LIFE OF OCTAVIA HILL
[Illustration]
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO
DALLAS . SAN FRANCISCO
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD.
TORONTO
[Illustration:
_Octavia Hill._
_From a photograph enlarged by an American artist._
]
LIFE OF
OCTAVIA HILL
AS TOLD IN HER LETTERS
EDITED BY
C. EDMUND MAURICE
“_The Holy Supper is kept indeed
In what so we share with another’s need.
Not what we give, but what we share;
For the gift without the giver is bare._”
VISION OF SIR LAUNFAL.
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON
1913
_Copyright_
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PREFACE
It was but a short time before the death of Miss Octavia Hill that one
of her sisters succeeded, with much difficulty, in convincing her that
some account of her life would be necessary to satisfy the public
demand.
On realising this fact, she expressed a strong wish that the family
should keep the details of such a memoir in their own hands; and she
afterwards made a special request that the final decision as to what
should be published, and what suppressed, should rest with me.
It will, therefore, be understood that I am rather the editor than the
author of this book. The most important part of this Memoir will be
found in the letters; and it is by my express wish that they are
printed in larger type than the explanations which link them together.
But even those explanations are only in a limited sense my own work.
All I have done is to weave together statements made by my wife and
her sisters, a paper left by their Mother, and, in the very early
part, the recollections of Octavia’s early playmate, Miss Margaret
Howitt.
Only in those chapters which cover the period from 1866 to 1877 have I
trusted, to any considerable extent, to my own memory; for it was in
those years that I was most closely associated with some parts of
Octavia’s work.
With regard to the letters, there are two points to note. First, I
have endeavoured, as far as possible, to arrange them chronologically;
not separating the special subjects, in which Octavia was interested,
from each other, but rather suggesting the variety of interests which
were occupying her mind at the same time. Secondly, I have endeavoured
to emphasise the human and family sympathy, and not merely her
business capacity.
There was an outcry in the papers a little time ago, with regard to
Florence Nightingale, which took a rather peculiar form. These writers
said that there had been too much sentimental talk about the “lady of
the lamp” bending over the sick bed; and that this picture had
obscured Miss Nightingale’s real power of organisation and practical
reform. Perhaps twentieth century hardness may be as blinding as
nineteenth century sentiment. At any rate, the danger with regard to
Octavia Hill is precisely of the opposite kind to that which was
supposed to threaten the fame of Florence Nightingale.
Octavia’s power of organisation, and her principles of discipline,
have been allowed by many critics to thrust into the background her
human sympathies. The figure of the landlady sternly exacting her
rents seems to stand rather on the opposite side to the “lady of the
lamp.”
“Miss Hill,” said a critic in the early days of her fame, “I was
puzzled to make out how you succeeded in your work, till I realised
that the broker was always in the background.”
This statement represents the view of her work which was always most
distasteful to Octavia. She disliked extremely the phrase “rent
collector” as summing up the essential character of that work. She
maintained, as strongly as did Carlyle, that “cash payment was not the
sole nexus between man and man,” not, as another critic supposed,
because she held that “the poor were there for the rich to do good
to”; but because she realised that each had to learn from the other by
common sympathy with each other’s needs, and not by a hard enforcement
of claims, or a careless belief in the power of money giving. It is
this wider and more human aspect of her life, which I hope these
letters will bring home to their readers. Perhaps the point of view,
on which I am insisting, can be best summed up in Canon Barnett’s
words, “She brought the force of religion into the cause of wisdom,
and gave emotion to justice.”
I need only add my most hearty thanks to the friends who have helped
me, either by sending Miss Hill’s letters, or by hints derived from
their own recollections, or by enabling us to use the pictures which
appear in this volume.
