasure of the churches and convents. This
article was not observed by the French. On the return of the expedition
to France, however, Louis XIV. ordered the ecclesiastical plate to be
sequestered, and after the conclusion of the Peace of Ryswick sent it
back to San Domingo to be delivered to the governor and clergy of the
Spanish part of the island. (Duro, _op. cit._, v. pp. 291, 296-97).]
[Footnote 528: Duro, _op. cit._, v. p. 310.]
[Footnote 529: C.S.P. Colon., 1669-74, No. 697.]
[Footnote 530: Ibid.; _cf._ C.S.P. Colon., 1669-74, No. 138: "The number
of tippling houses is now doubly increased, so that there is not now
resident upon the place ten men to every house that selleth strong
liquors. There are more than 100 licensed houses, besides sugar and rum
works that sell without licence."]
[Footnote 531: Crawford: Bibliotheca Lindesiana. Handlist of
Proclamations.]
[Footnote 532: Firth: Naval Songs and Ballads, pp. l.-lii.; _cf._ also
Archives Coloniales, Corresp. Gén. de St Dom., vols. iii.-ix.; Ibid.,
Martinique, vols. viii.-xix.]
[Footnote 533: Archives Coloniales, Corresp. Gén. de Martinique, vol.
xvi.]
APPENDIX I
An account of the English buccaneers belonging to Jamaica and Tortuga in
1663, found among the Rawlinson MSS., makes the number of privateering
ships fifteen, and the men engaged in the business nearly a thousand.
The list is as follows:--
_Captain Ship Men Guns_
Sir Thomas Whetstone a Spanish prize 60 7
Captain Smart Griffon, frigate 100 14
Captain Guy James, frigate 90 14
Captain James American, frigate 70 6
Captain Cooper his frigate 80 10
Captain Morris a brigantine 60 7
Captain Brenningham his frigate 70 6
Captain Mansfield a brigantine 60 4
Captain Goodly a pink 60 6
Captain Blewfield, belonging
to Cape Gratia de Dios,
living among the Indians a barque 50 3
Captain Herdue a frigate 40 4
There were four more belonging to Jamaica, of which no account was
available. The crews were mixed of English, French and Dutch.
APPENDIX II
List of filibusters and their vessels on the coasts of French San
Domingo in 1684:--
_Captain Ship Men Guns_
Le sieur Grammont le Hardy 300 52
" capitaine Laurens de Graff " Neptune 210 54
" " Michel la Mutine 200 44
" " Janquais " Dauphine 180 30
" " le Sage le Tigre 130 30
" " Dedran " Chasseur 120 20
" sieur du Mesnil la Trompeuse 100 14
" capitaine Jocard l'Irondelle 120 18
" " Brea la Fortune 100 14
La prise du cap^ne. Laurens -- 80 18
Le sieur de Bernanos la Schitie 60 8
" capitaine Cachemarée le St Joseph 70 6
" " Blot la Quagone 90 8
" " Vigeron " Louse (barque) 30 4
" " Petit le Ruzé (bateau) 40 4
" " Lagarde la Subtille 30 2
" " Verpre le Postilion 25 2
(Paris, Archives Coloniales, Corresp. gén. de St. Dom., vol. i.--Mémoire
sur l'estat de Saint Domingue à M. de Seignelay par M. de Cussy.)
SOURCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Manuscript Sources in England
_Public Record Office:_
State Papers. Foreign. Spain. Vols. 34-72. (Abbreviated in the footnotes
as S.P. Spain.)
_British Museum:_
Additional MSS. Vols. 11,268; 11,410-11; 12,410; 12,423; 12,429-30;
13,964; 13,975; 13,977; 13,992; 18,273; 22,676; 36,314-53.
Egerton MSS. Vol. 2395.
Sloane MSS. Vols. 793 or 894; 2724; 2752; 4020.
Stowe MSS. Vols. 305f; 205b.
_Bodleian Library:_
Rawlinson MSS. Vols. a. 26, 31, 32, 175, 347.
Tanner MSS. Vols. xlvii.; li.
Manuscript Sources in France
_Archives du ministère des Colonies:_
Correspondance générale de Saint-Domingue. Vols. i.-ix.
Historique de Saint-Domingue. Vols. i.-iii.
Correspondance générale de Martinique. Vols. i.-xix.
_Archives du ministère des affaires étrangères:_
Mémoires et documents. Fonds divers. Amérique. Vols. v., xiii., xlix.,
li.
Correspondance politique. Angleterre.
_Bibliothèque nationale:_
Manuscrits, nouvelles acquisitions. Vols. 9325; 9334.
Renaudat MSS.
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footnotes as C.S.P. Ven.)
Dampier, William: Voyages. Edited by J. Masefield. 2 vols. London, 1906.
Gage, Thomas: The English American ... or a new survey of the West
Indies, etc. London, 1648.
Historical Manuscripts Commission: Reports. London, 1870 (in progress).
Margry, Pierre: Relations et mémoires inédits pour servir à l'histoire
de la France dans les pays d'outremer. Paris, 1867.
Pacheco, Cardenas, y Torres de Mendoza: Coleccion de documentos
relativos al describrimiento, conquista y colonizacion de las posesiones
españoles en América y Oceania. 42 vols. Madrid, 1864-83; _continued as_
Coleccion de documentos ineditos ... de ultramar. 13 vols. Madrid,
1885-1900.
Pointis, Jean Bernard Desjeans, sieur de: Relation de l'expedition de
Carthagène faite par les François en 1697. Amsterdam, 1698.
Present state of Jamaica ... to which is added an exact account of Sir
Henry Morgan's voyage to ... Panama, etc. London, 1683.
Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias, mandadas imprimir y
publicar por rey Carlos II. 4 vols. Madrid, 1681.
Sharp, Bartholomew: The voyages and adventures of Captain B. Sharp ...
in the South Sea ... Also Captain Van Horn with his buccanieres
surprising of la Vera Cruz, etc. London, 1684.
Thurloe, John. A collection of the State papers of, etc. Edited by
Thomas Birch. 7 vols. London, 1742.
Venables, General. The narrative of, etc. Edited by C.H. Firth. London,
1900.
Wafer, Lionel: A new voyage and description of the Isthmus of America,
etc. London, 1699.
Winwood, Sir Ralph. Memorials of affairs of State ... collected from the
original papers of, etc. Edited by Edmund Sawyer. London, 1725.
* * * * *
Among the printed sources one of the earliest and most important is the
well-known history of the buccaneers written by Alexander Olivier
Exquemelin (corrupted by the English into Esquemeling, by the French
into Oexmelin). Of the author himself very little is known. Though
sometimes claimed as a native of France, he was probably a Fleming or a
Hollander, for the first edition of his works was written in the Dutch
language. He came to Tortuga in 1666 as an _engagé_ of the French West
India Company, and after serving three years under a cruel master was
rescued by the governor, M. d'Ogeron, joined the filibusters, and
remained with them till 1674, taking part in most of their exploits. He
seems to have exercised among them the profession of barber-surgeon.
