NICKNAMES (_continued_).
OUR last chapter was devoted to the consideration of nicknames of a
particular class—viz., animal names. We said that, to all intents and
purposes, Sly and Fox were the same—one representing a term for cunning,
the other a type. But while re-asserting this statement, we are met by a
difficulty. Many generations have elapsed since such a nickname as Sly
was fixed upon its original bearer. Did the word “sly” then mean what it
now means? Was the name “Sly” given as a disparaging sobriquet, or a
compliment? Most probably the latter. Sly, or Sleigh, implied honest
dexterity long before the juggler with his sleight-of-hand tricks ruined
its verbal reputation. Even two hundred years ago only, when a
well-known poet spoke of a good man as one whom—
“Graver age had made wise and sly,”
he was not misunderstood.
It is so with many other nicknames; and this explains the fact of their
existence. Had Sly or Sleigh or Slee been confined to its present
meaning three hundred years ago, we should not have found it in our
directories in 1878. Our Seeleys and Selymans, our Sillys and Sillymans
would probably have become nominally defunct, if silly had conveyed its
modern meaning to the ears of our forefathers. “Silly,” in former days,
implied _guilelessness_; we still use it in this sense in the phrase
“silly lamb.” An old proverb says:—
“Whylst grasse doth growe,
Oft starves the seely steede.”
The best instance, however, I know of this use of the word is in Foxe’s
Martyrology, where, describing the martyrdom of a young child not seven
years old, he says: “The captain, perceiving the child invincible, and
himself vanquished, committed the silly soul, the blessed babe, the child
uncherished, to the stinking prison.” Here, of course, _silly_ is the
equivalent of innocent, or inoffensive. Our Sillymans and Sillys and
Seeleys may fairly claim that theirs was a complimentary nickname. I
mention these as instances only of a large class.
When we come to _bonâ-fide_ cases, we shall discover, not with any
surprise, that almost all our nicknames are complimentary! Our
forefathers must have been a most highly respectable set of fellows,
judging by this famous Directory. They never got drunk, for who can find
a man who but rarely transgressed the limit of sobriety in our
directories? There is not a trace of meanness or cowardice about them.
’Tis true Coward is a common name, but then, as already shown, it is not
a nickname at all, but an occupation, being none other than our old
friend the cow-herd. On the other hand, see what a large number of
Doughtys there are, and Bolds, and Gallants, and Prews, all backed up by
Hardy, who worthily sits in the Cabinet. We meet with courtesy in our
Curtis’s and Curteis’s; with nobility in our Goodharts and Trumans; with
humility in our Humbles and Meeks; with kindliness in our Gentles and
Sweets; with firmness in our Steadys and Graves; and with liveliness in
our Sharps, Quicks, and Wittys. Nor are more abstract charms wanting.
It can be truly said that there are plenty of Graces, for at least twelve
appear. Faith and Hope are there,—only Charity is wanting. Honour,
Virtue, and Wisdom, however, make up in some degree for the absence of
that gentle quality. Some people are “Good,” but to be “Goodenough” and
“Thorowgood” or “Thoroughgood,” let alone “Toogood,” seems only possible
in our nomenclature. Many people, too, are “Perfect” in it, and “Sin” is
not there, though “Want” is. Some cynic may say that Truth is
conspicuous by its absence, but how can that be in the presence of five
“Veritys”? Not merely are we in the atmosphere of constant Spring, and
Blossoms, and Budds, but twenty-five Summers appear in the same year, and
Rosinbloom blows the twelve months round! The “Tabernacle,” the
“Temple,” and endless Churches for Churchfolk, Kirks for Scotch people,
and Chapells for Nonconformists, are to be descried on every hand.
Service is carried on from year to year, to suit all tastes; there are
seven Creeds; Heaven and Paradise, with their attendant Bliss, complete
the picture. Oh, what a wonderful community we seem to be in this
directory of ours! Human nature would appear to have overridden and
crushed all its weaker infirmities, and issued forth into something like
what its poets have loved to depicture it. The London Directory is the
great parish register of Utopia.
