[1] Purchas's _Pilgrimes_, vol. iii, p. 35, 36.
[2] Purchas's _Pilgrimes_, vol. iii, p. 5.
[3] Barros, dec. III, liv. ii, cap. 6.
[4] ... Mui prospero em honra, e fazenda, cousas que poucas vezes
juntamente se conseguem, porque ha poucos homens que por sus trabalhos
as merecem pelo modo que Fernao Peres naquellas partes as ganhava.
Barros, dec. III, liv. ii, cap. 8. Goes, p. iv, cap. 24. Osorius, lib.
xi, p. 317 et seq.
[5] Barros, dec. III, liv. vi, cap. 2, has further particulars
concerning his regulations. Concerning his person and manners the same
author says: "Como era cavalleiro de sua pessoa, muy pomposo, glorioso
e gastador, todos suas obras eram com grande magestade, etc." In
Osorius (lib. xi, p. 319 _b_) he appears more faulty and blameworthy.
"... Andradii, viri sane fortis sed temerarii, et plurimum a mente
fratris abhorrentis ... deinde in tyrannidem erupit: rapuit quae
voluit, intulit vim ingenuis virginibus, quibus voluit: multa praeterea
signa insiti furoris dedit."
[6] For the elaboration of the route of the friars, rendered difficult
of solution by the changes in the form of names, the writer is
indebted to the kind assistance of his learned friend Dr. Neumann,
professor of Chinese in the University of Munich.
[7] Martin de Bada, otherwise called Herrada, for an account of whom
and his companions, see Introduction.
[8] Manilla.
[9] Cochinchina.
[10] Hainan.
[11] Birman Empire.
[12] Bernier, in his _Lettre a Colbert sur l'etendue de l'Hindoustan_,
describes the Patans as "peuples mahometans, sortis du coste du Gange
vers Bengale, qui avant l'invasion des Mogols dans les Indes avoient
sceu se rendre puissans dans plusieurs endroits, et principalement a
Dehly et faire plusieurs Rajas des environs leurs tributaires. Ces
Patans ... haissent mortellement les Mogols, souvenans toujours de ce
qu'ils ont ete autrefois, avant qu'ils les eussent chassez de leurs
grandes principautez et les eussent obligez de se retirer deca dela,
loin de Dehly et Agra dans des montagnes ou ils se sont habituez."
[13] Moguls.
[14] Capital.
[15] Samarcand.
[16] Loo Choos.
[17] Cleanness.
[18] Germans.
[19] See note, page 7.
[20] Dimocarpus leechee.
[21] From fanega, _Span._ A measure for grain, varying in capacity in
different parts of Spain and Portugal. It contains on an average one
and three-fifths of an English bushel.
[22] Panic-grass.
[23] Martas zibellinas--sables.
[24] The Spanish _Cuarto_ equals four maravedis, and is of about the
same value as a French sou, or something less than an English
halfpenny.
[25] Misspelt for Cansi. Probably Sin-gan-fu, capital of the province
of Chen-sy is here referred to.
[26] Misspelt for Taybinco, meaning Ta-Bing-kwo, the kingdom under the
great Bing (Ming) dynasty.
[27] Query li.
[28] Misspelt for Malacca. This sentence shows Olam to be Yun-nan.
[29] After a careful collation of the following illspelt and vague
enumeration of the provinces of China with those given by Semedo,
Heningius, Heylyn, and in a very early map of the country, as well as
with some elucidatory passages in the text, the following explanations
are offered as to their respective significations. The Paguia here
mentioned is evidently Pe-che-lie.
[30] Fo-kien.
[31] Yun-nan, see note page 21.
[32] Quang-see.
[33] Chen-sy.
[34] Chan-si.
[35] Kiang-see.
[36] Hou-quang.
[37] This name which is spelt in the same manner as that given in the
second volume to the city of Fo-cheu, would seem to mean the province
of Kiang-nan, as that province is not otherwise represented in the
list.
[38] Ho-nan.
[39] Chan-tung.
[40] Koei-tcheou.
[41] Che-kiang.
[42] Se-tchuen.
[43] Evidently Canton, by comparison with the list in next chapter.
[44] Quinsay or King-sze, means "the capital."
[45] Peking.
[46] Tay-ping-fu.
[47] One of the five ports opened to England by the treaty of Nanking
in 1842.
[48] Ho-chow, in the province of Shen-si.
