Schoolmaster Equity in 1796.--New Customs introduced.--Mr. Birch
Discarded.--Enrolment.--Books Used.--New ones Procured.--
Astonishing Effects.--Colloquy with Uncle Jesse.--The New
School-House.--A Christmas Frolic.--Shocking Affair by the
Irish Master.--A Political Convention.--Young Democracy.--
A Stump Speech.--New Customs.--A True Missionary.--Trouble
about Money.--Mr. Clark leaves Kentucky.
The relation of the teacher and the pupils heretofore in most instances
had been that of belligerents. It was his prerogative to rule and
compel obedience, and hence “fighting,” as the customary whippings were
called, was the order of the day. Those pupils who were from fifteen
to twenty years of age, thought themselves young men, and their proud
spirits could be easily aroused to a state of rebellion. They descended
from a hardy race, and had learned the tactics of warfare on the
frontiers, where their fathers and mothers had to contend with untamed
savages, and it would have been a dangerous business for even a brawny
Irishman to flog such spirits into submission with a full supply of
bone, sinew and muscle. Hence the boys from eight to fourteen, who had
no brothers and cousins among these stout youngsters, had to bear their
own share of flaggellation, and also the amount that in equity belonged
to their older neighbors. The school house had remained vacant for six
or eight months previous to Mr. Clark’s entrance, and the youngsters
gathered around him as we have narrated.
Instead of the expected order, in a surly voice, and corrupt dialect
that was any thing else than the English language, Mr. Clark opened
school by a friendly conversation with each scholar; beginning with
the eldest. Divers questions were asked, in a pleasant, musical tone
of voice, as “How far have you made progress in studies?” “What
branches do you wish to learn?” etc. He addressed the young men as
though they were gentlemen, and as if he was desirous of consulting
their interests, and do the best to serve them. Instead of their usual
boisterous manner of reply, their voices were subdued, and they felt
what they never before realized, sentiments of reverence and respect to
a schoolmaster.
In his examination of the older female pupils, there was some
difficulty at first, to draw from them the answers he desired. They
had heard him preach in the neighborhood, and were inspired with
awe, and could scarcely speak above their breath. The little ones,
boys and girls, he called to him, patted them on their heads, spoke
encouragingly, and soon had their confidence and affection.
The next movement was to take down their names, ages, and the number
of quarters, or terms, each had attended school. He told them frankly,
he could not endure a school where mutiny and war were the order of
the day; that his sole object in teaching, was to do them good and not
harm, and he regarded it as the right and privilege of all who desired
to learn, and improve their minds and acquire useful knowledge, not
to be interrupted by the improper conduct of others; that he compelled
no one to attend, and expected all who came to his school to conduct
themselves in such a manner, as to make the school comfortable and
creditable to all. He read a few plain, simple rules, and proposed them
to the scholars for adoption, and even gave opportunity for objections
to be made, or alterations proposed. This was another new feature in
school-discipline and called forth expressions of astonishment and
approbation from the older scholars. He was not anxious to enforce
these rules on them, but to give every pupil time to consider their
bearing, and suggested they could be postponed until next day, if
all were not prepared to decide. The code appeared so reasonable and
proper, that a large majority seemed anxious for its adoption at once,
and every one present gave a hearty assent.
The next movement was to make inquiry about books; and here no small
difficulty and inconvenience appeared. Each pupil had brought such
an article for the reading lessons as first came to hand. One had
a mutilated copy of Dilworth’s “New Guide to the English Tongue;”
another showed a volume of old sermons; a third had the “Romance
of the Forest,” an old novel, and a specimen of the “yellow covered
literature” of a former age. A fourth, fifth, and sixth, could show
Testaments or pieces of Bibles, with the binding in tatters, and
the print dim, and paper brown, such as were gotten up for sale to
merchants in that day. Some came without books or any aid to learn the
art and mystery of spelling and reading. The Psalter that had descended
from some Virginia families whose ancestors belonged to the Colonial
English Church, was presented by three or four more. The marvellous
story of “Valentine and Orson,” answered for the whole stock of
literature for a family of three children. What was now to be done? Mr.
