Gyroptychius, 365
Haddock, 540
Hadot, 540
Hæmal arches, 86
Hæmal spine, 52
Hæmapophyses, 51
Hæmulon, 386
Hag-fish, 694
Hair-tail, 436
Hake, 542
Halargyreus, 541
Halec, 656
Halecidæ, 656
Half-beak, 621
Halidesmus, 549
Halieutæa, 475
Halieutichthys, 475
Haliophis, 550
Haller, 16
Haloporphyrus, 543
Halosauridæ, 665
Hamilton, 17
Hammerhead, 318
Hapalogenys, 386
Haplochilus, 615
Haplochiton, 651
Haplodactylina, 406
Hapuku, 392
Harpagifer, 467
Harpodon, 583
Harttia, 580
Hasse, 32
Hasselquist, 13
Hausen, 361
Head, 36
Heart, 150
Heckel, 28
Hector, 32
Heliastes, 525
Helicophagus, 566
Heliodus, 359
Helmichthys, 180
Helogenes, 567
Helotes, 385
Hemerocœtes, 491
Hemichromis, 535
Hemiculter, 604
Hemigaleus, 319
Hemigymnus, 530
Hemilepidotus, 480
Hemiodus, 607
Hemipimelodus, 569
Hemipristis, 317
Hemirhamphus, 621
Hemirhombus, 556
Hemirhynchus, 437
Hemisaurida, 582
Hemisilurus, 566
Hemisorubim, 568
Hemithyrsites, 434
Hemitrichas, 656
Hemitripterus, 417
Heniochus, 399
Heptanchus, 325
Heptapterus, 581
Hermaphroditism, 157
Heros, 536
Herring, 658
Heteracanth, 41
Heterobranchus, 563
Heterocercy, 80
Heteroconger, 674
Heterognathodon, 389
Heterolepidotidæ, 491
Heteropygii, 618
Heterostichus, 498
Heterotis, 655
Hexanchus, 325
Hexapsephus, 588
Himantolophus, 472
Hippocampus, 683
Hippoglossoides, 555
Hippoglossus, 555
Histiophorus, 431
Histiopterus, 387
Holacanthus, 400
Holibut, 555
Hollardia, 684
Holocentrum, 423
Holocephala, 348
Holophagus, 365
Holoptychidæ, 365
Holosteus, 619
Homacanth, 41
Homaloptera, 604
Hombron et Jacquinot, 27
Homelyn Ray, 341
Homocanthus, 314
Homocercy, 83
Homoeolepis, 366
Homonotus, 421
Hopladelus, 568
Hoplichthys, 478
Hoplognathus, 410
Hoplopleuridæ, 665
Hoplopteryx, 421
Hoplopygus, 365
Hoplostethus, 421
Hoplunnis, 674
Horse-mackerel, 442
Hounds, 319
Huchen, 645
Humeral arch, 59
Hunds-fish, 619
Hunter, 16
Huro, 393
Hutton, 32
Huxley, 33
Hybernation, 188
Hybodontidæ, 328
Hybognathus, 596
Hyborhynchus, 596
Hybridism, 178
Hydrocyon, 611
Hygrogonus, 536
Hyodon, 653
Hyoid arch, 58
Hyomandibular, 55, 89
Hyoprorus, 674
Hyoptopoma, 578
Hyostylic skull, 74
Hypamia, 372
Hyperoglyphe, 387
Hyperopisus, 625
Hypnos, 340
Hypobranchial, 58
Hypomessus, 647
Hypophthalmichthys, 602
Hypophthalmus, 566
Hypophysis, 98
Hypotympanic, 55
Hypsinotus, 402
Hypsodon, 500
Hypural, 53, 84
Hyrtl, 32
Hysterocarpus, 534
Hystricodon, 611
Icelus, 477
Ichthyborus, 612
Ichthyocampus, 681
Ichthyodorulites, 194
Ichthyomyzon, 693
Id, 599
Ikan sumpit, 403
Impregnation, artificial, 186
Indian region, 220
Indo-Pacific ocean, 278
Infraorbital, 54
Infundibulum, 98
Interhæmals, 53
Intermaxillary, 53
Interneurals, 53
Interoperculum, 38, 55, 91
Intestine, 127
Ipnops, 585
Ischyodus, 349
Ischyrocephalus, 666
Isistius, 334
Isthmus, 39, 58
Isurus, 457
Japanese District, 270
Jenyns, 27
Jenynsia, 616
John Dory, 451
Jugular fins, 42
Julis, 529
Kabeljau, 540
Kalm, 13
Kamtschatkan district, 269
Karausche, 591
Karpfen, 589
Kathetostoma, 463
Kaup, 33
Kelb el bahr, 611
Kelb el moyeh, 611
Kelp-fish, 533
Keris, 440
Ketengus, 569
Kidney, 155
King of the herrings, 522
Klein, 12
Klipvisch, 549
Klunzinger, 30
Kner, 27, 28
Kneria, 606
Kokopu, 625
Kölliker, 32
Kovalevsky, 33
Kröyer, 27
Kurtus, 425
Labberdan, 540
Labeo, 593
Labials, 64, 69
Labrax, 376
Labrichthys, 530
Labridæ, 525
Labroides, 530
Labrus, 526
Labyrinthici, 514
Lachnolæmus, 528
Lachs, 644
Lacépède, 15
Lactarius, 450
Ladislavia, 596
Læmargus, 333
Læmonema, 543
Læops, 557
Lais, 566
Laminæ branchiales, 136
Lamna, 320
Lamnidæ, 319
Lampern, 692
Lampris, 454
Lamprey, 692
Lancelet, 696
Lanioperca, 397
Larimus, 431