[49] The Tartar province of Leao-tung, in which the wall commences,
has also the name of Quantonz: see Gutzlaff's Map of China and Biot's
_Dictionnaire des noms anciens et modernes des Villes, etc., dans
l'Empire Chinois, fo. 86_. From this it is evident that our author is
now considering the work in its course from east to west, and not from
west to east, as in the commencement of this paragraph.
[50] This is evidently Se-tchuen, as given in p. 22; for although it
is not strictly correct to say that the great wall terminates in
Se-tchuen, yet that province borders on the ancient province of
Shen-si sufficiently near to justify the conclusion that it is here
referred to, the whole of the geographical information gained by the
writers at this early period being necessarily but vague and
indefinite.
[51] _Sic_, hot.
[52] Germans.
[53] A mis-print for Barbosa. Duarte Barbosa, or Barbessa, a native of
Lisbon, wrote in Portuguese an account of his travels in the south of
Asia; but according to Antonio, they have only appeared in type in an
Italian translation. An abridgement of his narrative is given in
_Ramusio_, tom. i, p. 288. Subsequently Barbosa accompanied Magellan
in his voyage round the world, and shared the melancholy fate of that
great navigator in the Island of Zebu in 1521.
[54] Mexico.
[55] _Saxii._ This has been supposed to mean the province of Canton,
the names of the other provinces having been pretty well identified.
The writer may have considered that the finest porcelain was made at
Canton, as it was usually exported from thence to Europe; but the
chief seat of the manufacture is, in fact, the province of
_Kiang-see_.
[56] _Chincheou._ One of the chief districts of _Fokien_, often named
for the entire province.
[57] This and the following details of the striking similarity which
exists between the ceremonial of the Buddhist and Roman Catholic
religions, are verified by later travellers and resident missionaries,
but there is no evidence from history to show that the former derived
these peculiarities from the latter.
[58] The work here referred to was printed in black letter at Evora,
1569, 4to., under the title, "Tractado em que se contam muito por
estenso as cousas da China, con suas particularidades, y assi do regno
dormuz."
[59] _Laocon Izautey._ The following particulars evidently relate, not
to the Confucian or national religion of the Chinese, but to the sect
of the _Tao-sse._ Grosier tells us, that "the sect of the Tao-see was
founded by a philosopher named _Lao-kiun_ or _Lao-Tse_, who came into
the world in the year 603 before the Christian era." Grosier's
_China_, vol. ii, p. 203. It is impossible to identify all the names
given in this legend of Chinese superstition. _Paosaos_ (see next
page) is probably the same with _Poosah_, the name generally given to
the Chinese idols. The _Sichia_, who are said to have come from
_Trautheyco_, towards the west [Thibet? _see note next page_], are
probably the disciples of the sect of _Foe_, also noticed by Grosier.
"This sect, still more pernicious and much wider diffused throughout
China than the preceding, came originally from India."--Vol. ii, p.
215. The description here given of the _religious people_ who _live
without marrying_ and _wear no hair_, tallies exactly with the
practice of the Bonzes or priests of _Foe_ of the present day.
[60] This would seem to be Kwan-she, the same as Kwan-yin, the goddess
of mercy of the votaries of Foe.
[61] This would appear to be Thibet (for there is no Chinese form that
we can recognize as corresponding with the word), and Thibet is the
country from which those points of belief are derived.
[62] This superstitious practice is described in much the same terms
by Grosier. "The commonest way is to burn perfumes before an idol, and
to beat the earth several times with the forehead. Upon the altar
which supports this idol, there is always a kind of horn, filled with
small flat sticks, upon which are traced a variety of unintelligible
characters. Each of these small sticks conceals an answer. The person
who consults, lets fall, at random, one of these small sticks, the
inscription of which is explained by the Bonze who accompanies him.
When no Bonze is present, they have recourse to a paper fixed up to
the wall of the pagoda, to discover the enigmatical meaning of the
word. This manner of consulting is very common in China."--Grosier,
vol. ii, p. 235.
[63] Pwan-koo, the Adam of the Chinese.
[64] Better known as Teen-Hwang.
[65] Also called Te Hwang.
[66] Also named Laoutsze.
[67] Also named Fuh-he-te.
[68] Also named Shin Nung.
[69] The Chinese pray _to_ the dead, but the practice of prayers _for_
the dead and the doctrine of the creation of man out of nothing by
Tien, alluded to at page 50, are not found in other writers; if
therefore our author is correct, these may possibly have been relics
of early Christian teaching.
[70] This expression is introduced by the English translator.
[71] Severely.
[72] This is the well-known lignum aloes of commerce. In some remarks
by the late H. T. Colebrooke, Esq., on a paper of the late Dr.