Returning to Europe in 1674, he published a narrative of the exploits in
which he had taken part, or of which he at least had a first-hand
knowledge. This "history" is the oldest and most elaborate chronicle we
possess of the extraordinary deeds and customs of these freebooters who
played so large a part in the history of the West Indies in the
seventeenth century, and it forms the basis of all the popular modern
accounts of Morgan and other buccaneer captains. Exquemelin, although he
sadly confuses his dates, seems to be a perfectly honest witness, and
his accounts of such transactions as fell within his own experience are
closely corroborated by the official narratives.
(Biographies of Exquemelin are contained in the "Biographie Universelle"
of Michaud, vol. xxxi. p. 201, and in the "Nouvelle Biographie Générale"
of Hoefer, vol. xxxviii. p. 544. But both are very unsatisfactory and
display a lamentable ignorance of the bibliography of his history of the
buccaneers. According to the preface of a French edition of the work
published at Lyons in 1774 and cited in the "Nouvelle Biographie,"
Exquemelin was born about 1645 and died after 1707.)
The first edition of the book, now very rare, is entitled:
De Americaensche Zee-Roovers. Behelsende eene pertinente
en waerachtige Beschrijving van alle de voornaemste
Roveryen en onmenschliycke wreend heden die Englese en
France Rovers tegens de Spanjaerden in America gepleeght
hebben; Verdeelt in drie deelen ... Beschreven door A.
O. Exquemelin ... t'Amsterdam, by Jan ten Hoorn, anno
1678, in 4º.
(Brit. Mus., 1061. _Cf._ 20 (2). The date, 1674, of the first Dutch
edition cited by Dampierre ("Essai sur les sources de l'histoire des
Antilles Françaises," p. 151) is doubtless a misprint.)
(Both Dampierre (_op. cit._, p. 152) and Sabin ("Dict. of Books relating
to America," vi. p. 310) cite, as the earliest separate account of the
buccaneers, Claes G. Campaen's "Zee-Roover," Amsterdam, 1659. This
little volume, however, does not deal with the buccaneers in the West
Indies, but with privateering along the coasts of Europe and Africa.)
This book was reprinted several times and numerous translations were
made, one on the top of the other. What appears to be a German
translation of Exquemelin appeared in 1679 with the title:
Americanische Seeräuber. Beschreibung der grössesten
durch die Französische und Englische Meer-Beuter wider
die Spanier in Amerika verübten Raubery Grausamheit ...
Durch A. O. Nürnberg, 1679. 12º.
("Historie der Boecaniers of Vrybuyters van America ... Met Figuuren, 3
Deel. t'Amsterdam, 1700," 4º.--Brit. Mus., 9555. c. 19.)
This was followed two years later by a Spanish edition, also taken from
the Dutch original:
Piratas de la America y luz a la defensa de las costas
de Indias Occidentales. Dedicado a Don Bernadino Antonio
de Pardinas Villar de Francos ... por el zelo y cuidado
de Don Antonio Freyre ... Traducido de la lingua
Flamenca en Espanola por el Dor. de Buena-Maison ...
Colonia Agrippina, en casa de Lorenzo Struickman. Ano de
1681. 12º.
(Brit. Mus., G. 7179. The appended description of the Spanish Government
in America was omitted and a few Spanish verses were added in one or two
places, but otherwise the translation seems to be trustworthy. The
portraits and the map of the isthmus of Panama are the same as in the
Dutch edition, but the other plates are different and better. In the
Bibl. Nat. there is another Spanish edition of 1681 in quarto.)
This Spanish text, which seems to be a faithful rendering of the Dutch,
was reprinted with a different dedication in 1682 and in 1684, and again
in Madrid in 1793. It is the version on which the first English edition
was based. The English translation is entitled:
Bucaniers of America; or a true account of the ...
assaults committed ... upon the coasts of the West
Indies, by the Bucaniers of Jamaica and Tortuga ...
especially the ... exploits of Sir Henry Morgan ...
written originally in Dutch by J. Esquemeling ... now
... rendered into English. W. Crooke; London, 1684. 4º.
(Brit. Mus., 1198, a. 12 (or) 1197, h. 2.; G. 7198.)
The first English edition of Exquemelin was so well received that within
three months a second was published, to which was added the account of a
voyage by Captain Cook and a brief chapter on the exploits of Barth.
Sharp in the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, moreover, there appeared
an entirely different English version, with the object of vindicating
the character of Morgan from the charges of brutality and lust which had
appeared in the first translation and in the Dutch original. It was
entitled:
The History of the Bucaniers; being an impartial
relation of all the battels, sieges, and other most
eminent assaults committed for several years upon the
coasts of the West Indies by the pirates of Jamaica and
Tortuga. More especially the unparalleled achievements
of Sir Henry Morgan ... very much corrected from the
errors of the original, by the relations of some English
gentlemen, that then resided in those parts. _Den
Engelseman is een Duyvil voor een Mensch._ London,
printed for Thomas Malthus at the Sun in the Poultry.
1684.
(Brit. Mus., G. 13,674.)
The first edition of 1684 was reprinted with a new title-page in 1695,
and again in 1699. The latter included, in addition to the text of
Exquemelin, the journals of Basil Ringrose and Raveneau de Lussan, both
describing voyages in the South Seas, and the voyage of the Sieur de
Montauban to Guinea in 1695. This was the earliest of the composite
histories of the buccaneers and became the model for the Dutch edition
of 1700 and the French editions published at Trevoux in 1744 and 1775.
The first French translation of Exquemelin appeared two years after the
English edition of 1684. It is entitled:
Histoire des Aventuriers qui se sont signalez dans les
Indes contenant ce qu'ils ont fait de plus remarquable
depuis vingt années. Avec la vie, les Moeurs, les
Coutumes des Habitans de Saint Domingue et de la Tortuë
et une Description exacte de ces lieux; ... Le tout
enrichi de Cartes Geographiques et de Figures en
Taille-douce. Par Alexandre Olivier Oexmelin. A Paris,
chez Jacques Le Febre. MDCLXXXVI., 2 vols. 12º.
(Brit. Mus., 9555, aa. 4.)
This version may have been based on the Dutch original; although the
only indication we have of this is the fact that the work includes at
the end a description of the government and revenues of the Spanish
Indies, a description which is found in none of the earlier editions of
Exquemelin, except in the Dutch original of 1678. The French text,
however, while following the outline of Exquemelin's narrative, is
greatly altered and enlarged. The history of Tortuga and French
Hispaniola is elaborated with details from another source, as are also
the descriptions of the manners and customs of the cattle-hunters and
the freebooters. Accounts of two other buccaneers, Montbars and
Alexandre Bras-le-Fer, are inserted, but d'Ogeron's shipwreck on Porto
Rico and the achievements of Admiral d'Estrees against the Dutch are
omitted. In general the French editor, the Sieur de Frontignières, has
re-cast the whole story. A similar French edition appeared in Paris in
1688, (Brit. Mus., 278, a. 13, 14.) and in 1713 a facsimile of this last
was published at Brussels by Serstevens (Dampierre, p. 153). Sabin (_op.
cit._, vi. 312) mentions an edition of 1699 in three volumes which
included the journal of Raveneau de Lussan. In 1744, and again in 1775,
another French edition was published in four volumes at Trevoux, to
which was added the voyage of Montauban to the Guinea Coast, and the
expeditions against Vera Cruz in 1683, Campeache in 1685, and Cartagena
in 1697. The third volume contained the journal of R. de Lussan, and the
fourth a translation of Johnson's "History of the Pirates." (Brit. Mus.,
9555, aa. 1.) A similar edition appeared at Lyons in 1774, but I have
had no opportunity of examining a copy. (Nouvelle Biographie Générale,
tom. xxxviii. 544. The best bibliography of Exquemelin is in Sabin, _op.
cit._, vi. 309.)