That some sad infirmities did once really exist our olden records show,
if our directories of to-day do not. Who could conceive, after this last
picture, that Bustler and Meddler once loved to make their objectionable
presence felt; that Foolhardy and Giddyhead won for themselves a vain
notoriety; that Cruel and Fierce delighted to display their unbridled
passions; that Wilful and Sullen fed their hidden and unconsumed fires;
and that Milksop and Sparewater had the impudence to show their faces in
polite society? Yet such was the case! If there had been a directory of
London published by authority under the reign of Henry the Seventh, all
these names, and a hundred others of a similar kind, would have found
habitation in its pages.
We may here notice that two modern instances of nicknames occupied public
attention a few months ago. They are of advantage as showing how easily
and even naturally sobriquets of this class fix themselves upon the
bearers, and how readily they are accepted by the same. They are the
more worthy of attention because they are borne by men of high estate.
It was less than a year ago that the English papers announced the death
of a well-known native Indian merchant who had been knighted by Her
Majesty. What was his surname? Nothing more nor less than Readymoney!
The worthy merchant commonly signed himself as such. He was notorious
for his princely generosity, and one of his peculiarities was to pay down
at once whatever sums he devoted to the different charities he
patronised. So well-known was he for this practice, that he acquired the
nickname of Readymoney. The other instance is that of the King of Bonny.
He was brought up in England, and is one of the first African potentates
who has embraced and been trained, in the religion of Jesus Christ. A
large amount of pepper has come to England every year from his dominions,
so the traders got into the way of styling him King Pepper. The natives
being more accustomed to liquid letters, turned it into Pepple. What is
the consequence? The king has taken it for his surname; and when he
appeared two years ago at St. Paul’s Cathedral, in the service held by
the Pan-Anglican Synod, the newspapers did not fail to note the fact, and
without any thought of depreciation of his high position as an African
potentate, gravely announced that in the vast congregation that swelled
the limits of the metropolitan cathedral, was to be seen, joining
reverently in the service, His Majesty King Pepple! What can more
vividly demonstrate to us in the nineteenth century the ease with which
these nicknames—some sober, some ludicrous, some complimentary, some the
reverse—would be affixed to certain of our forefathers four or five
hundred years ago, and cling to them and to their posterity to all time?
Every old list of names had its large proportion of nicknames. Take the
members of the York Corpus Christi Guild of the fifteenth century. We
find such associates as Henry Langbane (Longbone), John Ambuler (from his
gait), Thomas Chaste, William Fellowship (from his social habits), Agnes
Blakmantyll (Black-mantle, from some favoured garment she wore), Margaret
Amorous, Thomas Brownlace, William Fairbarne (pretty child), Agnes Fatty,
William Goodbarne (good child), William Goodlad, John Godherd (if not
Goddard, then Good-herd), Richard Gayswain, Richard Preitouse, John
Young, Robert Pepirkorne, John Makblyth (Make-blithe, a very pretty
name), Isabella Maw, William Wyldest, Peter Trussebutt, John Handelesse,
John Corderoy, John Bentbow, Robert Sparrow, and William Nutbrown. These
are all trades members of the same guild in the then small city of York.
Their origins are as simple as they are various. In Makeblithe,
Fellowship, and Gayswain, we see a joyous disposition; in Peppercorn and
Truss-butt, the owners’ business; in Amorous, Chaste, or Goodbairn, moral
characteristics; in Blackmantle and Brownlace, peculiarities of habit; in
Longbone, Handless, and Nutbrown, bodily idiosyncracies. And so on with
the rest. What a mine of surnames is here opened out to view! How
largely representative is the London Directory, we have already seen in
the case of animal names, to which class belongs Robert Sparrow in the
above list.
In continuing the subject, it is at once manifest that we can but
generalize. We have had to do so with all the other classes; especially
are we compelled in the division we have styled “Nicknames.”
Look at bodily peculiarities. There is not a shape man can assume, but
is described in the Directory. There is not an accident that can befall
him but it is there recorded, just as if it were the entry book of cases
for a London hospital. There is not a peculiarity in his style of dress,
or management of his limbs, or complexion of his skin, or colour of his
hair, that is not set down with as great a care as if he were a suspected
character in a detective’s notebook. Nevertheless, let us be careful not
to fall into a trap. A hundred local names look very like nicknames.
