WOLVES, BEARS, AND OTHER ANIMALS.
Transylvania has often been nicknamed the Bärenland, and though bears
and wolves do not exactly walk about the high-roads in broad daylight,
as unsophisticated travellers are apt to expect, yet they are common
enough features in the landscape, and no one can be many weeks in the
country without hearing them mentioned as familiarly as foxes or grouse
are spoken of at home.
The number of bears shot in Transylvania in the course of the year 1885
was about sixty. Eight of these fell to the share of the Crown-prince
Rudolf of Austria, who for the last few years has rented a _chasse_
at Gyergyó Szent Imre, in one of the most favorable bear-hunting
neighborhoods.[69]
As to the wolves destroyed each year, they are not to be reckoned by
dozens, nor even by scores, but by hundreds, and I was assured by a
competent authority that between six and seven hundred is the number of
those who last year perished by the hand of man.
It is the commonest thing in the world on market-days to see a group of
shepherds in the ironmonger’s shop (where a store of common fire-arms
is kept), in deep consultation as to the merits of the pistol or
revolver they are in want of for scaring the wolves so constantly
molesting their flocks; and occasionally a snapping and snarling wolf,
or a pair of bear cubs, are brought in a cart to the town in quest of
an amateur of such fierce pets.
Even in the neighborhood of Hermanstadt it is not safe to walk far into
the country alone in very cold weather for fear of wolves, which can
easily approach the town under cover of the forest, which runs unbroken
up to the hills; and while I was at Hermanstadt a large gray wolf was
reported to have been seen several nights in succession prowling about
within the actual precincts of the lower town.
At one of the toll-bars marking the limits of the town, and whence
stretches off a lonely plain towards the south, a large fierce dog
is kept chained up; but he never retains his situation two years
running, because he is invariably destroyed by wolves before the winter
is out. “The dog at the Poplaka toll-bar has been eaten again,” is
the matter-of-fact announcement one hears every year when the cold
is rising, and which has long since lost all flavor of sensation or
novelty; and one only wonders how any Hermanstadt dog can still be
found infatuated enough to undertake this forlorn hope.
Up in the mountains, however, the wolves do not slink in stealthy
groups of twos and threes, but assemble in such mighty packs that
sometimes on the high pasturages the snow is found to be trampled down
by the tread of many hundred feet, as though large droves of cattle had
passed over the place. Officers who have been engaged in the work of
going over the country, classifying all horses for purposes of national
defence, have told me that in many out-of-the-way places up the hills
they used to find the horses frequently bitten or scarred about the
nose—as many keepsakes from the wolves, whose invariable habit it is
first to spring at the horse’s head.
Many are the ruses which the wolf employs in order to induce a horse
or foal to detach itself from a drove of grazing animals. Sometimes he
will roll himself up into a shapeless mass, and lie thus immovable for
hours on the ground, till some young inexperienced colt, bitten with
curiosity, wanders from its mother’s side to investigate the strange
bundle it espies at a distance. The wily murderer lets himself be
approached without moving, and only then, when the hapless victim bends
down to snuff the packet, he springs at the throat, and makes of it an
easy prey.
The more experienced horses have long since learned that their only
safety is in numbers; so at the approach of wolves they draw themselves
together in a wheel, each head turned inward touching the others, their
tails all pointing outward, and with their hind-hoofs dealing out such
furious kicks as to enable them to keep at bay several enemies at a
time.
The Transylvanian bears will rarely attack a man unless provoked,
experiencing as much terror from a chance encounter as any they are
likely to occasion. A Saxon peasant told me of such a meeting he had
some years ago, when up in the mountains with some gentlemen who had
come there in quest of deer. As they were to sleep in the open air, he
had gone to collect firewood on the ground between a scattered group
of fir-trees. When issuing from behind a tree-trunk he suddenly found
himself face to face with a gigantic bear—not ten paces off. “We were
both so taken aback,” he said, “that for nearly a minute we stood
staring at each other without moving. Then I called out, ‘Der Teufel!’
and took to my heels; and the bear, he just gave a grunt, which perhaps
also meant ‘Der Teufel’ in his language, and he also turned to run; and
when I looked back to see where he was, there, to be sure, he was still
running down the hill as hard as ever he could go.”