Clark neither scolded nor ridiculed his pupils for their deficiency in
books. He knew they were not to blame, and he surmised their parents
could not readily remedy the evil. There was not a book in the three
little retail stores in Lincoln County, for sale, and it was between
fifty and sixty miles to Lexington where purchases could be made. The
world-renowned Noah Webster had commenced the great work of providing
his young countrymen with the means of learning their mother tongue,
about thirteen years previous. His “_First Part of a Grammatical
Institute of the English Language_,” more popularly known as the
“American Spelling-Book,” was published for the first time in 1783, but
it had scarcely found its way into the wilderness of Kentucky. Father
Clark had obtained a copy in Charleston; he liked every thing American,
and Webster’s Spelling Book struck his fancy, above all others, from
which he would like
“To teach the young idea how to shoot.”
None had been seen in Lincoln County. Transylvania Seminary had been
in operation in Lexington, ten or twelve years, where some of the
higher branches of literature and science were taught, and many of the
young men who became distinguished in law, politics, and medicine, in
that commonwealth, received their education in that Seminary. After
Mr. Clark had left the State in 1798, a Grammar School was opened in
Lebanon, near the Royal Spring, in Fayette County, where the elements
of Latin, Greek, and the sciences, were taught by Messrs. Jones and
Worley.
The old books had to be used until Mr. Clark’s new method of teaching
became known, and one of the employers visited Lexington on business.
He returned with two dozen of Webster’s Spelling-Book, and more other
school-books than ever before reached Lincoln County at one time. It
was a real holiday for the boys and girls to look over these books.
The rude cuts, or coarse illustrations, as they would now be called,
over the fables in the Spelling-Book, were examined and criticised,
and the stories read, until they were “gotten by heart.” There was the
boy that stole apples, then on the tree, and the farmer throwing tufts
of grass to bring him down, and threatening “to try what virtue there
was in stones.” Then came the country girl, with the pail of milk on
her head, calculating the value when exchanged for eggs, these hatched
into chickens, and the chickens sent to market at Christmas, and the
profits invested in a new silk gown, in which she would eclipse all
her female companions during the holidays. Inflated with vanity in her
brilliant prospects, she acted out her feelings with a toss of the
head, when down came her pail of milk, and with it all her imaginary
happiness. And then there was the cat covered with meal, in the bottom
of the meal-tub, while the young rats were about to enjoy themselves
around the heap, until warned by an old and experienced rat, who “did
not like that white heap yonder.” “The bear and the two friends,”
furnished another fruitful source of mental speculation to the pupils
of Mr. Clark in the recess of school; while the fable of the Farmer
and Lawyer, and the amazing difference betwixt “your bull and my ox,”
caused bursts of laughter.
Thus the school went on, and the influence of the master in controlling
the feelings, the minds and habits of the pupils in school, or even on
the road-side, or at home, was overwhelming. This was effected by an
unusual commixture of firmness and kindness, dignity and familiarity,
never known before in a Kentucky school.
It was some weeks after the new books were introduced, that Mr. Jesse
Bush came into the settlement from Old Virginia, to see the country and
make a visit to his brother, one of the patrons of the school. Thomas
and Susan Bush were two bright eyed pupils of Father Clark, and were
discovered one evening by their uncle as he walked along the lane that
led to the house, gathering strips of loose, dry bark from the fence
rails for “lightwood.” Such combustible articles in the fire-place
were an excellent substitute for candles and lamps in new and frontier
settlements. Uncle Jesse had taken quite a fancy to his nephew and
niece. They had left the old dominion with their parents several years
before this period, and had grown so much that their affectionate uncle
would not have known them, had he met them any where else than at their
parents’ on his arrival. Susan was now eleven and Thomas thirteen years
old, and delighted to play and romp with him, no less than he did with
them.
It was in the month of October--the days had perceptibly grown shorter
and the nights longer. A fire was pleasant and comfortable, and the
lightwood threw up a cheerful blaze, while the industrious scholars
were getting their lessons until interrupted by their uncle.
“Tommy, my boy, come here. You and I have not had a frolic to-day. You
are at that new spelling-book every moment. What do you find in that
book?”
Thomas ran to his accustomed place between the knees of uncle Jesse,
and looking him in the face, and catching hold of his beard of a week’s
growth, responded:--
“I find a heap of things. Here are pretties.[35] Jest look at that ’ere
boy in the tree. He’s stealing apples, and sez he won’t come down.”