Tallboy occurs twice in our Directory. These gentlemen represent the
Norman Talboys frequently found in Domesday Book. Longness, Thickness,
and Redness, may not mean Longnose, Thicknose, and Rednose, although nose
was “ness” in the days when these surnames arose. Thickness is known to
be local. Any sharp promontory on the coast is a Naze or Ness (_i.e._ a
Nose). Hence such a name as Dengeness in Kent. A Miss Charlotte Ness
inquired the meaning of the logical terms abstract and concrete. The
answer was given in verse:
“Say what is abstract, what concrete?
Their difference define.”
“They both in one fair person meet,
And that, dear maid, is thine.”
“How so? The riddle pray undo.”
“I thus your wish express:
For when I lovely Charlotte view,
I then view loveli-Ness.”
Still we may safely assume of the great majority that they are what they
seem to be. We will at once proceed to inspect some of them.
Let us begin with the head, keeping our eye meantime on the pages of the
Directory for evidence.
We have Heads (often local) and Tates many; indeed, they are truly
_tête-à-tête_ in the Directory, for of the latter no less than eleven are
in immediate proximity. We have Silverlock, Whitelock, or Whitlock,
Blacklock, and the remains of an old fashion common to mediæval beaux in
Lovelock. Redhead, and Whitehead, and Hoar or Hoare, and White and
Brown, and Rouse, and Sangwine, and Black, and Blund or Blunt, are an
innumerable force. Beard and Blackbeard are to the fore still, though
Brownbeard is gone, and probably Bluebeard never was there. The
Directory can show its Cheek, like any other fellow of forward
disposition, and Joule is not far off. And although it has no Mouth, it
possesses at least one Gumm, one Tooth, and two Tongues. “Tooth,” by the
way, has been refusing some ecclesiastic dentistry lately; but it will
need a good deal of tugging to get him out of the Directory. There is no
Gumboil, I am glad to say, at present, but he may make his appearance any
day, as he is known in other parts of England. There are eleven Notts to
be seen, and two Notmans, whose progenitors were remarkable for their
shorn heads. A man was said to have a not-head who presented this
appearance, and in the old rolls was set down as Peter le Not, or William
le Not. So although _Must_, and _Cant_, and _Shall_, and _Will_, look as
if the Directory (they are all in it) had a strong will of its own, we
must not argue the matter so far as _Nott_ is concerned.
Looking at man’s extremities the feet, we again find that it is hard to
decide whether the termination “foot” is of local or nickname origin.
The Directory has all manner of feet: a Brownfoot, a Whitefoot, a
Crowfoot, a Barefoot, a Proudfoot, a Lightfoot, and a Harefoot.
Lightfoot has just footed it all the way to the episcopal palace of
Durham. We may all, in congratulating the learned Professor, pray that
by God’s aid he may be a _light_ unto the _feet_ of his clergy, and guide
them in true and safe paths. Remembering too, his predecessor, the firm,
yet “kindly Baring,” we might concoct an epigram of our own, and say,
with many apologies to the coachman for the liberty we take,—
Come, Lightfoot, mount, the ribbons take,
When roads are downward on the brake
Set not thy _foot_ too _lightly_,
And though the reign of Baring’s o’er,
Hold _bearing-rein_ as tightly.
Or we might put another play on the name:—
_Lightfoot_ has gone to Durham’s see:
If name and mind in him agree,
Of foes he’ll have not any;
For then a lantern he will be
To _light_ the _feet_ of many.
Bishop Baring was so staunch a churchman as to put his foot on Ritualism.
Hence a young curate in his diocese said, with more wit than warrant,
that the difference betwixt him and his bishop was that he was under
Baring, while the other was over-bearing. Speaking of Lightfoot,
however, I have heard my father tell of a minister appointed many years
ago somewhere in the neighbourhood of Ashton-under-Lyne, whose name was
Light. Coming unexpectedly into a room where a prayer-meeting was being
held that a good pastor might be sent to them, he heard them singing the
two lines well known to most of my readers,—
“Sometimes a Light surprises
The Christian while he sings.”
