COMMERCE, STATISTICS, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY.
=Skins.=--The trade in skins possesses no small importance. Many of the
statistics relating to skins are collective, and not specific; these
will be grouped under the heads of the respective countries, after all
accessible details have been given upon each kind of skin.
_Alligator._--In the Southern United States, notably Florida, the
supply of alligator-skins amounts to many thousands annually, and
the "farming" of the reptiles for their skins is even spoken of. The
principal market for them is Europe, but no statistics of the trade
are published. The alligators often attain a length of 18-20 ft. The
hides are stripped off, and the belly and sides, the only portions fit
for use, are packed in barrels in a strong brine, and shipped to the
Northern tanner, who keeps them under treatment for 6-8 months, when
they are ready to be cut up. So far the leather has been principally
used in the manufacture of boots and shoes, for which it is especially
adapted.
_Armadillo._--The skins of this animal were exported from Brunei
(Borneo) to Singapore to the value of 121 _dol._ (of 4_s._ 2_d._) in
1879.
_Ass._--Hankow exported 2402-1/2 _piculs_ (of 133-1/2 lb.) of asses'
skins in 1878, and 1068 _piculs_ in 1879.
_Buffalo._--Manilla (Philippines), in 1878, exported 379 tons of
buffalo-skins, value 12,130_l._, and 274 tons of cuttings, 6579_l._
Hankow exported 1091 _piculs_ in 1878, and 1238 in 1879. Brunei
(Borneo) sent 1362 _dol._ (of 4_s._ 2_d._) worth to Singapore
in 1879. The approximate London market values of buffalo-skins
are:--Batavia, 4_d._-7_d._ a lb.; Bengal, 3_d._-6_d._; other sorts,
2-1/2_d._-6-1/2_d._
_Calf._--Hamburg exported to Great Britain of calf and other skins
in 1876, 20,731 cwt.; in 1877, 27,550; in 1878, 14,583; and in 1879,
19,287 cwt. The Hawaiian Islands sent 168 pieces to Germany in 1879.
Christiania shipped 31,000 _kroner_ (of 1_s._ 1-1/2_d._) worth to Great
Britain in 1878, and 300 _kr._ in 1879. The exports from Archangel
(including seal) in 1878 were 335 pieces to Holland, and 23,108 to
Germany: total value, 2343_l._ Honolulu, in 1878, exported 651 pieces,
being 500 to Germany, 135 to China, and 16 to the United States. Memel,
in 1879, sent landwise over the Russian frontier for German markets,
34,400 pieces, value 5450_l._ The approximate London market value of
calf-skins is 15_d._-34_d._ a lb.
_Deer._--San José (Costa Rica) exported 12,121 lb. in 1878. Kiungchow
(China) exported 17,544 pieces, value 541_l._, in 1879. Ciudad Bolivar
(Venezuela), in 1879, sent 77,305 pieces (168,176-1/2 lb.) to New York,
and 14,695 pieces to Germany. Guatemala, in 1879, exported 2353 pieces
to Germany, 693 to New York, and 100 to Belize. Panama shipped 765_l._
worth of deer and other skins to the United States in 1879. Costa Rica
exported 82,168 lb. in the year ended April 30, 1879. Puerto Cabello
(Venezuela), in 1879, shipped 2466 _kilo._ (of 2·2 lb.) to Great
Britain, 11,619 to Germany, 6182 to the United States, and 1281 to
Holland. The Commercial Society of Mozambique sold 41 deer, 391 buck,
2168 blesbok, and 3071 other antelope skins at Rotterdam in June 1876.
The approximate London market values of deer-skins are: Blesbok, Cape,
6-17_d._ a lb.; Deer, East Indian, 22-50_s._ a doz.
_Dog._--Dog-skin makes a nice, thin, tough leather, but most of the
gloves sold as dog-skin are made of lamb-skin.
_Dugong and Manatee._--The skins of these animals, more important
perhaps as oil-yielders, are smooth, bluish-black in colour, and nearly
1 in. thick. They are well adapted for machine-belting. About 50 are
shipped annually from Queensland.
_Fish._--Although the skins of fish are chiefly gelatinous, and
easily soluble in water, some are of a firm, strong texture, and of a
useful character. Up to within a few years, however, their employment
for practical purposes has been rather limited, and it is only
comparatively recently that attention has been more generally directed
to their utilisation on an extended scale. At a Maritime Exhibition
held at the Westminster Aquarium in 1876, a Norway exhibitor showed a
variety of tanned fish-skins, among which were:--Tanned whale-skins;
upper leather, made from the white whale, the source of the so-called
porpoise hide used for laces; skins of flatfish, prepared for gloves;
skins of soles, tanned and dressed for purses; skins of thornbacks,
prepared as a substitute for sandpaper; and skins of eels, dressed and
dyed, suitable for braces, &c. Shoes have been made at Gloucester,
Mass., from the skins of the cusk or torsk (_Brosmus vulgaris_), the
use of which has been patented, and an industry is said to be carried
on at Colborn, Canada, with the skins of species of siluroids for glove
making. In Egypt, fish-skins from the Red Sea are used for soles of
shoes. The skin of the losh or burbot (_Lota maculata_) is used by the
people in many parts of Russia and Siberia to trim their dresses. It
is also utilised by some of the Tartar tribes as material for their
summer dresses, and the bags in which they pack their animal skins.
The spiny and tuberculous skins of many sharks and allied fishes are
largely employed, under various trade names, for polishing woods, and
for covering boxes, cases, &c. From a certain portion of the skin of
the angel shark (_Squalina angelus_) the Turks make the most beautiful
sea-green watch cases. Turners, ebonists, and carpenters in Europe
use the rough skin of the blue dog-fish (_Squalus glaucus_), like
emery paper, for smoothing their work and preparing it for polishing.
This shark-skin is also made into shagreen. That most used at present
appears to be the skin of the ray (_Hypolophus sephen_), which is
very common on the Malabar coast. The house of Giraudon, Paris, makes
excellent use of them for morocco and _tabletterie_. At the recent
Paris Exhibition this establishment exhibited numerous illustrations of
the ornamental application of the prepared skin in large office-table
inkstands, candlesticks, boxes and caskets, paper-knives, reticules,
card-cases, photograph frames, bracelets, scent bottles, &c. The fish
called _chat_ (_Squalus catulus_) at Marseilles is smaller than the
angel fish, and furnishes a product known as _peau de rousette_. This
skin is reddish, and without spots, and of a uniform grain, flat, and
only used to make cases and other articles known as shagreen. _Peau de
chien de mer_ is another name given to some species of _Squalus_. That
found on the French coasts is known under the names of _chien marin_,
_rousette tigrée_, &c. Turners, cabinet makers, and carpenters use the
skin for scraping and smoothing their work, and it is also used for
like purposes by metal workers. This skin, when worked up with the
tubercles with which it is studded, takes the name of _galuchat_, and
is usually dyed green, to cover cases, sheaths, and boxes. Under the
name of _chagrin_, these skins used to be much employed in Turkey,
Syria, Tunis, and Tripoli--that made in Tripoli being considered the
best. It was coloured black, green, white, and red. France imported
18,000 lb. of ray-skins in 1863, chiefly from Portugal.
_Goat and Kid._--Our imports of undressed goat-skins in 1883
were:--From Russia 18,355, 2523_l._; Sweden 1296, 229_l._; Norway
19,391, 3316_l._; Denmark 11,012, 1856_l._; Germany 52,571, 5856_l._;
Holland 13,336, 1858_l._; Belgium 40,518, 4632_l._; France 81,798,
14,121_l._; Italy, 5708, 987_l._; Austrian territories 37,827,
3844_l._; Turkey 38,166, 4580_l._; Egypt 16,228, 933_l._; British
Possessions in South Africa 1,176,535, 139,632_l._; Aden 39,800,
4797_l._; British India: Bombay 122,242, 10,487_l._; Madras 169,642,
17,895_l._; Bengal 2,568,526, 203,256_l._; China 93,738, 5864_l._;
Australasia 44,340, 5518_l._; United States of America 6822, 845_l._;
Chile 16,756, 2553_l._; Brazil 159,949, 16,189_l._; Argentine Republic
12,000, 952_l._; other countries 3239, 229_l._; total 4,749,795,
452,952_l._ Ciudad Bolivar (Venezuela) sent 317 pieces (284 lb.) to New
York in 1879. Tripoli exported 7000_l._ worth in 1879, and 3000_l._ in
1880. In 1880, a number of raw goat-skins were sent from the Marche
and Romagna to the United States, weighing about 1-1/2 _kilo._ (of 2·2
lb.) each, and to be used chiefly for ladies' shoes and pocket-books.