Secondary Works
Of the secondary works concerned with the history of the buccaneers, the
oldest are the writings of the French Jesuit historians of the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Dutertre (Histoire générale des
Antilles. Paris, 1667-71), a chronicler of events within his own
experience as well as a reliable historian, unfortunately brings his
narrative to a close in 1667, but up to that year he is the safest guide
to the history of the French Antilles. Labat, in his "Nouveau Voyage aux
Isles de l'Amerique" (Paris, 1722), gives an account of eleven years,
between 1694 and 1705, spent in Martinique and Guadeloupe, and although
of little value as an historian, he supplies us with a fund of the most
picturesque and curious details about the life and manners of the people
in the West Indies at the end of the seventeenth century. A much more
important and accurate work is Charlevoix's "Histoire de l'Isle
Espagnole ou de S. Domingue" (Paris, 1732), and this I have used as a
general introduction to the history of the French buccaneers. Raynal's
"Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce
européen dans les deux Indes" (Amsterdam, 1770) is based for the origin
of the French Antilles upon Dutertre and Labat and is therefore
negligible for the period of the buccaneers. Adrien Dessalles, who in
1847 published his "Histoire générale des Antilles," preferred, like
Labat and Raynal, to depend on the historians who had preceded him
rather than endeavour to gain an intimate knowledge of the sources.
In the English histories of Jamaica written by Long, Bridges, and
Gardner, whatever notice is taken of the buccaneers is meagre and
superficial, and the same is true of Bryan Edwards' "History, civil and
commercial, of the British colonies in the West Indies." Thomas Southey,
in his "Chronological History of the West Indies" (Lond. 1827), devotes
considerable space to their achievements, but depends entirely upon the
traditional sources. In 1803 J.W. von Archenholz published "Die
Geschichte der Flibustier," a superficial, diffuse and even puerile
narrative, giving no references whatever to authorities. (It was
translated into French (Paris, 1804), and into English by Geo. Mason
(London, 1807).) In 1816 a "History of the Buccaneers in America" was
published by James Burney as the fourth volume of "A chronological
History of the Discoveries in the South Seas or Pacific Ocean." Burney
casts but a rapid glance over the West Indies, devoting most of the
volume to an account of the voyages of the freebooters along the coast
of South America and in the East Indies. Walter Thornbury in 1858 wrote
"The Buccaneers, or the Monarchs of the Main," a hasty compilation,
florid and overdrawn, and without historical judgment or accuracy. In
1895 M. Henri Lorin presented a Latin thesis to the Faculty of History
in Paris, entitled:--"De praedonibus Insulam Santi Dominici
celebrantibus saeculo septimo decimo," but he seems to have confined
himself to Exquemelin, Le Pers, Labat, Dutertre and a few documents
drawn from the French colonial archives. The best summary account in
English of the history and significance of the buccaneers in the West
Indies is contained in Hubert H. Bancroft's "History of Central America"
(ii. chs. 26, 28-30). Within the past year there has appeared an
excellent volume by M. Pierre de Vaissière describing creole life and
manners in the French colony of San Domingo in the century and a half
preceding the Revolution. (Vaissière, Pierre de: Saint Dominigue.
(1629-1789). Paris, 1909.) It is a reliable monograph, and like his
earlier volume, "Gentilshommes campagnards de l'ancienne France," is
written in a most entertaining style. De Vaissière contributes much
valuable information, especially in the first chapter, about the origins
and customs of the French "flibustiers."
I have been able to find only two Spanish works which refer at all to
the buccaneers. One is entitled:
Piraterias y agresiones de los ingleses y de otros
pueblos de Europa en la America espanola desde el siglo
XVI. al XVIII., deducidas de las obras de D. Dionisio de
Alcedo y Herrera. Madrid, 1883. 4º.
Except for a long introduction by Don Justo Zaragoza based upon
Exquemelin and Alcedo, it consists of a collection of extracts referring
to freebooters on the coasts of Peru and Chili, and deals chiefly with
the eighteenth century. The other Spanish work is an elaborate history
of the Spanish navy lately published in nine volumes by Cesareo
Fernandez Duro, and entitled:--
Armada espanola desde la union de los reinos de Castilla
y de Aragon. Madrid, 1895.
There are numerous chapters dealing with the outrages of the French and
English freebooters in the West Indies, some of them based upon Spanish
sources to which I have had no access. But upon comparison of Duro's
narrative, which in so far as it relates to the buccaneers is often
meagre, with the sources available to me, I find that he adds little to
what may be learned on the subject here in England.
One of the best English descriptions of the Spanish colonial
administration and commercial system is still that contained in book
viii. of Robertson's "History of America" (Lond. 1777). The latest and
best summary account, however, is in French, in the introduction to vol.
i. of "La traite négrière aux Indes de Castille" (Paris, 1906), by
Georges Scelle. Weiss, in vol. ii. of his history of "L'Espagne depuis
Philippe II. jusqu'aux Bourbons" (Paris, 1844), treats of the causes of
the economic decadence of Spain, and gives an account of the contraband
trade in Spanish America, drawn largely from Labat. On this general
subject Leroy-Beaulieu, "De la colonization chez les peuples modernes"
(Paris, 1874), has been especially consulted.
The best account of the French privateers of the sixteenth century in
America is in an essay entitled: "Les corsairs français au XVI^e siècle
dans les Antilles" (Paris, 1902), by Gabriel Marcel. It is a short
monograph based on the collections of Spanish documents brought together
by Pacheco and Navarrete. The volume by E. Ducéré entitled, "Les
corsairs sous l'ancien regîme" (Bayonne, 1895), is also valuable for the
history of privateering. For the history of the Elizabethan mariners I
have made use of the two works by J. S. Corbett: "Drake and the Tudor
Navy" (Lond. 1898), and "The successors of Drake" (Lond. 1900). Other
works consulted were:
Arias de Miranda, José: Examen critico-historico del influyo que tuvo en
el comercio, industria y poblacion de Espana su dominacion en America.
Madrid, 1854.
Blok, Pieter Johan: History of the people of the Netherlands. Translated
by C. A. Bierstadt and Ruth Putnam. 4 vols. New York, 1898.
Brown, Alex.: The Genesis of the United States. 2 vols. Lond., 1890.
Crawford, James Ludovic Lindsay, 26th Earl of: Bibliotheca Lindesiana.
Handlist of proclamations. 3 vols. Aberdeen, 1893-1901.
Dumont, Jean: Corps universel diplomatique. 13 vols. Hague, 1726-39.
Froude, James Anthony: History of England from the fall of Wolsey to the
defeat of the Spanish armada. 12 vols. 1870-75. English seamen in the
sixteenth century. Lond., 1901.