It is said he was inclined to look upon it as an augury that he had done
rightly in accepting the post. _Foot_ we have already said is very
common, but there is only one Toe, and, as is but proper, only one Nail.
An old epigram says:
“’Twixt Footman Sam and Doctor Toe
A controversy fell,
Which should prevail against his foe
And bear away the belle;
The lady chose the footman’s heart:
Say, who can wonder? No man:
The whole prevailed above the part—
’Twas Footman _versus_ Toe, man.
Rawbones is not a pleasant name, and would be by no means suggestive of
agreeable associations to its possessor. Some will recall Praise God
Barebones, as he has been wrongly styled, for his name was Barebone, and
it was never otherwise called till about a hundred years ago. There is
all the difference in the world between Barebone and Barebones, and a
good deal of point is lost, therefore, in the elder Disraeli’s remark,
“There are some names which are very injurious to the cause in which they
are engaged; for instance, the long parliament in Cromwell’s time, called
by derision the Rump, was headed by one Barebones, a leather-seller.”
The reason of the change is simple enough. That assembly went by the
style of Barebone’s parliament, and thus people forgot that the “s” did
not belong to the name. The name is found in James’ reign as Barbon, and
stripped of the two “e’s” ceases to be ludicrous in any sense whatever.
One of the earliest ways of forming a surname of the nickname class was
to compound with the baptismal name an adjective of size, age,
relationship, or condition. We are all familiar with such a name as
Little-john, which may well stand as a typical illustration, for I see in
my London Directory nine instances occur. The father of the original
bearer was doubtless John, and the son being baptized by the same
agnomen, the neighbours would readily get into the way of styling him
Little John. The grandson would accept this as his surname, and thus the
sobriquet would become a permanency. These compounds of John are not
uncommon, for that was the commonest baptismal name in those days, save
William. Thus we have Mickle-john, _i.e._ big John; Brown-john;
Hob-john, _i.e._ clownish John; and Young-john, an instance of which I
saw in Kidderminster not long ago. By means of French importation, or
through our Norman forefathers, we have also Pru-jean, Gros-jean, and
Petit-jean. Proper-john, though not in the London Directory, is very
common in some parts of the country, and implied that the original bearer
was a well-formed, shapely youth. This old use of the term is preserved
in our Authorized Version, where St. Paul is made to speak of Moses as “a
proper child.” Our Properjohns need not be ashamed of their designation.
Speaking of Youngjohn, I may state that in one of our Yorkshire local
directories may be seen _John Berry_, and immediately below _Young John
Berry_. Doubtless the son was baptized “Young John,” to distinguish him
from his father; and thus an old custom was but restored in a more formal
manner at the font. As Young John Berry has now grown to man’s estate,
as is proved by the fact that he occupies a place of his own in the
aforementioned directory, we may, perhaps, some day see in a future issue
of that same public register, “_Still Younger John Berry_” as the title
of the representative of the third generation! The most interesting name
in its associations, however, is that of Bon-jean or Bon-john, _i.e._
Good John, corrupted into Bunyan. So early as the year 1310 there dwelt
in London a householder of the name of Jon Bonjon. My readers will deem
it, I doubt not, a happy coincidence that when we speak of the author of
the immortal “Pilgrim’s Progress” as “Good John Bunyan,” we are simply
saying twice over “Good John”: once in English, and once in French.
Probably the ancestor of the dreamer of Bedford was a Norman tradesman,
who had come over to London to better himself.
Speaking of these Norman-French names ending in Jean, such as Gros-Jean,
Petit-Jean, or Bon-Jean, we are reminded that this mode of forming
surnames was much more common in France than in England. A single glance
at the Paris Directory will amply demonstrate this. We find Grand-jean
(Big-John), Grand-perret and Grand-pierre (Big-Peter), Grand-collet
(Big-Nicholas), and Grand-Guillot (Big-William). Of an opposite
character we light upon Petit-collin (Little Nicholas), Petit-guillaume
(Little-William), Petit-perrin and Petit-pierre (Little-Peter), and
Petit-jeannin, corresponding to our English Little-john already alluded
to. These instances, which might be amplified to any extent, will
suffice to prove that nicknames of this class are far more prevalent with
our French neighbours than ourselves.
