Produced by Robert J. Hall
SHEPP'S PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE WORLD.
CONSISTING OF
Panoramic Views of Cities--Street Scenes--Public Buildings--Cathedrals--
Mosques--Churches--Temples--Observatories--Castles--Palaces--Homes of
Noted People--Private Apartments of Presidents, Queens, Kings, Emperors,
Monarchs and Rulers--Harems--Universities--Colleges--Active Volcanoes--
Mountain Scenery--Lake Scenery--Lochs--Fjords--Falls--River Scenery--
Cañons--Geysers--Bridges--Parks--Fountains--Theatres--Obelisks--Towers--
Memorials--Tombs--Caves--Cemeteries--Pyramids--Ruins of Castles--Ruins
of Temples--Ruins of Ancient Cities--Tropical Scenery--Towns--Villages--
Huts,
Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing
the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the
world.
COLLECTED FROM
EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, AUSTRALIA, NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA AND
THE PACIFIC ISLANDS,
REPRESENTING
THE WORLD AS IT EXISTS TO-DAY.
Also, direct copies of all the original famous paintings and statuary,
by the world's old masters and modern artists, taken from the leading
galleries, including the
FRENCH SALON, LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES
GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY;
THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, ITALY; AND THE VATICAN
GALLERY, ROME.
Forming the largest and most valuable collection of works of art
in the world.
----
CAREFULLY ARRANGED AND APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY
JAMES W. SHEPP AND DANIEL B. SHEPP.
----
SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY.
----
GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING CO.,
NO. 705 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNA.
PREFACE
[Illustration: I]n all ages, men have been eager to tell and to
hear new things; and before books were printed, travellers wandered
abroad, bringing home wonderful stories of unknown lands.
In the construction of this publication, the object is not to tell
stories or relate experiences, but to exhibit, by carefully taken
photographs, the great sights of the world as they exist to-day.
The art of teaching with pictures is very old. The ancient Egyptians
used emblems and designs to record the various incidents of their
history, traces of which are still found on obelisks and ruined
temples.
Wood illustrations were also introduced many years ago; and as
time rolled on, marked improvements were made in the art of
wood-engraving. Notwithstanding the fact that they have not the
power of truly representing the original objects they intend to
portray, they are still largely used for illustrating printed books
and papers.
Over a century ago, the art of photography was made known to the
world by Scheele, a Swedish chemist; since then, many improvements
have been made in this art, until now, by the photo-electro process,
an exact photograph can be transferred on a copper plate, without
losing a single line or shade, and from this plate, photographs
can be printed, such as appear in this book.
Owing to the increasing popularity of the graphic and pictorial
methods of imparting information, the photographic camera was employed
to secure photographs of the greatest things of the world as seen
to-day, both for instruction and entertainment.
We forget knowledge acquired by common conversation, and descriptions
of places and things; but when we observe them, and their forms
are conveyed to our minds through the medium of our eyes, they
are indelibly impressed upon the memory.
The object, then, of this Publication is to present photographs
of all the great sights of the world, from every corner of the
globe, carefully reproducing them by the photo-electro process,
and adding a few lines of explanation to every picture, so that
any one can comprehend each subject.
To make this collection, every country was carefully ransacked,
starting in Ireland, with the famous Blarney Castle and Lakes of
Killarney in the south, and extending to the Giant's Causeway in
the north, said by an old legend to have been built by giants to
form a road across the channel to Scotland.
Passing through Scotland, we photographed its hills, castles, lochs,
bridges and cities. Throughout Wales and England, we represent their
busy seaport and manufacturing towns; the home of Shakespeare,
the Bard of Avon; Windsor Castle, far-famed for its beauty and
battlements; Greenwich Observatory, from which the longitude of the
world is computed; Hampton Court, a relic of royalty; and London,
the metropolis of the world, with over six million people, its
crowded streets, imperial buildings, historic abbeys, famous towers
and monuments.
The Netherlands and Denmark are represented by the dykes and windmills,
Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels, the battlefield
of Waterloo; Russia, the land of the Czar, by Moscow, The Kremlin;
St. Petersburg, the Winter Palace. Thence our photographers travelled
across the steppes to Lapland, Finland, Poland, and over the tundras
to sterile Siberia, inflicting its cruel tortures on unhappy exiled
prisoners.
Germany, that romantic country of northern Europe, affords Berlin;
Potsdam, its Royal Palaces; Dresden and its Picture Galleries;
Frankfort-on-the-Main, the former home of Luther, the reformer,
and Rothschild, the financial king of the world; the picturesque
Rhine, lined with its historic castles.