Lateral line, 48
Lates, 377
Latilus, 466
Latris, 412
Latrunculus, 486
Launce, 550
Leather-carp, 591
Lebiasina, 607
Lemon-sole, 558
Lentipes, 487
Lepadogaster, 513
Lepidoblennius, 498
Lepidocephalichthys, 606
Lepidocephalus, 606
Lepidocottus, 476
Lepidopsetta, 556
Lepidopus, 435
Lepidosiren, 355
Lepidosteidæ, 367
Lepidotrigla, 479
Lepidotus, 368
Lepidozygus, 525
Leporinus, 608
Lepracanthus, 314
Leptacanthus, 314
Leptobarbus, 597
Leptocarcharias, 319
Leptocardii, 696
Leptocephali, 179
Leptoichthys, 681
Leptojulis, 529
Leptolepidæ, 371
Leptopterygius, 513
Leptoscopus, 463
Leptosomus, 656
Leptotrachelus, 666
Lesson, 26
Lethrinus, 407
Leucaspius, 604
Leuciscus, 598
Leucosomus, 600
Liacanthus, 314
Liachirus, 558
Liassic fishes, 198
Lichia, 446
Ligamentum longitudinale, 72
Limnurgus, 615
Ling, 544, 549
Linnæus, 10
Liocassis, 567
Liopsetta, 556
Lioscorpius, 415
Liparis, 485
Liposarcus, 576
Liver, 132
Loach, 604
Lobotes, 387
Lonchurus, 431
Lophiogobius, 487
Lophiosilurus, 569
Lophiostomus, 368
Lophius, 470
Lophobranchii, 678
Lophonectes, 556
Loricaria, 578
Lota, 544
Lotella, 543
Loxodon, 319
Lucania, 615
Lucifuga, 547
Luciocephalidæ, 519
Luciogobius, 489
Lucioperca, 378
Luciosoma, 598
Luciotrutta, 646
Lump-sucker, 484
Lütken, 32
Lycodes, 537
Mackerel, 456, 457
Mackerel Midge, 544
Macrodon, 607
Macrolepis, 421
Macrones, 567
Macropoma, 365
Macropus, 517
Macrosemius, 368
Macruridæ, 557
Macruronus, 552
Macrurus, 552
Mæna, 390
Mahaseer, 594
Malacanthus, 467
Malacocephalus, 552
Malacopterus, 528
Malacopterygian, 41
Malacosteus, 629
Malapterurus, 574
Mallotus, 647
Malpighi, 7
Malpighian corpuscle, 155
Malthe, 475
Mandible, 54
Margrav, 7
Marine fishes, 254
Mary sole, 555
Maskinonge, 624
Mastacembelus, 498
Mastoid, 57, 88
Maurolicus, 628
Maynea, 538
Maxillary, 53, 90
Meagre, 427
Meckel’s cartilage, 54
Meda, 601
Mediterranean district, 264
Medulla oblongata, 98
Megalichthys, 365
Megalobrycon, 610
Megalops, 661
Meidinger, 13
Melamphaes, 423
Melanocetus, 473
Melanonus, 541
Membrane-bones, 75, 84
Mendosoma, 412
Mene, 455
Menhaden, 659
Merluccius, 542
Mesencephalon, 97
Mesoarium, 158
Mesodon, 367
Mesogaster, 500
Mesolepis, 370
Mesonauta, 536
Mesoprion, 384
Mesops, 537
Mesopterygium, 70
Mesotympanic, 55
Mesturus, 367
Metacarpals, 59
Metamorphosis, 170
Metapterygium, 70
Metapterygoid, 55, 90
Metencephalon, 97
Micracanthus, 519
Microconodus, 370
Microdesmus, 538
Microdon, 367
Micropogon, 428
Micropteryx, 443
Micropus, 416
Microstoma, 650
Miller’s-thumb, 476
Minnow, 596, 599
Minous, 417
Misgurnus, 604
Mishcup, 408
Mitchell, 17
Mixogamous, 177
Mollienesia, 617
Molva, 544
Monacanthus, 684
Monk-fish, 334
Monocentris, 421
Monocirrhus, 418
Monopterus, 669
Moon-eye, 653
Mora, 541
Mordacia, 693
Moringua, 675
Mormyrops, 626
Mormyrus, 625
Mossbanker, 659
Motella, 544
Mouth, 37, 123
Moxostoma, 589
Mud-fish, 372, 619
Mugil, 501
Müller, H., 33
Müller, J., 22, 32, 33
Müller, O. F., 13
Müller, W., 33
Mullidæ, 403
Mulloides, 404
Mullus, 404
Munro, 16
Muræna, 675
Murænesox, 674
Murænichthys, 674
Murænolepis, 545
Murray-Cod, 392
Muscles, 93
Muskellunge, 624
Mustelus, 318
Mylesinus, 613
Myletes, 613
Myliobatis, 344
Mylocyprinus, 588
Myloleucus, 601
Mylopharodon, 601
Myology, 93
Myriacanthus, 314
Myriodon, 383
Myriolepis, 370
Myripristis, 423
Myroconger, 677
Myrophis, 674
Myrus, 674
Mystacoleucus, 598
Myxine, 695
Myxodes, 498
Myxus, 504
Nandus, 418
Nannœthiops, 610
Nannobrachium, 587
Nannocampus, 681
Nannocharax, 608
Nannostomus, 607
Narcine, 340
Naseus, 438, 440
Nauclerus, 446
Naucrates, 444
Nautichthys, 480
Nealotus, 434
Nearctic region, 246