Roxburgh's recently read at the Linnean Society, occurs the following
observation: "The Portuguese _pao de aguila_ is an undoubted
corruption, either of the Arabic aghaluji, or of the Latin agallochum;
and it is by a ludicrous mistake that from this corruption has grown
the name of lignum aquilae, whence the genus of the plant now receives
its botanic appellation, _aquilaria agallocha._" Roxb.
[73] It is thus spelt also in Steven's _Spanish Dictionary_. _Query_,
cayolizan, a Mexican shrub, giving a perfume like incense.
[74] Rough.
[75] A mill. Wickliffe's translation of the Bible: Matthew xxiv, has:
Two wymmen schulen be gryndynge in oo querne; oon schal be taken and
the tother left.
[76] This sketch of the early annals of China is not altogether
correct; but agrees in the main with that given by _Du Halde_. The
names of the sovereigns are strangely misspelt; but the order of
succession, and the years of their respective reigns, render it not
difficult to identify them. _Vitey_ does not seem to be the commonly
reputed founder of the Chinese monarchy _Fo-hi_, but either his great
successor _Hoang-tie_, who had 25 sons, or the celebrated Emperor
_Yao_, whose reign lasted 100 years, and commenced B.C. 2357.
_Tzintzon_ is evidently the _Chi-Hoang-ty_ of Du Halde, who built the
great wall, and reigned B.C. 237. _Aguisi_, his son, is named by Du
Halde _Cul-chi._ The _Anchosan_ of our author is clearly the first
emperor of the dynasty of Han, named _Han-Cao-tsou_ by Du Halde. The
years of the reigns which follow correspond very exactly with those of
the several emperors of the Han dynasty; but the names are all spelt
differently.
[77] _Spanish._ Vara--A yard.
[78] A third.
[79] Position, from _Span._ Estado.
[80] For the names of the following provinces, see note, p. 22.
[81] More properly "Mace". "The only coin in general use throughout
China is the _le_ or cash. Its intrinsic value may be about
one-twelfth part of an English penny. The nominal names are those
called _fun_, _tsien_, and _leang_, denominated by foreigners
_candareen_, _mace_, and _tael_, bearing respectively to each other a
decimal proportion."--Murray's _China_, vol. iii, p. 93.
The mace is usually estimated at about 8_d._, and the tael 6_s._
10_d._ sterling.
[82] _Span._ Quilates--carats.
[83] More properly "tael".
[84] _Spanish._ Millo or mijo--millet.
[85] _Spanish._ Panizo--panic-grass.
[86] This word is spelt the same in the original. Query blankets, from
_Portuguese_ Chim--Chinese, and mantas--blankets.
[87] Prevent.
[88] The military and non-military in China are usually distinguished
by the terms _ping_ and _ming_. The _pon_ seems to refer to the _ping_
or regular troops, and the _cum_ to the _ming_ or people; being only a
species of local militia.
[89] Falchions?
[90] Billhooks?
[91] Bombs.
[92] Loo chooans.
[93] Mis-spelt for Narsinga.
[94] Mis-spelt for Bengala.
[95] Query, Java.
[96] Pekin.
[97] Tsong-tuh.
[98] Laoye. See Chap. xiv on the title of Loytia.
[99] Possibly this word is confounded with Colao or Chung-tang, a
minister of state.
[100] More properly To't'ung.
[101] More properly Po-ching-sz, or, as Du Halde has it,
Pou-ching-ssee.
[102] More properly Too-tuh, adjutant-general.
[103] More properly Ngan-tcha-see.
[104] More properly Hai-tao. Respecting these offices see Du Halde,
vol. ii, fol. 32, 33.
[105] Standard-bearer.
[106] More properly Paou-yin.
[107] This and the preceding title seem to be the same as those
similarly spelt on page 103.
[108] Perhaps the Koo-ta-sze, or treasurer.
[109] Perhaps the Che-tsze, or secretary.
[110] Taou, tae, the intendant of circuits.
[111] More properly Kwan-paou, commissioner of customs. See Morrison's
_View of China_, p. 94.
[112] Perhaps Te-paou, a police runner.
[113] More properly Yuen-chae, a police constable.
[114] Perhaps Ching-tang, assistant officer in a prise.
[115] Shin is the Chinese for the verb "to judge", and with
the word officer added to it will be "a judging officer". Thus also
leu--law, prefixed to che--to rule, or govern, may be the origin of
the term Leuchi. This construction is, however, entirely conjectural.
[116] See note on page 113.