“O, pshaw, Tom, that’s all a story. You don’t b’lieve a boy would get
into an apple tree in the day time, when he know’d the old farmer would
see him?”
“Well, I don’t know, but the master said it’s jest like bad boys, and
he knows.”
“Now, Tommy, tell me honestly, how do you like the master?”
“He’s fust rate; and all the boys say so.”
“How many times has he whipped you?”
“He duz no such thing. He says ef he can’t get along without fighting,
he’ll jest quit.”
“Has Sis’ got a flogging yet?”
“No, _sir-ee_--Sis’ and the Master are great friends.”
“Does Joe Sikes come to school yet?”
“I recon he duz. Joe can’t stay away, no how he can fix it.”
“But Joe Sikes in old Virginia, was the hardest case in school. He had
Mr. Birch hold of him regularly as the day came round.”
“So he did here. Mr. O’Cafferty gave him some of the all-firedest
thrashings I ever seed, and he only got worser.”
“How in the world does Mr. Clark contrive to manage that fellow?”
“He jest talks it into him. And I he’rn Joe say he’d no heart to
insult so good a man as the master.”
“Now, Tom, tell me honestly which you’d rather do--stay at home, play
with the dogs, and hunt coons at night, or go to that school?”
“I’d go to school as long as I liv’d ef I could have such a master as
Mr. Clark.”
“Well, Tom, I must give you up. Mr. Clark’s bought you, that’s certain.
You’re a gone coon for huntin.”[36]
Calling up Susan, he said,
“Come, Sis’, and tell uncle what you think of the master?”
“He’s the best man in all Canetuck.”
“But some of those big girls down the creek don’t like him.”
“Yes, they duz,” responded Susan, whose whole soul had become enlisted
in the mysteries of the new spelling book.
“Now, Susy, let me hear you read your lesson for to-morrow.”
Susan had just commenced the table for “easy readings,” and of course
she had to proceed with great care. She took her station by her uncle,
with the new copy of Webster in one hand, and pointing the fore-finger
of the other to the word as her eyes passed along the line, she read
slowly and distinctly, without missing three words:
“No man may put off the law of God;
My joy is in his law all the day.
I must not go in the way of sin.
Let me not go in the way of ill men.”
“Well done, Susan;--you are right smart, and do your master much
credit.”
Time passed away;--the school increased, until the dirty old cabin was
more than crowded. During the warm season, those who _studied_ their
lessons (and this was one of the new fashions introduced), could retire
to the shade of the forest, and in groups of two, three and four, might
have been seen by passers by, intently conning their lessons. But cold
weather approached, the people became quite spirited in providing a new
and better house for winter; and the whole settlement turned out with
their axes and teams. Large trees were felled in the adjacent forest,
and rough hewn on two sides to a suitable thickness. Clap boards, four
feet long, were split from a straight grained oak for the roof; the
ends of the logs were securely notched together and were placed one
on top of another, as the four sides of the house were raised. In a
few days a commodious house, about twenty feet square, and covered in,
stood a few yards from the old log cabin. The spaces between the logs
were soon “chinked and daubed;” that is, filled with small flat stones
and chumps of wood, and mud plastered over the cracks both within and
without.
For windows, a log was cut out from each side at a suitable height for
the light to shine on the writing desks, which were slabs placed under
the windows. The apertures were a foot wide and extended the length
of the room, over which paper saturated with coon oil was placed as a
substitute for glass. The chimney was built in the end opposite the
door, and ran up outside of the wall. An aperture about ten feet wide
was made through the logs for the fire-place. The chimney was built of
rough stones from the neighboring quarry. And as quite an advancement
in the style of frontier school houses at that period, planks, as the
term was in Kentucky, or boards an inch and a quarter thick, cut at a
saw-mill on a branch of Crab Orchard Creek, made a tight floor. It is
doubtful if out of Lexington, and a half-dozen other towns, a school
house existed in the country settlements with any other floor than the
natural earth beaten hard, until this improvement was made both as an
accommodation and a compliment to their teacher.
Mr. Clark had two or three young men from eighteen to twenty years of
age, who had been under his tuition from the opening of the school,
and who desired to qualify themselves for teachers. They were good
tempered, affable, constant in their studies, and made good progress.
