Cavaignac, _Histoire_, vol. iii, bk. iv, ch. i; Colin, _Rome et la Grèce_; Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, chs. x–xi; Heitland, _Roman Republic_, vol. ii, chap, xxxiii; Mommsen, _History_, bk. iv, ch. i; Niese, _Geschichte_, pp. 155–66.