WINTER SETS IN—THE METALLUGRIC QUESTION—THE EXPLORATION OF SAFETY
ISLAND—A SEAL HUNT—CAPTURE OF AN ECHIDNA—THE AI—THE CATALONIAN
METHOD—MAKING IRON AND STEEL.
The first words of the sailor, on the morning of the 17th of April,
were:—
“Well, what are we going to do to-day?”
“Whatever Mr. Smith chooses,” answered the reporter.
The companions of the engineer, having been brickmakers and potters,
were about to become metal-workers.
The previous day, after lunch, the party had explored as far as the
extremity of Mandible Cape, some seven miles from the Chimneys. The
extensive downs here came to an end and the soil appeared volcanic.
There were no longer high walls, as at Prospect Plateau, but the narrow
gulf between the two capes was enframed by a fantastic border of the
mineral matter discharged from the volcano. Having reached this point,
the colonists retraced their steps to the Chimneys, but they could not
sleep until the question whether they should look forwards to leaving
Lincoln Island had been definitely settled.
The 1,200 miles to the Low Archipelago was a long distance. And now, at
the beginning of the stormy season, a small boat would certainly not be
able to accomplish it. The building of a boat, even when the proper
tools are provided, is a difficult task, and as the colonists had none
of these, the first thing to do was to make hammers, hatchets, adzes,
saws, augers, planes, etc., which would take some time. It was
therefore decided to winter on Lincoln Island, and to search for a more
comfortable dwelling than the Chimneys in which to live during the
inclement weather.
The first thing was to utilize the iron ore which the engineer had
discovered, by transforming it into iron and steel.
Iron ore is usually found in combination with oxygen or sulphur. And it
was so in this instance, as of the two specimens brought back by Cyrus
Smith one was magnetic iron, and the other pyrites or sulphuret of
iron. Of these, it was the first kind, the magnetic ore, or oxide of
iron, which must be reduced by coal, that is to say, freed from the
oxygen, in order to obtain the pure metal. This reduction is performed
by submitting the ore to a great heat, either by the Catalonian method,
which has the advantage of producing the metal at one operation, or by
means of blast furnaces which first smelt the ore, and then the iron,
carrying off the 3 or 4 per cent of coal combined with it.
The engineer wanted to obtain iron in the shortest way possible. The
ore he had found was in itself very pure and rich. Such ore is found in
rich grey masses, yielding a black dust crystallized in regular
octahedrons, highly magnetic, and in Europe the best quality of iron is
made from it. Not far from this vein was the coal field previously
explored by the colonists, so that every facility existed for the
treatment of the ore.
“Then, sir, are we going to work the iron?” questioned Pencroff. “Yes,
my friend,” answered the engineer.
“But first we will do something I think you will enjoy—have a seal hunt
on the island.”
“A seal hunt!” cried the sailor, addressing Spilett “Do we need seals
to make iron?”
“It seems so, since Cyrus has said it,” replied the reporter.
But as the engineer had already left the Chimneys, Pencroff prepared
for the chase without gaining an explanation.
Soon the whole party were gathered upon the beach at a point where the
channel could be forded at low water without wading deeper than the
knees. This was Smith’s first visit to the islet upon which his
companions had been thrown by the balloon. On their landing, hundreds
of penguins looked fearlessly at them, and the colonists armed with
clubs could have killed numbers of these birds, but it would have been
useless slaughter, and it would not do to frighten the seals which were
lying on the sand some cable lengths away. They respected also certain
innocent-looking sphemiscus, with flattened side appendages, mere
apologies for wings, and covered with scale-like vestiges of feathers.
The colonists marched stealthily forward over ground riddled with holes
which formed the nests of aquatic birds. Towards the end of the island,
black objects, like moving rocks, appeared above the surface of the
water, they were the seals the hunters wished to capture.
