[660] Ricaut, 201.
[661] In Ricaut’s time (p. 204) one of the _Kaziaskers_ was regularly
chosen for this position.
[662] D’Ohsson, iv. 500. Heidborn, 215, says that the title _Sheik
ul-Islam_ was first bestowed by Murad II upon the _mufti_ of Adrianople,
who was removed to Constantinople by Mohammed II after the capture; that
Mohammed assigned the title _Reis ul-ulema_, or chief of the _Ulema_, to
this officer, but that he reached great dignity only under Suleiman.
[663] Spandugino, 113.
[664] Postel, i. 118.
[665] Spandugino, 112.
[666] La Broquière, 181; Ramberti, below, p. 247; Geuffroy, 241;
Trevisano, 122; Busbecq, _Life and Letters_, i. 116; Bernardo, 364.
[667] Heidborn, 216.
[668] Ricaut, 200-202.
[669] Hammer, _Geschichte_, ii. 401.
[670] _Ibid._ 536 ff.; Heidborn, 215, note 16.
[671] D’Ohsson, v. 104 ff.
[672] See Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 278 ff.; and Appendix III below.
Heidborn, 215, contributes further details as to the great _Mufti’s_
advance in the _cursus honorum_ of the Moslem Institution. He shows that
he began his legal studies at 27 years of age, continued them until his
45th year, was made _Kazi_ of Brusa, then of Constantinople, and in his
50th year (944 A.H.) _Mufti_. The last statement seems to be erroneous;
for Hammer (as above) says that he became _Mufti_ in 952 (1545 A. D.),
after eight years’ service as _Kaziasker_. Probably, then, he was made
_Kaziasker_ in 944 and _Mufti_ in 952. After thirty years in that eminent
position, he died in 982 (1574).
[673] Busbecq, _Life and Letters_, i. 116-117.
[674] Ricaut, 202.
[675] This description, based on D’Ohsson’s account, may represent
at some points a development later than the time of Suleiman. No
sixteenth-century writer seems to have gone into the organization of the
system in detail. Heidborn, 220 ff., treats with fulness the past and
present judicial system of the Ottoman Empire.
[676] Hammer, _Staatsverwaltung_, 380.
[677] Postel, i. 117.
[678] The _Subashis_ in particular were closely connected with the
administration of justice. Postel, i. 120, says loosely that _Pasha_,
_Kazi_, and _Subashi_ all mean the same thing. Chesneau, 47, says that
the sultan had two judges in every city, a _Kazi_ for civil cases and
a _Subashi_ for criminal cases. This is certainly incorrect, for the
Sacred Law provided for many criminal cases, while _Kanuns_ dealt with
many civil cases. The _Sanjak Beys_ and _Beylerbeys_ held Divans, or
councils, resembling on a lesser scale the sultan’s Divan (Heidborn,
143, note 17); following the analogy of the _Kaziaskers_, the _Kazi_ of
the city in which each such officer resided would sit in his Divan and
decide the cases that came up touching the Sacred Law, and would also
hold independent court at other times. In cities of lesser importance,
the _Kazis_ appear to have been the heads of the restricted municipal
governments (_ibid._, note 16).
[679] A scheme of the higher offices in the judicial system in the early
nineteenth century is given in Hammer’s _Geschichte_, ix. 1-10.
[680] _Kazi_ is the Turkish pronunciation of the Arabic word _kadi_,
judge; _Molla_ is the Turkish form of the Arabic word _maulā_, lord.
[681] Junis Bey (below, p. 265) and Postel, i. 119, state that the
_Kaziaskers_ nominated all _Kazis_. Junis Bey says: “Two _Cadilescher_
talismans, one of Greece and the other of Natolia or Asia, and they each
have revenues of 6 or 7 thousand ducats a year: who are executors of
their law ... it is they who appoint the Kadis or podestas of all the
lands of the Seigneur.” Ramberti (below, p. 247) and Nicolay, 119, say
that the consent of the pashas was necessary also.
[682] Ricaut, 205.
[683] Hammer (as above, p. 216, note 4) gives a list of 39 judges of rank
above the _Kazis_ proper, and 243 _Kazis_ of Rumelia, 280 of Anatolia,
and 34 of Egypt. The total is thus 557 _Kazis_ proper, and 596 judges in
all. In the subsequent list of 247 positions in Rumelia as rearranged
under Mahmûd II, five places in the Crimea are mentioned as seats of
_Kazis in partibus_, but neither list appears to mention any in North
Africa.
[684] Spandugino, 188; Postel, i. 127.
[685] Spandugino, 213; D’Ohsson, vi. 333.
[686] Postel, i. 126. This officer is called by Postel _Mortasi_.
