FOLLOWING their Tlascalan guide, the Spaniards undertook their wearisome
march through a desolate country; sometimes struggling through swamps,
and then scrambling over mountains. Parties of Mexicans pursued and hung
upon their rear, and it required the utmost vigilance and skill to avoid
them. Then, too, the region through which they were moving was
uninhabited, and destitute of all manner of supplies; they ate gladly
such roots and berries as they could find. Arrived at Zacamolco, their
famine was so great that they greedily devoured a horse that had been
killed that day by the Mexicans. As to the poor Tlascalans, they threw
themselves upon the ground, and piteously implored their gods to help
them. Cortes bore himself nobly through these sorrows. All eyes were
upon him, and his example roused and animated his men. At length, on the
sixth day of the march, they came near Otompan. Parties of Mexicans now
showed themselves more frequently, and some, as they passed, cried out
scornfully, “Advance, advance, robbers, to receive the reward of your
crimes!” The valley of Otompan presently burst upon their sight, covered
with warriors as far as the eye could reach. Two hundred thousand men,
headed by the nobility of the country, had gathered there to oppose them
in their march to Tlascala.
The hearts of the Spaniards now sank within them; the stoutest among
them were dismayed; their doom was at hand. Cortes was instantly roused;
he saw that to allow them to shrink from their danger, was only to
increase it. He immediately drew up his wretched army, and flanking it
on each side with the few horsemen he could still command, cried out
with enthusiasm, “The moment is arrived when we must either conquer or
perish! Castilians, rouse your spirits, place your confidence on high,
and advance boldly to the charge!” With this, he rushed to the conflict.
The Indians fought with the fury of revenge, the Spaniards with the fury
of despair. More than once the brave band of Cortes broke through the
lines of the enemy, but new multitudes thronged upon them instantly.
They were overpowered with numbers. For four hours this horrid fight
continued. Cortes perceived his men falling fast, some dead, and others
dying; all seemed well nigh lost. A bold thought now struck him. He
remembered to have heard that the Mexicans were always routed when their
general was slain and their standard taken. He determined to make one
last effort. Cihuacatzin, the leader of the Indians, was in the midst of
his troops, sitting upon his litter, surrounded by a guard; and the
standard, fastened to his back, was floating over his head. Cortes,
calling to Alvarado, Sandoval, Olid, and Davila, to follow him close and
guard him from attack, dashed toward the general. With a desperate fury
he broke through the crowd, reached the centre of the army, and with one
blow of his lance laid Cihuacatzin on the ground. One of the brave
Spaniards who followed leaped from his horse, tore the standard from the
general, and instantly despatched him. In a moment, the enemy was in
confusion; the hopes of the Spaniards revived: they pressed hard upon
them, routed and pursued them. They gained their victory, however, at a
great sacrifice. Numbers of the Spaniards and Tlascalans were slain, and
every survivor carried his wounds. Cortes himself was dangerously
wounded by a blow on the head. Yet the conquerors left dead upon that
field twenty thousand of the enemy.[14]
With the remnant of his army (only four hundred and forty men), Cortes
now marched without further trouble into the Tlascalan territories. Here
he was received with great kindness; indeed, the kindness of the
Tlascalans increased with his misfortunes. They ministered in every way
to the comfort of his feeble but victorious army. But, unfortunately,
some of his own men began once more to trouble him. Wearied with their
continual hardships, the soldiers of Narvaez returned to their murmurs;
and, strange to tell, among these murmurers was Andres de Duero, the
friend of Cortes. The discontent increased; the disaffected held
meetings from time to time, and at last signed and sent a remonstrance
to Cortes, urging him to abandon the country and return to Cuba.
Cortes received this with great self-possession, but in deep sorrow. His
spirit was unbroken by his trials; though misfortune had followed him,
he still carried in his heart the fixed resolution of conquering Mexico.
With such a determination, he could not well part with any of his men.
The best mode of silencing their murmurs was to keep them busy, and he
soon found employment for them. The people of Tepejacac had sworn
alliance to Cortes, but in the midst of his misfortunes had
treacherously taken up arms against the Spaniards, and cut off a body of
his countrymen on their march from Chempoalla to Mexico. Cortes
resolved to punish them for this conduct. With much difficulty, he
persuaded his men to join him in this effort, the followers of Narvaez
at length assenting, because the Spaniards that had been slaughtered
belonged to their party. At the head of four thousand Tlascalans,
together with his men, he now set out for these people.