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson: History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate,
1649-1660. 3 vols. Lond., 1894-1903.
Geographical and historical description of ... Cartagena, Porto Bello,
La Vera Cruz, the Havana and San Augustin. Lond., 1741.
Gibbs, Archibald R.: British Honduras ... from ... 1670. Lond., 1883.
Hakluyt, Richard: The principal navigations ... of the English nation,
etc. 3 vols. Lond., 1598-1600.
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio: Historia general de las Indias. 4 vols.
Madrid, 1601-15.
Hughson, Shirley C.: The Carolina pirates and colonial commerce.
Baltimore, 1894.
Lucas, C. P.: A historical geography of the British colonies. 4 vols.
Oxford, 1905. Vol. ii. The West Indies.
Monson, Sir William: The naval tracts of ... Edited ... by M. Oppenheim.
Vols. i. and ii. Lond., 1902--(in progress).
Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de: Historia general de las Indias.
Salamanca, 1547.
Peytraud, Lucien: L'Esclavage aux Antilles françaises avant 1789, etc.
Paris, 1897.
Saint-Yves, G.: Les compagnes de Jean d'Estrées dans la mer des
Antilles, 1676-78. Paris, 1900.
Strong, Frank: Causes of Cromwell's West Indian expedition. (Amer. Hist.
Review. Jan. 1899).
Veitia Linaje, Josef de: Norte de la Contratacion de las Indias
Occidentales. Sevilla, 1672.
Vignols, Leon: La piraterie sur l'Atlantique au XVIII^e siècle. Rennes,
1891.
INDEX
Acapulco, 21
Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, 156
_Ajoupa_, 68, 79
Albemarle, first duke of, _see_ Monck, George
" second duke of, _see_ Monck, Christopher
Albuquerque, Duke of, 109, 199
Alexander VI., Bull of Pope, 3, 30
Allison, Captain (buccaneer), 224
Antigua, 48, 55, 229
Araya salt-mine, 53-54
Archenholz, J.W. von, 283
Arlington, Earl of, _see_ Bennett, Sir Henry
Arundell, James, 114, 117
Assiento of negroes, 26, 36-7, 103, 184 _n._
Association, Island, _see_ Tortuga
Aston, Lord of Forfar, 102
Avery, Captain Henry, 270-71
Aves, Isle d', _see_ Isle d'Aves
Aylett, Captain (buccaneer), 156
_Azogues_, 22, 101
Azores, 3, 4, 15, 20, 42, 84
Bahama Islands, 2, 237, 238 and _n._, 271
Bahia, 49
Bancroft, Hubert H., 284
Banister, Major James, 205
Bannister, Captain (buccaneer) 254
_Barbacoa_, 68
Barbadoes, 47, 50, 67, 74, 85 and _n._, 87, 92, 99, 104, 120, etc.
Barbuda, 48
Barinas, Marques de, 268
Barker, Andrew, 40
Barlovento, Armada de, 109, 251 _n._, 261
Barnard, Captain (buccaneer), 111
Barnes, Captain ( " ), 219
Barre, Charles, 215
Barry, Colonel Samuel, 118 and _n._
Beckford, Peter, 217
Beeston, Captain (afterwards Sir), William, 97 _n._, 108 _n._, 118, 135
and _n._, 142, 155, 158, 200, 202, 259, etc.
Begon, M. Michel (Intendant of the French Islands), 244, 247 _n._
Benavides, Don Juan de, 50
Bennett, Sir Henry (afterwards Earl of Arlington), 100, 122, 128, 132,
133, 142, 143 _n._, 160, 186, 198, etc.
Berkeley, Sir Thomas, 41
Bermuda, 20, 75, 92, 201
Bernanos, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Bernard, Samuel, 255, 257
Bigford, Captain (buccaneer), 156
"Biscayners," 254-5
Blake, Captain, R.N., 93
Blewfield, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Blot, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Boston (Mass.), 251
Bradley, Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph (buccaneer), 164-5
Brayne, Lieutenant-General William, 96, 114, 127
Brazil, 3, 25, 36, 47, 49 and _n._, 102
Breda, treaties of, 141
Breha, Captain, _see_ Landresson, Michel
Brenningham, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Brest, corsairs of, 42, 262, 265
Bridges, George W., 283
Browne, Captain James (buccaneer), 217-18
Browne, Richard (buccaneer), 156, 190 _n._, 195, 196
Buccaneers, cruelties of, 147-50, 153 _n._, 185 _ff._
" customs of, 70-78, 163 _n._
" derivation of the word, 66
Buccaneers, laws against, _see_ Laws against privateers and pirates
" numbers of, 124, 240 _n._, 271
" origins of, 67, 69, 78-80, 125-27
" suppression of, 200 _ff._
" vessels of, 75
Buenos Ayres, 10, 22
Bull of Pope Alexander VI., _see_ Alexander VI.
Burney, James, 283
Burough, Cornelius, 99
Butler, Gregory (Commissioner of Jamaica), 85 _n._
Byndloss, Colonel Robert, 215, 248, 255
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 3
Cachemarée, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Cadiz, 9 _n._, 12 and _n._, 13 and _n._, 16, 20, 22, 25 _n._, 26, 40, 96
_n._, etc.
Campeache, city of, 12 _n._, 22, 107-8, 109, 111, 210, 222, 245
" province of, 21, 107, 137 _n._, 138, 143, 155, 201, 204, 207,
208, etc.
Campo y Espinosa, Don Alonso del, 157, 158
Canary Islands, 14, 15, 42, 241
Cap François, 220, 221, 258, 261, 262 _n._
Caracas, 10, 12 _n._, 15, 16, 22, 50, 154, 222, 240, 242
Cardenas, Alonso de, 52, 53
Carey, Colonel Theod., 129, 130
Carleill, General Christopher, 39
Carleton, Sir Dudley, Viscount Dorchester, 102
Carlile, Captain Charles, R.N., 236
Carlisle, Earl of, _see_ Howard, Charles
Carolinas, 3, 47, 239, 250, 251, 252, 253, 271
Cartagena (New Granada), 9 _n._, 11, 14 and _n._, 15, 16, 19, 23, 38,
39, 262, etc.
Cartago (Costa Rica), 136 and _n._
_Casa de Contratacion_, 11, 12, 13 _n._, 22, 25 and _n._, 42
Catherine of Braganza, 100
Cattle-hunters, 57-58, 62, 65, 66-69
Cavallos (Honduras), 21
Cayenne (Guiana), 233, 234
Cecil, Robert, Viscount Cranborne and Earl of Salisbury, 32 _n._, 51
"Centurion," 104, 105, 108 and _n._
Chagre, port of, 43, 195, 267
" river, 17 _n._, 164, 168, 175, 193
Chaloner, Captain, 54
Charles I., King of England, 50, 52, 102
" II., King of England, 97, 100, 101, 103, 109, 110, 117, 119,
120, 121, etc.