C. E. MAURICE.
1913.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
PARENTAGE AND CHILDHOOD 1
CHAPTER II
EARLY WORK IN LONDON. 1851—APRIL, 1856 13
CHAPTER III
WORKING WOMEN’S CLASSES AND ART TRAINING. 1856–1858 80
CHAPTER IV
MILTON STREET, DORSET SQUARE. DECEMBER, 1858—APRIL, 1861 127
CHAPTER V
NOTTINGHAM PLACE SCHOOL. BEGINNING OF HOUSING WORK. 1860–1870 188
CHAPTER VI
1870–1875. GROWING PUBLICITY OF OCTAVIA’S WORK 256
CHAPTER VII
1875–1878. THE OPEN SPACE MOVEMENT 315
CHAPTER VIII
1878–1881. FOREIGN TRAVELS. MANAGEMENT OF HER WORK AT HOME 354
CHAPTER IX
1881–1889. APPOINTMENT BY THE ECCLESIASTICAL COMMISSIONERS 440
CHAPTER X
FURTHER PROGRESS IN HOUSING AND OPEN SPACE WORK. 1890–1902 505
CHAPTER XI
LAST YEARS OF LIFE. 1902–1912 548
CONCLUSION 580
INDEX 585
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING PAGE
OCTAVIA HILL. From a Photograph, enlarged by an American
artist _Frontispiece_
WISBEACH IN 1840. House on right side of bridge where
Octavia was born, December 3rd, 1838 3
JAMES HILL. Father of Octavia Hill 9
OCTAVIA HILL AS A CHILD. From an Oil Painting by
Margaret Gillies 13
DR. SOUTHWOOD SMITH. Grandfather of Octavia Hill. From a
Chalk Drawing by Margaret Gillies 172
CAROLINE SOUTHWOOD HILL. Octavia’s Mother. From a
Photograph by Andrew Whelpdale 326
MIRANDA HILL. From a Photograph by Maull and Fox 340
OCTAVIA HILL. From a Drawing by Edward Clifford, 1877 357
SOUTHWARK. Red Cross Cottages and Garden. Opened June,
1887 454
OCTAVIA HILL. From an Oil Painting by Sargent. Presented
to her in 1898 506
LIFE OF OCTAVIA HILL
CHAPTER I
PARENTAGE AND CHILDHOOD
Early in the nineteenth century Mr. James Hill was carrying on in
Peterborough a business as corn merchant which his father had made
very successful, and to which was added a banking business. Later on
he removed to Wisbeach with his brother Thomas. James Hill showed much
of his father’s business capacity, though sometimes carried away by an
oversanguine temperament. Both his ability and his hopefulness were to
be put to a severe test, when in 1825 England suffered from a general
banking panic, and Mr. Hill failed in company with other bankers of
greater note. But he roused himself to meet the emergency, and to a
great extent retrieved his fortunes, for a time.
His troubles, however, were increased in 1832 by the loss of his
second wife; and, as a widower with six children, he found himself in
an anxious and difficult position. He had always been a very
affectionate husband and father; and he was most desirous to find some
one who would help him in the care of his children. While thinking
over this problem, his attention was attracted by some articles on
education, which had lately appeared in _The Monthly Repository_; with
these articles he was so much impressed that he obtained from the
Editor the name and address of the writer. She proved to be Miss
Caroline Southwood Smith, the daughter of Dr. Southwood Smith, the
celebrated Sanitary Reformer.
Mr. Hill called on the writer at Wimbledon, and found that she was
already engaged in teaching in a private family. When that engagement
had ended, Mr. Hill persuaded Miss Smith to undertake the teaching of
his children. How heartily they responded to her care will be shown by
two letters given later on: and when, in 1835, she became the wife of
Mr. Hill, she received a welcome from her step-children such as few
step-mothers can have experienced. The marriage took place at St.
Botolph’s, Bishopsgate.
She assisted her husband in every way, and entered most
sympathetically into his patriotic efforts to reform public abuses. He
had been most successful in reforming the corruption in the Wisbeach
municipal government, and had succeeded in excluding any claim for
church rates from his parish. The extraordinary physical energy which
he threw into all his work is well illustrated by his riding fifty
miles to secure the pardon of the last man who was condemned to death
for sheep stealing. This excessive energy was facilitated by a life of
great self-restraint and devotion to study. He read much and
accumulated a very fine library. Nor even in this matter did he limit
his aims to mere self-improvement. He wished to extend to others, as
far as possible, his own advantages, and he founded in Wisbeach an
Infant School, which should introduce sounder methods of education. It
was one of the first Infant Schools built. With a characteristic
audacity he chose for the motto of this school the words in which
Wordsworth embodied the advice which he sarcastically suggests that
Rob Roy would have given to Napoleon, had they been contemporaries:
“Of old things all are over-old,
Of good things none are good enough;
We’ll try if we can help to mould
A world of better stuff.”[1]
He also started a penny paper to advocate various reforms, and at one
time he bought the local theatre and invited celebrated actors to
perform there. Later on he co-operated most earnestly with the
advocates of Free Trade.
[Illustration:
WISBEACH IN 1840.
House on right side of bridge where Octavia was born December 3rd,
1838.
]
[Sidenote: PARENTAGE AND CHILDHOOD]
Into this energetic life at Wisbeach three daughters were born:
Miranda, January 1st, 1836,
Gertrude, July 28th, 1837,
Octavia, December 3rd, 1838.