[117] This character is so vague as to be scarcely
recognizable. The proper Chinese word for heaven is tien. The word
here given may perhaps mean tsang, _the azure sky_, which is sometimes
used metaphorically for heaven. At the same time the modern Chinese
character for Keen, also pronounced Kan [Chinese character], which is
likewise a very old word for heaven, appears somewhat to approximate
in form to the character given in the text.
[118] Evidently hwang te, the character here given corresponding with the
modern Chinese character Hwang. [Chinese character]
[119] This character would seem to be intended for ching,--a walled
city, the correct form of the character being [Chinese character]
[120] Fucheou, the capital of Fokien.
[121] _Padrinos_, _Span_.--Literally sponsors.
[122] A German.
[123] A misprint for Pegu.
[124] Mis-translated from the Spanish "Tudesco", a German. The reader
will readily recognize the name of Johann Gutemberg or Ganzfleisch, of
Mentz, who disputes with Laurens Koster, of Haarlem, the honour of
having invented and first practised the art of printing with moveable
types.
[125] Conrad Sweynheim, who, in partnership with Arnold Pannartz,
published in 1465, at the Monastery of Subiaco, near Rome, the
_Lactantii Opera_, 4to., the first work printed in Italy. The _De
Civitate Dei_ of St. Augustine, was printed by the same printers at
Subiaco two years later. It is now known that the first book printed
in Europe with metal types, was the _Mazarine Bible_, printed by
Gutemberg and Fust, at Mentz, in 1455.
[126] Germany.
[127] Printing without moveable types does not go back, even in China,
beyond the beginning of the tenth century of our era. The first four
books of Confucius were printed, according to Klaproth, in the
province of Sze-chuen, between 890 and 925, and the description of the
technical manipulation of the Chinese printing press might have been
read in western countries even as early as 1310, in Raschid Eddin's
Persian history of the rulers of Khatai. According to the most recent
results of the important researches of Stanislas Julien, however, an
ironsmith in China itself, between the years 1041 and 1048, A.D., or
almost 400 years before Gutemberg, would seem to have used moveable
types made of burnt clay. This is the invention of Pi-sching, but it
was not brought into application. See Humboldt's _Kosmos_, translated
by Otte, fol. 623. Moveable types are now no longer used, for as Sir
John Davis observes, vol. ii, p. 222, "the present mode of Chinese
printing with wooden stereotype blocks is peculiarly suited to the
Chinese character, and for all purposes of cheapness and expedition is
perfect". A complete set of the materials used by the Chinese in the
process of printing, may be seen in the Museum of the Royal Asiatic
Society. In the note on page 121 of Hakluyt's _Divers Voyages_, edited
for the Hakluyt Society by J. Winter Jones, Esq., the following
description is given of a book printed in 1348: "The earliest work of
which we have been able to obtain an account, from one having had the
opportunity of personally inspecting it, bears date the eighth year of
the last period of the reign of Shun Te, or A.D. 1348. Mr. Prevost,
our informant, who is at present engaged in cataloguing the splendid
collection of Chinese books in the British Museum, has favoured us
with the following description of the book. The title is 'Chin Tsaou
Tseen Wan, or the Thousand Character Classic'. It is one of the most
popular works in China, and consists of exactly one thousand different
characters, not one being repeated. It is composed in octosyllabic
verses, which rhyme in couplets; each verse presenting to the student
some useful Chinese notion, either in morals or in general knowledge.
The object of this work is to teach the written character, both in its
semi-cursive and in its stenographic form, termed Tsaou, or
grass-writing: the text is, therefore, printed in parallel columns,
alternately in the Chin, or correct, and the Tsaou, or cursive
character. The author lived in the first half of the sixth century.
This work, when seen by Mr. Prevost, was in the possession of Colonel
Tynte." The Editor has also in his own possession a Chinese bank note,
printed, or rather stamped, in the fourteenth century.
[128] Hou-quang.
[129] A sort of confection made of almonds, sugar, etc.
[130] Bever, probably from bevere, _Ital._, to drink, a small
collation between dinner and supper.
[131] _Vname_, is probably _Yew ma_,--pitch, or the resin of the pine.
In Morrison's _Dictionary_, "tar" is translated _Pa ma yew_: but the
Editor finds nothing analogous to _Ja pez_, which is probably now
obsolete.
[132] The Goletta of Tunis was taken from the Spaniards by Sinan
Pacha, admiral of Selim II, on the 23rd of August 1574.
[133] Mistranslated for "the extensive knowledge which I had of
navigation."
[134] Misspelt for Corunna.