Nebris, 431
Nebrius, 326
Neetroplus, 536
Nefasch, 612
Nemacanthus, 314
Nemachilus, 605
Nemadactylus, 412
Nematogenys, 581
Nematops, 557
Nematoptychius, 370
Nemichthys, 670
Nemophis, 498
Nemopteryx, 434, 539
Neochanna, 624
Neoclinus, 498
Neoconger, 674
Neophrynichthys, 469
Neotropical region, 233
Nerfling, 599
Nerophis, 681
Nerves, 103
Nesiarchus, 434
Nettastoma, 674
Neural arches, 85
Neural spine, 52
Neurapophyses, 51
Neurology, 96
Neuroskeleton, 85
New Zealand sub-region, 248
Nictitating membrane, 113
Nilsson, 27
Niphon, 397
Nomeidæ, 455
Nomeus, 456
Nonnat, 501
Nordmann, 28
North American district, 266
North American region, 246
North Atlantic, 262
Northern temperate zone, 262
Northern zone, 240
North Pacific, 268
Nostrils, 37, 109
Notacanthus, 523
Notidanus, 325
Notochord, 63
Notoglanis, 569
Notograptus, 498
Notopterus, 665
Notothenia, 466
Noturus, 568
Novacula, 529
Nummopalatus, 526
Nuria, 598
Nutrition, organs of, 121
Oar-Fish, 522
Oblata, 406
Occipital, 56
Ochetobius, 602
Odax, 532
Odontaspis, 321
Odonteus, 525
Odontostomus, 587
Oil-sardine, 660
Old Red Sandstone, 194
Old wife, 406
Olfactory lobes, 97
Olfactory organ, 109
Oligorus, 392
Oligosarcus, 611
Olistherops, 533
Ombre, 429
Ombre chevalier, 645
Omentum, 132
Onchus, 314
Oncorhynchus, 646
Oneirodes, 473
Oolithic fishes, 199
Opercular gill, 138
Operculum, 38, 54, 91
Ophichthys, 674
Ophidiidæ, 546
Ophidium, 549
Ophiocephalidæ, 513
Ophiodon, 491
Ophiopsis, 368
Opisthognathus, 466
Opisthopteryx, 656
Opisthoticum, 88
Opsariichthys, 602
Optic lobes, 97
Oracanthus, 314
Orbitosphenoid, 57, 88
Oreinus, 595
Oreonectes, 606
Orestias, 615
Orfe, 599
Orthacanthus, 334
Orthagoriscus, 690
Orthodon, 601
Orthostomus, 489
Osbeck, 13
Osmeroides, 582, 631
Osmerus, 646
Os operculare, 91
Osphromenus, 517
Osteobrama, 604
Osteochilus, 596
Osteogeniosus, 569
Osteoglossum, 654
Osteolepis, 365
Ostracion, 686
Os transversum, 56
Otolith, 116
Otolithus, 430
Oulachon, 647
Ovaries, 158, 166
Ovum, 158, 159, 167
Owen, 33
Oxuderces, 489
Oxyconger, 674
Oxydoras, 572
Oxygnathus, 370
Oxymetopon, 489
Oxyrhina, 320
Oxytes, 319
Pachycormus, 368
Pachymetopon, 406
Pachyurus, 430
Pagellus, 408
Pagrus, 408
Paired fins, 42
Palæarctic region, 243
Palæichthyes, 312
Palæogadus, 539
Palæoniscidæ, 369
Palæorhynchus, 437
Palæeoscyllium, 326
Palæospinax, 330
Palatine, 56, 90
Palatine arch, 55
Palimphyes, 457
Pallas, 13
Pammelas, 447
Pancreas, 133
Pangasius, 566
Pantodon, 653
Papilla urogenitalis, 156
Paracanthobrama, 598
Paradiplomystax, 569
Paradise-fish, 517
Paragoniates, 610
Paralepis, 585
Paralichthys, 556
Paramisgurnus, 606
Paramyrus, 674
Paraperca, 375
Paraphoxinus, 601
Parapophyses, 51
Parascopelus, 582
Parascyllium, 326
Parasphenoid, 56, 89
Pardachirus, 558
Paretroplus, 535
Parietals, 57, 89
Pariodon, 581
Parker, 32
Parma, 525
Parnell, 27
Paroccipital, 56, 88
Parodon, 607
Parophrys, 557
Paropsis, 450
Parra, 13
Parr-marks, 631
Parrot-wrasses, 530
Patæcus, 497
Patagonian district, 289
Peal, 644
Pectoral arch, 92
Pectoral fins, 42
Pediculati, 469
Pegasus, 482
Pelagic fishes, 292
Pelamys, 459
Pelargorhynchus, 666
Pelecus, 604
Pelerin, 322
Pellona, 660
Pellonula, 660
Pelor, 417
Pelotrophus, 604
Peltorhamphus, 557
Pempheris, 425
Pennant, 13
Pentaceros, 397
Pentanemus, 425
Pentapus, 390
Pentaroge, 417
Perca, 375
Percalabrax, 378
Perch, 375
Percichthys, 376
Percidæ, 375
Percilia, 397
Percis, 464
Percophis, 466
Percopsis, 651
Periophthalmus, 487
Peristethus, 481
Permian fishes, 197
Peruvian district, 280
Pesce Rey, 501
Petalopteryx, 480
Petenia, 536
Peters, 31
Petrodus, 329
Petromyzon, 692