The school now promised to have a greater number and variety of pupils
than Mr. Clark could attend to and do justice to all. He proposed to
these young men to assist him in the smaller classes, and by that means
they would be qualified the sooner and the more thoroughly to teach and
govern a school.
Time sped on, and Christmas, the _real_ holiday amongst Southern
people, was approaching. We are anxious to know how the tact and
skill of Mr. Clark in governing rude, thoughtless, overgrown boys and
precocious young men availed him on Christmas week; and as happened
with other teachers in those days, whether he was “turned out” of the
new school house by his mutinous subjects.
“To the time whereunto the memory of man runneth not,”--so reads the
law phrase,--a custom had prevailed amongst the southern youngsters,
that as Christmas approached, the authority over the school house was
reversed; the young folks seized the reins of government. Judge Lynch
held his court, and pronounced the authority from ancient traditions,
that the pedagogue must resign all authority with the school house
itself, until the holiday season was over, and make up the lost time at
the close of his term.
The reversal of authority was usually effected the day before
Christmas. This singular custom of turning out the master was brought
from old England into the South by the cavalier branch of that nation
in contradistinction from the puritans who settled New England. It
can be traced back to the feudal age, and ranks among other frolics
in which the common people were permitted and encouraged to indulge
their passion for fun and riot, by both the priests and magistrates.
A mere abdication of the office for the time being did not satisfy
this ancient custom in all cases. If the mutinous party took the notion
into their heads, and lawlessness and disorder were winked at by the
parents, as in some settlements, the master must treat all the pupils
to cherry bounce,[37] whiskey sweetened with honey, peach brandy, or
some other equally pernicious liquor. The same custom often prevailed
at Easter.
The penalty of not complying with every exaction imposed by the
rebellious scholars, was a severe ducking in the river. On some
occasions serious personal injury has been inflicted. This feudal right
had been claimed heretofore, and the master compelled to abdicate, and
make up lost time in the school on Flat Creek. Mr. O’Cafferty had done
more than his pupils exacted, for he had procured a supply of cherry
bounce, whiskey and honey, and was so generous in its distribution,
and set such an impressive example in favor of its qualities, that one
half of his pupils were dreadfully sick, some had to be carried home
to their parents, and the master required a wide path, and made tracts
in a zigzag form, in reaching his lodging place. This hospitable trait
in his character was no small item in the list of complaints, which
induced his employers to get rid of him. Indeed, a large majority of
the people in this settlement regarded this ancient custom more honored
in the breach than the observance.
On the morning preceding Christmas, as Mr. Clark approached the new
academy, he saw a number of the older scholars in a group, talking very
earnestly; and he supposed mischief was brewing. He entered the house,
arranged the benches and books, and gave the customary signal for all
to come in, and take their places, preparatory to the morning’s lesson.
This consisted in reading a portion of the Old or New Testament, by
each scholar who had advanced that far in scholastic attainments. All
came to their places, when three of the company arose, and approached
the master in a respectful attitude, as a committee on behalf of the
scholars, who had that morning held a meeting on the due observation of
the Christmas holidays.
We regret that at the period of which our history pertaineth, no
newspaper was published in Lincoln county, and but one, the “_Kentucky
Gazette_,” in the State. Hence we can find no printed record of
these important proceedings, and left for the benefit of posterity.
Especially do we lament the inability to give, literally, the able and
eloquent speech made before the schoolmaster by the youthful chairman,
who spoke “without notes.” As he is reported to have made quite a noise
at the “bar” and on the “stump,” after the era of newspapers, the loss
of a verbatim copy of this maiden address is irreparable. The original
copy in manuscript (if one was ever made) cannot now be found among
the antiquarian documents of Lincoln county. Our readers would like to
peruse it, but all we can give is the mere substance which tradition
has preserved.
The speaker referred to the ancient and honorable custom of turning
out the master at Christmas. He even expressed some doubts of the
real value of such a usage, though it might be unfavorable to that
manly independence that belonged to young Americans. He alluded to
the unfortunate issue of Mr. O’Cafferty’s liberality on a previous
Christmas; indeed the last one the high minded young gentlemen of Flat
Creek had observed (himself having been a sufferer on that memorable
occasion;)--that the “old folks” at home disliked it;--that the young
gentlemen who loved a frolic, really “had no heart,” (these were the
very words) to do any unpleasant thing to their present schoolmaster.