But while such qualificatory terms as “good,” “long,” “young,” and
“proper,” were freely applied to baptismal names, they were not limited
to such. Long-skinner used to exist as a surname, also Young-smith and
Good-groom. One of our most aristocratic names is Beau-clerk; and its
opposite, Mau-clerk, once familiar enough to our ears, still exists in
the corrupted form of Manclerk. Talking, however, of ears, the name that
sounds most curious upon the modern tympanum is that of Good-Knave. This
is no corruption, and meant exactly what it seems to mean—that the
original bearer was a good honest knave! But then, as many of my readers
are aware, there was a time when a knave was nothing more than a servant
or page. Shakespear speaks of one who is but
“Fortune’s knave,
A minister of her will.”
Young-husband, of which there are four representatives in our London
Directory, is a very familiar instance of this class, although _husband_
had no doubt a much wider significance in the day that the surname arose.
Goodfellow is also well known; and, above all, one of our American
cousins has made Longfellow famous to all time. If you come to analyse
the name of the author of “Evangeline,” it has not a very attractive
origin. The earliest instances I can find are in our Yorkshire records,
and there it is set down Long-fellay. Even now in Lancashire and
Yorkshire a fellow is always a “felley.” I wonder if Henry Longfellow
ever heard of Thomas Longfellow, landlord of the Golden Lion Inn at
Brecon, who must have made a somewhat _long_ face when he saw the
following lines inscribed upon a panel of his coffee-room:—
“Tom Longfellow’s name is most justly his due:
Long his neck, long his bill, which is _very_ long, too;
Long the time ere your horse to the stable is led;
Long before he’s rubbed down, and much longer till fed;
Long indeed may you sit in a comfortless room
Till from kitchen long dirty your dinner shall come;
Long the oft-told tale that your host will relate;
Long his face while complaining how long people eat;
Long may Longfellow long ere he see me again:
Long ’twill be ere I long for Tom Longfellow’s Inn.”
The well-known publishers, Messrs. Longman, represent, of course, but
another form of the same name. Indeed, as will be seen at a glance, this
class could be extended indefinitely; so indefinitely that, were I to set
all the instances down one by one, I should have to write a big book
instead of a small one. This is exactly what the Editor does not desire;
for which reason—not to hint that the reader might be weary—I withhold my
hand: and indeed it is time.
* * * * *
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THE WAY HOME;
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THE GOSPEL IN THE PARABLE:
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BY THE
REV. CHARLES BULLOCK, B.D.,
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FOOTNOTES
{12} Legge or Leg is Leigh, a meadow, and therefore _local_. John de
Leg is found in the _Hundred Rolls_.
{25} The pedigree is shown in graphical format in the book. In text it
is: Starting at RICHARD OF COLTON there are three descendents: Richard
the Little, William atte Pound and Henry Whitehead. From William atte
Pound there are two descendents: Bartholomew the Page and John
Williamson. From Bartholomew the Page is descended Richard the Baker.
From Henry Whitehead is descended Adam Hawkins and from him James Bentham
and Alice Adams.—DP.
{26} Again, the pedigree is shown in the book in graphical format. In
text it starts at WILLIAM BELWARD OF MALPAS with descendents David le
Clerke and Richard de Belward. From David le Clerke are descended
William de Malpas, Philip Gough and David Golborne. From Richard de
Belward are descended Thomas de Cotgrave, William de Overton and Richard
Little. From Richard Little is descended John Richardson.—DP.
{29} I say there are 250 Aliens in London. But the Directory only gives
the name of the head of the family. Hence in the aggregate there may be
2,000 Aliens dwelling in the metropolis.
{43} Dearn means secluded. Chaucer speaks of “derne love,” _i.e._
hidden, secret love.
{63} Since this appeared in _The Fireside_, I became vicar of a church
on the borders of Cumberland. I find that there is an old hall with a
celebrated “dobby” in it, within a few stones cast of my vicarage! It
(_i.e._ the ghost) is always called the “dobby” here.
{66} After the appearance of this chapter as an article in _The
Fireside_, I received several letters from the counties of Cambridge,
Stafford, and Devon, testifying to the existence of the surname “Robinet”
in several secluded villages.