It was necessary to allow them to land, as, owing to their shape, these
animals, although capital swimmers and difficult to seize in the sea,
can move but slowly on the shore. Pencroff, who knew their habits,
counselled waiting until the seals were sunning themselves asleep on
the sand. Then the party could manage so as to cut off their retreat
and despatch them with a blow on the muzzle. The hunters therefore hid
themselves behind the rocks and waited quietly.
In about an hour half a dozen seals crawled on to the sand, and
Pencroff and Herbert went off round the point of the island so as to
cut off their retreat, while the three others, hidden by the rocks,
crept forward to the place of encounter.
Suddenly the tall form of the sailor was seen. He gave a shout, and the
engineer and his companions hurriedly threw themselves between the
seals and the sea. They succeeded in beating two of the animals to
death, but the others escaped.
“Here are your seals, Mr. Smith,” cried the sailor, coming forward.
“And now we will make bellows,” replied the engineer.
“Bellows!” exclaimed the sailor. “These seals are in luck.”
It was, in effect, a huge pair of bellows, necessary in the reduction
of the ore, which the engineer expected to make from the skins of the
seals. They were medium-sized, about six feet long, and had heads
resembling those of dogs. As it was useless to burden themselves with
the whole carcass, Neb and Pencroff resolved to skin them on the spot,
while Smith and the reporter made the exploration of the island.
The sailor and the negro acquitted themselves well, and three hours
later Smith had at his disposal two seal skins, which he intended to
use just as they were, without tanning.
The colonists, waiting until low water, re-crossed the channel and
returned to the Chimneys.
It was no easy matter to stretch the skins upon the wooden frames and
to sew them so as to make them sufficiently air-tight. Smith had
nothing but the two knives to work with, yet he was so ingenious and
his companions aided him so intelligently, that, three days later, the
number of implements of the little colony was increased by a bellows
intended to inject air into the midst of the ore during its treatment
by heat—a requisite to the success of the operation.
It was on the morning of the 20th of April that what the reporter
called in his notes the “iron age” began. The engineer had decided to
work near the deposits of coal and iron, which were situated at the
base of the northeasterly spurs of Mount Franklin, six miles from the
Chimneys. And as it would not be possible to go back and forth each
day, it was decided to camp upon the ground in a temporary hut, so that
they could attend to the important work night and day.
This settled, they left in the morning, Neb and Pencroff carrying the
bellows and a stock of provisions, which latter they would add to on
the way.
The road led through the thickest part of Jacamar Wood, in a
northwesterly direction. It was as well to break a path which would
henceforth be the most direct route between Prospect Plateau and Mount
Franklin. The trees belonging to the species already recognized were
magnificent, and Herbert discovered another, the dragon tree, which
Pencroff designated as an “overgrown onion,” which, notwithstanding its
height, belongs to the same family of liliaceous plants as the onion,
the civet, the shallot, or the asparagus. These dragon trees have
ligneous roots which, cooked, are excellent, and which, fermented,
yield a very agreeable liquor. They therefore gathered some.
It took the entire day to traverse the wood, but the party were thus
able to observe its fauna and flora. Top, specially charged to look
after the fauna, ran about in the grass and bushes, flushing all kinds
of game. Herbert and Spilett shot two kangaroos and an animal which was
like a hedge-hog, in that it rolled itself into a ball and erected its
quills, and like an ant-eater, in that it was provided with claws for
digging, a long and thin snout terminating in a beak, and an extensile
tongue furnished with little points, which enabled it to hold insects.
“And what does it look like boiling in the pot?” asked Pencroff,
naturally.
“Like an excellent piece of beef,” answered Herbert.
“We don’t want to know any more than that,” said the sailor.
During the march they saw some wild boars, but they did not attempt to
attack the little troupe, and it seemed that they were not going to
have any encounter with savage beasts, when the reporter saw in a dense
thicket, among the lower branches of a tree, an animal which he took to
be a bear, and which he began tranquilly to sketch. Fortunately for
Spilett, the animal in question did not belong to that redoubtable
family of plantigrades. It was an ai, better known as a sloth, which
has a body like that of a large dog, a rough and dirty-colored skin,
the feet armed with strong claws which enable it to grasp the branches
of trees and feed upon the leaves. Having identified the animal without
disturbing it, Spilett struck out “bear” and wrote “ai” under his
drawing and the route was resumed.