Him they all respected and loved, and, therefore, the committee had
been instructed to present a respectful petition, that the master would
please to adjourn the school to the following Monday.
To which Mr. Clark responded to the committee in the hearing of the
whole school in the following speech.
“MY DEAR FRIENDS AND PUPILS:--I thank you for your courteous and
respectful treatment, and the address through your chairman on this
occasion. I have labored to convince you that good order, kindness
to each other, and a due regard to the wishes of your instructor are
necessary to your own happiness. When we commenced our present relation
as master and pupils, you adopted rules for your behavior, and you
have enjoyed much happiness in obeying them. One of the most useful
and important lessons for you to acquire and practice is that of
self-government; for if you are not trained to govern yourselves, you
will never be qualified to perform the duties of American citizens in
this great and growing republic.
“It affords me pleasure to accord with your wishes, and give you
a vacation during the Christmas holidays. I have been requested by
preacher Jolliff and the people to attend a meeting with him in the
settlement down Crab Orchard, and it will be quite convenient to
dismiss the school this evening, until the first Monday in January. Now
please take your books and go through the lessons of the morning.”
Eyes shone bright, hearts beat joyfully, the books were opened, and all
parties felt happy. The influence of Mr. Clark over his pupils received
additional force from the manner in which the momentous question of
observing the Christmas holidays was settled.
The religious meeting was held during four successive days and nights,
about a dozen or fifteen miles from the school house, and attended by
the people for several miles around. Amongst others, there were seen
several of the students of Father Clark, who listened to his discourses
with serious attention, and tradition testifies a number were converted.
But we must hasten forward with our story, for we have a long series
of years yet to travel over, and many new and interesting scenes to
portray.
The six months Mr. Clark at first proposed to teach the school on
Flat Creek turned out to be a twelve month. A wonderful change had
been produced in the settlement; indeed, we may say truthfully, an
entire revolution had been made in public sentiment concerning schools
and teachers. At the close of the year, he could have had one of the
largest schools in the new and growing State of Kentucky, on any terms
he had chosen to ask.
For more than two months, during the winter, his mind was solemnly
impressed with the paramount duty to preach the gospel in a more
destitute region. If ever there was a true missionary in modern
times, Father Clark was that man, for he conferred not with flesh
and blood, made no calculations of ease or a support, stopped not to
see whether the churches, or other ministers were prepared to move
forward according to the divine commission in preaching the gospel to
every creature. He had imitated Paul the apostle in denying himself
the comforts and happiness of the connubial relation, that no earthly
tie might hinder him from going wherever Providence directed. He cast
himself on that providence that so mysteriously had preserved him in
perils by land and by sea, and engaged in the work of a Christian
missionary with his whole soul.
When he left Georgia, his thoughts ran towards the Illinois country,
where, as he had learned American families had gone from the south
branch of the Potomac in Virginia, and the new settlements of Kentucky.
During his residence in Lincoln county, he had seen several men who
had visited the Illinois country, and even the “Far West,” which was
then the Spanish province of Upper Louisiana, west of the Mississippi
river. There the gospel had never been preached; and yet, allured by
the gift of uncultivated land for farms, and inspired by the daring
enterprize of backwoods and frontier people, many families had crossed
the Great River.[38] The government of Spain was very despotic, but
the commandants, who represented the crown of Spain in the province of
Louisiana, were liberal, and encouraged Americans to migrate and settle
there.
Of course with Father Clark, it was a subject of daily prayer that God
would direct him to that field of labor HE desired him to occupy. He
expected and received satisfactory impressions, or a full conviction
of mind, after much prayer, examination of the field in Illinois and
the Spanish country so far as he could obtain information, and watching
the leadings of providence. The pathway of duty became plain, and to
that country he must go, and see what the Lord would have him do there.
We never knew a man who consulted his personal convenience less, and
the entire will of God more. No man was more discriminating, looked at
secondary causes with a steadier eye, and then trusted himself entirely
to the Divine guidance.