Petrosal, 56
Petroscirtes, 494
Phaneropleuridæ, 360
Pharyngeal bones, 58
Pharyngognathi, 523
Pholidichthys, 498
Pholidophorus, 368
Photichthys, 629
Phractocephalus, 568
Phrynorhombus, 555
Phycis, 543
Phyllodus, 526
Phyllopteryx, 682
Physiculus, 543
Physostomi, 559
Piabuca, 610
Piabucina, 610
Pickerell, 624
Pike, 624
Pike-perch, 378
Pilchard, 660
Pileoma, 379
Pilot-fish, 444
Pimelepterus, 410
Pimelodus, 568
Pimephales, 596
Pinguipes, 466
Pipe-fishes, 680
Piramutana, 568
Piratinga, 568
Pirinampus, 569
Piso, 7
Pituitary gland, 98
Placodermi, 351
Placoid scales, 48
Plagiostomata, 313
Plagiotremus, 498
Plagusia, 559
Plagyodus, 586
Plaice, 557
Pla-kat, 519
Platax, 448
Platinx, 656
Platycephalus, 477
Platycornus, 421
Platyglossus, 529
Platynematichthys, 566
Platypoecilus, 618
Platyptera, 489
Platyrhina, 342
Platysomidæ, 370
Platystethus, 450
Platystoma, 568
Platystomatichthys, 568
Platytroctes, 664
Playfair, 29
Plecoglossus, 646
Plecostomus, 576
Plectropoma, 382
Plesiops, 418
Pleurapophyses, 52
Pleurolepidæ, 366
Pleuronectes, 557
Pleuronectidæ, 553
Pleuropholis, 368
Plinthophorus, 666
Plionemus, 442
Plotosus, 563
Podabrus, 480
Podocys, 421
Poecilia, 617
Poeciloconger, 674
Poecilopsetta, 557
Poey, F., 31
Pogonias, 427
Poisonous fishes, 189
Poisson bleu, 650
Pollack, 541
Pollan, 649
Polyacanthus, 516
Polycaulus, 480
Polycentrus, 418
Polyipnus, 628
Polymixia, 423
Polynemus, 425
Polyodontidæ, 362
Polyprion, 382
Polypteroidei, 363
Polypterus, 364
Polyrhizodus, 330
Pomacanthus, 401
Pomacentrus, 525
Pomatomus, 395
Pomotis, 396
Pompilus, 444
Pope, 378
Porbeagle, 320
Porgy, 408
Porichthys, 468
Portheus, 500
Porthmeus, 446
Port Jackson Shark, 330
Porus abdominalis, 123
Porus genitalis, 123, 158
Postclavicula, 59, 92
Postfrontal bone, 57, 89
Post-pliocene fishes, 201
Post-temporal, 59, 92
Pout, 541
Powen, 649
Præoperculum, 38, 54, 90
Præorbital, 54
Prefrontal, 57, 89
Premaxillary, 53, 90
Premnas, 525
Preñadillas, 575
Pretympanic, 55
Priacanthus, 395
Pride, 693
Prionotus, 479
Prionurus, 440
Pristacanthus, 314
Pristidæ, 336
Pristigaster, 660
Pristiophorus, 335
Pristipoma, 385
Pristis, 337
Pristiurus, 326
Prochilodus, 607
Prooticum, 88
Propterus, 368
Propterygium, 70
Prosencephalon, 97
Prosopodasys, 417
Protamia, 372
Protocampus, 681
Protopterus, 356
Protosphyræna, 500
Prototroctes, 652
Prussian carp, 591
Psaliodus, 349
Psammobatis, 342
Psammodiscus, 557
Psammodus, 329
Psammoperca, 378
Psenes, 456
Psephurus, 363
Psettichthys, 556
Psettodes, 554
Psettus, 447
Pseudecheneis, 580
Pseudeutropius, 566
Pseudobagrus, 567
Pseudoberyx, 421
Pseudoblennius, 498
Pseudobranchiæ, 140
Pseudochalceus, 610
Pseudochilinus, 530
Pseudochromis, 466
Pseudodax, 530
Pseudoeleginus, 462
Pseudogobio, 596
Pseudojulis, 529
Pseudolabuca, 604
Pseudoperilampus, 601
Pseudophycis, 542
Pseudoplesiops, 466
Pseudorasbora, 596
Pseudorhombus, 556
Pseudoscarus, 532
Pseudosyngnathus, 680
Pseudovomer, 442
Pseudoxiphophorus, 617
Psilorhynchus, 604
Psychrolutes, 469
Pteraclis, 455
Pteragogus, 530
Pteraspis, 354
Pterichthys, 351
Pteroplatea, 344
Pteridium, 549
Pterois, 415
Pterophyllum, 537
Pteropsarion, 602
Pterygocephalus, 492
Pterygoid, 56
Pterygoplichthys, 576
Ptychacanthus, 314
Ptychobarbus, 595
Ptychodus, 330
Ptycholepis, 368
Ptyonotus, 480
Pycnodontidæ, 366
Pygopterus, 370
Pyloric appendages, 131
Pyrrhulina, 607
Quadrate Bone, 55, 89
Quoy et Gaimard, 26
Radius, 59
Raja, 340
Raniceps, 544
Rasbora, 597
Rasborichthys, 604
Rathke, 32
Ray, 8
Rays of fins, 40
Rays, 335, 341
Red bodies, 147
Red-dace, 599
Red-eye, 599
Red-fin, 599
Red-horse, 589
Red mullet, 404