[687] Menavino, 66; Spandugino, 211.
[688] Postel, i. 120, 124; Nicolay, 119. There was no regular
organization of the procedure of appeal; nevertheless it was allowed
(Heidborn, 389).
[689] Hammer, _Staatsverfassung_, 100. See above, p. 203, note 1.
[690] See above, p. 116.
[691] Spandugino, 211.
[692] _Ibid._
[693] The Arabic words _kadi al asker_ signify judge of the army. In the
sixteenth century the pronunciation seems to have been _kadi l’esker_;
nowadays it is _kazi asker_. The burdensome duty of holding court
continually is mentioned in Spandugino, 96; D’Ohsson, iv. 581.
[694] Postel, i. 123. Heidborn, 141-143, note 15, quotes from Ypsilanti
an interesting description of a session of the grand vizier’s court.
[695] Postel, i. 127, iii. 8.
[696] _Ibid._ iii. 9.
[697] Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 11.
[698] _Ibid._ 61.
[699] Ricaut, 3.
[700] Garzoni, 430. See also Morosini, 273.
[701] Postel, i. 124. Matters were distinctly worse in Ricaut’s time (pp.
140-141).
[702] Spandugino, 114.
[703] It has been suggested (Morosini, 273) that the promptness of
justice had a connection with the early military character of the Moslems.
[704] Spandugino, 211, 255.
[705] Postel, i. 127, iii. 87.
[706] _Ibid._ i. 117.
[707] _Ibid._
[708] The use of cannon is perhaps the most conspicuous example.
[709] Halil Ganem, i. 201.
[710] Spandugino, 207: “And the Turkish lords generally, as well great as
small, study only to build churches and hospitals and to enrich and make
hostelries for lodging travelers, to improve the roads, to build bridges,
to construct baths, and several other charitable works which they do in
such a way that I suppose the Turkish lords are beyond comparison greater
alms-givers than our Christian lords; and in proportion as they have good
zeal, they use great hospitality. They voluntarily lodge Christian, Turk,
and Jew alike.” See also Morosini, 270.
[711] He built seven mosques (Hammer, _Geschichte_, iii. 456), four
colleges at Mecca (_ibid._ 459), four colleges around the Suleimanieh
Mosque (_ibid._ 470), and endowed them all, etc.
[712] See above, p. 150.
[713] Ramberti came overland from Ragusa on his journey from Venice to
Constantinople.
[714] The writer seems not to have observed that these groves were
cemeteries.
[715] The writer evidently did not know that this Egyptian obelisk
consists of a single stone. It actually rests on four bronze cubes.
[716] This was the support of the tripod of the priestess at Delphi.
The heads have been broken off, and are now in the treasury of the Old
Seraglio at Constantinople.
[717] This was overthrown at the downfall of Ibrahim in 1536.
[718] This remarkable statement is probably the source of Nicolay’s
similar idea (p. 77). The Danube is more than two hundred miles distant
from Constantinople.
[719] Rather, of the Sea of Marmora.
[720] _Marrani_: Jews and Moors of Spain, baptized, but remaining true to
their own religion.
[721] This statement and the following one are certainly exaggerations.
[722] Either the writer’s geographical knowledge or the text is in
confusion. The description here, as well as that which follows, cannot be
made to fit the map.
[723] The boundary between Europe and Asia is now, of course, placed far
to the east of the Don.
[724] Compare Junis Bey, below, pp. 272, 273.
[725] Michaloghli.
[726] More accurately, Othman, beginning in 1299, ruled 27 years; Orchan,
33 years; Murad I, 30 years; Bayezid I, 13 years; Mohammed I (_Chelebi_)
in undisputed rule 8 years, after 11 years of civil war; Murad II, 30
years; Mohammed II, 30 years; Bayezid II, 31 years; Selim, 8 years, until
his death in 1520, when Suleiman came to the throne.
[727] Celeby and Calepino are forms of _Chelebi_, the Gentleman, which
was an appellation of Mohammed I; these three names, therefore, refer to
the same person.
[728] At this point the writer begins to follow the pamphlet of Junis Bey.
[729] Seraglio Point is thrust out into the Bosphorus just before it
meets the Sea of Marmora.
[730] The land on which Mohammed’s palace was built had belonged to the
church of St. Sophia under the Byzantine Empire. See above, p. 202.
[731] Junis Bey speaks of eight youths, but names six, as below.
[732] After Junis Bey. The word here is “_Chiuchter_.”
[733] There were two treasurers of the household, bearing the same name.
One labored within the palace, and one without. See above, p. 127.
[734] There is confusion here. The _Kapu Aghasi_ and the _Seraidar-bashi_
were the same person. The chief of the gate is rightly called the
_Kapuji-bashi_. Junis Bey shows similar confusion (below, p. 263). See
above, p. 126; and Redhouse, 1435.