" II., King of Spain, 268
" V., Emperor, 10, 13 _n._, 45, 46
Charleston (Carolina), 252, 253
Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier, 58, 62, 70, 78, 81, 245, 246 _n._,
262 _n._, 283, 284 _n._
_Chasse-partie_, 73
Chili, 10, 11, 17, 48, 229
_Cinquantaines_, 63
Clandestine trade, 8 and _n._, 25-27, 36-38, 102-104
Clarke, Robert (Governor of the Bahamas), 237-8
Clifford, George, Earl of Cumberland, 34, 40, 41
Codrington, Christopher (Deputy-Governor of Nevis), 229
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay, 8 _n._, 9 _n._
Coligny, Admiral Gaspard de, 47
Colleton, James (Governor of Carolina), 252
Collier, Edward (buccaneer), 155, 156, 160, 182 _n._, 190 _n._, 196
Colombia, U.S. of, _see_ New Granada
Columbus, Christopher, 2, 42
_Consulado_, 12, 13
Contraband trade, _see_ Clandestine trade
Cooke, Captain (buccaneer), 224
Cooper, Captain (buccaneer), 111, 273
Corbett, Julian S., 286
Cordova, Don Luis de, 242
Cornwallis, Sir Charles, 51, 54
Coro (Venezuela), 98
Cortez, Hernando, 3, 46
Costa Rico, 136 and _n._
Cottington, Francis, Lord, 101-2
Council of the Indies, 13 and _n._, 14, 22, 25 _n._, 102
"Cour Volant," 155-6, and _n._
Coventry, Sir Henry (Secretary of State), 215
Coxon, Captain John (buccaneer), 220, 223, 224, 225 _n._, 226, 227-8 and
_n._, 235, 237 and _n._, 238, 245, etc.
Cranborne, Viscount, _see_ Cecil, Robert
Criminals transported to the colonies, 5, 92, 125-6
Cromwell, Oliver, 85, 87-90, 92, 100
Cuba, 2, 19, 21, 23, 26, 32, 42, 46, 49, 77, etc.
Cumana (Venezuela), 16, 53, 98, 267
Cumanagote (Venezuela), 267
Cumberland, Earl of, _see_ Clifford, George
Curaçao, 48, 67, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 143, 220, 221, etc.
Cussy, Sieur Tarin de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 243-4 and _n._,
245, 246, 258
Dalyson, Captain William, 99 _n._
Dampier, William, 73 _n._, 108 _n._, 221 _n._, 225 _n._, 228 _n._, 247
_n._
Daniel, Captain (buccaneer), 74
Darien, Isthmus of, 3, 22, 39, 40, 43, 145, 163, 191 _n._, 225 and _n._,
226, etc.
Deane, John (buccaneer), 213-14
Dedran, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Dempster, Captain (buccaneer), 154
Deschamps, Jérémie, Seigneur de Rausset (Governor of Tortuga), 116 and
_n._, 117, 119
Deseada, 14, 15, 20
Desjeans, Jean-Bernard, Sieur de Pointis, 262 _ff._
Dessalles, Adrien, 283
Diaz Pimienta, Don Francisco, 55, 56 _n._
Diego Grillo (buccaneer), 201 and _n._
Dieppe, corsairs of, 42, 48
Dominica, 20, 38, 74, 235
"Don Francisco," 207
"Don Juan Morf," 60 and _n._, 61
Dorchester, Viscount _see_ Carleton, Sir Dudley
Doyley, Colonel Edward (Governor of Jamaica), 91, 96-97, 98, 99 and
_n._, 100, 101, 107, 116, 122, 124, etc.
Drake, Sir Francis, 31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 50, 89 and _n._, 195, 210,
etc.
Ducasse, Jean-Baptiste (Governor of French Hispaniola), 260-61, 262,
263, 265, 266
Ducéré, Eduard, 285-6
Duro, Cesario Fernandez, 135 _n._, 211 _n._, 243 _n._, 285
Dutch wars, _see_ War
" West India Company, 47, 49
Dutertre, Jean-Baptiste, 70, 114, 116 _n._, 118 _n._, 282, 284
East Indies, _see_ Indies, East
Edmondes, Sir Thomas, 54
Edwards, Bryan, 283
Elizabeth, Queen, 29, 31, 34, 38, 39, 46, 50, 101, 136
Elletson, Robert, 248, 249, 255, 257
_Engagés_, 59, 79-80, 124
Equador, 17, 229
Esmit, Adolf (Governor of St. Thomas), 234-37
" Nicholas (Governor of St. Thomas), 236
Esnambuc, Mons. d', 63
Essex, Captain Cornelius (buccaneer), 224, 226
Estrées, Jean, Comte d', 9 _n._, 220-221
Everson, Captain Jacob (buccaneer), 228 and _n._, 254 _n._
Everson, Jory (Governor of St. Thomas), 237
Exquemelin, Alexander Olivier, 70, 77, 78, 79, 124, 131 _n._, 135 _n._,
136 _n._, 137 _n._, 277-82
Fanshaw, Sir Richard, 103, 106, 120, 121, 140, 141
Ferdinand and Isabella, Kings of Spain, 3, 10
Fitzgerald, Philip, 206-7
Fletcher, Benjamin (Governor of New York), 271
_Flibustiers_, derivation of the word, 66; _see_ Buccaneers
Fload, Captain (Governor of Tortuga), 64 _n._
Flores, _see_ Azores.
Florida, 2, 47, 54.
Flota, 20, 38-9, 49, 77, 95, 96 and _n._, 103, 109, 242;
_cf. also_ Treasure fleets
Fontenay, Chevalier de (Governor of Tortuga), 81-84, 113, 116
Fortescue, Major-General Richard, 92, 96, 127
Franquesnay, Sieur de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 222, 244 and
_n._, 247 _n._
French wars, _see_ War
French West India Company, 48, 117, 123, 162
Frobisher, Martin, 39
Frogge, William, 174 _n._, 177 _n._, 184 _n._, 186, 196 _n._
Fuemayor, Rui Fernandez de, 61 and _n._
Gage, Thomas, 16 _n._, 18, 23, 55 _n._, 90
Galicia, Company of, 12 _n._
Galleons, 14-20, 21, 22, 23, 25 _n._, 55, 56 _n._, 62, 76;
_cf. also_ Treasure fleets.
Galleons' passage, 15
Gardner, William J., 283
Gautemala, 10, 16, 17 _n._, 22, 77
Gaves, Don Gabriel de, 60
"Gens de la côte," 69
Gibraltar (Venezuela), 157, 267
Godolphin, Sir William, 103, 160, 186, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 209-10
"Golden Hind," 39
Golden Island, 225, 253
Goodly, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Goodson, Vice-Admiral William, 92-96, 98 _n._, 99, 104
Graff, Laurens-Cornille Baldran, Sieur de, 241-43, 244 _n._, 245, 246
and _n._, 248, 258-59, 262 _n._, 274
Grammont, Sieur de (buccaneer), 73, 221-2, 240-1, 243, 244, 245, 246 and
_n._, 248 and _n._
Granada (Nicaragua), 16 _n._, 136, 138-9, 162, 267, 268
Granjeria de las Perlas (New Granada), 44
Grenville, Sir Richard, 40
Guadaloupe, 14, 20, 48, 67, 131, 282
"Guanahani," 2
Guiana, 10, 41, 47, 54
Guinea, coast of, 36, 37, 38, 235, 241, 270, 272
Guipuzcoa, Company of, 12 _n._
"Gunsway," 270
Guy, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Guzman, Gonzalo de, 43
" Don Juan Perez de, _see_ Perez de Guzman.