Regalecus, 522
Reproduction of lost parts, 188
Reproduction, organs of, 157
Respiration, organs of, 135
Rete mirabile, 147
Retropinna, 647
Retzius, 32
Rhabdolepis, 370
Rhacolepis, 421
Rhadinichthys, 370
Rhamphichthys, 666
Rhamphocottus, 480
Rhamphosus, 507
Rhina, 334
Rhinelepis, 576
Rhinellus, 656
Rhinichthys, 596
Rhinobatus, 338
Rhinodon, 323
Rhinodoras, 572
Rhinoglanis, 573
Rhinonus, 549
Rhinoptera, 346
Rhizodus, 365
Rhodeus, 601
Rhomboidichthys, 556
Rhombosolea, 557
Rhombus, 555
Rhynchichthys, 424
Rhynchobatus, 337
Rhynchobdella, 498
Rhynchodus, 349
Rhypticus, 383
Rhytiodus, 608
Rib, 52
Ribbon-fishes, 520
Richardson, 27, 28
Risso, 17
Rita, 567
Rivulus, 615
Roach, 599, 600
Rock-cook, 528
Rockling, 544
Rohteichthys, 597
Rondelet, 5
Rosenthal, 32
Rough Dab, 555
Rudd, 599
Rüppell, 29
Russel, 16
Saccarius, 474
Saccobranchus, 565
Saccodon, 607
Saccopharynx, 670
Sælbling, 645
Sail-fish, 589
Sail-fluke, 555
Salanx, 650
Salarias, 494
Salivary glands, 124
Salminus, 611
Salmo, 631
Salmon, 644
Salmon-trout, 644
Salvelini, 645
Salviani, 5
Samaris, 556
Sand-eel, 550
Sand-piper, 693
Sandy Ray, 341
Sar, 406
Saragu, 406
Sarcodaces, 611
Sardine, 660
Sargina, 406
Sargo, 406
Sargodon, 405
Sargus, 406
Satanoperca, 537
Saurenchelys, 674
Saurichthys, 365
Saurida, 582
Sauridæ, 368
Saurocephalus, 500
Saurodipteridæ, 355
Saurodontidæ, 500
Saurorhamphus, 666
Saurus, 582
Saury, 620
Saw-fishes, 337
Scabbard-fish, 435
Scald-fish, 556
Scales, 45
Scaphaspis, 354
Scaphirhynchus, 362
Scapula, 59, 92
Scapular arch, 59
Scarichthys, 531
Scarus, 526, 530
Scatharus, 406
Scatophagus, 401
Schacra, 602
Schal, 573
Schedophilus, 455
Schell-fisch, 540
Schelly, 649
Schilbe, 566
Schilbichthys, 566
Schizopygopsis, 595
Schizothorax, 595
Schlegel, 29
Schneider, 15
Schultze, 33
Sciades, 568
Sciæna, 429
Sciænidæ, 426
Scissor, 610
Sclerodermi, 684
Sclerognathus, 589
Scolopsis, 389
Scomber, 457
Scombresox, 620
Scombridæ, 456
Scombroclupea, 656
Scombrops, 395
Scopelidæ, 582
Scopelosaurus, 587
Scopelus, 584
Scorpæna, 444
Scorpænichthys, 480
Scorpænidæ, 412
Scorpis, 402
Scup, 408
Scylliodus, 326
Scyllium, 325
Scymnus, 332
Sea-bat, 448
Sea-bream, 405, 408
Sea-cat, 493
Sea-devil, 344, 470
Sea-hedgehog, 687
Sea-horses, 682
Sea-perch, 381
Sea-serpents, 521
Sea-trout, 644
Sea-wolf, 493
Seba, 9
Sebastes, 413
Secondary sexual characters, 176
Seingo, 378
Selache, 322
Selachoidei, 314
Semicossyphus, 530
Semionotus, 368
Semiophorus, 441, 442
Semiplotus, 598
Seriola, 444
Seriolella, 444, 450
Seriolichthys, 444
Serranus, 381
Serrasalmo, 613
Setiform teeth, 126
Sewin, 644
Sexual characters, 176
Shad, 659
Shagreen, 315
Shagreen Skate, 341
Sharks, 314
Shark’s fins, 315
Sheep’s head, 406
Shiner, 599, 603
Shore-fishes, 257
Sicyases, 513
Sicydium, 487
Siebold, 28
Sillago, 464
Silondia, 566
Siluranodon, 566
Silurian fishes, 193
Silurichthys, 566
Siluridæ, 559
Siluris, 565
Siniperca, 376
Sinus rhomboidalis, 99
Siphagonus, 481
Siphonal stomach, 130
Siphonognathus, 533
Siphonostoma, 680
Sirembo, 549
Sirenidæ, 355
Sisor, 580
Skate, 341
Skeleton of--
Amia, 82
Amphioxus, 63
Chondropterygians, 66
Chondrostei, 74
Cyclostomes, 64
Dipnoi, 71
Ganoids, 71
Lepidosteus, 80
Polypterus, 77
Teleostei, 83
Skin, 45
Skip-jack, 447
Skipper, 620
Skull, 51, 85
Skulpin, 489
Smaris, 390
Smear-dab, 557
Smelt, 647
Smerdis, 375
Smiliogaster, 604
Snapper, 408
Snock, 437
Snout, 37
Solander, 13
Sole, 557
Solea, 557
Solenognathus, 682
Solenorhynchus, 678
Solenostoma, 678
Soleotalpa, 559
Sonnerat, 13
Soricidens, 405
Sorubim, 568
South Australian district, 283
Southern temperate zone, 281
Southern zone, 248