France furnishes for our collection Paris, the proudest city of the
whole world, ever gay, its pretty boulevards, monuments, towers,
bridges, historic buildings, the Louvre and Luxembourg Galleries,
and their treasures of painting and sculptures; Versailles, its
royal palaces, the largest in the world; the palace at Fontainbleau,
buried in the midst of that imperial forest, the home where Napoleon
ruled and abdicated; the cities of the interior and those of the
ever-delightful Riveria, from Marseilles to Monte Carlo, the latter
both lovely, hideous, serene, sensational, beautiful and damnable.
Through Spain and Portugal, every object of interest was photographed,
from the wild and thrilling scenery of the Pyrenees in the north
to that bold headland rock of Gibraltar in the south, and from
the calm Mediterranean in the east to the turbulent waters of the
Atlantic on the west.
Of Switzerland, we exhibit its snow-capped peaks of perpetual ice
and snow; Mont Blanc, Matterhorn and Jungfrau; its placid lakes;
mountain passes, like shelves cut in rock; its bridges of ice and
variety of wild scenery that is seen nowhere but in Switzerland.
Through sunny Italy we gathered photographs from lakes Lugano,
Maggiore and Como with perpetual spring, in the north, to the fiery
crater of Mount Vesuvius in the south; Venice, the "Queen of the
Adriatic;" Genoa, the home of Columbus; Pisa, its leaning tower;
Florence, the "flower of cities," with its galleries of statues
and paintings that the wealth of nations could not purchase; and
Rome, that mighty city by the Tiber, that once ruled the world,
and is still the abode of the Pope; St. Peters and its ruins; yet
now calm, peaceful and powerless.
Austria, where the Catholic bows his head to every shrine, favored
us with its sublime mountain scenery; the picturesque Tyrol; the
blue Danube, famous in history and song; and Vienna, the home of the
Emperor and the former abode of Maria Theresa, strangely fascinating
and unlike any other city in the whole world. Turkey, the land of
the Sultan and the followers of Mahomet, with its strange people
and curious habits, is represented by Constantinople, with its
mosques and minarets, from the top of which the Mussulman sings
out his daily calls for prayer, Ali! Ali!--there is but one God,
and Mahomet is his prophet; its streets, gates and squares; the
Bosphorus and Golden Horn.
Classic Greece, once the centre of art and learning, adorns our
collection with Athens, the Acropolis and Parthenon, the latter
almost completely and shamefully bereft of those famous marbles,
chiseled by Phidias nearly five hundred years before Christ.
In ancient Egypt we photographed the Suez Canal; Alexandria, the
former city of Cleopatra; Cairo, the home of the Khedive and his
harems; the Sphynx and Pyramids, the latter the tombs of the selected
Ptolemies; the river Nile, fed by the melting snows from the mountains
of the Moon, and pouring its waters over this ancient valley with
a regularity as though the ruined temples on its banks give it
command.
Palestine, the Holy Land, made famous in the history of the Christian
Church, added Jeruselem, the City of David; Bethlehem, the cradle
of Christ; Jordan, where He was baptized; the Sea of Galilee, on
whose shores He preached to the multitude; Nazareth, from which
He was called a Nazarene; Gethsemane, where He suffered; Calvary,
where He was crucified.
Asia furnished Mecca, that eternal city to which Mahomet's disciples
make their weary pilgrimages; Hindoostan, from Bombay to Calcutta;
the grottos of Illora; the caverns of Salcette; the Hindoo priests,
chanting the verses of the Vedas; the ruins of the city of the
great Bali, the domes of the pagodas; glacier views, snow bridges,
rattan bridges in the Himalayas; the sacred caves of Amurnath,
to which pilgrimages are made by the Hindoos; Srinugurr and its
floating gardens; curious bridges; bazaars for the sale of the
world-renowned Cashmere shawls, the winding river Jheulm, with
its many curves, suggesting the pattern or design for these famous
wraps; Darjeeling and Mussorie, celebrated hill sanitariums, in
the heart of the Himalayas, much frequented by tourists during
summer; Melapore, where St. Thomas was martyred and where Christ,
perhaps, lived during His absence from Judea, drawing from the
books of the Brahmins, the most perfect precepts of His divine
teachings; the subterranean caverns of Candy; the splendor of the
Valley of Rubies; Adam's Peak; the footmark of Buddha; the fairy-like
view of the Straits of Sunda.