Hamlin, Captain Jean (buccaneer), 234-6 and _n._, 251 _n._
Hampton, Thomas, 37-38
Haro, Don Francisco de, 183 _n._
" Don Luis de, 100
Harris, Captain Peter (buccaneer), 225, 226, 245
Harrison, Captain, (buccaneer), 162
Hattsell, Captain, ( " ), 136
Havana, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 42, 43, 45, etc.
Havre, corsairs, of, 48
Hawkins, Sir John, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 210.
" William, 36
Heath, Attorney-General Sir Robert, 52
Henrietta Island, 55, 59 _n._
Henry II., King of France, 53
" IV., " 9 _n._, 48
" VIII. King of England, 36 and _n._
Herdue, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Heyn, Admiral Piet, 49, 96
Hilton, Captain (Governor of Tortuga), 59, 60
Hispaniola, 2, 20 and _n._ 26, 32, 34, 35, 37, 46, 55, 57, etc.
Holland, Earl of, _see_ Rich, Henry
Holmes, Admiral Sir Robert, 253
Honduras, 50, 107, 208, 211, 223, 226, 234, 249
Hopton, Sir Arthur, 53
Howard, Charles, Earl of Carlisle (Governor of Jamaica), 205, 211, 212,
222-28, 232
" Sir Philip, 255
Humanes, Conde de, 102
Ibarra, Don Carlos, 62 _n._
Inchiquin, Earl of, _see_ O'Brien, William
Indian Ocean, pirates in, _see_ Pirates
Indians, _see_ Spain, cruelties to Indians
Indies, Council of the, _see_ Council
" exclusion of foreigners from, _see_ Spain
Indies, East, pirates in, _see_ Pirates
" West, colonisation of, 45-48
" " first English ship in, 34-35
"Indults," 25
Interlopers, _see_ Clandestine trade
Isabella, Queen, _see_ Ferdinand and Isabella
Isle d'Aves, 220 and _n._, 221, 222, 241
" la Vache, 155, 156, 160, 161, 162, 205, 212, 235, 236 _n._, 245,
etc.
Jackman, Captain (buccaneer), 137, 143
Jackson, Captain William, 50, 67, 85
Jacobs, Captain (buccaneer), _see_ Everson
Jamaica, 2, 19, 46, 50, 57, 73, 77, 85, 86, 90, etc.
" assembly of, 110, 217, 218, 227, 230, 231, 233, 248
" Council of, 104, 106, 107, 111, 118, 132, 159, 196, 202, 203, etc.
James, Captain (buccaneer), 273
" ("President of Tortuga"), 64 _n._
James I., King of England, 46, 50, 51, 101 _n._
" II., King of England, 253, 255, 257, 258
Jamestown (Virginia), 47
Jenkins, Sir Leoline, 208
Jiménez, Don José Sánchez, 139
Jocard, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Johnson, Captain (buccaneer), 202-3
" " R.N., 234
"Judith," 39
_Juzgado de Indias_, 13 _n._
Kingston (Jamaica), 50, 86
Knollys, Francis, 39, 40
Labat, Jean-Baptiste, 70, 73-5, 282, 284, 285
Lagarde, Captain (buccaneer), 274
La Guayra (Venezuela), 240-41
Lancers, _see Cinquantaines_
Landresson, Captain Michel, _alias_ Breha (buccaneer), 251 and _n._,
252, 274
Langford, Captain Abraham, 118-19
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, Bishop of Chiapa, 32
Laurens de Graff, _see_ Graff.
La Vivon, Mons., 155-6 and _n._
Laws against privateers and pirates, 110, 217, 218, 220, 227, 230-31,
251-53, 271
Le Clerc, Captain François, 42
Legane (Hispaniola), 124, 258, 261
Legrand, Pierre (buccaneer), 135 _n._
"Le Pain," _see_ Paine, Peter
Le Pers (Jesuit writer), 284 and _n._
Lerma, Duque de, 9 _n._
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre-Paul, 1, 285
Le Sage, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Lessone, " ( " ), 224
Levasseur, Mons., 63-66, 78, 80-82, 116
Ley, James, Earl of Marlborough, 52, 53
Lilburne, Robert (Governor of Bahamas), 238-39
Lima (Peru), 16, 17, 25
Linhares, Conde de, 102
Logwood, 201, 208-12, 226, 234, 249
Long, Edward, 127, 283
" Samuel, 226
Lonvilliers, Mons. de, 81
Lorin, Henri, 284
Louis XIV., King of France, 9 _n._, 116, 219, 257, 258, 266 _n._
Ludbury, Captain (buccaneer), 162
Ludwell, Philip (Governor of Carolina), 253
Lynch, Sir Thomas (Governor of Jamaica), 111, 121, 197, 198, 200-205,
209, 213, 216, 232-38, 243, and _n._, etc.
Lyttleton, Sir Charles (Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica), 106, 109, 110,
111, 112, 118, 127
Madeira, 42
Maggott, Captain (buccaneer), 224
Maintenon, Marquis de, 222
Maldonado de Aldana, 108
Mansfield, Captain Edward (buccaneer), 73, 131, and _n._, 134-36, 138,
143, 163 _n._, 164, 273
"Mansvelt," _see_ Mansfield
Maracaibo (Venezuela), 15, 22, 50, 156-8, 159, 161, 210, 222, 267
Marcel, Gabriel, 285
Margarita Island, 2, 15, 16, 38, 222
" patache, 15, 16, 19 and _n._
Margot, Port (Hispaniola), 64, 65, 83, 84, 123
Marie-Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain, 141, 159, 184 _n._, 198,
199, 208, 211
Markham, William (Governor of Pennsylvania), 271
Marlborough, Earl of, _see_ Ley, James
"Marston Moor," 87, 97, 98 and _n._, 99
Marteen, Captain David (buccaneer), 134
Martin, 81-82, 83 _n._
Martinique, 48, 67, 73, 74, 75, 220, 246 _n._, 272, 282
"Mary of Guildford," 36 _n._
Mary, Queen of England, 259
Massachusetts, 252, 271
_Matelotage_, 69
Medina Coeli, Duque de, 199
" de los Torres, Duque de, 141
Merida (Yucatan), 210, 245
Mesnil, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Mexico, _see_ New Spain
Michel, Captain (buccaneer), 274
" le Basque (buccaneer), 124, 156
Milton, John (Latin Secretary of State), 89 _n._
Mitchell, Captain (buccaneer), 108 _n._
Modyford, Colonel Charles, 203
" Sir James, 127, 137, 143 _n._, 163 _n._
" Sir Thomas (Governor of Jamaica), 119-23,
127, 128, 131-35, 136 _n._, 137 and _n._, 140, 142, 143 _n._, 144, etc.