Spaniodon, 656
Sparidæ, 405
Sparnodus, 405
Sparoid scales, 46
Spathobatis, 338
Spathodactylus, 656
Spatularia, 362
Spawn-eater, 599
Spear-fish, 589
Sphærodon, 408
Sphærodontidæ, 368
Sphenacanthus, 314
Sphenocephalus, 421
Sphenodus, 319
Sphenoid, 57
Sphenoideum anterius, 89
Sphyræna, 499
Sphyrænodus, 500
Spiegel-Karpfen, 591
Spinacidæ, 330
Spinal chord, 96
Spinal column, 51
Spinax, 332
Spines of fins, 40
Spiracles, 138
Spiral valve, 128
Spirobranchus, 516
Splanchnoskeleton, 85
Spleen, 133
Splenial, 54, 91
Sprat, 659
Spratelloides, 662
Squaliobarbus, 602
Squaloraja, 335
Squamipinnes, 397
Squamosal, 88, 89
Stannius, 32, 33
Stare-gazer, 462
Starry Ray, 341
Stegophilus, 581
Stegostoma, 326
Steindachner, 28
Steller, 13
Stenostoma, 421
Sterlet, 361
Sternarchus, 666
Sternoptyx, 627
Sternopygus, 667
Stethojulis, 529
Stichæopsis, 498
Stichæus, 495
Sticharium, 498
Stickleback, 505
Stigmatophora, 681
Sting Rays, 342
Stock-fish, 540, 542
Stomach, 127
Stomias, 629
Stone-bass, 382
Stone-lugger, 596
Stone-roller, 589
Stone Toter, 596
Storer, 29
Strepsodus, 365
Strinsia, 541
Stromateus, 452
Strophodus, 330
Sturgeons, 361
Stygogenes, 575
Stylodontidæ, 368
Stylohyal, 58
Stylophorus, 522
Suboperculum, 38, 55, 91
Suborbital, 91
Sucker, 588
Sucking-fish, 460
Sudis, 586
Sun-fishes, 396, 454, 690
Supraclavicula, 59, 92
Supraoccipital, 56, 87
Supraorbital, 89
Suprascapula, 59
Supratemporal, 91
Surgeon, 439
Suspensorium of mandible, 55
Swammerdam, 7
Sword-fish, 431
Symbranchus, 669
Sympathic nerves, 108
Symphorus, 390
Symphysis, 54
Symphysodon, 537
Symplectic, 55, 89
Sympterygia, 342
Synagris, 390
Synanceia, 416
Synaphobranchus, 671
Synaptura, 558
Syngnathus, 680
Synodontis, 573
Taenianotus, 417
Taeniura, 343
Taractes, 454
Tasmanian sub-region, 248
Taste, organ of, 119
Taurinichthys, 526
Tautoga, 527
Teeth, 121, 124
Teleostei, 373
Telescope-fish, 592
Tellia, 615
Temera, 340
Temnodon, 446
Tenacity of life, 186
Tench, 600
Tephraeops, 406
Tephritis, 555
Tertiary fishes, 200
Testicles, 162, 167
Tetragonolepis, 368
Tetragonopterus, 609
Tetragonurus, 501
Tetranematichthys, 572
Tetraroge, 417
Tetrodon, 688
Teuthididæ, 418
Teuthis, 419
Thalassophryne, 468
Thalassorhinus, 319
Thaleichthys, 647
Thaumas, 334
Thectodus, 330
Therapon, 385
Tholichthys, 172
Thoracic fins, 42
Thornback, 341
Thrissonotus, 370
Thrissopater, 656
Thrissops, 371
Thunberg, 13
Thymallus, 649
Thynnichthys, 595
Thynnus, 457
Thyrsites, 436
Thysanopsetta, 556
Tiger-shark, 327
Tilurus, 180
Tinca, 599
Tongue, 124
Tope, 318
Top-knot, 555
Torgoch, 645
Torpedinidæ, 338
Torpedo, 339
Torsk, 546
Touch, organ of, 120
Toxabramis, 604
Toxotes, 403
Trachelochismus, 513
Trachelyopterus, 572
Trachichthys, 422
Trachinidæ, 462
Trachinops, 418
Trachinopsis, 462
Trachinus, 463
Trachurus, 442
Trachynotus, 447
Trachypterus, 522
Transverse line, 50
Triacanthodes, 684
Triacanthus, 684
Triacis, 319
Triænodon, 319
Triænophorichthys, 487
Triassic fishes, 197
Trichiurichthys, 434
Trichiuridæ, 433
Trichiurus, 436
Trichocyclus, 689
Trichodiodon, 689
Trichodon, 466
Trichogaster, 518
Trichomycterus, 581
Trichonotus, 490
Trichopleura, 417
Trifurcated Hake, 545
Trigla, 478
Triglops, 480
Trigorhina, 338
Triodon, 687
Tripterodon, 406
Tripterygium, 495
Tristichopterus, 365
Tristychius, 314
Trochocopus, 530
Tropical American region, 233
Trout, 644
Trubu, 660
Trumpeter, 412
Trumpet-fish, 509
Trunk, 39
Trygon, 343
Trygonidæ, 342
Trygonorhina, 338
Trypauchen, 489
Tunny, 458
Turbinal, 57, 91
Turbot, 555
Twaite Shad, 659
Tyellina, 326
Tylognathus, 596
Typhlichthys, 618
Typhlonus, 548
Uaru, 536
Ulna, 59
Umbra, 429, 619