Our photographers also traversed the Celestial Empire, South America,
Central America, Mexico, Greenland, Iceland, Alaska, Canada and
the United States, from the Golden Gate in the west to the Rocky
Coast of New England in the east, and from the Lake Cities in the
north to the Cotton States in the south. Through every country and
every clime, north, south, east and west, wherever was located a
point of interest, an historic castle, a famous monument, a grand
cathedral, a world's wonder, a great city, a crowded avenue, an imperial
building, a pretty picture, an exquisite statue, a picturesque river,
an inspiring grandeur of nature, a curious cavern, a lofty peak, a
deep valley, a strange people, the same was reflected through the
camera and added to this book.
The result of this collection entailed therefore the expenditure
of a vast amount of money and labor, as may be supposed; and the
only wish of the publishers is, that it may afford pleasure and
instruction to those that view the result of their labors.
CONTENTS.
IRELAND.
Blarney Castle
Lakes of Killarney
Dublin (Instantaneous)
Giant's Causeway
SCOTLAND.
Municipal Buildings, Glasgow
Loch Lomond
Forth Bridge
Balmoral Castle
Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa
Edinburgh (Instantaneous)
ENGLAND.
Liverpool (Instantaneous)
Lime Street, Liverpool (Instantaneous)
Manchester (Instantaneous)
Warwick Castle, Warwick
Shakespeare's House, Stratford-on-Avon
Brighton
Osborne House, Isle of Wight
Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court
Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich
WINDSOR CASTLE.
Windsor Castle
Green Drawing Room
LONDON.
Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station
The Strand (Instantaneous)
Cheapside (Instantaneous)
St. Paul's Cathedral
The Bank of England (Instantaneous)
Tower of London
London Bridge (Instantaneous)
Westminster Abbey
Houses of Parliament
Trafalgar Square
Buckingham Palace
Rotten Row (Instantaneous)
Albert Memorial
BELGIUM.
Antwerp
BRUSSELS.
Panoramic View of Brussels
Palace of the King
Bourse (Instantaneous)
City Hall
Cathedral of Ste. Gudule
The Forbidden Book. Painting, Ooms
HOLLAND.
Scheveningen
Amsterdam (Instantaneous)
Windmill
NORWAY.
Christiansand
Bergen
Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen
North Cape
RUSSIA.
Moscow
Winter Palace, St. Petersburg
GERMANY.
The Cathedral, Cologne
Bingen
Ehrenbreitstein
Frankfort-on-the-Main
Martin Luther's House, Frankfort-on-the-Main
Ariadne on the Panther, Statuary, Dannecker
University Building, Leipsic
BERLIN.
Royal Palace
Berlin, Unter den Linden
Statue of Frederick the Great
The Brandenburg Gate
Monument of Victory
POTSDAM.
The Historic Windmill
DRESDEN GALLERY.
Madonna di San Sisto, Painting, Raphael
Magdalene, Painting, Battoni,
FRANCE.
PARIS.
Bird's-eye View of Paris
Place de la Concorde (Instantaneous)
Madeleine (Instantaneous)
Opera House (Instantaneous)
Great Boulevards
July Column
Statue of the Republic
Vendome Column
Royal Palace
Hotel de Ville
Cathedral of Notre Dame
Palace of Justice
Arc of Triumph
Dome des Invalides
Tomb of Napoleon
Eiffel Tower
Pantheon
Louvre Buildings
LOUVRE GALLERY.
Venus de Milo, Statuary, Unknown
Tomb of Phillippe Pot, Statuary, Renaissance
Peacemaker of the Village, Painting, Greuze
LUXEMBOURG GALLERY.
The Last Veil, Statuary, Bouret
Arrest in the Village, Painting, Salmson
A Mother, Statuary, Lenoir
Joan of Arc, Statuary, Chapu
Paying the Reapers, Painting, Lhermitte
Ignorance, Painting, Paton
VERSAILLES.
Royal Palace
Royal Carriage
VERSAILLES GALLERY.
Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, Painting, Muller
Napoleon at Austerlitz, Painting, Vernet
Napoleon, Painting, Gosse
FONTAINEBLEAU.
Royal Palace
Throne Room
Apartment of Tapestries
Apartment of Mme. de Maintenon
SOUTHERN FRANCE.
Nice
Monaco
Monte Carlo
Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo
SPAIN.
Madrid
Seville
Bull Fight, Seville (Instantaneous)
Toledo
Gibraltar
PORTUGAL.
Lisbon
SWITZERLAND.
Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne
Clock Tower, Berne
Peasant Woman
Interlaken and the Jungfrau
Grindelwald
A Thousand Foot Chasm
Brunig Pass
Lucerne
Rigi
Rigi-Kulm
Pilatus
Simplon's Pass
Zermatt and the Matterhorn
Chamounix and Mont Blanc
Engleberg
St. Gotthard Railway
Axenstrasse
AUSTRIA.
VIENNA.
Panorama of Vienna
Hotel Metropole
Church of St. Stephen
Theseus, Statuary, Canova,
Schönbrunn
TURKEY.
CONSTANTINOPLE.
Galata Bridge (Instantaneous)
Mosque of St. Sophia
Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia
Street Scene (Instantaneous)
Mosque of Ahmed
Turkish Lady
Street Merchants
Sultan's Harem
GREECE.
Acropolis, Athens
Parthenon, Athens
ITALY.
MILAN.
Grand Cathedral and Square
Corso Venezia
TURIN.
Exposition Buildings
Duke Ferdinand of Genoa
GENOA.
General View of Genoa
Statue of Columbus
PISA.
Leaning Tower
VENICE.
Palace of the Doges
Grand Canal
Cathedral of St. Mark
Street Scene in Venice
The Rialto (Instantaneous)
FLORENCE.
The Cathedral
Vecchio Bridge
Monk
Loggia dei Lanzi
Uffizi Buildings
LOGGIA DEI LANZI.
Rape of Polyxena, Statuary, Fedi
UFFIZI GALLERY.
Wild Boar, Bronze
The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century
ROME.
Appian Way and Tomb of Cecilia Metella
Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate
Roman Forum
Forum of Trajan
Baths of Caracalla
Colosseum
Interior of Colosseum
Pantheon
Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian
St. Peter's and Vatican
Interior of St. Peter's
Romulus and Remus
VATICAN GALLERY.
Transfiguration, Painting, Raphael
La Ballerina, Statuary, Canova
Laocoonte, Statuary
NAPLES.
Toledo Street (Instantaneous)
MOUNT VESUVIUS.
Crater
POMPEII.
Street of Tombs
Civil Forum
ISLAND OF CAPRI.
General View and Landing
ISLAND OF ISCHIA.
Castello
EGYPT.
ALEXANDRIA.
Harbor
Place of Mehemet Ali
CAIRO.
Citadel
Mosque of Mohammed 'Ali
Street Scene
Palace of Gezireh
On Camel-Back
Pyramids of Gizeh
Corner View of the Great Pyramid
The Sphynx
In Central Africa
SUEZ CANAL.
Landing on Suez Canal (Instantaneous)
Post Office, Suez
PALESTINE.
Yaffa or Jaffa
JERUSALEM.
General View of Jerusalem
Wailing Place of the Jews
Street Scene
Garden of Gethsemane
Bethlehem
Dead Sea
Nazareth
Jacob's Well
SYRIA.
Beyrouth
Great Mosque, Damascus
Ba'albek
Mecca
INDIA.
Kalbadevie Road, Bombay
Benares
Tropical Scenery
Heathen Temple
Royal Observatory
CHINA.
Wong Tai Ken
SANDWICH ISLANDS.
Typical Scene
ALASKA.
Sitka
Totem Poles
CANADA.
Parliament Buildings
UNITED STATES.
SAN FRANCISCO.
Golden Gate
Market Street, San Francisco
YOSEMITE VALLEY.
General View
Glacier Point
Mirror Lake
Big Tree
SALT LAKE CITY.
Great Mormon Temple
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.
Pulpit Terrace
Obsidian Cliff
Mammoth Paint Pots
Old Faithful Geyser
Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs
Yellowstone Falls
Grand Cañon of the Yellowstone
COLORADO.
Animas Cañon
Grand Cañon of the Arkansas River
Mountain of the Holy Cross
Manitou and Pike's Peak
Summit of Pike's Peak
Gateway to the Garden of the Gods
Cathedral Spires
Life in Oklahoma
Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory
State Street, Chicago, Ill.
Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass.
NEW YORK.
Park Row
Brooklyn Bridge
Elevated Railroad
Statue of Liberty
PHILADELPHIA.
Chestnut Street
Market Street
ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA.
Fort San Marco
Ponce de Leon
WASHINGTON, D. C.
The Capitol
White House
[Illustration: BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.--Here are observed the
ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists
every year, on account of a tradition which has been attached for
centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its
walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick; but it is principally
noted for the "Blarney Stone," which is said to be endowed with the
property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface,
the gift of gentle, insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20
feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy,
"Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446."]
[Illustration: LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND.--These are three connected
lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty
islands, and covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful
scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain
outlines and the rich and varied colorings of the wooded shores.
Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream,
while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the Creator. The
lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above
photograph gives a general view of them.]
[Illustration: DUBLIN, IRELAND.--Dublin, the capital and chief
city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical,
educational, commercial, military and railroad enterprises of the
kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the
time of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes,
who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back
by the English, and seven years later, its history began to be
identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts
by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine bridges. This photograph
represents Sackville street, one of its principal thoroughfares.]
[Illustration: GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND.--The Giant's Causeway
derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be
the commencement of a road to be constructed by giants across the
channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory
of columnar basalt, projecting from the north coast of Antrim,
Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the
Little Causeway, the Middle or "Honeycomb Causeway" here represented,
and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from 15 to 20
inches, and in height, from 10 to 20 feet. It is a most curious
formation.]
[Illustration: MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND.--Glasgow
is one of the best governed cities in Great Britain, and has a
broad, bold and enlightened policy that conduces to the health,
comfort and advancement of its citizens. This photograph represents
its municipal buildings and a statue of Sir Walter Scott. The building
is large and imposing, and of a mixed style of architecture. It
was erected in 1860, at a cost of nearly half a million dollars,
and has a tower 210 feet high. The Post Office, Bank of Scotland,
Town Hall, Exchange and Revenue Buildings are close by.]
[Illustration: LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.--Here is presented the largest
and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it
is nearly twenty-five miles long, and from one to five miles wide.
Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which
the steamer threads its way. Some of the islands are of considerable
size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the
scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unquestionably the pride
of Scottish Lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of
scenery.]
[Illustration: FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.--This bridge, crossing the
Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world,
and is the most striking feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It
is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was
begun in 1883, and completed in 1890. It is built on the cantilever
and central girder system, the principle of which is that of "stable
equilibrium," its own weight helping to balance it more firmly
in position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the
deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the
bridge is 50,000 tons.]
[Illustration: BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND.--The above-named castle,
the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and
romantically situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has
two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at
Windsor; but the Highland home is the most pleasant and attractive.
The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind
of game. The place is always guarded by soldiers, and no one is
allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The
cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends of
Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths
of which is a deer forest.]
[Illustration: CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.--The
above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic
Ocean, not far from the mainland. It is one of those remarkable
islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little
over a hundred years. The name of the island signifies _columns
or staves_. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic
actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a
little over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most
interesting field of study for geologists.]
[Illustration: EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND.--Edinburgh, the capital of
Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in
Europe, is finely situated near the Firth of Forth. It is the seat
of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is
renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its authentic
history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on
the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar
to all readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in
1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal
thoroughfare of the New Town, Scott's Monument, and Castle Rock,
the ancient seat of Scottish Kings.]
[Illustration: LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Liverpool, the second city and
principal seaport of England, is situated on the right bank of the
Mersey, three miles from the sea, and one hundred and eighty-five
miles from London. The town was founded by King John in 1207, and
its growth for several centuries was very slow. In 1840 regular
steamboat communications were opened between it and New York, which,
no doubt, established the modern pre-eminence of Liverpool. The
importation of raw cotton from the United States forms the great
staple of its commerce. The docks which flank the Mersey for a
distance of seven miles, and give employment to thousands of workmen,
are its most characteristic and interesting sights.]
[Illustration: LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.--Situated on the
north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the
above city, extending for miles along its banks. Liverpool is noted
for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the
most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the dry docks,
over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal
avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above picture. The large
building in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and
Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building.]
[Illustration: MANCHESTER, ENGLAND.--Manchester is the chief industrial
town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers
of cotton, silk, worsted, chemicals and machinery. Most of the
streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in
the new parts are wide and attractive. The above picture represents
Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares.
This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded
with pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the
centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very
animated appearance.]
[Illustration: WARWICK CASTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.--Warwick, a quaint
old town with 12,000 inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising
from the River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having
been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by
the Romans. Legend goes back for its foundation to King Cymbeline,
and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon,
stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately home of the Earl of
Warwick. The Castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque
feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times.]
[Illustration: SHAKESPEARE'S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND.--Of
all the ancient castles and monuments throughout England, the house
of William Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most
interesting and popular. The chief literary glory of the world
was born here, April 23, 1564, which gives his home an ancient
and noted history. The house has undergone various vicissitudes
since his time, but the framework remains substantially unaltered.
The rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting
collections of portraits, early editions of his productions, his
school-desk and signet-ring. The garden back of the house contains
a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays.]
