[1] Proudhon, _Idee Generale de la Revolution_, p. 149.
[2] Roger A. Pryor, quoted in the report of the Investigation of the
Employment of Pinkerton Detectives: House Special Committee Report,
1892, p. 225.
[3] Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives: Senate
Special Committee Report, 1892, p. 247.
[4] Thomas Beet, Methods of American Private Detective Agencies,
_Appleton's Magazine_, October, 1906.
[5] _Idem._
[6] _Idem._
[7] _Idem._
[8] _New York Sun_, May 8, 1911.
[9] _New York Call_, September 14, 1910.
[10] Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives: House
Special Committee Report, 1892, p. 226.
[11] See his testimony, pp. 92-94 of the Senate Report.
[12] Report of the Industrial Commission, 1901, Vol. VIII, pp. 257-258,
261 (Chicago Labor Disputes).
[13] _American Federationist_, November, 1911, Vol. XVIII, p. 889.
[14] Limiting Federal Injunction: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Jan. 6, 1913, Part I,
p. 19.
[15] _Idem_, p. 20.
[16] _Appleton's Magazine_, October, 1906.
[17] Hillquit, History of Socialism in the United States, pp. 280-281.
[18] Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives, Senate
Special Committee Report, 1892, p. xiii.
[19] _Idem_, p. ii.
[20] _Idem_, p. xii.
[21] _Idem_, p. xv.
[22] Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives: House
Special Committee Report, 1892, p. 224.
[23] _Idem_, p. 225.
[24] Report on the Chicago Strike of June-July, 1894, by the United
States Strike Commission, p. xxxviii.
[25] _Idem_, p. xliv.
[26] _Idem_, p. 356.
[27] _Idem_, p. 370.
[28] _Idem_, p. 397.
[29] _Idem_, pp. 366-367.
[30] _Idem_, p. 371.
[31] _Idem_, p. 368.
[32] _Idem_, pp. 368-369.
[33] _Idem_, p. 372 (from the testimony of Harold I. Cleveland).
[34] _Idem_, p. 360.
[35] Debs, The Federal Government and the Chicago Strike, p. 24
(Standard Publishing Co., Terre Haute, Ind., 1904).
[36] _Idem_, p. 24.
[37] Emma F. Langdon, The Cripple Creek Strike, p. 153 (The Great
Western Publishing Co., Denver, 1905).
[38] Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1905, on Labor Disturbances in
Colorado, p. 186.
[39] _Idem_, p. 206.
[40] _Idem_, p. 304.
[41] Cf. Clarence S. Darrow, Speech in the Haywood Case, p. 56
(_Wayland's Monthly_, Girard, Kan., October, 1907).
[42] Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1905, on Labor Disturbances in
Colorado, p. 192.
[43] C. Dobrogeaunu-Gherea, Socialism _vs._ Anarchism, _New York Call_,
February 5, 1911.
[44] Kropotkin, The Terror in Russia, p. 57 (Methuen & Co., London,
1909).
[45] Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical, Vol. II, p. 14 (T.
Fisher Unwin, London, 1893).
[46] In Bamford's "Passages in the Life of a Radical" (T. Fisher Unwin,
London, 1893), we find that spies and _provocateurs_ were sent into the
labor movement as early as 1815. In Holyoake's "Sixty Years of an
Agitator's Life" (Unwin, 1900), in Howell's "Labor Legislation, Labor
Movements, Labor Leaders" (Unwin, 1902), and in Webb's "History of Trade
Unionism" (Longmans, Green & Co., London, 1902), the work of several
noted police agents is spoken of. In Gammage's "History of the Chartist
Movement" (Truslove & Hanson, London, 1894) and in Davidson's "Annals of
Toil" (F. R. Henderson, London, n.d.) we are told of one police agent
who gave balls and ammunition to the men and endeavored to persuade them
to commit murder.
Marx, in "Revolution and Counter-Revolution" (Scribner's Sons, 1896),
and Engels, in _Revelations sur le Proces des Communistes_ (Schleicher
Freres, Paris, 1901), tell of the work of the German police agents in
connection with the Communist League; while Bebel, in "My Life" (Chicago
University Press, 1912), and in _Attentate und Sozialdemokratie_
(_Vorwaerts_, Berlin, 1905), tells of the infamous work of _provocateurs_
sent among the socialists at the time of Bismarck's repression.
Kropotkin, in "The Memoirs of a Revolutionist" (Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
Boston, 1899), and in "The Terror in Russia" (Methuen & Co., London,
1909), devotes many pages to the crimes committed by the secret police
of Russia, not only in that country but elsewhere. Mazzini, Marx,
Bakounin, and nearly all prominent anarchists, socialists, and
republicans of the middle of the last century, were surrounded by spies,
who made every effort to induce them to enter into plots.