Umbrina, 428
Umbrine, 429
Undina, 365
Upeneichthys, 404
Upeneoides, 404
Upeneus, 404
Upokororo, 652
Uraleptus, 543
Uranoscopus, 462
Urinary organs, 155
Urocampus, 681
Urocentrus, 498
Uroconger, 674
Urogymnus, 343
Urohyal, 58, 91
Urolophus, 343
Uronectes, 538
Uronemus, 360
Urosphen, 507
Urosthenes, 370
Useful fishes, 189
Vaillant, 31
Valenciennes, 18
Vandellia, 581
Velifer, 397
Vendace, 649
Ventral fins, 42
Vertebral column, 51
Vertical fins, 40
Villiform teeth, 126
Viviparous Blenny, 497
Vogt, 32
Vomer (bone), 56, 89
Vomer (gen.), 441
Vulsus, 489
Wallago, 566
Wardichthys, 370
Weever, 464
Wels, 565
Whiff, 555
White-bait, 658
White-fish, 599, 648
Whiting, 541
Whiting-pout, 541
Willughby, 8
Wrasses, 525
Xenocephalus, 553
Xenocharax, 612
Xenocypris, 598
Xenodermichthys, 664
Xenomystus, 576
Xenopterus, 688
Xiphias, 431
Xiphidion, 496
Xiphiidæ, 431
Xiphochilus, 530
Xiphopterus, 434
Xiphorhampus, 611
Xiphostoma, 611
Yarrell, 27
Yellow-tail, 444
Zanchus, 449
Zaniolepis, 491
Zärthe, 603
Zebra-Shark, 327
Zeus, 451
Zoarces, 497
Zope, 603
Zuzuki, 378
Zygaena, 318
Zygapophyses, 52
Zygobatis, 346
THE END.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] From ιχθυς, fish, and λογος, doctrine or treatise.
[2] Down to this period the history of Ichthyology is fully treated in
the first volume of Cuvier and Valenciennes “Hist. nat. d. Poiss.”
[3] Description of Ceratodus. “Phil. Trans.,” 1871, ii.
[4] In the formula generally preceding the description of a fish, “L.
lat. 40,” would express that the scales between the head and caudal fin
are arranged in 40 transverse series; and probably, that the lateral
line is composed of the same number of scales. “L. transv. 8/5” would
express that there are eight longitudinal series of scales between the
median line of the back and the lateral line, and five between the
lateral line and the middle of the abdomen.
[5] Pterotic of Parker.
[6] _C. Hasse_ has studied the modifications of the texture of the
vertebræ and the structure of the Chondropterygian skeleton generally,
and shown that they correspond in the main to the natural groups of
the system, and, consequently, that they offer a valuable guide in the
determination of fossil remains.
[7] The Ganoids formed at former epochs the largest and most important
order of fishes, many of the fossil forms being known from very
imperfect remains only. It is quite possible that not a few of
the latter, in which nothing whatever of the (probably very soft)
endoskeleton has been preserved, should have to be assigned to some
other order lower in the scale of organisation than the Ganoids (for
instance, the _Cephalaspidæ_).
[8] As first proposed by Huxley.
[9] Stannius (pp. 60, 65) doubts the pure origin of these two bones
from membranous tissue, and is inclined to consider them as “the
extreme end of the abortive axial system.”
[10] Parker’s nomenclature is adopted here.
[11] According to _Langerhans_ “Untersuchungen über Petromyzon
planeri” (Freiburg, 1873) an optic chiasma exists in that species.
[12] This nerve is not shown in the figure of the brain of the Perch
(Fig. 41), as reproduced above from Cuvier.
[13] Müller considers a nerve rising jointly with the Vagus in
Petromyzon to be this nerve (Fig. 45, _hy_).
[14] On the development and structure of the dentition of _Scarina_,
see _Boas_, “Die Zähne der Scaroiden,” in Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zoolog.
xxxii. (1878).
[15] This applies to individuals only growing up under normal
conditions. Dr. H. A. Meyer has made observations on young Herrings.