[Illustration: BRIGHTON, ENGLAND.--This town, situated on the English
Channel, forty-seven miles from London, extends three miles along
the coast, and is fronted by a sea wall sixty feet in height, which
forms a magnificent promenade. The town has elegant streets, squares
and terraces, built in a style equal to the best in the metropolis.
Its fisheries furnish large quantities of fish to the London market.
In the time of George III., it was a mere fishing-village; but
since his day, it has become the most fashionable watering-place
in England.]
[Illustration: OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.--This is
the residence of the Queen of England; it was completed in 1845,
and is located near Cowes. The latter town is on the north coast
of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite to the mouth of Southampton
Water. The port between them is the chief one of the island, and
the headquarters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Behind the harbor
the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes, and numerous
villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent residences and castles are
located near by, of which the above picture is a fair representation.]
[Illustration: HAMPTON COURT PALACE, HAMPTON COURT, ENGLAND.--This
palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey, the favorite of Henry VIII., and
was afterwards presented to the King. It was subsequently occupied
by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William III., and the first two monarchs
of the House of Hanover. Since the time of George II., Hampton
Court has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now inhabited
by various pensioners of the Crown. The various rooms that were
formerly occupied by the royalty, are now devoted to the use of
an extensive picture-gallery.]
[Illustration: GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, ENGLAND.--Greenwich
Observatory is situated six miles from London Bridge, on a hill
one hundred and eighty feet high, in the centre of Greenwich Park.
It marks the meridian from which English astronomers make their
calculations. The correct time for the whole of England is settled
here every day at one o'clock P. M.; a large colored ball descends
many feet, when the time is telegraphed to the most important towns
throughout the country. A standard clock, with the hours numbered
from one to twenty-four, and various standard measures of length
are placed outside the entrance, pro bono publico.]
[Illustration: WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--This favorite seat of
the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London, at the
town of Windsor, was frequently extended under succeeding monarchs,
until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it was completed
at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became one of the largest and
most magnificent royal residences in the world. The Saxon kings
resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by William
the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of England,
including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the castle is
richly and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures, statuary,
bronze monuments and other works of art.]
[Illustration: GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.--Windsor
Castle, the residence of the Queen, is one of the largest and most
magnificent royal residences in the world. The interior of the
drawing-room, which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred
thousand dollars, gives a person a fair conception of the elaborate
and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments.
The interior, beautified with colored marble, mosaics, sculpture,
stained-glass, precious stones, and gilding in extraordinary profusion
and richness, places it among the finest castles in all Europe.]
[Illustration: MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON,
ENGLAND.--The roof of this station is said to be the most extensive
in the world, being seven hundred feet long, two hundred and forty
feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high. The hotel is the
terminus of the railway by the same name, and is one of the largest
in London. Travelers arriving at the metropolis of the world, by
almost any of the large railway lines, can secure hotel accommodations
at the end of their journey in the Railway Hotel.]
[Illustration: THE STRAND, London, England.--This street has been
so named from its skirting the bank of the river, which is concealed
here by the buildings. It is very broad, contains many handsome
shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the
West End, and one of the busiest and most important thoroughfares
in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period many of the
mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here, with gardens
stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the left are the
new Law Courts.]
[Illustration: CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This street is in the
very heart of the "city" and is especially noted for its so-called
"cheap shops," where is offered for sale every variety of articles,
from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street is constantly so crowded
with vehicles, that pedestrians are often delayed from fifteen to
twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other. It affords
much pleasure to stroll along Cheapside and watch the crowds of
pedestrians and vehicles pass up and down the avenue. The buildings
lining Cheapside have an imposing appearance, and are of uniform
architecture.]
[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Conspicuous, on
a slight eminence in the very heart of London, stands the above-named
cathedral, the most prominent building of the city. It is claimed that
in Pagan times a temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul's.
The present church was begun in 1675, opened for divine service
in 1697, and completed in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting
to nearly $4,000,000, was defrayed by a tax on coal. The church
resembles St. Peter's at Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross,
five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide.]
[Illustration: THE BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This irregular,
isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four acres, and
located in the central part of London, is the largest and most
powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank in London
which has the power to issue paper money; its average daily business
is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and usually carries in
its vaults from $75,000,000 to $100,000,000, while there are from
100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank's notes in circulation. On
the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000 stock brokers daily
employment.]
[Illustration: TOWER OF LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This celebrated
fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion of London.