Shanghai, in 1878, exported 164,285 pieces. Tangier, in 1879, sent 12
cwt., 60_l._, to Great Britain; 3637 cwt., 18,185_l._, to France and
Algiers; 10 cwt., 50_l._, to Spain; total, 14,636 doz., 18,295_l._;
and 3046 cwt., 13,707_l._, in 1880. The Hawaiian Islands, in 1879,
shipped 24,940 pieces to the United States (Pacific ports). In 1879,
Christiania exported 65,000 _kroner_ (of 1_s._ 1-1/2_d._) worth of
goat and sheep skins to Great Britain. The shipments of goat and kid
skins from the French East Indies fell from 5500 in 1876, to 4894 in
1877, and 300 in 1879, with none since. The shipments from the Cape
to Great Britain were 794,637 in 1878, 657,509 in 1879, and 934,810
in 1880. Cadiz, in 1877, sent 404 _kilo._ (of 2·2 lb.) of kid skins,
value 84_l._, to Great Britain, and 3866 _kilo._ 805_l._, to France.
Puerto Cabello (Venezuela), in 1879, despatched 28,684 _kilo._ to
Germany, 124,964 to the United States, 14,295 to France, and 18,536
to Holland. Honolulu sent 64,525 pieces to the United States in 1878.
Samsoun (Turkey) exported 130,700 _kilo._, 6796_l._, to France in
1878. The Cape exports fell from 1,478,761 pieces in 1874, to 687,570
in 1879. Memel sent by sea 7 cwt., 73_l._, in 1879. Tientsin (China)
exported 38,107 _piculs_ (of 133-1/3 lb.) in 1879. Mogador (Morocco)
forwarded 112,974 doz., 59,243_l._, to Marseilles in 1878, and 8407
bales, 48,000_l._, in 1880; these skins are used for the manufacture of
morocco leather, for which they are peculiarly suitable, owing to their
fineness of grain, caused, it is said, by the rich diet, consisting
of the fruits of the argan tree. The approximate London market values
of goat-skins are:--East Indian, 4-15_d._ a lb.; best tanned, 2_s._
4_d._-3_s._ 8_d._; inferior to good tanned, 9_d._-2_s._ 5_d._; Cape,
best, 11-18_d._; Cape, inferior to good, 8-14_d._ Turkey is one of the
largest rearers of goats, and consequently the manufacture of morocco
leather is extensively carried on in that country. Formerly, nearly
all the buck-skins found their way to London, but they were displaced
by Indian goat-skins; and, for a time, the exportation of Turkish
buck-skins experienced a check, the result being the establishment
of a large number of manufactories in Vienna and the different
Austro-Hungarian provinces. These establishments have prospered and
been enlarged, and get the major portion of their goat-skins from
the London market. It is, however, proposed in Austria to do without
the London market in future, and to institute at Trieste periodical
sales of goat-skins, which will be, especially for Vienna, of great
advantage from the point of view of cost of transport. Notwithstanding
the exportation of buck-, goat-, and sheep-skins from Turkey, there
are still sufficient remaining in the country to form the basis of a
very flourishing and entirely indigenous industry. The Turk is very
unskilful in the manufacture of sole leather; but the article in which
he excels is morocco leather for slippers, tanned exclusively with
sumach. The production of tanned buck-skins reaches yearly a total of
nearly a million skins, and of sheep half a million; the best kinds are
those of Philippopolis, Samakof, and Peristra. The Bulgarian skins are
not so well tanned as those mentioned, although the quality of the raw
skins is superior. The best at the present day are those of Sophia.
_Horse._--Shanghai exported 458-1/2 _piculs_ in 1878. Rio Grande do Sul
exported 10,714 pieces salted, and 601 dried, in 1879. The approximate
London market values of horse-hides are:--English, 9-14_d._ a lb.;
River Plate, 6-21_s._ a hide.
_Kangaroo._--The skins of this animal are largely exported from
Australia and Tasmania, forming some of the most pliable leather known.
To prepare them for market, they should be carefully taken off, pegged
out, and dried slowly in the shade.
_Lamb._--The exports from Asterabad (Persia) viâ Gez in 1879 were 788
bales Bokharan, 60,613_l._ Calamata and Messenia (Greece) produced in
1880, 137,500 lb., 2680_l._ Dedeagatch (Turkey), in 1878, exported 500
bales of lamb- and kid-skins, value 4000_l._ The exports from Ancona
(Italy), including kid and rabbit, in 1878, were 609,826 _kilo._ (of
2·2 lb.) to Italy, 41,480 to Austria, 2714 to Germany, 2655 to Greece,
19,486 to England, 3180 to Turkey; total, 679 tons, 50,321_l._ Tientsin
(China), in 1879, shipped 35,008 _piculs_ (of 133-1/3 lb.).
_Llama._--The skin of the llama is growing in importance in Parisian
shoemaking. It weighs on an average 6 lb., and contains 18 sq. ft. of
leather, costing about 1_l._ The source of supply is the Peruvian Andes.
_Ox and Cow._--Coquimbo (Chili) exported 4709 ox-hides in 1879.
Santos (Brazil) in the year ending Sept. 30, 1879, exported 316,940
_kilo._ salted, valued 5800_l._, and 1282, 25_l._ The shipments from
Christiania to Great Britain fell from 47,500 _kroner_ (of 1_s._
1-1/2_d._) worth in 1877, to 3500 _kr._ in 1879. San José (Costa Rica)
despatched 449,870 lb. in 1878. The exports from the Cape, including
cow, fell from 150,875 pieces in 1878, to 104,281 in 1879. Rio Grande
do Sul, in 1879, shipped 455,315 pieces salted, and 499,960 dried. Of
cow-hides, Hankow exported 35,265 _piculs_ (of 133-1/3 lb.) in 1878,
and 21,063 in 1879. The Kiungchow exports (including buffalo) in 1879
were 490 _piculs_, 818_l._ From Shanghai (including buffalo) went
26,070 _piculs_ in 1879. Chinkiang fell from 7262 _piculs_ in 1877,
to 3974 in 1878, and none in 1879. Memel, in 1879, sent away by sea,
75 cwt., 136_l._; and over the Russian frontier for German markets,
3000 pieces, 3000_l._ The approximate London market values of ox and
cow hides are:--Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, 1st dry, 9-(10-1/2)_d._
a lb.; 2nd dry, 7-(8-1/2)_d._; best light, 8-(9-1/2)_d._; salted,
(5-1/4)-(7-3/4)_d._; Brazil, dry, 7-(10-1/2)_d._; dry salted,
(4-1/2)-9_d._; West Indies, salted, (3-1/2)-7_d._; United States,
salted, (3-1/2)-(6-1/2)_d._; East India, best, 4-13_d._; 2nd,
(1-3/4)-(11-1/4)_d._; 3rd and 4th, (1-1/4)-9_d._; Australian, salted,
(2-3/4)-6_d._; Cape, wet salted, (2-1/2)-(7-1/2)_d._; Continental,
salted, (3-3/4)-5_d._; English, (2-3/4)-7_d._
_Seal._--Our imports of undressed seal-skins in 1883 were:--From
Norway 112,809, 35,267_l._; Denmark 866, 138_l._; Germany 28,669,
8428_l._; Channel Islands 1048, 305_l._; France 2798, 2002_l._; British
Possessions in South Africa 7020, 5635_l._; British India: Bombay 830,
1850_l._; China 2083, 4000_l._; Japan 11,943, 17,369_l._; Australasia
1487, 890_l._; British North America 341,778, 88,413_l._; United States
of America 98,566, 256,018_l._; Central America 563, 563_l._; Chile
1974, 1803_l._; Uruguay 13,950, 4884_l._; Whale Fisheries: Northern
44,474, 15,208_l._; Other Countries 426, 253_l._ Total, 671,284,
443,026_l._ The exports from Christiania in 1879 were 74,090 pieces;
to Great Britain, the value was 254,400 _kroner_ (of 13-1/2_d._) in
1878, and 172,900 _kr._ in 1879. Our total imports from Norway rose
from 29,912 pieces in 1877, to 63,540 in 1878, and receded to 54,005 in
1880. From the Cape, they were 11,065 in 1877, 15,128 in 1879, and 7731
in 1880. And from Newfoundland, 413,057 in 1879, and 253,656 in 1880.