He soon subdued the Tepejacacans, penetrating even to their principal
town. This region being fertile, and directly on the road to Villa Rica,
he established in it a settlement, which he called _Segura de la
Frontera_. Intent upon keeping his men employed, he continued his
marches now in various directions. For months he pursued this line of
conduct, meeting with success in almost every engagement. These little
advantages, though slight, cheered him in the thought of conquering
Mexico. He would not abandon that idea. Indeed, his resolution on this
point was so fixed, that he had already ordered a quantity of timber to
be cut in the forests of Tlascala for the construction of twelve
brigantines, that he might get command of the lake; and Martin Lopez, an
experienced shipwright, was now busy at this work. What he most needed
was an addition to his numbers; with his little force, he could hardly
hope to achieve that conquest. Fortune now smiled on him. Diego
Velasquez, ignorant of the fate of Narvaez, sent Pedro Barba with a
small company to the country, bearing letters to Narvaez. These letters
brought positive orders to Narvaez to send Cortes, if alive, to Cuba
that he might be taken thence in fetters to Spain; such being the
command of the Bishop of Burgos.[15] Barba and his followers were
artfully decoyed on shore by the men at Villa Rica, seized, and sent
prisoners to Cortes. The Spanish chief, with his usual policy, received
them as friends and countrymen, and soon persuaded them to join his
enterprise. Barba now informed him that another vessel would soon appear
off the coast, laden with supplies. By good management, the crew and
cargo of this vessel were also secured. In a little time, a much larger
reinforcement was added to him. The party sent out under Pineda, by
Garay, the Governor of Jamaica, to establish a settlement at Panuco, had
all been destroyed; and the Governor, ignorant of this fact, now sent
another body, under Camarjo, to aid Pineda in his labors. This second
party, learning the fate of their countrymen, and being at the same time
afflicted with the diseases of the country, sought refuge in the
settlement at Vera Cruz. Thence they proceeded to Frontera, found
Cortes, and at once entered his service. Other bodies sent out by Garay,
for the same purpose of aiding the colony at Panuco, followed their
example, and Cortes soon found, to his great joy, that he had added to
his numbers very unexpectedly one hundred and eighty men and twenty
horses. His hopes for the conquest were now brightening.
To his sorrow, however, the followers of Narvaez again returned to their
murmurs. They urged more earnestly than ever that they ought to be sent
back to Cuba. Cortes perceived that the spirit of discontent was
growing, and felt that it was better to lose these men, than to allow
them to remain any longer, spreading dissatisfaction in his army.
Accordingly, he issued his proclamation, stating that all those who
wished to return to Cuba might do so, and that a safe passage should be
immediately furnished for them. Some of the discontented were now
ashamed, and determined to remain; but the larger part resolved to
start, and among these was Andres de Duero. Cortes selected one of the
best vessels that had belonged to Narvaez, and allowed them to embark.
At the same time he sent Diego de Ordaz and Alonzo de Mendoza to Spain,
to represent his conduct, and keep an eye on the Bishop of Burgos.
Alonzo Davila was also sent to Hispaniola, to tell of their hardships
and sufferings, the jealousy of Velasquez, and the cruelty of the Bishop
of Burgos, and beg assistance for the enterprise; while another officer
was despatched to Jamaica, with power to enlist soldiers, and purchase
horses and supplies.
Having despatched these, he hurried his preparations for the siege of
Mexico. The timber for his ships being nearly ready, and the cordage,
cables, sails, and other rigging, brought over from Villa Rica, he saw
nothing to delay his march toward the capital. He called his officers
together, and, after consultation, it was determined to make their
head-quarters at Tezcuco, as that seemed the place best adapted for
annoying the enemy. Messages were now sent to the confederate Indians,
to hold themselves in readiness at any moment, and the troops were
reviewed. Cortes found that he still had five hundred and fifty
infantry, among whom were eighty musketeers and crossbow-men, and nine
pieces of artillery. Besides these, there were forty horsemen: and to
the whole he added an army of ten thousand Tlascalans. This was his
force for the conquest of Mexico. On the 28th of December (six months
after his fatal retreat), he moved again toward the capital.
Mexico was now in a far different condition from that in which Cortes
left it. The six months that had passed away had been improved by its
citizens. Cuitlahuitzin, the successor of Montezuma, had not only
distinguished himself by his bold attack upon the Spaniards on the night
of their retreat, but he had repaired the damages done to his city by
the invaders, made fortifications, and filled the magazines with armor.
With all this he had, if possible, infused into his countrymen a still
more deadly hatred of the Spaniards. But in the midst of these labors,
he had been cut down by the small pox,[16] and now Guatimozin, the
nephew of Montezuma, ruled over the kingdom. He was a very young man,
but had exhibited such daring courage and great ability, that the people
had called him to the throne.