Some of the most interesting events in the history of the Old World
are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the tower was
commenced by Julius Cæsar, while most writers affirm that William
the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls enclose about
twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch or moat,
formerly filled with water. The tower was for a time a residence for
the Monarchs of England; afterwards a prison for State criminals.]
[Illustration: LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Centuries ago the
Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the Thames,
on the site of the present London Bridge; but they were all carried
away by floods, or destroyed by fire. This bridge was begun in
1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of $10,000,000. The bridge,
928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite arches,
that in the centre having a span of 152 feet. The lamp-posts on
the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in
the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians
cross the bridge daily.]
[Illustration: WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The Abbey,
built in the form of cross, four hundred feet long and two hundred
feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded in 610 A. D.
"That antique pile,
Where royal heads receive the sacred gold;
It give them crowns, and does their ashes keep;
There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep,
Making the circle of their reign complete.
These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set."]
[Illustration: HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND.--These edifices
form a single pile of buildings of the richest Gothic style. They
cover over eight acres, contain one hundred stair-cases, eleven
hundred apartments, and cost $15,000,000. They are perhaps the
most costly national structure in the world. The Queen enters on
the opening and prorogation of Parliament through the Victoria
Tower, which is three hundred and forty feet high. The imposing
river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long,
and adorned with statues of English monarchs, from William the
Conqueror to Queen Victoria.]
[Illustration: TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Here is one of
the finest open places in London. This great square, which is a
centre of attraction, was dedicated to Lord Nelson, and commemorates
his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar, October 22, 1805,
gained by the English fleet over the combined armaments of France
and Spain. In the centre of the Square, rises to the memory of the
great hero, a massive granite column, one hundred and fifty-four
feet high, and crowned with a statue of Nelson. At the foot of the
pedestal is inscribed his last command, "England expects every
man will do his duty."]
[Illustration: BUCKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND.--The above palace,
being now the Queen's residence and occupying the site of Buckingham
House, was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham, and purchased
by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825, but it remained
vacant until 1837, when it was occupied by Queen Victoria, whose
residence it has since continued to be. The palace now forms a
quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet long. It contains a
sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room, throne-room, grand
saloon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and private apartments.]
[Illustration: ROTTEN ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND.--Rotten Row is the
finest portion of Hyde Park, irrespectively of the magnificent
groups of trees and expanses of grass for which English parks stand
pre-eminent. The Park is surrounded by a handsome and lofty iron
railing, and provided with nine carriage entrances. In the spring
and summer the fashionable world rides, drives or walks through the
Row; and in the drives are seen unbroken files of elegant equipages
and high-bred horses in handsome trappings moving continually,
presided over by sleek coachmen and powdered lackeys, and occupied
by some of the most beautiful and exquisitely dressed women in
the world.]
[Illustration: ALBERT MEMORIAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.--This magnificent
monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected by the
English nation at a cost of $600,000. On a spacious platform, to
which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned
with reliefs in marble, representing artists of every period, poets.
musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement
sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy
terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and
surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five
feet high, and gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues,
gildings, colored stones and mosaic.]
[Illustration: ANTWERP, BELGIUM.--Antwerp, the capital of a province
of its own name, stands on the right bank of the Scheldt. It is
strongly fortified; its walls and other defenses completely encompass
the city on the land sides, having more than twelve miles of massive
ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is exceedingly picturesque, an
effect produced by its numerous churches, convents, magnificent
public buildings, its elaborate and extensive fortifications, the
profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately antique-looking
houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the docks, dock-yards
and basins, constructed by Bonaparte at an expense of $10,000,000,
the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the finest in the world.]
[Illustration: PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--Brussels,
the capitol of Belgium and the residence of the royal family, is
situated nearly in the centre of the Kingdom. The above picture
presents a general view of the city, the tile roofs of the houses,
with the Palace of Justice looming up in the background. This stately
edifice, completed in 1883, was erected at an expense of over
$10,000,000. This high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty
structures of ancient Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of
energy spent in their erection.]
[Illustration: PALACE OF THE KING, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--The above
edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected
during the last century. These were connected by an intervening
structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is
one of the principal and notable buildings of the City of Brussels.
The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up,
and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted
on the palace announces the presence of the King.]
[Illustration: BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--In the central portion
of the City of Brussels on the Boulevard Anspach, rises the Bourse
or New Exchange, an imposing pile in Louis XIV. style. Its vast
proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine
to make the building worthy of being the commercial centre of an
important metropolis; but it has been sadly disfigured by the
application of a coat of paint, necessitated by the foible nature
of the stone. The principal façade is embellished with a Corinthian
colonnade, to which there is an ascent of twenty steps.]