The approximate London market values of seal-skins (not fur seals)
are 1_s._ 9_d._-10_s._ 6_d._ each for Newfoundland, and 2-11_s._ for
Greenland.
_Sheep._--Our imports of undressed sheep-skins in 1883 were:--From
Russia 7374, 820_l._; Sweden 16,780, 1446_l._; Norway 23,756, 2469_l._;
Denmark 80,226, 7803_l._; Germany 126,867, 12,476_l._; Holland
34,213, 4182_l._; Belgium 94,966, 14,479_l._; Channel Islands 9579,
2900_l._; France 644,080, 66,510_l._; Spain 147,480, 19,730_l._;
Italy 41,743, 3790_l._; Austrian Territories 41,011, 4031_l._; Turkey
244,579, 23,593_l._; Egypt 8870, 517_l._; British Possessions in
South Africa 2,521,109, 339,374_l._; Aden 29,780, 2720_l._; British
India 190,202, 17,745_l._; Australasia 2,693,064, 267,289_l._; United
States of America 45,692, 4367_l._; Bermudas 2342, 365_l._; Peru 7220,
1692_l._; Chile 3582, 681_l._; Brazil 18,616, 2453_l._; Uruguay 92,499,
21,303_l._; Argentine Republic 985,268, 176,900_l._; Falkland Islands
26,747, 3105_l._; Other Countries 7086, 747_l._ Total, 8,145,431,
1,003,487_l._
Bosnia Serai, in 1879, exported about 10 tons. Shanghai, in 1878,
50,285 pieces (including lamb). Coquimbo (Chili), in 1879, 45 tons
(including goat). Bagdag, in 1878, 86,351 pieces, 4071_l._, to India
and Europe (including lamb). Falkland Islands, 1940_l._ worth in 1879.
Cape, 1,480,875 pieces in 1879. Hankow, 7606 pieces, 9276_l._, in 1879.
Tientsin, 206,777 _piculs_ (of 133-1/3 lb.) in 1878, 8737 in 1879.
Mollendo (Peru) 79 _quintals_ (of 2 cwt,) in 1878. Mogador, in 1880,
15 bales, 80_l._, to Great Britain; 345, 1700_l._, to France; 2, 3_l._,
to Spain. Our imports from the French East Indies have fallen from 5600
pieces in 1876, to 3762 in 1877, 410 in 1879, and none since; from
Italy, from 339,973 in 1876, to 39,751 in 1880; from European Turkey,
from 230,922 in 1876, to 63,236 in 1880; from Asiatic Turkey, they have
risen from 93,965 in 1876, to 185,543 in 1880; from Brazil, 41,604 in
1876, 2623 in 1877, 5730 in 1880, and none in the intermediate years;
from the Argentine Republic, 3,539,589 in 1876, 898,155 in 1879,
1,248,553 in 1880; from the Cape, 1,496,039 in 1877, 1,819,772 in
1880; from India, 3,927,934 in 1876, 2,911,974 in 1880; from Victoria,
1,667,330 in 1876, 1,158,686 in 1880; from New South Wales, 83,167
in 1878, 36,995 in 1880; New Zealand, 168,984 in 1878, 334,792 in
1880. The approximate London market values of sheep-skins are:--Cape,
10-34_s._ a doz.; fine wool, 28-59_s._; superior, 40-82_s._; Mogador,
14-27_s._; Buenos Ayres, 4-13_d._ a lb.; Australian, 4-16_d._; tanned
East Indian, best, 2-4_s._; ordinary to good, 1_s._-2_s._ 9_d._
_Walrus._--Our imports of walrus skins from Christiania in 1879 were
valued at 7900 _kroner_ (of 13-1/2_d_).
_Unenumerated._--Our imports of unenumerated skins and hides in 1883
were as follows:--
Dressed skins, not leather.--From Russia 410, 645_l._; Germany 5249,
559_l._; Holland 5917, 795_l._; Belgium 16,524, 2658_l._; France
41,069, 2680_l._; British India 2005, 218_l._; Australasia 2925,
795_l._; British North America 300, 313_l._; United States of America
502, 225_l._; Other Countries 94, 40_l._ Total 74,995, 8928_l._
Undressed skins:--From Denmark 15,950, 2418_l._; Germany 10,815,
3391_l._; Holland 7700, 765_l._; Belgium 10,400, 800_l._; France
3162, 309_l._; British Possessions in South Africa 4699, 422_l._;
British India 21,846, 3260_l._; China 86, 410_l._; Australasia 65,305,
3274_l._; British North America 1698, 255_l._; United States of America
3575, 1295_l._; Brazil 12,853, 1097_l._; Other Countries 7457, 559_l._
Total 165,546, 18,255_l._
Wet hides.--From Sweden 1945 cwt., 6133_l._; Norway 1561 cwt.,
4197_l._; Denmark 4757 cwt., 10,873_l._; Germany 33,617 cwt.,
86,210_l._; Holland 19,006 cwt., 47,859_l._; Belgium 74,288 cwt.,
210,698_l._; Channel Islands 2478 cwt., 4724_l._; France 64,212 cwt.,
178,941_l._; Portugal 18,031 cwt., 52,328_l._; Gibraltar 888 cwt.,
2616_l._; Italy 13,411 cwt., 37,431_l._; Austrian Territories 940 cwt.,
2260_l._; British Possessions in South Africa 23,881 cwt., 66,779_l._;
Japan 806 cwt., 2300_l._; Australasia 93,891 cwt., 209,158_l._; United
States of America 11,590 cwt., 31,610_l._; Bermudas 923 cwt., 2257_l._;
British West India Islands 3329 cwt., 8105_l._; Brazil 64,406 cwt.,
191,051_l._; Uruguay 99,391 cwt., 308,940_l._; Argentine Republic
25,142 cwt., 73,518_l._; Falkland Islands 1434 cwt., 4100_l._; Whale
Fisheries: Northern 782 cwt., 4985_l._; Other Countries 2024 cwt.,
4660_l._ Total 562,733 cwt., 1,551,733_l._
Dry raw hides and pieces.--From Russia 10,829 cwt., 79,940_l._; Sweden
193 cwt., 1233_l._; Denmark 1641 cwt., 10,677_l._; Germany 13,022
cwt., 62,248_l._; Holland 10,874 cwt., 37,716_l._; Belgium 3791 cwt.,
15,355_l._; France 3393 cwt., 12,262_l._; Gibraltar 225 cwt., 1000_l._;
Italy 451 cwt., 1366_l._; Austrian Territories 555 cwt., 2813_l._;
Turkey 925 cwt., 3327_l._; Egypt 468 cwt., 1493_l._; West Coast of
Africa, not particularly designated 673 cwt., 1398_l._; British
Possessions in South Africa 39,501 cwt., 160,716_l._; East Coast of
Africa (Native States) 2990 cwt., 8808_l._; Madagascar 2850 cwt.,
8773_l._; Mauritius 2669 cwt., 8433_l._; Aden 6745 cwt., 22,282_l._;
British India: Bombay 33,548 cwt., 105,081_l._; Madras 3860 cwt.,
13,248_l._; Bengal and Burmah 370,369 cwt., 1,329,822_l._; Straits
Settlements 51,456 cwt., 130,244_l._; Ceylon 2314 cwt., 6468_l._;
Java 3288 cwt., 10,670_l._; Cochin China, Camboja, and Tonquin 2236
cwt., 5153_l._; China 18,892 cwt., 63,192_l._; Australasia 7009 cwt.,
15,506_l._; United States of America 17,842 cwt., 56,536_l._; British
West India Islands 953 cwt., 3713_l._; United States of Colombia 1053
cwt., 4955_l._; Peru 1120 cwt., 3577_l._; Chile 1118 cwt., 4089_l._;
Brazil 9125 cwt., 31,089_l._; Uruguay 2937 cwt., 9924_l._; Argentine
Republic 3556 cwt., 12,426_l._; Other Countries 1645 cwt., 5596_l._
Total 634,116 cwt., 2,251,129_l._.