The name given to the third child marks the close connection always
recognised between Mr. Hill’s different families. Octavia was his
eighth daughter, and the half-sisters welcomed the new-comers as
heartily as they had done their mother. Octavia’s elder sisters were
Julia and Louisa, the children of Mr. Hill’s first wife, Margaret,
Ida, and Kate, daughters by the second wife. There was only one son,
Arthur, who proved himself a most affectionate and generous brother.
Later on he built up a business for himself in Reading, where, as
Mayor, he did much for the improvement of the town, showing the same
public spirit which animated his father. And when he became a rich
man, he welcomed to his beautiful grounds on many occasions the poor
people in whom Octavia was interested.
But in 1840 a great change fell on the outward life of the family.
There came another bank panic; and, though Mr. Hill tried to struggle
against his difficulties, they proved too much for him. The house at
Wisbeach was given up and the children of the earlier marriage were
taken by their maternal grandmother; and Gertrude was adopted by her
grandfather, Dr. Southwood Smith. Mrs. Hill was complimented by the
Bankruptcy Commissioners on the economical way in which she had
managed the household expenses, which had facilitated a settlement of
her husband’s affairs; and Mr. Hill tried for some years to fulfil all
his obligations to his creditors.
In the year of the bankruptcy, another daughter, Emily Southwood, was
born in her grandfather’s cottage in Epping Forest, and in 1843
Florence the youngest child was born at Leeds.
For some years the family moved about from place to place. At one time
they were in lodgings in Pond Street, Hampstead, where the house was
discovered by an artist friend who was convinced that the children
dancing round a rose-bush must be the daughters of Mrs. Hill.
At last the strain of anxiety became too much for Mr. Hill. He broke
down physically and mentally, and became incapable of supporting his
family. Under these circumstances, Dr. Southwood Smith became
responsible for the care of his daughter and her children, and placed
them in a little cottage at Finchley. Mrs. Hill maintained that it had
been a great advantage to her daughters and herself that poverty had
deprived her of the help of servants, and compelled her to do
everything for the children herself; and they heartily responded to
her care. Her daughter Miranda in later years wrote as follows. “It is
difficult to express to those who never knew Mrs. Hill what her
influence was on those who came in contact with her. On her children
it left an indelible impression as deep as life itself, and as
lasting. From her book ‘Notes on Education’ it will be seen how
entirely she felt the _spirit_ to be everything in education. She
seldom gave a distinct order or made a rule; but her children felt
that she lived continually in the presence of God, and that in her
there was an atmosphere of goodness, and that moral beauty was a
delight to her in the same way that outward beauty is to so many
people. She was ardent and yet so serene that to come into her room
was like entering a haven of peace where evil and bitterness could not
live. Her children also learned from early infancy, from her attitude
of mind, that if a thing was right it must be done; there ceased to be
any question about it, and how great a help that feeling is to timid
natures or weak wills only those know who have experienced it.”
The children spent nearly all their time out of doors in the meadows,
and on the common, and were described by one of the villagers as “the
young ladies who are always up in the hedges.”
Octavia early developed presence of mind and resourcefulness. One day
she and Emily were sailing walnut-shell boats in a large water butt,
when Emily fell in head foremost. Octavia instantly ran back to the
other end of the garden to give impulse to her jump, and then, leaping
on to the butt, pulled it over, so that she was able to drag her
sister out. At an even earlier age, she saved another sister, who had
fallen into a deep stream in Epping Forest. The nurse-maid ran away
screaming, but Octavia stepped down the bank and held out a stick to
her sister and so pulled her out. She was always overflowing with
energy which showed itself in various ways. When about eight years old
she was climbing on a high fence and fell on the back of her head; so
that for some time she was forbidden to do any lessons; but her mother
found that she was playing at keeping a school, and was learning long
pieces of poetry, French grammar, and doing sums for the pretence
children, so that she was working her brain more than she would have
done in the school room.
Her love of learning and writing poetry was great; and it was about
this time that she wrote the following elegy on a young pigeon:
“Little one thou liest deep,
Buried in eternal sleep,
And we oft for thee repine,
While thy grave with flowers we twine.
Thou didst not live to see the sun,
For thy short life was but begun,
When silent death took all away,
Thou lovely little flower of May.”[2]
As some of the letters given in this book will show, Octavia was
somewhat inclined to exaggerate the practical as opposed to the
imaginative part of her nature. As a fact the imaginative and even
fanciful side of her was apparent at an early age; for on one occasion
she was found to have left a party at her grandfather’s and to have
seated herself on the steps in the garden. When asked what she was
doing, she answered, “I am looking for the fairies!” “Have you seen
any?” asked her friend, “No,” replied Octavia, and added with the
cheery confidence which distinguished her, “but I am _sure_ I _shall_
see them.”