At the end of three days, without any opposition, Cortes entered
Tezcuco. The streets were completely deserted; neither men, women, nor
children, were to be seen. The people had carried their goods to the
forests, or the borders of the lake, while the lord of Tezcuco and the
nobles had fled to Mexico. Cortes soon learned that Tezcuco was divided
into two parties, and instantly took advantage of it. The prince who had
fled was said to be an usurper, who had murdered his elder brother, and
his usurpation had been aided by the King of Mexico. At the same time a
youth was pointed out to Cortes as the lawful heir, and he immediately
caused him to be proclaimed lord of Tezcuco. He succeeded in persuading
this youth to embrace Christianity, and at his baptism he received the
name of Hernan Cortes, the Spanish chief standing as the godfather.
Cortes then appointed Escobar and two other Spaniards to attend upon
the new lord. Terms of friendship were at once made: the young man
engaging to do all in his power to aid the Spaniards; which engagement,
it is said, he kept religiously.
Having thus arranged matters at Tezcuco, remembering certain acts of
Cuitlahuitzin, the former lord of Iztapalapan, he determined to attack
that city. Accordingly, at the head of two hundred and thirty-five
Spaniards and all the Tlascalan army, he marched against it. At their
approach, all the inhabitants fled to their canoes. The Spaniards took
possession without any trouble, and as the night was coming on, resolved
to make their quarters there. They had scarcely retired, when the water
began to rise and overflow the city. The Iztapalapans had broken the
mole of the lake, hoping to drown them. The Tezcucans gave the alarm in
time, and, with great difficulty, Cortes made good his retreat. He lost,
however, two of his men, a number of Tlascalans, and one of the horses.
This ingenuity of the Indians troubled him very much; he felt that his
enemies were more dangerous than he had supposed them to be.
His next effort was to get possession of the two towns of Chalco and
Tlalmamalco, places of great importance to the Spaniards, as they lay
directly between Tlascala and Tezcuco. Accordingly, Sandoval and Lugo
were sent with a body of two hundred men to drive the Mexicans from
them. This they easily accomplished. Messengers now came from Mizquic,
Otompan, and other cities, begging the protection of the Spaniards; all
of whom Cortes received very kindly, readily making terms with them.
All the materials for building his vessels being at length ready, Cortes
determined to have them brought from Tlascala to Tezcuco. This was an
important business, and Sandoval was selected to perform it. On the way
to Tlascala was the town of Zoltepec, whose inhabitants (at the time
when Cortes was hurrying to the relief of Alvarado) had surprised and
murdered forty Spaniards and three hundred Tlascalans, on their march
from Vera Cruz to Mexico. Cortes was resolved to punish them for this
act, and consequently gave orders to Sandoval to stop there and chastise
them on his way. When Sandoval approached this city, the inhabitants
fled. He pursued them, and made many prisoners. The piteous cries of the
women, however, induced him to spare them all; they expressed great
sorrow for what they had done, and he only exacted from them a promise
of obedience and good conduct for the future. This was the more generous
in the leader, inasmuch as he discovered many things to rouse his
revenge. In one of the temples, he saw the walls and idols besmeared
with the blood of his countrymen; while the skins of two of their
faces, together with those of four horses, were hung upon the altars. On
a wall in one of the houses he found this inscription: “In this place
Juan Zuste and his wretched companions were confined.” From Zoltepec,
Sandoval moved on to Tlascala, where he found all ready, and
Chichimecatl, with a large army of Tlascalans, prepared to start. Eight
thousand men were employed in carrying the timbers, cordage, and other
materials. A Spanish guard went before them, and a guard of allies was
placed on each side. In this mode they marched out from Tlascala. Flying
parties of Indians sometimes were seen, but none dared to approach them.
At length they came near to Tezcuco. Great was the joy now of the
Spaniards in that city. Cortes and his officers came out to meet the
procession, and the Spanish leader, with great delight, embraced
Chichimecatl and two other chiefs, and thanked them for their great
kindness. Six hours were spent in entering Tezcuco. It was a perfect
jubilee. The allies, dressed in their finest garments, and decked off
with their gay plumes, marched through the streets, sounding their horns
and beating their drums, while the air rang with the shouts of triumph
for Castile and Tlascala.
Martin Lopez, the shipwright, now declared that it required twenty days
to make ready for the launching, and Cortes determined to keep his men
employed in the mean time in reducing the cities that were friendly to
Guatimozin. Leaving Sandoval at Tezcuco, with a party of his followers
he attacked the cities of Xaltocan and Tacuba, the first of which was
plundered and partly destroyed by fire. Upon his return, Sandoval
sallied out and routed their enemies at Huaxtepec and Jacapitchtla. To
add to their joy at this time, a further reinforcement of Spaniards
arrived at Tezcuco, under Julian de Alderete. Alderete stated that the
vessel which had brought him was now lying at Vera Cruz, laden with
military stores for the army, and (what was still better news for
Cortes) that the Bishop of Burgos, one of his principal enemies, had
been deposed from his authority over the West Indies.