Undressed leather.--From Germany 89,073 lb., 5563_l._; Holland 86,048
lb., 6239_l._; Belgium 25,650 lb., 1943_l._; France 62,799 lb.,
4655_l._; Spain 42,773 lb., 3555_l._; Aden 21,280 lb., 1853_l._;
British India: Bombay 3,663,452 lb., 274,625_l._; Madras 17,859,652
lb., 1,375,484_l._; Bengal and Burmah 1,821,925 lb., 124,193_l._;
Straits Settlements 3,957,651 lb., 147,962_l._; China 37,923 lb.,
2068_l._; Australasia: West Australia 12,750 lb., 487_l._; South
Australia 238,249 lb., 11,283_l._; Victoria 7,175,550 lb., 357,032_l._;
New South Wales 2,428,147 lb., 120,675_l._; Queensland 11,980 lb.,
621_l._; Tasmania 40,863 lb., 1986_l._; New Zealand 1,573,289 lb.,
74,776_l._; British North America 155,500 lb., 7405_l._; United States
of America 17,329,692 lb., 778,392_l._; Other Countries 186,333 lb.,
11,121_l._ Total 56,820,579 lb., 3,311,918_l._
Dressed leather.--From Russia 1669 lb., 252_l._; Germany 1,397,928 lb.,
369,719_l._; Holland 1,809,262 lb., 293,196_l._; Belgium 260,657lb.,
41,146_l._; France 5,187,323 lb., 725,485_l._; Turkey 6226 lb.,
339_l._; British Possessions in South Africa 700 lb., 250_l._; British
India 156,802 lb., 15,720_l._; Australasia 2812 lb., 423_l._; British
North America 779,321 lb., 57,326_l._; United States of America
7,858,956 lb., 533,419_l._; Other Countries 5183 lb., 543_l._ Total
17,466,839 lb., 2,037,818_l._
Varnished, japanned, or enamelled leather.--From Russia 44,088
lb., 9725_l._; Germany 18,236 lb., 3895_l._; Holland 209,707 lb.,
56,667_l._; Belgium 648 lb., 200_l._; France 67,724 lb., 25,598_l._;
Turkey 190 lb., 50_l._; British North America 6868 lb., 1151_l._;
United States of America 83,387 lb., 19,377_l._ Total, 430,848 lb.,
116,663_l._
Boots and Shoes.--From Germany 3766 dzn. pairs, 10,413_l._; Holland
23,321 dzn. pairs, 85,585_l._; Belgium 38,203 dzn. pairs, 81,253_l._;
Channel Islands 464 dzn. pairs, 2327_l._; France 53,437 dzn. pairs,
233,038_l._; Turkey 350 dzn. pairs, 149_l._; Australasia: New South
Wales 29 dzn. pairs, 100_l._; British North America 3080 dzn. pairs,
6706_l._; United States of America 331 dzn. pairs, 1400_l._; Other
Countries 77 dzn. pairs, 243_l._ Total, 123,058 dzn. pairs, 421,214_l._
Gloves.--From Sweden 350 dzn. pairs, 237_l._; Norway 50 dzn. pairs,
58_l._; Denmark 19,320 dzn. pairs, 16,093_l._; Germany 3090 dzn. pairs,
2693_l._; Holland 309,416 dzn. pairs, 321,080_l._; Belgium 197,444
dzn. pairs, 222,946_l._; Channel Islands 10 dzn. pairs, 16_l._; France
1,138,343 dzn. pairs, 1,375,988_l._; Italy 232 dzn. pairs, 280_l._;
Australasia: Victoria 43 dzn. pairs, 96_l._ Total, 1,668,298 dzn.
pairs, 1,939,487_l._
Unenumerated leather manufactures.--From Sweden 108_l._; Norway
109_l._; Denmark 236_l._; Germany 22,705_l._; Holland 119,462_l._;
Belgium 35,762_l._; France 48,308_l._; British Possessions in South
Africa 198_l._; British North America 931_l._; United States of America
19,388_l._; Other Countries 571_l._ Total, 247,778_l._
Our imports of hides from the undermentioned countries have fluctuated
as shown:--
Abyssinia.--Undressed, 7289 cwt. in 1876, 327 in 1878, 2159 in 1879,
and 324 in 1880.
Aden.--Undressed, 8190 cwt. in 1876, 113 in 1879, 8294 in 1880.
Algiers.--Raw, 2,051,701 _kilo._ (of 2·2 lb.) in 1879.
Argentine Republic.--Undressed, 94,479 cwt. in 1877, 32,961 in 1879,
34,905 in 1880.
Austro-Hungary.--Vienna, 24,672 metrical _centners_ in 1878, 48,950 in
1879; Fiume, raw, 1400 _kilo._ in 1879.
Bahamas.--167_l._ worth in 1879.
Barbados.--363_l._ worth in 1877, 913_l._ in 1878.
Belgium.--Undressed, 51,069 cwt. in 1877, 82,021 in 1878, 68,123 in
1880. Dressed, 176,635 lb. in 1878, 418,906 in 1880.
Brazil.--Undressed, 137,351 cwt. in 1878, 115,137 in 1880. Pernambuco
in 1878-9 exported, dried, 31,717 _kilo._ to Great Britain, 28,077
France, 25,606 Portugal, total value, 3002_l._; salted, 383,691 _kilo._
Great Britain, 937,976 United States, 585,868 France, 40,770 Spain,
463,269 Portugal, total value 75,523_l._; in 1880, 61 tons, 2267_l._
Maceio exported in 1877, 4728 pieces (average 28 lb. each) to Great
Britain, 1440 New York and Lisbon; in 1879, 36,775; in 1880, 11,405.
Bahia exported 1,432,864 _kilo._ in 1877-8, and 1,773,965 in 1878-9,
principally to the United States and Germany. Santos exported 397,000
_kilo._ in 1879. Ceara exported in 1878, 372,808 _kilo._ to England,
31,966 Havre, 775,863 Hamburg, 7800 New York.
British India.--Undressed, 281,198 cwt. in 1876, 463,764 in 1880;
dressed, 14,835,979 lb. in 1878, 6,178,370 in 1880.
Bulgaria.--Rustchuk, in 1879, exported 254,196 _kilo._ (250 tons) to
Austria.
Canada.--Dressed, 939,759 lb. in 1876, 372,359 in 1879, 1,066,043 in
1880.
Cape.--Undressed, 15,370 cwt. in 1876, 44,503 in 1878, 29,442 in 1880.
Central America.--Undressed, 72 cwt. in 1876, 1113 in 1878, 356 in 1880.
Chili.--Undressed, 318 cwt. in 1876, 17,042 in 1879, 1566 in 1880;
dressed, 33,026 lb. in 1876, 3929 in 1877, 199,965 in 1878, 224 in
1879, 2930 in 1880.
China.--Undressed, 5671 cwt. in 1876, 60,871 in 1878, 2705 in 1880.
Hankow exported in 1879, 7797 pieces, 1656_l._; Kiungchow, 490 _piculs_
(of 133-1/3 lb.), 818_l._; Newchwang, 17,665 pieces; Tientsin, 4354
_piculs_; Canton, in 1878, 653 pieces of skins, 873-3/4 _piculs_ of
hides.
Costa Rica.--San José exported 308,794 lb. in 1879.
Denmark.--Undressed, 20,806 cwt. in 1877, 5632 in 1880; Copenhagen
exported 1,166,172 lb. to Great Britain in 1878.
Ecuador.--Undressed, 680 cwt. in 1876, 18 in 1877, 115 in 1879, 89 in
1880. Guayaquil exported in 1878, 5711 _quintals_ raw, 17,133_l._,
to the United States, and 12,504 halves tanned, 8752_l._, to South
America; and in 1880, 8859 _quintals_ raw, 22,148_l._, and 4861 tanned,
2916_l._ Manabi, in 1878, exported 1321 _quintals_, 3963_l._
Egypt.--Undressed, 1250 cwt. in 1877, 718 in 1878, 1286 in 1880. In
1879, the values were 620_l._ to Austria, 380_l._ France, 1950_l._
Great Britain, 45,500_l._ Greece, 280_l._ Italy, 62,500_l._ Turkey.