Moledi, Don Patricio, 111
Molesworth, Hender (Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica), 237 _n._, 248, 249,
253-54, 255, 257
Molina, Conde de, 158, 197 _n._
Mompos (New Granada), 264
Mona, Island of, 20, 34
Monck, Christopher, second Duke of Albemarle (Governor of Jamaica), 255-57
" George, first Duke of Albemarle, 132, 133, 142, 143 _n._, 154, 159
Montagu, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, 103, 141, 142
Montemayor, Don Juan Francisco de, 82
Montespan, Marquise de, 218 _n._
Montserrat, 48, 129
Moralis, Don Pedro de, 105
Moreton, Joseph (Governor of Carolina), 252
Morgan, Captain (buccaneer), 235
" Colonel Blodre (buccaneer), 163 _n._, 182 _n._
" Colonel Edward, 120, 121, 129, 130, 133, 137 _n._, 143
" Sir Henry (buccaneer and Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica),
73, 137 and _n._, 143-96, 204-6, 210, 212-16, 222, 226, 227, 228, etc.
" Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas, 130 _n._, 137 _n._
Morris, Captain John (buccaneer), 137, 143, 161, 182 _n._, 273
Mosquito Coast, 19, 55, 76, 138, 245
Munden, Captain Robert, 118
Myngs, Captain Christopher, R.N., 98 and _n._, 99 and _n._, 105, 106,
107, 108 and _n._, 109, 121
Nata de los Santos (Darien), 136 _n._, 191 _n._
Nau, Jean-David (buccaneer), 124 and _n._, 156, 157
Navigation Laws, 99, 101 _n._, 102, 214, 271
"Navio del Oro," 17
Negro slave-trade, 36-38;
_cf. also_ Clandestine trade
Negroes, Assiento of, _see_ Assiento
Netherlands, truce of 1609, 52
" wars of, _see_ War
Nevill, Vice-Admiral John, 264, 265
Nevis, 47, 63, 86, 129, 229
New England, 86, 92, 93, 116, 201, 250, 272
Newfoundland, 35, 265
New Granada, 11, 16, 42, 232
New Providence Island (Bahamas), 237-39
New Spain, 3, 10, 21, 22, 32, 33, 46, 76, 90, 111, etc.
New York, 129, 201, 271
Nicaragua, 19, 76, 137, 162
" Lake, 16, 138
Nimuegen, peace of, 240
Nombre de Dios (Darien), 14 _n._, 17 _n._, 40
Norris, Commodore Sir John, 265
O'Brien, William, Earl of Inchiquin (Governor of Jamaica), 257, 259
Ogeron, Bertrand d' (Governor of French Hispaniola), 118, 123-4, 216,
217, 218, 239
Olivares, Conde de, 9 _n._
Olonnais (buccaneer), _see_ Nau, Jean-David
Orinoco River, 2, 32 _n._, 47, 85 _n._, 111
Oxenham, John, 40
"Oxford," 155
Pain, Captain Thomas (buccaneer), 238 and _n._, 239, 259
Paine, Peter, 233-34 and _n._, 238 _n._
Panama, city of, 10, 16, 17 and _n._, 18, 40, 97, 120, 136 _n._, 139,
140, etc.
" Isthmus of, _see_ Darien
" President of, _see_ Perez de Guzman
Payta (Peru), 17, 188
Penalva, Conde de, 113
Penn, Admiral William, 85 and _n._, 86, 87, 93, 113
" William (proprietor of Penns.), 271
Pennsylvania, 271
Perez de Guzman, Don Juan (President of Panama), 139, 164, 170 _n._, 184
_n._, 186, 191 and _n._, 192 _n._
" Diego, 44
Pernambuco, 49
Perry, Mr. 61 _n._
Peru, 3, 10, 11, 16, 17, 22, 25, 32, 42, 46, etc.
Petit, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Petit-Goave (Hispaniola), 118, 119, 124, 221, 241, 242, 243, 244, 247
and _n._, 248, etc.
Philip II., King of Spain, 14, 30, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 46, 101
Philip III., King of Spain, 51
" IV., King of Spain, 9 _n._, 55, 141
Philippine Islands, 3, 21
"Piece of eight," value of, 77 _n._
"Pie de Palo," _see_ Heyn, Admiral Piet _and_ Le Clerc, François
Pirates, depredations in the East, 270, 272
" laws against, _see_ Laws
" trials of, 202, 203, 213-15, 218, 226, 228, 229
Pizarro, Francisco, 3, 46
Place, Sieur de la (Deputy-Governor of Tortuga), 117, 124
Plenneville, Clement de, 118
Poincy, Mons. de (Governor of the French West Indies), 63, 64, 80, 81
Pointis, Sieur de, _see_ Desjeans
Pontchartrain, Louis Phelypeaux, Comte de, 262
Port de Paix (Hispaniola), 65, 247 _n._, 261
Porto Bello, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17 and _n._, 18, 19, 23, 76, 143-54, etc.
Porto Rico, 2, 20 and _n._, 22, 31 _n._, 34, 35, 41, 46, 56, 57, etc.
Port Royal (Carolina), 47, 252
" (Jamaica), 97, 98 and _n._, 101, 107, 108 and _n._, 111,
112, 121, 127, 128, etc.
Pouançay, Mons. de (Governor of French Hispaniola), 216, 219, 220, 221,
222, 239, 240, 244, 247, 248, etc.
Prince, Captain Lawrence (buccaneer), 162, 182 _n._
Privateers, laws against, _see_ Laws
Providence Company, 55, 59 and _n._, 60, 61 _n._, 62, 64 _n._
Providence Island, 55 and _n._, 56 _n._, 64, 76, 86, 135-7, 139-40, 143,
163 and _n._, etc.
Puerta de Plata (Hispaniola), 115
Puerto Cabello (Venezuela), 98
" Principe (Cuba), 117, 144 and _n._, 145, 222
Queen Regent of Spain, _see_ Marie-Anne of Austria
Quito, province of, _see_ Equador
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 34, 40, 41, 47, 89
Rancherias (New Granada), 16, 40
Rausset, Sieur de, _see_ Deschamps
Raynal, Guillaume, Thomas-François, 283
Red Sea, pirates in, _see_ Pirates
Rhode Island, 223, 251, 271
Rich, Henry, Earl of Holland, 59
" Robert, Earl of Warwick, 50 and _n._, 52
Rio Garta, 138
Rio de la Hacha (New Granada), 38, 40, 44, 93, 98 _n._, 161, 232, 267
Rio Nuevo (Jamaica), 91
Riskinner, Captain Nicholas (Governor of Tortuga), 62
Rivero Pardal, Manuel, 159, 161
Roanoke Island (Carolina), 47
Roatan Island, 76, 138
Robertson, William, 285
Rogers, Captain Thomas (buccaneer), 174 _n._
Ronquillo, Don Pedro, 223 _n._, 243
Row, Captain (buccaneer), 224
Roxas de Valle-Figueroa, Don Gabriel, 82-83
Ruyter, Admiral Michel-Adriaanszoon van, 129
Ryswick, treaty of, 266 _n._
Saba, 129, 130 and _n._
St. Augustine (Florida), 238, 251, 252
St. Christopher, _see_ St. Kitts
St. Eustatius, 48, 67, 129, 130 and _n._, 133, 143
St. Jago de Cuba, 21, 42, 44, 91, 100, 104-6, 108 _n._, 109, 145, 159,
etc.
" de la Vega (Jamaica), 50, 85, 86, 234, 237 _n._
" de los Cavalleros (Hispaniola), 114-15, 258
St. Kitts, 47, 48, 50, 54, 56, 58, 60, 63, 67, 80, etc.