Motives of policy, as well as the desire to preserve the city of Mexico
(for Cortes felt assured now that he should conquer it), prompted the
Spanish leader to send messengers to Guatimozin, proposing to make terms
of peace. Guatimozin, however, would listen to no terms; he sent back a
scornful answer, and Cortes at once returned to his depredations. The
city of Quauhnahuac was next attacked and reduced. Thence he sallied
against Xochimilco, a large town on the lake of Chalco. Here multitudes
had gathered to oppose him; they had cut down the bridges to stop him,
and erected palisades to shelter themselves. The eager Spaniards dashed
into the stream, and many lost their lives in attempting to swim over.
The battle was fierce on both sides. In this struggle Cortes came near
losing his life. His horse fell under him, while surrounded by the
enemy: he was instantly knocked down; a crowd seized him and were
carrying him off in triumph. At this moment, Christoval de Olid,
perceiving his perilous condition, dashed forward with a body of
Tlascalans, and, by a mighty effort, rescued him. Cortes and Olid both
received dangerous wounds on the head. Many of his soldiers being also
wounded, he was forced to remain four days at this place, that they
might all recruit. During this time, the enemy annoyed them very much. A
party of four of his men having wandered off to sack a house on the
shore of the lake, the Mexicans came in canoes, surrounded it, and
carried them off. These unfortunate captives were taken to Guatimozin,
who examined them very particularly as to the numbers that followed
Cortes. After gaining from them all the information he could, he ordered
their hands and feet to be cut off. In this condition they were
exhibited through the country, until at length he commanded that they
should be killed.
To his surprise, Cortes discovered now that some of his men were still
disaffected; indeed, that this disaffection had even ripened into a plot
to destroy him. The few remaining soldiers of Narvaez were once more
the cause of the trouble. The principal man among them was Antonio
Villafaña. He was still a warm friend to Velasquez, and, of course,
disliked the Spanish leader. Though a private soldier, he was a man of
uncommon power; energetic, resolute, and persuasive, he secretly
cherished discontent among the men with great success. From time to time
they met at his quarters, until at length, having prepared them for
action, he boldly proposed that they should murder Cortes and his
principal officers, give the command of the army to a brother-in-law of
Velasquez, and force him to take them back to Cuba. They all welcomed
the proposition, bound themselves by an oath, and signed their names to
a paper presented by Villafaña. Their plan was to murder them while at
table: a letter, feigned to have come from Vera Cruz, was to be
presented to Cortes, and while he was engaged in reading it, the fatal
blow was to be given. Others soon joined them; they felt strong; the day
was fixed. On the eve of that day, a soldier (one of the original
followers of Cortes) came to the commander, and begged that he might see
him privately. His request was immediately granted. He now threw himself
at the feet of Cortes, unfolded the whole plan, and implored his
forgiveness; he was one of the conspirators, but had not the heart to be
so longer. The news startled Cortes; yet he was, as usual,
self-possessed. He instantly summoned Sandoval, Alvarado, and some
others of the intended victims, and proceeded to Villafaña’s quarters.
Numbers were there; they were taken by surprise; they looked like guilty
men. Some tried to escape, but were immediately taken. Cortes himself
seized Villafaña, and snatched from his bosom the paper containing the
names of the conspirators. The accomplices of Villafaña were carried to
prison, while he was immediately brought to trial. His guilt was proved,
he was condemned to die, and the next morning was seen hanging before
the door of his quarters.
The paper showed names surprising to Cortes: the conspiracy was far
deeper than he had supposed. It was impossible, however, to bring these
men to execution; he could not spare them. With great presence of mind,
he ordered the prisoners to be set at liberty, and then assembled all
his troops. He now told them of the awful plot that had threatened
destruction to all their hopes. Pointing to the body of Villafaña, he
called on them to look upon the traitor, declaring that he was very
happy that his doom fell upon no other Spaniard; that there were other
conspirators, but he was ignorant as to who they were; he himself had
arrested Villafaña, but in his confusion and fright the guilty man had
swallowed a paper containing the names of his accomplices; and who these
accomplices might be, could now never be known. The guilty men in the
crowd were at once relieved; they fancied they were unsuspected, while
at the same time their leader knew them all, and watched them closely.
In a little time, they were gathered together on a more joyous occasion.
Martin Lopez had worked diligently, and all was now ready for the
launch. The Spaniards having attended mass and received the communion,
the whole army was drawn up on the banks of the canal. The brigantines
glided gently into the water, while Father Olmedo stood by to bless them
and give their names. The sails were then hoisted, to try them; and, as
they ploughed the water, the “_te Deum_” was chanted, while the words
echoed with the roar of artillery and shouts of joy.