Falklands.--Undressed, 4315 cwt. in 1878, 2679 in 1880. The value of
the exports was 5020_l._ in 1879.
France.--Undressed, 26,866 cwt. in 1876, 57,305 in 1880; dressed,
2,727,190 lb. in 1876, 4,338,485 in 1880. Calais in 1878 sent 2188
_kilo._ prepared to Great Britain, and 76,811 _kilo._ in 1879.
French East Indies.--Dressed, 24,600 lb. in 1876, 12,713 in 1877, none
since.
Gambia.--Exported 15,380 pieces in 1878.
Germany.--Undressed, 45,002 cwt. in 1876, 21,143 in 1878, 44,383 in
1880; dressed, 1,269,143 lb. in 1876, 954,578 in 1878, 1,318,659 in
1880. Hamburg sent to Great Britain, 33,458 cwt. dry and salted in
1877, 13,972 in 1879. Königsberg exported 1535 cwt. raw in 1878, 424 in
1879.
Greece.--Dressed: Syra in 1877 sent 60,217_l._ worth to Turkey,
23,259_l._ to the Danubian Principalities, 2748_l._ to Austria; in
1879, 492_l._ Turkey, 251_l._ Austria, 200_l._ Russia.
Guatemala.--Exports in 1877, 62,343 _dol._ worth; in 1878, 844-1/2
_quintals_ to England, 1293 France, 2476 Germany, 822 New York, 149
California; 1879, 412,605 Germany, 12,360 New York.
Hawaiian Islands.--Exports 1880, 24,885 pieces.
Holland.--Undressed, 55,705 cwt. in 1876, 53,568 in 1880; dressed,
941,372 lb. in 1876, 896,734 in 1880.
Java.--Exports 1878-9, 357,353 pieces and 1240 _piculs_ to Holland,
7212 pieces to the Channel for orders, 1200 pieces to France, 7369
pieces to Italy, 5695 pieces and 872 _piculs_ to Singapore.
Madagascar.--Undressed, 252 cwt. in 1877, 3088 in 1879, none since.
Mauritius.--Undressed, 5341 cwt. in 1876, 2945 in 1880.
Morocco.--Undressed, 0 in 1877, 5445 cwt. in 1878, 1014 in 1880.
Tangiers exported in 1879, 2727 cwt., 6000_l._, to Great Britain; 1818
cwt., 4365_l._, France; 21 cwt., 42_l._, Spain. Mogador, in 1880,
sent 44 bales, 150_l._, to Great Britain; 667, 2250_l._, France; 243,
770_l._, Portugal.
Natal.--Undressed, 32,555 cwt. in 1876, 17,496 in 1878, 23,908 in 1880.
New Granada.--Undressed, 12,217 cwt. in 1878, 574 in 1879, 6059 in
1880.
New South Wales.--Undressed, 9386 cwt. in 1878, 79,972 in 1880;
dressed, 2,257,041 lb. in 1877, 1,694,015 in 1880.
New Zealand.--Undressed, 39 cwt. in 1878, 6335 in 1880; dressed,
140,448 lb. in 1878, 446,102 in 1880.
Persia.--Bushire exported in 1879, 4000 _rupees'_ worth to England,
5000 _r._ India; Lingah, 2800 _r._ India, 1950 _r._ Persian coast;
Bahrein, 6000 _r._ Koweit, Bussora, and Bagdad.
Peru.--Undressed, 2859 cwt. in 1876, 622 in 1878, 1235 in 1880.
Mollendo exported 538 _quintals_ in 1878, and 1307 _q._ dry in 1879.
Philippines.--Undressed, 1024 cwt. in 1876, 102 in 1880. Manilla, in
1879, exported 7976 _piculs_, 12,761_l._, to China and Japan.
Portugal.--Undressed, 17,456 cwt. in 1877, 10,983 in 1880.
Queensland.--Undressed, 1315 cwt. in 1879, 5019 in 1880.
Roumania.--Galatz exported 341 bales in 1879.
Russia.--Undressed, 482 cwt. in 1876, 6020 in 1880; dressed, 88,225 lb.
in 1876, 46,694 in 1880. Riga shipped 14,839 _poods_ (of 36 lb.) in
1877, 11,311 in 1879. Poti, in 1877-8, sent away 5654 _poods_, and 2149
from Persia.
Saigon.--Exports in 1879, 10,582 _piculs_.
San Domingo.--Exports in 1878, 630 pieces to Great Britain, 490 France,
3100 Italy, 3980 Spain, 460 United States, 560 West Indies; in 1880,
1340 Italy, 2541 Spain, 7142 United States, 97 West Indies.
South Australia.--Dressed, 38,108 lb. in 1878, 303,143 in 1880.
Spanish West Indies.--Puerto Rico exported in 1878, 167 _quintals_
United States, 5673 Spain, 637 Germany.
Straits Settlements.--Undressed, 28,444 cwt. in 1876, 48,213 in 1880;
dressed, 603,389 lb. in 1876, 2,778,159 in 1880.
Surinam.--Exports in 1878, 9221 _kilo._
Sweden and Norway.--Christiania exported 95,200 _kroner_ worth in 1875,
4200 _kr._ in 1878. Gothenburg exported 10,960 cwt. in 1879.
Tasmania.--Dressed, 65,803 lb. in 1878, 38,141 in 1880.
Tripoli.--Bengazi, in 1878, sent 50,000 pieces, 4000_l._, to Malta.
The value of the exports was 2000_l._ in 1879, and 4500_l._ in 1880.
Turkey.--Aleppo exported in 1878, 181 tons, 10,824_l._, to France;
5, 320_l._, Italy; 11, 704_l._, Austria; 52, 3328_l._, Turkey; 12,
768_l._, Egypt. Thessaly exported 15,000_l._ worth in 1880. Samos
sent 19,300_l._ worth tanned to Turkey and Egypt in 1879. Van
exported 1500_l._ worth in 1879. Kerasund shipped by steamer in 1879,
557 bales, 3899_l._ Trebizond in 1879 sent 940 bales (of 12 and 60
pieces), 6580_l._, to Turkey; 1567, 10,969_l._, France; 501, 3507_l._,
Russia; 80, 560_l._, Greece. Dedeagatch, in 1879, exported 1300 bales,
40,000_l._ Alexandretta, in 1879, sent 280 tons, 16,800_l._, to France;
3, 180_l._, Austria; 10, 600_l._, Russia; 96, 6720_l._, Turkey; 29,
2030_l._, Egypt. Adana, in 1879, sent 250 tons, 7500_l._, to France;
140, 4200_l._, Turkey; 27, 810_l._, Greece. Jaffa exported 18,000
_okes_ (49,500 lb.), 666_l._, for Turkey in 1879.
United States.--Undressed, 115,767 cwt. in 1876, 7888 in 1879; 14,358
in 1880; dressed, 16,716,711 lb. in 1879, 22,543,033 in 1880. Savannah
exported 8758 bundles in 1880. Galveston exported in 1879-80, 9878
bales and 7510 single, dry; and 6905 bundles wet-salted. Texas State in
1878-9 exported 28,104,065 lb., 562,081_l._
Uruguay.--Undressed, 116,738 cwt. in 1876, 65,846 in 1879, 104,691 in
1880.
Venezuela.--Puerto Cabello exported in 1879, 10,126 _kilo._ to Great
Britain, 8817 Germany, 75,794 United States, 5756 France, 696 Holland,
1023 Spain. Ciudad Bolivar sent 35,562 pieces, 762,234 lb., to New York
in 1879.
Victoria.--Undressed, 0 in 1878, 2710 in 1879, 8705 in 1880; dressed,
3,506,562 lb. in 1876, 5,096,696 in 1880. The values of the exports in
1878 were 9417_l._ hides, and 19,706_l._ skins and pelts.