{86} A servant of King Henry III. was called by the simple and only name
of “Pentecostes” (Inquis., 13 Edit., No. 13).
{107} A curious instance in point will be found in the marginal reading
of Malachi ii. 12, where “master, and scholar,” in the text, is
marginally translated, “him that waketh, and him that answereth.” Now,
we know the corresponding duties of master and scholar. The master asks
his question, and then _watches_ for the reply. “Him that watcheth, and
him that replieth,” would be understood by all readers. “Him that
waketh, and him that answereth,” will probably seem unmeaning to nineteen
out of twenty average students.
{120} In this last record there is also a “Thomas le Sober.”
{122} I must not let this statement pass without saying that the
termination “ster” is not admitted to be feminine by all philologists; in
fact, it is the subject of much contention. It will be quite sufficient
for my purpose simply to draw attention to the existence of this twofold
desinence in “er” and “ster,” because it occurs more frequently in the
directory than the dictionary. I have had the opportunity of proving
this in “English Surnames” (2nd edition, p. 380 and elsewhere), so I will
only add that very often where the dictionary has dropped one form the
directory has preserved it, and _vice versâ_. For instance, there are
five Treachers and two Trickers in the London Directory. We do not now
speak of a tricker but a “trickster.” Of course the meaning of a
“treacher” or “tricker” has become forgotten or confused, otherwise our
friends bearing that name would long ago have shuffled it off. Webster
still has the word, but he adds that it is an obsoletism. We only talk
of a beggar now, but “Joan Beggister” occurs in an old roll. It is
curious to note how the weaving and dyeing of cloth have left the double
forms. We only speak of a dyer now, but “Dyer” and “Dyster” figure in
the London Directory. On the other hand, the dictionary has both
“whiter” and “whitster,” and “thrower” and “throwster,” the directory
only “Whiter” and “Thrower.” Again, the directory alone contains
“Blaxter” (bleachster), the dictionary alone _bleacher_. A _litter_ of
cloth (_i.e._ dyer), or a _kemper_ of wool seems never to have existed,
for only “Lister” is a surname—once written “Litster”—and “Kempster.” I
have already mentioned Webber and Webster. We should think it odd to
hear people talk of a “_bellringster_,” or a “_breadmongster_,” or a
“_washster_,” but so they did some generations ago. “Spinner” has never
been a surname, nor “spinster,” but the latter had no chance on account
of the secondary sense that so quickly attached to it. I cannot end this
note without once more drawing the attention of philologists to the
advantages of using the _directory_ as a complement to the _dictionary_.
{126} We can readily understand why “Spooner” should be so common a
name, when we reflect that not only were there no forks in use, but our
forefathers were particularly fond of sauces and thick soups. The spoon
was much more used than the knife at dinner. Our “Pottingers” are relics
of the old potager, or pottinger, who made pottage—that is, soup well
thickened with vegetables. _Porridge_ is but a corruption of pottage.
In all this the _spoon_ played an important part. I see four Pottingers
in the Directory.
{138} The same kind of wit was exercised on Camden and his book called
“Remains,” and Walker, of Dictionary reputation. It was suggested that
the epitaph of the one should be “Camden’s Remains,” and of the other
“Walker’s Particles.”
{141} Another pet form of Cuthbert was “Crud,” or “Crowd,” and hence
about Kendal and the Furness district of North Lancashire a familiar
surname is Crewdson, and Croudson. It is a proof of the peculiar
tenacity with which some names cling to the place of their origin, that
there is no instance of this surname in the London Directory.
{144a} The mother of Thomas Moore, the poet, bore the name of Anastasia
Codd. I never see this conjunction of Christian name and surname without
thinking of a very little man with a very big hat on.
{144b} A much prettier selection of names, after a triple birth, is
recorded by Mr. Lower in his “English Surnames,” where the three
Christian graces of “Faith,” “Hope,” and “Charity,” were chosen. This is
a _bonâ-fide_ instance: and I may observe here that I have among my
manuscript copies of curious registrations, met with by myself, at least
a dozen instances where either Faith, or Hope, or Charity have been
imposed upon infants at baptism.