As the last quarter of the school drew towards the close, there was
evidently dissatisfaction and regret among the scholars. They had
learned the intentions of the master, and they trembled at the prospect
of losing a teacher who had treated them like reasonable creatures, and
who led them in such pleasant paths by the strong cords of affection
and respect. They really dreaded lest some illiterate whiskey drinking,
brutal Irishman, like master O’Cafferty with his shelalah, should
be engaged to tyrannize over them, and dry up every stream of true
happiness in the school. But their fears were imaginary. Every parent
and guardian would now have protested against such an imposition on
the community.
Before the close of the last term under master Clark, it was whispered
about that Joseph Helm would take charge of the school. Joseph was one
of Mr. Clark’s assistants, and showed much interest in the employment.
He was a stout Kentuckian, six feet in his shoes, with a commanding
appearance, and seriously disposed. The little ones had learned already
to call him master Helm; and on the whole he was worthy of the mantle
of master Clark.
The parting day came, and when about to dismiss the school for the last
time, the affectionate master was so overpowered by his feelings as
to be incapable of making his farewell address. He attempted to utter
a few words, but his voice choked, tears fell like heavy raindrops,
convulsive sobs heaved his breast, and he could only grasp their hands
with nervous energy, as they passed him towards the door-way.
And now another trial came on. The women in the settlement had provided
him with more articles of clothing than he could take with him, of
their own homely making. Every house in the settlement had been open
for him both as a visitor and a boarder, but the generous hearted men
were resolved he should not depart empty handed.
Bank bills at that period were wholly unknown in Kentucky, silver coin
was very scarce, and much of the business among the people was done
by barter. The proclamation had been made for the employers to meet
at the school house, and every one knew what was wanting. No one held
back, and two or three who could not attend the meeting sent their
perquisites by their neighbors. With no small sacrifice, about fifty
dollars were collected by a sort of average, according to the number
of scholars from each family, after excusing several families on
account of inability. A committee of three gentlemen was appointed to
wait on Mr. Clark, explain why no larger amount had been raised, and
present the acknowledgments of the whole settlement for his very useful
services, and their kind wishes for his welfare, and should he ever
return, how rejoiced would they be to receive him again.
Mr. Clark had still a small sum left of his resources in Georgia,
including the gratuitous offerings on the way from that country, and
really _felt_ that he had no need of money. When he heard of the
meeting, he thought it had reference solely to the future school; but
what was his surprise, and even distress, when the committee called on
him that very evening, with their report, and the fifty dollars all
in silver coin! He desired to treat them courteously; he respected
and loved their hospitable and generous motives, but told them again
and again that the people owed him nothing--that all he asked when he
commenced the school was his board and clothing--that, in fact, he had
no use for the money, and finally, that he might be robbed and murdered
in the wilderness should he carry such an amount of wealth about him.
This last objection struck the committee as having at least some
practical sense in it, and after much parleying, he compromised the
matter by consenting with great reluctance to receive a small gratuity
as an expression of the friendship of the people.
“What a strange sort o’ man that Master Clark is,” said one
committee-man to the others, as they were returning homeward after
night-fall.
“Yes, he is sartin’ly mighty singular, not to take money for his labors
when he arn’d it, and ’tis offered him.”
“An’t he a leetle sort o’ crack’d?” asked another. “It looks like it,”
was the reply; “but, then a crack’d skull never could ’av’ managed the
youngsters as he did.”
“Well, I reckon he’ll suffer for that money yet, way in that Elenoy
country, ’fore he’d find a chance to get more. I b’lieve a man ought’r
get all the money he can honestly, ’specially when he’s arn’d it, as
Master Clark done.”
“I’m mind he’ll yet die a poor man, and it mought be he’d suffer a
heap ef he lives long in that new country, and gets no money to pay
’xpenses.”
“Well, I an’t sorry we raised it, no how; for he’d orter been paid; for
he’s done the childer a mighty heap of good.”
“And he’s a good man, that’s sartin’,” replied the first speaker; “and
ef John Clark don’t get to the ‘good country’ he talks of when he
preaches, I’m mighty fear’d nobody else will.”
And John Clark was not forgotten in Kentucky for many a year, nor his
singular ways, neither. There are a few old people still living, who
attended school under his instruction, who, as they express it, “never
seed the like on’t.” They do not believe, with all the “new fangled
ways,” and “heap o’ larnin,” and practical wisdom teachers now have,
that they can come up with preacher Clark.