Individuals living in the sea had attained at the end of the third
month a length of 45 to 50 millimetres, whilst those reared from
artificially-impregnated ova were only from 30 to 35 millimetres long.
When the latter had been supplied with more abundant food, they grew
proportionally more rapidly in the following months, so that at the end
of the fifth month they had reached the same length as their brethren
in the sea, viz. a length of 65 to 70 millimetres.
[16] Ray Lankester considers it to be a portion of the long
denticulated cornua of a genus _Eukeraspis_ allied to _Cephalaspis_.
[17] Ekström, Fische in den Scheeren von Mörkö.
[18] Will probably be found.
[19] We distinguish these sub-regions, because their distinction is
justified by other classes of animals; as regards freshwater fishes
their distinctness is even less than that between Europe and Northern
Asia.
[20] Martens (Preuss. Exped. Ostas. Zool. i. p. 356), has already drawn
attention that a Barbel, said to have been obtained by Ida Pfeiffer in
Amboyna (Günth. Fish. vii. p. 123), cannot have come from that locality.
[21] In the following and succeeding lists, those forms which are
peculiar to and exclusively characteristic of, the region, are printed
in italics; the other regions, in which the non-peculiar forms occur,
are mentioned within brackets [].
[22] Lates calcarifer in India as well as Australia.
[23] One species (_Arius thalassinus_) found in Indian and African
rivers.
[24] This species extends from India into East Africa.
[25] We have left out from these considerations the Ariina and
Cyprinodonts, which can pass with impunity through salt water, and are
spread over much larger areas.
[26] Cope has discovered in a tertiary freshwater-deposit at Idaho
an extinct genus of this group, _Diastichus_. He considers this
interesting fact to be strongly suggestive of continuity of territory
of Asia and North America.--“Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1873,” p. 55.
[27] Leidy describes a Siluroid (_Pimelodus_) from tertiary
deposits of Wyoming Territory. “Contrib. to the Extinct Vert. Fauna of
the Western Territ. 1873,” p. 193.
[28] The genera peculiar to the Equatorial zone are printed in italics.
[29] Number of species uncertain.
[30] See p. 151, Fig. 67.
[31] See p. 128, Fig. 55.
[32] See p. 104.
[33] See p. 167, Figs. 79, 81.
[34] See p. 136, Fig. 58.
[35] See p. 167, Fig. 78.
[36] The cartilaginous jaws of Sharks shrink at least a third in
drying, and, therefore, cannot be kept at full stretch without tearing.
[37] This exception is a Ray obtained during the “Challenger”
expedition, and said to have been dredged in 565 fathoms.
[38] See pp. 73 and 74, Figs. 35 and 36.
[39] For other illustrations see p. 73, Fig. 35 (palatal view of head);
p. 74, Fig. 36 (pectoral skeleton); p. 141, Fig. 60 (gills); p. 148,
Fig. 65 (lung); p. 151, Fig. 67 (heart); p. 134, Fig. 57 (intestine);
p. 165, Fig. 77 (ovary).
[40] See p. 97, Fig. 41; and p. 152, Fig. 68.
[41] The Acanthopterygians do not form a perfectly natural group,
some heterogeneous elements being mixed up with it. Neither are the
characters, by which it is circumscribed, absolutely distinctive.
In some forms (certain Blennioids) the structure of the fins is
almost the same as in Anacanths; there are some Acanthopterygians, as
_Gerres_, _Pogonias_, which possess coalesced pharyngeals;
and, finally, the presence or absence of a pneumatic duct loses much of
its value as a taxonomic character when we consider that probably in
all fishes a communication between pharynx and air-bladder exists at an
early stage of development.
[42] In this instance, one may entertain reasonable doubts as to the
usefulness of the Pilot to the Shark.
[43] Mackerel, like other marine fishes, birds, and mammals of prey,
follow the shoals of young and adult Clupeoids in their periodical
migrations; on the British coasts it is principally the fry of the
Pilchard and Sprat which wanders from the open sea towards the coast,
and guides the movements of the Mackerel.
[44] The systematic affinities of these extinct genera are very
obscure. Cope places them, with others (for instance _Protosphyræna_,
which has a sword-like prolongation of the ethmoid), in a distinct
family, _Saurodontidæ_: see “Vertebrata of the Cretaceous Formations of
the West,” 1875.
[45] For specific characters and detailed descriptions we refer to
Günther, “Catal. of Fishes,” vol. vi.
[46] The names “Bull-trout” and “Peal” are not attributable to definite
species. We have examined specimens of _S. salar_, _S. trutta_, and
_S. cambricus_ and _S. fario_, to which the name “Bull-trout” had been
given; and that of “Peal” is given indiscriminately to Salmon-grilse
and to _S. cambricus_.
[47] Fig. 317 is taken from a specimen in which the horny covers of the
dentition were lost, hence it does not represent accurately the shape
of the teeth.
[48] This name is two years older than _Amphioxus_.
Transcriber’s Notes:
1. Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been
corrected silently.
2. Where hyphenation is in doubt, it has been retained as in the
original.
3. Some hyphenated and non-hyphenated versions of the same words have
been retained as in the original.
4. Superscripts are represented using the caret character, e.g. D^r. or
X^{xx}.
5. Italics are shown as _xxx_.
6. Bold print is shown as =xxx=.