Only a couple of summers ago two Hungarian gendarmes were patrolling
near Szent Mihaly where each of them, walking at a different side of a
deep ravine, could see, without being able to reach, his comrade. As
one of them came round a point of rock, he was suddenly confronted by
a bear carrying a sheep in his mouth. In this case, also, man and bear
stared at each other for some seconds; then the bear turned away in
order to carry off his booty to a safe place. The gendarme, recovering
from his surprise, fired at the retreating bear, which, wounded, gave
a loud roar. A second shot likewise took effect, for now the bear,
dropping the sheep, raised himself on his hind-legs, and advanced on
his assailant. By the time a third shot was fired the bear had come up
close and seized the muzzle of the gun. A fearful struggle now began
between man and beast. The gendarme was holding on convulsively to
his gun, when, his foot catching in a tree-root, he stumbled and fell
to the ground. Already he saw the dreadful jaws of the bear close to
his face, and gave himself up for lost. However, the bear was getting
weaker, and let go its hold on the gun to seize the leg of the man,
who, with a last desperate effort, struck the animal on the breast
with the butt-end of his rifle. This turned the scale, and the animal
fled down the ravine to hide itself in the stream. In the mean time
the second gendarme, who from the other side had been spectator of
the scene, arrived, along with some shepherds armed with clubs and
pickaxes, and pursued the bear into his retreat. The animal received
them with terrific roars, and began to pick up large stones, which he
hurled at his adversaries with such correct aim as severely to wound
one of the shepherds on the head. Finally the beast was killed, and his
stomach discovered to be full of fresh ox-flesh. The wounded gendarme
had to be conveyed home on horseback, and his gun was found to have
been completely bent in the struggle.
At the costumed procession commemorating the arrival of the Saxons
in Transylvania, which I have described in Chapter V., the most
conspicuous object in the group of hunting-trophies was a gigantic
stuffed bear, which, as a current newspaper announced, “had been shot
expressly for the occasion.” This paragraph excited considerable
derision among non-Transylvanian sportsmen, who mockingly inquired
whether a bear could be killed to order like an ox or a prize pig.
In this case, however, the newspapers said no more than the simple
truth, the bear in question having been literally shot to order by
Oberlieutenant Berger, a native of the place, and one of the most
noteworthy Nimrods in the land.
It happened, namely, that about a fortnight before the day fixed for
the procession, some of the gentlemen charged with its arrangement
were lamenting that the only bear they had for figuring in the
hunting-group was of somewhat shabby dimensions; on hearing which
Oberlieutenant Berger volunteered to go into the mountains in quest of
a better one. Chance favored his expedition, for within forty-eight
hours he met and shot the magnificent animal which had the honor of
figuring in the historical pageant.
Besides the two fresh bullets which had caused its death, no less than
eleven old lead balls were found completely grown into the flesh and
muscles of the animal.
Two young bear cubs captured alive by another sportsman earlier in the
year had originally been destined to join the procession as well as
their dead relative; but proving too unruly, they had to be discarded
from the programme, as it was feared that their roaring might alarm the
horses.
Though stocked by nature with a profusion of every sort of game,
such as roe-deer, stags, chamois, etc., sportsmen generally find
Transylvania to be an unsatisfactory country for hunting purposes. It
is just sufficiently preserved in order to hamper an ardent sportsman
who wishes, gun in hand, to roam unmolested about the hills; yet
not enough protected to prevent the Roumanian peasants from calmly
appropriating everything which happens to cross their path. They can
hardly be called poachers either, because they are simply and utterly
wanting in comprehension for this sort of personal property, and it
would be as easy to persuade one of them that it is wrong to slake
his thirst at a mountain spring as get him to believe that any of the
animals he sees running wild in the forest can belong to any one man
more than to another.
Even when regular hunting _battues_ are organized, the Roumanians
employed as beaters will not fail to put in a shot whenever they have
the chance, nor will they hesitate to despoil your bag of half its
booty whenever your back is turned.
In a large shooting-party in the neighborhood of Hermanstadt two years
ago, two roe-deer had been shot down at the first drive. More than one
of the gentlemen had distinctly marked the place where the animals
fell, yet on coming up to it no trace of either was there to be seen
save a little blood upon the grass, and the beaters who had first
reached the spot loudly swore that the wounded animals had made their
escape. All search was unavailing to discover where the carcasses had
been hidden, and neither threat nor bribe could induce the peasants
to disgorge the booty; but early next morning there were offered for
sale at the Hermanstadt market-place two fine roe-deer, which, without
rash judgment, may be safely asserted to be identical with those so
mysteriously spirited away the day before.