St. Laurent, Mons. de, 244, 247 _n._
St. Malo, corsairs of, 48
St. Martins, 130
St. Thomas, 235-7
Salisbury, Earl of, _see_ Cecil, Robert
Samana, 77 _n._
Samballas Islands, 228 _n._
"Samson," 36 _n._
Sancti Spiritus (Cuba), 134, 135 and _n._
San Domingo, city of, 9 _n._, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 60, 86,
etc.
" French, _see_ Hispaniola
Sandwich, Earl of, _see_ Montagu, Edward
San Juan de Porto Rico, 21, 40, 41, 49
" d'Ulloa, _see_ Vera Cruz
" River (Nicaragua), 16, 136, 138, 162
San Lorenzo, castle of (Chagre), 164-8, 170 _n._, 193, 194 and _n._
San Lucar, 11, 13, 15, 20
Santa Catalina, _see_ Providence Island
Santa Cruz, 20, 48, 56, 117
Santa Marta (New Granada), 15, 40, 44, 93, 97, 161, 219-20, 226, 267
Santa Marta de la Vitoria (Tabasco), 139 _n._
" Tomas (Orinoco), 111, 222
Sasi Arnoldo, Don Christopher, 91, 105
"Satisfaction," 156 _n._
Sawkins, Captain (buccaneer), 225, 226
Scaliger, Joseph-Juste, 28
Scelle, Georges, 3, 285
Searle, Daniel (Governor of Barbadoes), 85 _n._
Searles, Captain Robert (buccaneer), 122, 131
Sedgwick, Major-General Robert, 96, 104
Seignelay, Marquis de, _see_ Colbert
Seville, 11, 22, 26, 54, 103, 106, 109, 159 _n._, 207, etc.
Sharp, Captain Bartholomew (buccaneer), 223, 224, 225 _n._, 228, 229,
245
Shirley, Sir Anthony, 85
"Sloop-trade," 27
Smart, Captain (buccaneer), 273
Smith, Major Samuel, 137, 139, 140
Sore, Jacques, 42, 45
Southey, Thomas, 283
Spain, colonial laws, 5, 10, 12, 13, 24
" colonial system, 1 _ff._
" commercial system, 6-13
" cruelties to English mariners, 29, 53-54, 88, 89 _n._, 207
" cruelties to Indians, 4, 9, 10, 32, 33, 89 _n._
" decline of, 1 _ff._, 46
" discovery and exploration in South America, 2-3
" exclusion of foreigners from Spanish Indies, 24
" privateers of, 207, 211 and _n._
" trade relations with England, 101-104
" treaty of 1667 with England, 141
" " 1670 with England, 196-7, 200, 209
" truce of 1609 with the Netherlands, _see_ Netherlands
" venality of Spanish colonial governors, 26 _n._
" weakness of Spanish ships, 23
Spragge, Captain, R.N., 254
Stanley, Captain (buccaneer), 140
Stapleton, Sir William (Governor of Leeward Islands), 234, 236, 237
Stedman, Captain (buccaneer), 131 and _n._
Style, John, 153 _n._
Tabasco River, 138, 139 _n._
Tavoga Island, 179, 188
Tavogilla Island, 179, 188
Taylor, John, 102
Terrier, Jean, 42
Thibault, 81-82, 83 _n._
Thomas, Dalby, 33
Thornbury, Walter, 284
Thurloe, John (Secretary of State), 104
Thurston, Captain (buccaneer), 201
Tobago, 15, 48, 67, 131, 268
Toledo, Don Federico de, 54, 58
Tolu (New Granada), 97, 267
Tortola, 130
Tortuga, 2, 55, 58-66, 69, 70, 73, 77, 80, 81, 113, etc.
Trade, clandestine, _see_ Clandestine trade
Treasure fleets, 13-24, 31, 85;
_cf. also_ Flota _and_ Galleons
Treval, Mons. de, 82
Trinidad, 2, 15, 32 _n._, 46, 131, 222
"Trompense, La," 233-36, 238 _n._, 248, 249, 251 _n._
" La Nouvelle," 236 _n_.
Truxillo (Honduras), 21, 22, 50, 77, 138, 222
Turrialva (Costa Rica), 136
Utrecht, Treaty of, 272
Vache, Isle la, _see_ Isle la Vache
_Vaisseaux de registre_, 11, 22 and _n._
Vaissière, Pierre de, 284
Valladolid (Yucatan), 210
Valle-Figueroa, Don Gabriel Roxas de, _see_ Roxas de Valle-Figueroa
Van Horn, Captain Nicholas (buccaneer), 241-43, 248
Vaughan, John, Lord (Governor of Jamaica), 205, 211, 212-22, 232
Venables, General Robert, 85 and _n._, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, 113
Venezuela, 16, 23, 156
Venta Cruz (Darien), 17 _n._, 164, 170 _n._, 174 and _n._, 177 _n._, 192
_n._, 193
Vera Cruz (New Spain), 11, 12 _n._, 14, 21, 22, 38, 49, 103, 109, 111,
etc., 241
Veragua, 136 and _n._
Vernon, Admiral Edward, 195
Verpre, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Vervins, Treaty of, 48
_Viande boucannée_, 66
Vigneron, Captain (buccaneer), 274
Villa de Mosa (Tabasco), 138 and _n._
Villalba y Toledo, Don Francisco de, 77
Villars, Marquis de, 9 _n._
Virgin Islands, 40, 235, 236
Virginia, 47, 51, 54, 112, 129, 201, 207, 272
War between England and France, 1666-67, 131, 141
War between England and Netherlands, 1665-67, 127-41
War between France and Netherlands, 1674-78, 219 _ff._
War of the Spanish Succession, 271-72
" Succession of the Palatinate, 258 _ff._
Watson, Sir Francis, 257
Watts, Elias (Governor of Tortuga), 114, 116 and _n._, 117
Watts, Colonel William (Governor of St. Kitts), 130 _n._
Weiss, Charles, 285
West Indies, _see_ Indies, West
Whitstone, Sir Thomas (buccaneer), 140, 273
Wilgress, Captain, 201
William III., King of England, 257, 258
Williams, Captain John, _alias_ Yankey (buccaneer), 235, 254 _n._, 274
" Captain Morris (buccaneer), 122 and _n._
Williamson, Sir Joseph (Secretary of State), 213 _n._, 217
Willoughby, William, Lord (Governor of Barbadoes), 131
Wilmot, Commodore Robert, 261
Windebank, Sir Francis (Secretary of State), 53
Windsor, Thomas, Lord (Governor of Jamaica), 97, 101 and _n._, 104, 105,
106-7, 111, 117, 118, 137
Winslow, Edward (Commissioner of Jamaica), 85 _n._
Winter, Sir William, 40
Witherborn, Captain Francis (buccaneer), 202
Wormeley, Captain Christopher (Governor of Tortuga), 59, 62 and _n._
Yallahs, Captain (buccaneer) 201, 211
"Yankey," _see_ Williams, Captain John
Yucatan, 2, 23, 82 _n._, 208, 210, 211
Zuniga, Don Pedro de, 51