_Tanning Materials._--Our imports of bark in 1883 were:--From Sweden
6410 cwt., 1281_l._; Norway 8858 cwt., 1687_l._; Holland 12,855 cwt.,
3246_l._; Belgium 59,936 cwt., 15,987_l._; France 3323 cwt., 2138_l._;
Algeria 46,052 cwt., 19,577_l._; British East Indies 4605 cwt.,
3321_l._; Australasia 183,777 cwt., 119,292_l._; United States of
America 36,203 cwt., 12,368_l._; Other Countries 3087 cwt., 1852_l._
Total, 365,106 cwt., 180,749_l._
Our imports of cutch and gambier in 1883 were:--From British India:
Bombay 277 tons, 7682_l._; Bengal and Burmah 8115 tons, 221,651_l._;
Straits Settlements 17,477 tons, 453,804_l._; Philippine Islands 47
tons, 1227_l._; United States of America 877 tons, 25,149_l._; Other
Countries 44 tons, 1208_l._ Total, 26,837 tons, 710,721_l._
Our imports of myrobalans in 1883 were:--From Germany 1133 cwt.,
503_l._; British India:--Bombay 349,275 cwt., 184,983_l._; Madras
120,262 cwt., 54,997_l._; Bengal 23,579 cwt., 9663_l._; Straits
Settlements 214 cwt., 107_l._; Ceylon 1105 cwt., 483_l._; Japan 306
cwt., 146_l._ Total, 495,874 cwt., 250,882_l._
Our imports of extracts in 1883 were:--From Denmark 2773_l._; Germany
36,638_l._; Holland 54,600_l._; Belgium 7353_l._; France 261,690_l._;
Spain 1000_l._; Italy 4571_l._; British North America 33,311_l._,
United States of America 66,114_l._; Mexico 3937_l._; Other Countries
1625_l._ Total, 473,612_l._
Our imports of galls in 1883 were:--From Austrian Territories 474 cwt.,
1022_l._; Turkey 9056 cwt., 23,388_l._; Egypt 2435 cwt., 6210_l._;
Persia 269 cwt., 770_l._; British India 1572 cwt., 1062_l._; China
22,625 cwt., 66,731_l._; Japan 2936 cwt., 9276_l._; Other Countries 185
cwt., 486_l._ Total, 39,552 cwt., 108,945_l._
Our imports of valonia in 1883 were:--From Holland 100 tons, 1600_l._;
France 59 tons, 947_l._; Austrian Territories 178 tons, 2732_l._;
Greece 3101 tons, 46,526_l._; Turkey 27,030 tons, 432,423_l._ Total,
30,468 tons, 484,228_l._
Our imports of sumach in 1883 were:--From France 688 tons, 8979_l._;
Spain 54 tons, 616_l._; Italy 12,395 tons, 184,152_l._; Austrian
Territories 1707 tons, 21,121_l._; Other Countries 32 tons, 430_l._
Total, 14,876 tons, 215,298_l._
Literature.
The chief works relating to the tanning, currying, and dressing of
leather, and the tanning materials employed, are as follows:--
Abridgments of Specifications: Skin, Hides, and Leather, 1627-1866.
London: 1872.
Bernardin (R. J.).
Classification de 350 Matières Tannantes. Gand: 1880.
Brüggemann (A.).
Weissgerberei. Quedlinburg.
Brüggemann (A.).
Saffian Fabrikation. Quedlinburg.
Brüggemann (A.).
Glacéleder Färberei. Quedlinburg.
Councler (Dr. C.).
Bericht über die Verhandlungen der Commission zur Feststellung
einer einheitlichen Methode der Gerbstoffbestimmung. Cassel: 1885.
Das Ganze der Lederbereitung. Quedlinburg.
Davis (C. T.).
Manufacture of Leather. Philadelphia: 1885.
Dussauce (F.).
Tanning, Currying, and Leather-dressing. Philadelphia: 1865.
Eitner (W.).
Leder-Industrie: Bericht über die Welt-Ausstellung in
Philadelphia, 1876. Vienna: 1877.
Hansen (A.).
Die Quebracho Rinde. Berlin: 1880.
Höhnel (F. R. von).
Die Gerberinden. Berlin: 1880.
Knapp (Fr.).
Natur und Wesen der Gerberei und des Leders. München: 1858.
Lange (J. C.).
Lederbereitung. Quedlinburg.
Lietzmann (J. C. H.).
Herstellung des Leder in ihren Chemischen und Physikalischen
Vorgängen. Berlin: 1875.
McMurtrie (W.).
Culture of Sumac, and preparation for market: Department of
Agriculture Special Report, No. 26. Washington: 1880.
Morfit (C.).
The Arts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather-dressing.
Philadelphia: 1852.
Neubrand (J. G.).
Die Gerbrinde. Frankfurt-on-Maine: 1869.
Olivet (P.).
Lederfärberei. Quedlinburg.
Schultz (J. S.)
Leather Manufacture: a Dissertation on the Methods and
Economics of Tanning. New York: 1876.
Sonnenfeldt (Dr.).
Färben der Pelzwaaren. Quedlinburg.
Villain (H.).
Cuirs et Peaux: Tannage, Corroyage, et Mégisserie. Paris: 1867.
Vincent (C.).
Fabrication et Commerce des Cuirs et Peaux. Paris: 1872.
Wattle Bark: Report of the Board of Inquiry. Melbourne: 1878.
Wiener (F.).
Die Lohgerberei, oder die Fabrikation des Lohgaren
Leders Leipzig: 1879.
Wiesner (J.).
Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiches. Leipzig: 1873.
Wittmack (L.).
Die Nutzpflanzen aller Zonen. Berlin: 1879.
Leather Trades Circular and Review. London.
Tanners' and Curriers' Journal. London.
Scottish Leather Trader. Glasgow.
Shoe and Leather Reporter. New York.
La Halle aux Cuirs. Paris.
Der Gerber. Vienna.
Gerber Zeitung. Berlin.
Deutsche Gerber Zeitung. Berlin.
Gerber Courier. Vienna.
Gazetta dei Pellami. Milan.
INDEX.
Abies bark, 53
---- tannin, 31
Acacia barks, 34-8
---- fruits, 53
---- tannin, 23-5
Acetic acid, examining, 102
Achromatic condenser, 9
Acid, digallic, 76-8
----, dioxysalicylic, 69-71
----, ellagic, 71
----, ellagitannic, 78
----, gallic, 69-71
----, gallotannic, 76-8
----, quercitannic, 78
---- solutions, preparing standard, 95-7
Acids, decomposition of tannins by, 68-73
----, examination of, 101
----, free, in tan-liquor, determining, 108-11
Acorn cups, 50-3
---- galls, 27
Adipose tissue, 8
Adjustment for thickness of cover-glasses, 11
African kino, 34
Air, capacity for moisture, 249
Albumen, 20
Alder bark, 54
Aleppische Gallen, 26-8
Aleppo galls, 26-8
Algarobilla, 23
Algarrobo, 23
Alkaline solutions, preparing standard, 95-7
Allen and Warren sprinkler leck, 241
Alligator skins, 255
Alnus tannin, 54
Alum in tanning, 218-22
Amboyna kino, 33
American press leck, 241
---- rocker, 169
---- union splitter, 188
Ampelopsis hæderacea, 67
Analysing tannins, 118-31
----, methods for the tannery, 90-131
Analysis, indicators, 91
----, instruments, 91-5
----, standard solutions, 90
Anatomical structure of hide, 2-16
Aphis punctures, 28
Areca-nut cutch, 25
Armadillo skins, 255
Artificial light for microscope, 12
Ash of leather, estimating, 107
Aspidosperma wood, 39
Ass skins, 255
Australian kino, 34
Babul tannin, 53
Bahera, 38
Balance, 93
Balsamocarpon pods, 23
Bark, commerce, 270
---- elevators, 162
---- mills, 158-61
Barkometer, 169
Bates for dressing leather, 184-6
Beaming dressing leather, 187
---- hides, 151
Bengal kino, 33
Bibliography, 272-4
Blood vessels, 8
Bloom, source of, 62
Bloomers for butts, 176
Blue-back seal-skins, 206
Boots and shoes, commerce, 265
Botany Bay kino, 34
Breaking the nerve, 8
Bristol finishing, 183
Buffalo method of unhairing, 144
---- skins, 255
Bulls'-eye condenser, 12
Burettes, 92
Burning-in strap butts, 201
Butea kino, 33
Butts, cleansing lime from, 155
---- defined, 155
----, striking, 179
Cachou, 23-5
---- jaune, 29-31
Cæsalpinia pods, 25, 54
Calf kid, 223
---- skins, 256
Camata valonia, 52
Camatina valonia, 52
Cascalote tannin, 54