In the "Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives: House
and Senate Special Committee Reports, 1892"; in the "Report on Chicago
Strike of June-July, 1894; U. S. Strike Commission, 1895"; in the
"Report of the Commissioner of Labor on Labor Disturbances in Colorado,
1905"; in the "Report of the Industrial Commission, 1901, Vol. VIII",
there is a great mass of evidence on the work of detectives, both in
committing violence themselves and in seeking to provoke others to
violence.
In "Conditions in the Paint Creek District of West Virginia: Hearings
before a subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, U. S.
Senate; 1913"; in "Hearings before the Committee on Rules, House of
Representatives, on Conditions in the Westmoreland Coal Fields"; in the
"Report on the Strike at Bethlehem, Senate Document No. 521"; in
"Peonage in Western Pennsylvania: Hearings before the Committee on
Labor, House of Representatives, 1911," considerable evidence is given
of the thuggery and murder committed by detectives, guards, and state
constabularies. Some of this evidence reveals conditions that could
hardly be equaled in Russia.
"History of the Conspiracy to Defeat Striking Molders" (Internatl.
Molders' Union of N. America); "Limiting Federal Injunction: Hearings
before the Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, U. S. Senate,
1912, Part V"; the report of the same hearings for January, 1913, Part
I, "United States Steel Corporation: Hearings before Committee on
Investigation, House of Representatives, Feb. 12, 1912"; the "Report on
Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass.: Commissioner of Labor,
1912"; and "Strike at Lawrence, Mass.: Hearings before the Committee on
Rules, House of Representatives, March 2-7, 1912," also contain a mass
of evidence concerning the crimes of detectives and the terrorist
tactics used by those employed to break strikes.
Alexander Irvine's "Revolution in Los Angeles" (Los Angeles, 1911); F.
E. Wolfe's "Capitalism's Conspiracy in California" (The White Press, Los
Angeles, 1911); Debs's "The Federal Government and the Chicago Strike"
(Standard Publishing Co., Terre Haute, Ind., 1904); Ben Lindsey's "The
Rule of Plutocracy in Colorado"; the "Reply of the Western Federation of
Miners to the 'Red Book' of the Mine Operators"; "Anarchy in Colorado:
Who Is to Blame?" (The Bartholomew Publishing Co., Denver, Colo., 1905);
the _American Federationist_, April, 1912; the _American Federationist_,
November, 1911; Job Harriman's "Class War in Idaho" (_Volks-Zeitung_
Library, New York, 1900), Emma F. Langdon's "The Cripple Creek Strike"
(The Great Western Publishing Co., Denver, 1905); C. H. Salmons' "The
Burlington Strike" (Bunnell & Ward, Aurora, Ill., 1889); and Morris
Friedman's "The Pinkerton Labor Spy" (Wilshire Book Co., New York,
1907), contain the statements chiefly of labor leaders and socialists
upon the violence suffered by the unions as a result of the work of the
courts, of the police, of the militia, and of detectives. "The Pinkerton
Labor Spy" gives what purports to be the inside story of the Pinkerton
Agency and the details of its methods in dealing with strikes. Clarence
S. Darrow's "Speech in the Haywood Case" (_Wayland's Monthly_, Girard,
Kan., Oct., 1907) is the plea made before the jury in Idaho that freed
Haywood. Only the oratorical part of it was printed in the daily press,
while the crushing evidence Darrow presents against the detective
agencies and their infamous work was ignored.
Capt. Michael J. Schaack's "Anarchy and Anarchists" (F. J. Schulte &
Co., Chicago, 1899); and Pinkerton's "The Molly Maguires and Detectives"
(G. W. Dillingham Co., New York, 1898) are the naive stories of those
who have performed notable roles in labor troubles. They read like
"wild-west" stories written by overgrown boys, and the manner in which
these great detectives frankly confess that they or their agents were at
the bottom of the plots which they describe is quite incredible.
"The Chicago Martyrs: The Famous Speeches of the Eight Anarchists in
Judge Gary's Court and Altgeld's Reasons for Pardoning Fielden, Neebe
and Schwab" (Free Society, San Francisco, 1899), contains the memorable
message of Governor Altgeld when pardoning the anarchists. In his
opinion they were in no small measure the dupes of police spies and the
victims of judicial injustice. I have dealt at length with Thomas
Beet's article on "Methods of American Private Detectives" in
_Appleton's Magazine_ for October, 1906, but it will repay a full
reading. "Coeur d'Alene Mining Troubles: The Crime of the Century"
(Senate Document) and "Statement and Evidence in Support of Charges
Against the U. S. Steel Corporation by the American Federation of Labor"
are perhaps worth mentioning.
I have not attempted to give an exhaustive list of references, but only
to call attention to a few books and pamphlets which have found their
way into my library.
[47] Quoted by August Bebel in _Attentate und Sozialdemokratie_, p. 12.
[48] Limiting Federal Injunctions: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 1913, Part I, p. 8.