At 5 o’clock Smith called a halt. They were past the forest and at the
beginning of the massive spurs which buttressed Mount Franklin towards
the east. A few hundred paces distant was Red Creek; so drinking water
was not wanting.
The camp was made. In less than an hour a hut, constructed from the
branches of the tropical bindweed, and stopped with loam, was erected
under the trees on the edge of the forest. They deferred the geological
work until the next day. Supper was prepared, a good fire blazed before
the hut, the spit turned, and at 8 o’clock, while one of the party kept
the fire going, in case some dangerous beast should prowl around, the
others slept soundly.
The next morning, Smith, accompanied by Herbert, went to look for the
place where they had found the specimen of ore. They found the deposit
on the surface, near the sources of the creek, close to the base of one
of the northeast buttresses. This mineral, very rich in iron, enclosed
in its fusible vein-stone, was perfectly suited to the method of
reduction which the engineer intended to employ, which was the
simplified Catalonian process practised in Corsica.
This method properly required the construction of ovens and crucibles
in which the ore and the coal, placed in alternate layers, were
transformed and reduced. But Smith proposed to simplify matters by
simply making a huge cube of coal and ore, into the centre of which the
air from the bellows would be introduced. This was, probably, what
Tubal Cain did. And a process which gave such good results to Adam’s
grandson would doubtless succeed with the colonists of Lincoln Island.
The coal was collected with the same facility as the ore, and the
latter was broken into little pieces and the impurities picked from it.
Then the coal and ore were heaped together in successive layers—just as
a charcoal-burner arranges his wood. Thus arranged, under the influence
of the air from the bellows, the coal would change into carbonic acid,
then into oxide of carbon, which would release the oxygen from the
oxide of iron.
The engineer proceeded in this manner. The sealskin bellows, furnished
with a pipe of refractory earth (an earth difficult of fusion), which
had previously been prepared at the pottery, was set up close to the
heap of ore. And, moved by a mechanism consisting of a frame,
fibre-cords, and balance-weight, it injected into the mass a supply of
air, which, by raising the temperature, assisted the chemical
transformation which would give the pure metal.
The operation was difficult. It took all the patience and ingenuity of
the colonists to conduct it properly; but finally it succeeded, and the
result was a pig of iron in a spongy state, which must be cut and
forged in order to expel the liquified gangue. It was evident that
these self-constituted smiths wanted a hammer, but they were no worse
off than the first metallurgist, and they did as he must have done.
The first pig, fastened to a wooden handle, served as a hammer with
which to forge the second upon an anvil of granite, and they thus
obtained a coarse metal, but one which could be utilized.
At length, after much trouble and labor, on the 25th of April, many
bars of iron had been forged and turned into crowbars, pincers,
pickaxes, mattocks, etc., which Pencroff and Neb declared to be real
jewels.
But in order to be in its most serviceable state, iron must be turned
into steel. Now steel, which is a combination of iron and carbon, is
made in two ways: first from cast iron, by decarburetting the molten
metal, which gives natural or puddled steel; and, second, by the method
of cementation, which consists in carburetting malleable iron. As the
engineer had iron in a pure state, he chose the latter method, and
heated the metal with powdered charcoal in a crucible made from
refractory earth.
This steel, which was malleable hot and cold, he worked with the
hammer. And Neb and Pencroff, skillfully directed, made axe-heads,
which, heated red-hot and quickly plunged in cold water, took an
excellent temper.
Other instruments, such as planes and hatchets, were rudely fashioned,
and bands of steel were made into saws and chisels; and from the iron,
mattocks, shovels, pickaxes, hammers, nails, etc., were manufactured.
By the 5th of May the first metallurgic period was ended, the smiths
returned to the Chimneys, and new work would soon authorize their
assumption of a new title.