Castanea extract, 23
Catechin, 79-81
Catechol, 67
Catechu, 23-5
Catechutannic acid, 81
Cellular structure of hide, examining, 12
Chagrin, 258
Chamada valonia, 52
Chamois leather, 210-2
Charcala valonia, 52
Chemical composition of hide, 17-22
Chemistry of tannins, 57-82
Chestnut extract, 23
---- ---- for sole leather, 158
Chinese galls, 28
Chlorine in water, estimating, 98
Chromic and osmic acids for hardening and staining hide sections, 14
Churco bark, 55
Cleaning drains in tannery, 240
Climax scourer, 200
Commerce, 255-71
Commercial tanning materials, 23-56
Composition, chemical, of hide, 17-22
Comptonia tannin, 54
Condense-water trap, 251
Connective tissue, 7
---- ----, nature of, 18
Constitution of tannins, 76-82
Construction of tanneries, 231-42
Conveyors for bark, 162
Coriaria tannin, 54
Coriin, 19
---- in lime-liquors, determining, 104
Corium, 2, 7
Cork-tree bark, 38
Cover-glasses, 11
----, screwing objective down on, 11
Cow skins, 261
Crown leather, 213-7
Crust roans, 206
Curried leather, measuring, 202
Currying, 193-202
---- crown leather, 217
---- defined, 1
Cutch, 23-5
----, commerce, 271
Cutting hide-sections, 12-5
Cynips punctures, 26
Decomposition of phlobaphenes by fusion with caustic alkali, 73-5
---- ---- tannins by acids, 68-73
---- ---- ---- by heat, 65
---- ---- ----, products of, 65-8
Deer skins, 256
Dégras, 211
Depilatories, various, 150
Derma, 2
Dhak kino, 33
Diffuseur for exhausting tan, 167
Digallic acid, 76-8
Dioxysalicylic acid, 69-71
Diplolepis punctures, 26
Disintegrators, 158-61
Dissolving extracts, 168
Dividing hides, 155
Divi-divi, 25
---- ---- for sole leather, 157
Dog skins, 256
Drainage of tanyard, 231
Drains from latches and pits, 240
Dressed leather, commerce, 265
---- skins, commerce, 263
Dressing leather, 184-92
Dry raw hides, commerce, 264
Drying, principles, 248-54
---- -sheds, 243-54
---- sole leather, 183
Dugong skins, 256
Dyeing calf kid, 224
---- chamois leather, 212
---- glove kid, 229
East Indian kino, 33
---- ---- kips, 191
Écorces de Chêne, 38
Eichenrinden, 38
Einbrennen, 201
Elæocarpus tannin, 54
Elastic fibres, 8
---- ----, nature of, 21
Elevators for bark, 162
Ellagic acid, 63, 71
Ellagitannic acid, 78
Enamelled leather, 203-5
---- ----, commerce, 265
Ephreda tannin, 54
Epidermis of hide, 2
Epithelial layer of hide, 2
Erectores pili muscles, 2, 7
Espinillo tannin, 54
Estimating ash of leather, 107
---- chlorine in water, 98
---- grease in leather, 105
---- hardness of water, 97
---- sulphur in sodium sulphide, 104
Eucalyptus kino, 34
---- tannin, 54
Eugenia tannin, 54
Examination of acids, 101
---- of lime and lime-liquors, 102-4
---- of water, 97-100
Examining cellular structure of hide, 12
Exhausting tanning materials, 161-8
---- tannins, 117
Extracts, commerce, 271
----, dissolving, 168
----, preparing, 32
Fat glands, 6
Fish skins, 256-8
Fitzhenry scouring machine, 196
Flasks, 91
Fleshing hides, 152-5
Focus of microscope, 10
French morocco, 206
Frizing by hard water, 85
Fuchsia tannin, 54
Furnaces for burning tan, 164
Galläpfel, 26-8
Galle d'Alep, 26-8
Gallic acid, 69-71
Gallotannic acid, 76-8
Galls, 25-9
----, commerce, 271
Galuchat, 258
Gambia kino, 34
Gambier, 29-31
----, commerce, 271
Gambir, 29-31
Gammuzza sumach, 46
Gelatin in lime liquors, determining, 104
----, nature of, 17
Gerbersumach, 40-50
Glands of skin, 2, 6
Glove kid, 225-30
Gloves, commerce, 266
Goat skins, 258-60
Grain of tanned leather, 6, 8
Graining dressing leather, 189
Grease in leather, estimating, 105
Grinding tanning materials, 158-61
Hair cuticle, 4
----, growth, 2
Handler liquors, table of determinations, 111
Handlers, 169, 173
Handling hides, 169
Har, 38
Hardening hide for cutting, 14
Hardness of water, 84-6
---- ---- ----, estimating, 97
Harra, 38
Hartnack's objectives and eye-pieces, 10
Head required to pass air in pipes, 253
Heat, decomposition of tannins by, 65-8
Heating effect of pipes, 250
---- leaches, 242
---- liquors, 242
Hemlock, 31
---- extract for sole leather, 158
Henle's layer, 5
Hide albumen, 20
----, anatomical structure, 2-16
----, chemical composition, 17-22
----, examining cellular structure, 12
----, hardening, for cutting, 14
----, holding, for cutting, 13
----, influence of water in plumping, 85
----, microscopic examination, 9-16
----, section, 2
----, sections, cutting, 12-15
---- ----, mounting, 14
---- ----, rendering transparent, 13
---- ----, simultaneous hardening and staining, 14
---- ----, staining, 14
---- substance in leather, determining, 108
Hides, beaming, 151
----, dividing, 155
----, fleshing, 152-5
---- for sole leather, preparing, 132-8
----, handling, 169
----, imports, 266-70
----, liming, 139-45
----, preparing for tanning, 133-8
----, rounding, 155
----, soaking, 133-6
----, softening, 138
----, stocking, 136
----, sweating, 145-7
----, unhairing, 139-56
----, ---- by sulphides, 147-50
High-power objectives, 11
Hiusache tannin, 53
Holding hide for cutting, 13
Holmes' tool carriage, 196
Horny layer of hide, 2
---- tissues, nature of, 21
Horse skins, 260
Hot air pipes, 252
---- water pipes, 252
Howard scrubber, 176
Huxley's layer, 5
Hyaline, 6
Hydrochloric acid, examining, 101
Hydrometer, 169
Hygrometer table, 249
Hymenæa pods, 23
Illuminating apparatus, 10
---- microscope, 12
Immersion lenses, 9
Indicators for analysis, 91
Infusions for Löwenthal's analytical method, 130
Inga tannin, 55
Instruments for analysis, 91-5
Iodina wood, 40
Iron in tanyards, 241
Jackson scouring machine, 196
Japanese galls, 28
Japanned leather, 203-5
---- ----, commerce, 265
Jiggers, 207
Juchtenleder, 208
Kamai bark, 56
Kangaroo skins, 260
Kát, 23-5
Keratin, 21
Kid skins, 258-60
Kifushi galls, 28
Kino, 32-4
Kinoin, 81
Kiri-hinau tannin, 54
Kiri-toa-toa bark, 55
Knoppern galls, 27
Kut, 23-5
Lamb skins, 260
Lancashire finish, 183
Latches, construction, 241
---- for exhausting tan, 164-8
Laurus tannin, 55
Layers for butts, 176
Leaches, heating, 242
Leather, chemical examination of, 105-8
----, determining hide substance, 108
----, estimating ash of, 107
----, estimating grease in, 105
----, estimating matters soluble in water, 106
---- manufacture defined, 1
Lecks for exhausting tan, 164-8
Levantische Gallen, 26-8
Levelling glove kid, 226
Libi-dibi, 25
Lime, examination of, 102
---- for unhairing, 139-45
---- -liquors, determining gelatin and coriin in, 104
---- ----, examination of, 102
Liquors, heating, 242
Literature, 272-4
Llama skins, 261
Lockwood automatic scourer, 197
London finish, 183
Löwenthal's modified process for analysing tannins, 127-31
Loxopterygium wood, 39
Lymph vessels, 8
Machærium wood, 40
Maintenance of tanneries, 231-42
Malphigia tannin, 55
Manatee skins, 256
Mangrove bark, 55
Manquitta bark, 55
Measuring curried leather, 202
Methods of analysis for the tannery, 0-131