On the occasion of this same shooting-party some of the beaters had
formed the further ingenious project of stealing the gun from one
of the gentlemen as he lay asleep near the camp-fire; but they had
reckoned without their host, not having counted on the exceptional
contingency of there being one honest man among them, who took upon
himself to put his masters on their guard. The other beaters, enraged
at this treachery on the part of a comrade, revenged themselves by
destroying the saddle and cutting out the tongue of his horse.
* * * * *
Chamois are sometimes to be seen in numbers of thirty to forty heads
at once. Roe and stags are common, but the lynx and marten are growing
rare; while the ibex and urus have completely died out, the last urus
known of in Transylvania having been killed near Udvarhely in 1775.
Small game, such as hares, partridges, etc., are rarely to be
purchased in the market, and still more rarely to be met with in the
stubble-fields. _Haselhühner_[70] and capercailzie are, however,
sufficiently numerous in the pine woods to reward more than a passing
acquaintance; and whoever takes the trouble to approach the river Alt
with anything resembling a civilized rod may be sure of a basketful of
well-flavored trout.
The wild-cat, badger, fox, and otter are still plentiful, as well
as almost every European variety of eagle and falcon. Vultures are
likewise numerous; and a friend of ours who, to attract these birds
of prey, lately invested in the unsavory purchase of five dead dogs,
which were deposited on a sand-bank near the river, had presently the
satisfaction of seeing nine well-grown vultures settle on the place.
* * * * *
Those same bear cubs which had shown themselves so unworthy of figuring
in the historical procession were a great source of amusement to us.
When they arrived they were tiny round balls of fur yelping piteously
for their mother, and hardly able to walk, but soon got reconciled
to their position, and became most intimate with the soldiers at the
barracks, where they were lodged. One day when we went to visit them
in the barrack-yard, accompanied by several terriers, one of the cubs,
happening to be in a playful mood, began making advances to the dogs,
which mostly took to their heels in terror at sight of this formidable
playmate. One white fox-terrier only stood his ground and entered
into the spirit of the thing, and in the wild game of gambols which
ensued the ponderous antics of the baby bear beside the lightning-like
movements of the wiry terrier, as they chased each other round and
round the barrack-yard, were a sight worth seeing.
In spite of their apparent awkwardness, however, it is wonderful to see
with what agility these young bears could run up and down a tree-trunk,
leading one to the uncomfortable conclusion that if pursued by one of
their kinsfolk in a forest the hope of saving one’s self by climbing a
tree would be a slender one.
These two cubs, which for some incomprehensible reason had been
christened Dick and John, grew warmly attached to the officer who had
brought them here, and would rush impetuously to meet him whenever he
was seen approaching. Both of them seemed likewise to be much attracted
by the sight of scarlet, and whenever they espied a pair of red hussar
breeches, or the scarlet stripe down a general’s legging, there was
instantly a race to this brilliant goal, not always relished by the
object of these attentions, who sometimes failed to see the fun of
being folded in their uncouth embrace.
Dick was apt to be sulky at times, and wont to misinterpret a friendly
poke from a parasol, but John had an angelic disposition, and soon
became the favorite. Dick had a bad habit of sucking his brother’s
ears, who used patiently to submit to the operation for an hour at a
time, which course of treatment soon transformed his beautiful bushy
ears into two limp fleshy flaps, devoid of the slightest appearance of
hair.
They both very soon learned to know the soldiers’ dinner-hour, and
while the food was preparing used to push open the kitchen door in
hopes of a share, till their importunities were baffled by an order
to keep the kitchen locked in future. This much aggrieved the cubs,
which stood outside thumping the door for admittance; and one day when
the key had been merely turned, and left sticking on the outside, Dick
seized hold of it between his teeth, working it backward and forward
with such persistency that he finally forced the lock and marched
triumphant into the kitchen.
Unfortunately the golden age of childish grace and innocence is but
of short duration in the case of bears, and Dick and John proved no
exception to this rule. After a very few months they began to grow
large and gawky; the amount of butcher’s meat required for their
sustenance was something terrific, and Dick’s temper was daily growing
more precarious. Arrangements for their removal to more suitable
quarters were therefore made, and finding their kennel empty one day,
we received the mournful intelligence that the furry brothers had been
transferred to the safer guardianship of a zoological establishment at
Pesth.
FOOTNOTES:
[69] Since writing this, Crown-prince Rudolf has terminated another
successful bear-hunting expedition in Transylvania (November, 1887),
the booty on this occasion being a dozen head.
[70] The technical name of the _Haselhuhn_ is _Tetrao bonasia_. They
reside chiefly in pine woods.