This imaginative side of her must have been greatly stimulated by the
only young companions with whom she and her sisters were brought into
contact. These were the younger son and daughter of William and Mary
Howitt, the well-known writers. Miss Margaret Howitt writes, “The kind
wish of my elder sister Anna Mary to afford pleasure to her small
brother and sister led to a children’s party being given to celebrate
her twenty-second birthday on January 15th, 1846. The five little
grandchildren of Dr. Southwood Smith were amongst the guests,
henceforward to become our cherished friends for life. It was simply
owing to suitability of age that Octavia became immediately the chosen
playmate of my brother Charlton and myself; she was his junior by
eleven months, my senior by eight. Although she was a very ardent,
eager child, with a quick sense of the ludicrous that was partially
hidden under a precise determined manner, she never forgot a smile of
sympathy or a word of kindness bestowed upon her.... On her two
playmates, though quite unconsciously to herself, Octavia enforced an
exacting discipline of high aims and self-improvement, against which,
I, being of a more ordinary mould than Charlton, often chafed; and
more especially because her lofty standard was coupled with a quite
startling humility.
“I had secretly parcelled out the house to spirits both good and bad;
and I think now it must have been to humour me that Octavia joined in
my daily rites of propitiation to those invisibles. I can see her now
in the dim light of the cellar, the domain of hob-goblins, following
Charlton who led the way, whilst I brought up the rear, with an
awe-inspiring countenance either induced by some preoccupation, or by
the thoroughness with which she would join in any pastime.
“When Octavia visited us later on, her sense of humour was as keen as
ever, but life seemed already to have for her a set purpose.... At the
beginning of the ’fifties, awakening one night, I saw by the light of
a lamp in the road a young statuesque figure seated with folded hands
in the sister bed.
“‘What are you about, Ockey?’ I said.
“‘Praying for Poland,’ was the reply.”
This last story was, in one way, less characteristic of Octavia than
it would have been of Miranda, but the wave of feeling about such
subjects, which passed over her friends and relations, was often
reflected in Octavia both then and in later times.
At this time, however, her chief contact with those problems of public
life which were afterwards most to interest her was confined to her
visits to her grandfather, where she occasionally assisted Gertrude in
copying Dr. Smith’s papers on Sanitary Reform.[3] It was in connection
with this work that she gave a remarkable proof of that power of
concentrating her mind on, and utilising effectively any important
fact affecting the matter with which she was concerned, which
afterwards stood her in good stead. Among the papers which she copied
was an Order in Council, freeing tenement houses from a certain tax
which had hitherto been exacted from them. Years after, when she was
beginning the work of superintending the houses, she remembered this
Order in Council. She made inquiries and found that it was still in
force, but that it was entirely unknown to many owners of tenement
houses. She was therefore able to free the tenants under her care from
an undue burden.
Her visits to her grandfather also brought her into touch,
unconsciously sometimes, with several distinguished men, one of whom
remembered the meeting at a later period. Long after the time of which
I am writing, on meeting the poet Browning at dinner, he informed her
that he had seen her as a child at Highgate. She remarked that it was
probably her sister Gertrude. “I remember her too,” said Browning. “I
was calling on R. H. Horne, the author of _Orion_, who was on a visit
there; and, when you and your sister had left the room, he said,
‘Those are wonderful children; you can talk to them about anything.’”
The training which Mrs. Hill gave her children produced a certain
independence and originality which was noticed at a later time of
life, when a friend, commenting on a special little device, produced
in an emergency, remarked, “I knew it must be done by a Hill; all you
do is so original.”
But this bright and free country life was soon to be exchanged for new
experiences, the account of which needs another chapter.
Letter from LOUISA HILL to her STEPMOTHER.
Norwich, July 19th, 1840.
MY DARLING MAMA,
I am so delighted to know that you will soon be well and strong again,
and able to lend the strength and assistance which you always have in
trying circumstances.
How happy you will be, when the little ones are older, when you get
beyond the merely physical part of their education. I am sure your
children will all be beautiful, good and wise, for they come into the
world finely organized and are watched and trained under your gentle and
elevating influence.
I heartily rejoice that the baby is a girl; you will give her strength
to endure and struggle with the evils which are the birthright of her
sex. She will add to the number of well educated women, who, I am afraid
form but a very small portion of humanity. But I forget the difference
in age. This little baby belongs almost to the third generation. She
will be in her bloom, when we shall be old women, if not dead. Great
changes may take place before she attains womanhood.