Microscope, artificial light for, 12
----, choice of, 9
----, illuminating, 12
----, price of, 10
Microscopic examination of hide, 9-16
Mills for grinding bark, 158-61
---- ---- ---- sumach leaves, 49
Mimosa bark, 34-8
---- ---- for sole leather, 158
---- tannin, 23-5
Mineral tanning, 218-22
Miscellaneous tannins, 53-6
Mise au vent, 194
Moëllon, 211
Molinier's hide-working machine, 187
Morocco leather, 206
Mounting hide-sections, 14
Myrobalans, 38
----, commerce, 271
---- for sole leather, 157
Naucite tannin, 55
Nauclea extract, 29-31
Nerve, breaking the, 8
Nitrogen bulb, 103
Noix de galle, 26-8
Nut-galls, 26-8
Oak-bark for sole leather, 157
---- ---- tannin, 78
---- -barks, 38
---- -galls, 26-8
---- -wood extract for sole leather, 158
Objective, screwing down on cover, 11
Objectives, 8
Oiling in currying, 195
Osmic acid solution, preserving, 15
---- and chromic acids for hardening and staining hide-sections, 14
Ox skins, 261
Oxalic acid, examining, 102
Oxalis tannin, 55
Oxyphenic acid, 67
Palas kino, 33
Pale catechu, 29-31
Panniculus adiposus, 15
Pars papillaris, 2
---- reticularis, 2
Patent leather, 203-5
Pay-pay pods, 55
Permanganate process for analysing tannins, 128-31
Persea bark, 55
Phlobaphenes, 72
----, decomposition by fusion with caustic alkali, 73-5
Phloroglucin, 74
Phloroglucol, 74
Phyllocladus bark, 55
Pipes, heating effect of, 250
Pipettes, 92
Pits, construction, 238-40
Plan of tannery, 232-6
Plumping hide, influence of water on, 85
Pokako tannin, 54
Polygonum leaves, 55
Pomegranate tannin, 55
Preller's leather, 213-7
Preparation of tannins, 58
Preparing hides for sole leather, 132-8
Preparing hides for tanning, 133-8
---- standard solutions, 95-7
Preserving osmic acid solution, 15
Price of microscope, 10
Priestman's striking machine, 180
Prosopis pods, 23
Protocatechuic acid, 75
Pterocarpus kinos, 33, 34
Pumps for tannery, 241
Punica tannin, 55
Pures for dressing leather, 184-6
Purification of tannins, 58
Putz's patent filling, 22
Pyrocatechin, 67
Pyrocatechol, 67
Pyrogallic acid, 66
Pyrogallol, 66
Quebrachia wood, 40
Quebrachitannic acid, 82
Quebracho, 39
---- catechin, 81
Quercitannic acid, 78
Quercus acorn cups, 50-3
---- barks, 38
Reagents for analysing tannins, 120-3
Rete malpighi, 2
Retenage, 194
Rhabdisto valonia, 52
Rhizophora bark, 55
Rhus galls, 28
---- leaves, 40-50
Roble Colorado bark, 56
Rocker, 169
Rounding hides, 155
Rove galls, 28
Russia leather, 208
Salt in water, effect of, 86
Salts for tanning, 218-22
Sampling tannins, 116
Sangue del drago, 34
Schmack, 40-50
Screwing objective down on cover, 11
Seal skins, 261
Sebaceous glands, 6
Section of hide, 2
Sections of hide, cutting, 12-15
Shafting in tannery, 236
Shagreen, 258
Shaving dressing leather, 187
Sheep skins, 262
Shumac, 40-50
Site for tannery, 231
Skins, trade in, 255-70
Soaking hides, 133-6
Sod oil, 211
Sodium sulphide, estimating sulphur in, 104
Softening hides, 138
Sole-leather, 132-83
---- ----, preparing hides, 132-8
---- ----, tanning materials, 157-68
---- ----, treatment in the shed, 179-83
---- ----, treatment in the tan-house, 169-78
---- ----, unhairing hides, 139-56
Soluble matters in leather, estimating, 106
Splitting dressing leather, 188
Staining hide-sections, 14
Standard solutions, 90
---- ----, preparing, 95-7
---- ----, table of, 97
Statistics, 255-71
Steam pipes, 250
---- power in tannery, 236
---- trap, 251
Stieleiche bark, 38
Stocking hides, 136
Stretching dressing leather, 191
Striking butts, 179
Structure, anatomical, of hide, 2-16
Stuffing strap-butts, 200
Sudoriferous glands, 6
Sulphides for unhairing, 147-50
Sulphur, estimating, in sodium sulphide, 104
Sulphuric acid, examining, 101
Sumach, 40-50
----, commerce, 271
---- extract, 50
---- mill, 49
---- plantations, 40-8
Suspender liquors, 172
---- pits, 169
Sweat glands, 6
Sweating hides, 145-7
Sweet-fern tannin, 54
Table, analyses of spring and river waters, 89
----, capacity of air for moisture, 249
----, head for passing air, 253
----, heating effect of pipes, 250
----, hygrometric, 249
----, reactions of tannins, 112
----, standard solutions, 97
Tan burning furnaces, 164
---- liquor, determining free acids in, 108-11
Tanneries, construction, 231-42
----, maintenance, 231-42
Tanning defined, 1
---- materials, commerce, 270
---- ----, commercial, 23-56
---- ----, exhausting, 161-8
---- ---- for sole leather, 157-68
---- ----, grinding, 158-61
Tannins, action on gelatin, 57
----, analysing, 118-31
----, bloom from, 62
----, characters, 57-8
----, chemistry of, 57-82
----, classification, 64
----, constitution, 76-82
----, decomposition by acids, 68-73
----, ---- by heat, 65
----, exhausting, 117
----, general chemistry, 59-64
----, ---- methods of examination, 65-75
----, preparation, 58
----, products of decomposition by heat, 65-8
----, purification, 58
----, qualitative detection, 111-4
----, quantitative determination, 114-31
----, reagents for analysing, 120-3
----, sampling, 116
----, table of reactions, 112
Taps for exhausting tan, 164-8
Tawed leather, 223
Tawhero towai bark, 56
Tawing defined, 1
Tecoma bark, 56
Terminalia fruits, 38
Terra japonica, 23-5, 29-31
Tiffany's bate, 185
Tipuana wood, 40
Trade in skins, 255-70
Transparent hide-sections, 13
Traubeneiche bark, 38
Turkey galls, 26-8
Turret driers, 245
Tutu tannin, 54
Uncaria extract, 29-31
Undressed leather, commerce, 265
---- skins, commerce, 263
Unhairing hides, 139-56
---- ---- by lime, 139-45
---- ---- by sulphides, 147-50
---- ---- by sweating, 145-7
Valonia, 50-3
----, commerce, 271
---- for sole leather, 157
Varnished leather, commerce, 265
Vélanèdes, 50-3
Ventilation of drying-sheds, 246
Virginia creeper, 67
Wagatea pods, 56
Walrus skins, 263
Wash leather, 210-2
Water as used in tanning, 83-9
----, counteracting chlorides in, 87
----, detecting various impurities in, 99
----, dissolved mineral matters in, 84
----, effect of salt in, 86
----, estimating chlorine in, 98
----, ---- hardness of, 97
----, examination of, 97-100
----, filtering, 83
----, hardness of, 85
----, influence on plumping, 85
----, permanent hardness of, 84
----, suspended matters in, 83
----, table of spring and river, 89
Wattle-bark, 34-8
---- ---- plantations, 36-7
Weinmannia bark, 56
Wet hides, commerce, 263
Whawhako tannin, 54
Whitening in currying, 195
Wilson's spring butt-roller, 181
---- striking machine, 181
Wu-pei-tze galls, 29
LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
* * * * *
Transcriber Note
Illustrations were moved to avoid splitting paragraphs. Hyphenization
was standardized to the most commonly used form. Several minor typos
were corrected. This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive.
End of Project Gutenberg's A Text-book of Tanning, by Henry R. Procter