[Illustration: CITY HALL, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.--This is by far the
most interesting edifice in the city, and one of the noblest and
most beautiful buildings of the kind in Belgium. It is of irregular,
quadrangular form, one hundred and ninety-eight feet in length, and
one hundred and sixty-five feet in depth, and encloses a court.
The principal façade is of Gothic style, and the graceful tower,
which, however, for some unexplained reason does not rise from
the centre of the structure, is three hundred and seventy feet in
height. The entire building dates back to the fourteenth century,
and is still occupied by municipal offices.]
[Illustration: CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.--In the central part of
the City of Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the above
edifice, one of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches
in Belgium. It consists of a nave and aisle, having a retro-choir,
and deep bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has
been in constant use for 670 years. While the elements of time are
crumbling its outside surface, leaving an abundance of disintegrated
matter at the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine
paintings and kept in apparently good order.]
[Illustration: THE FORBIDDEN BOOK (BY OOMS), ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS,
BRUSSELS, BELGIUM--This striking painting by that celebrated artist,
is a pleasing commingling of many colors, which, of course, are lost
in the photograph. The picture represents a private library, the
father and daughter eagerly devouring the contents of the Bible.
Unexpected foot-steps are heard; hence the frightened look of both,
for, in those days, reading the Bible was punished by death. The
painting is a subject study for the earnest Bible-reader.]
[Illustration: SCHEVENINGEN, HOLLAND.--This famous and popular
summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The sand
is firm and smooth, and the place possesses a great advantage over
other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and woods
in close proximity, the latter affording pleasant and shady walks.
What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture,
are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off the sun. Scores
of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of people lie on
the beach from early morning until late at night.]
[Illustration: AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.--This is the largest and most
important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital. It
stands on a soft, wet ground, under which, at a depth of fifty
feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which
buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus
of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops
of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows.
Amsterdam ranks much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing
town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street.]
[Illustration: WIND-MILL, HOLLAND.--Millions wonder that a country
so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger is almost unable
to decide whether land or water predominates. Those broken and
compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the lakes
and canals crossing each other, all combine to give the idea of
a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In the
thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland
and formed the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing
the death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save
the country from destructive inundations, the Hollanders press
the air into their service, which is represented by the above
wind-mill.]
[Illustration: CHRISTIANSAND, NORWAY.--Christiansand is the largest
town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, and the
residence of one of the five Norwegian Bishops. It is beautifully
situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand Fjord.
The town is named after Christian IV., by whom it was founded in
1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right
angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the coasting
steamers of that country, and those from England, Germany and Denmark,
arrive regularly.]
[Illustration: BERGEN, NORWAY.--Bergen is one of the oldest and
most picturesque cities in Norway. The general aspect of the town
is modern, though traces of its antiquity are not wanting. The
older part adjoins the spacious harbor called Vaagen, and spreads
over the rocky heights at the base of the Florfjeld and over the
peninsula of Mordanes. Fish has always been the staple commodity
of the city, and it is still the greatest fish market in Norway.
The above picture represents the harbor, with vegetable-peddlers
and their portable stalls in the foreground.]
[Illustration: NIERDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, NORWAY.--One of the grandest
and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken coast of
Norway, is represented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed by the
melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices of the
high mountains on every side. The mountains on both sides of this
inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet. The steamer
in the foreground is one of the many that make weekly trips between
Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the most northern
town in the world. During the summer season, these steamers are
crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This fact evinces
the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must afford to
travellers.]
[Illustration: NORTH CAPE, NORWAY.--This cape (71° 10' N. Lat.),
consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with deep clefts,
rising abruptly from the sea, is usually considered the most northern
point of Europe; its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet.
The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time this photograph was
taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable ocean in apparent
contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines and the most
sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here, as in a dream,
the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate.]
[Illustration: MOSCOW, RUSSIA.--Moscow, which was at one time the
capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded nearly seven
hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its history
is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the
French from their winter quarters during the French and Russian
war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets
and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into magnificent
squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and
a university with 1000 students. This photograph represents the
principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank
it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the
air with its lofty spires.]
[Illustration: WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.--This magnificent
palace is fronted with a large number of Corinthian columns, which
give it a formidable yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the
front and sides, it is adorned by a number of statues representing
various emblems and figures in Russian history. The most beautiful
apartment of the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white saloon,
where the court fêtes are held. The room contains the crown jewels
of Russia, and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect
is most dazzling.]