Very affectionately yours,
LOUISA HILL.
MRS. HILL to her little daughter GERTRUDE.
81, St. Mark’s Place, Leeds.
September 1st, 1843.
Ockey can now read quite well, and spends a great deal of time every day
in reading to herself. Do you know she can scarcely walk, she goes
leaping as if she were a little kangaroo—that is because she is such a
merry little girl.
[Illustration:
JAMES HILL.
Father of Octavia Hill.
]
(Undated, probably 1843).
Ockey speaks to everything that is said to her and corrects or makes fun
of any mistake. She is always ready for a joke. To-day her Papa said,
“Take care or you will have a downfall.” “That I should not mind,” said
Ockey, “if the down was there when I fell,” and then she laughed.
Leeds, 1843.
Ockey learns to read very nicely. She is a very funny little girl; this
is the way she talks. “Mama, I am as hot as if I were on the fire.”
“Mama, I shall never button this shoe if I were to try till the world is
knocked down.” She says things are as ugly as coal. The other day she
told Minnie that she should “like to have a field so large that she
could run about in it for ever.”
From OCTAVIA (at the age of four).
This letter shows her early love of colour, especially red.
We have a box full of silks. I gave Miranda a beautiful piece, it was
velvet and the colours were black, purple, yellow and white and green.
Miranda gave me a beautiful piece of crimson plush. Miranda has a book
called The Peacock at Home and it has three stories in it.
MRS. HILL TO GERTRUDE.
November, 1845.
On Monday it is Ockey’s birthday. She will be seven years old. She
intends to give me a patchwork bag on that day—and she sits on a play
box placed on a window-board, and looks so pretty, sewing earnestly
away, never thinking that I am watching her. Every now and then she
looks out at the passers by: they know every boy and girl, cat, dog, and
donkey in the village by sight, and a good many of them by name, and for
those whose name they do not know they invent one.
From MRS. HOWITT TO MRS. HILL.
February, 1846.
I am quite anxious to hear something about Maggie. I hope she has been
as good a child, and may have left half as sweet a memory as dear Ockey.
MRS. HOWITT TO MISS MARY GILLIES.[4]
1846.
Ockey goes on beautifully. We are all charmed with her; and know not how
we shall part with her again.
In another letter about February, 1846.
I brought Miranda home with Maggie yesterday. We are all greatly pleased
with her. She is a dear sweet creature; different from Ockey, but, in
her way, quite as lovable. We find Maggie much improved by Mrs. Hill’s
kind care of her, and by her intercourse with those dear little
children.
In March, 1846, Mrs. Howitt writes again:
Miranda and Maggie go on charmingly. Miranda is very sweet and much more
cheerful than I expected to find her. She is full of life and fun, and
has the same kind of ringing joyous laugh as Ockey. The same in spirit,
though not in degree. Ockey’s laugh is the happiest, sweetest I ever
heard.
About 1849.
OCTAVIA TO HER MOTHER.
June 10th, no year
(evidently a very early one).
We had a delicious sail yesterday. We were out for two hours, and it was
so lovely; the sun shone warm and clear upon the calm blue waters; and
the waves, and the bells were very pretty and made sweet music.
It is so delicious bathing; we stay in so long, and try to float and
splash and dash and prance and dance.
I am so happy; you don’t know how happy. They are all so sweet and kind
to me, and it is so beautiful here.
Give my love to the little ones, and tell them (be sure to tell them)
that I did mean to bid them good-bye. It was not out of anger; but I
forgot in my hurry; and though that was bad enough it was not as bad as
they thought it was.
Ponney wants you and we all want you to try to get Mrs. Bugden to allow
Miranda to come to the carting of the hay at Hillside, which will be
about Thursday week.
From KATE HILL TO MIRANDA.
Uttoxeter,
February 2nd, 1850.
I shall have great pleasure in working for the Peace Society; but I want
you to tell me when the Bazaar is to be held, because if soon, I must
not make anything too large to be sent in a letter. I hope it will not
be before my holidays for I like best to do coarse work. Will you tell
me, too, what are the doctrines of the Peace Society? I know very little
about it though still enough to engage my sympathies.
Will you give the enclosed collar to dear Mamma with my love, and ask
whether I shall make some like it for the bazaar?
But Mamma is to be sure and keep this one for herself because I have
made it for her, and I like my work to be round her neck, as my arms
cannot be there.
[Illustration:
OCTAVIA HILL AS A CHILD.
_From an Oil Painting by Margaret Gillies._
]