[735] “_Talismani._” See above, p. 205.
[736] “_Capoglano._” The derivation is faulty; the literal meaning is
“gate-youth.”
[737] “_Gianizzerotti._” Junis Bey, below, p. 263, speaks of 400
gardeners, which is probably more nearly correct.
[738] “_Protogero._” _Kiaya_, or by transliteration _Ketkhuda_, is the
Turkish word. See above, p. 96, note 4.
[739] This should read “the _Bostanji-bashi_”: Junis Bey, 263.
[740] The chief taster.
[741] Junis Bey, 264, says five to six aspers each.
[742] Intendant or steward of the kitchen.
[743] The word translated “feudal income,” or “feudal grant,” is
“_timar_.” See above, p. 100 ff.
[744] This sentence was evidently inserted after the previous part of the
paragraph had been written. See below, p. 255.
[745] “_Centola._”
[746] This remark seems to contain a comparison between the relation of
the pope to the Roman emperor and that of the _Mufti_ to the sultan. Such
a comparison would, however, be inexact. See above, p. 209.
[747] “_Cavalleria._” Junis Bey, below, p. 265, calls them _cursori_.
[748] Junis Bey, 266, says 15 to 20 slaves each.
[749] “_Spezzate._”
[750] That the other _Chaushes_ were slaves not of the _Chaush-bashi_,
but of the sultan, is shown by the amount of their pay. See Junis Bey’s
testimony below, p. 265.
[751] Junis Bey, below, p. 266, says that the _Kiaya_ of the Janissaries
has 300 ducats of feudal grant per year, which would equal about 15,000
aspers.
[752] “_Giannizzeriasis._”
[753] “_Livreri._”
[754] “_Bracchi._”
[755] “_Assareri._”
[756] This Slavonic word seems to be used here simply in the sense of
“army officers.”
[757] “_Immensi._”
[758] This is an error. Probably the number intended is three hundred.
Junis Bey, below, p. 267, gives two hundred and fifty.
[759] Only two officers should be named here. The lieutenant
(_Protogero_) and the _Kiaya_ were the same. Junis Bey gives this
correctly.
[760] Under each _Agha_, or chief officer.
[761] The _Kiaya_ and the lieutenant are the same.
[762] This derivation is from a secondary meaning; the primary meaning is
“foreign youth.” See above, pp. 98, 99, note 1.
[763] “_Bracor-bashi._”
[764] This should read “_Kiaya_ and secretary.”
[765] “_Brene._”
[766] This is the common report in Western writers as regards the
_Peiks_. See Menavino, 155; Nicolay, 100.
[767] _Kiayas_ and secretaries.
[768] This refers to those whom Junis Bey, below, p. 268, calls
_Zainogiler_, a body of lancers, who are here erroneously classed with
the falconers. Junis Bey’s figures are 20,000 in all, 1000 receiving pay
in money. Are they the Voinaks (above, p. 131)?
[769] Junis Bey, “_cursor_,” a messenger or porter.
[770] Literally, “intendant of the town.”
[771] Junis Bey says 57.
[772] Usually called by Western writers “Dragoman.”
[773] This was the “Old Palace” of Mohammed the Conqueror, and stood
where the _Seraskierat_, or War Office now stands.
[774] Suleiman is said to have been faithful to Roxelana after he had
made her his wife. See above, p. 56.
[775] This should read “per day.” Junis Bey, below, p. 269.
[776] This should read 100,000: _ibid._
[777] Junis Bey, below, p. 270, says 200,000 per year.
[778] At the meetings of the Divan.
[779] This should read fifty each: Junis Bey, below, p. 271.
[780] “_Che fanno fattione._”
[781] This should read “ten thousand”: Junis Bey, below, p. 272.
[782] Of the Turkish possessions in Asia.
[783] “_Maldac._”
[784] “_Esdum._” Junis Bey, below, p. 272, has “_exdrun_.”
[785] More correctly, _Irak Ajam_, north-central Persia.
[786] Junis Bey, 273, counts these as two, and the whole number as
thirty-six.
[787] Herzegovina.
[788] “_Cangri._”
[789] “_Hallayce_” or “_Allaye_.”
[790] The ancient Magnesia.
[791] The plain of Albistan.
[792] “_Alziden._”
[793] Evidently the writer intended to fill these in, but failed to
secure the names.
[794] This amounts to about four million ducats a year.
[795] The reference is, of course, to the feudal _Spahis_ and their
officers, who then received according to this estimate two-thirds of the
revenues of the empire.
[796] At this point the smaller type begins. See below, p. 315.
[797] The object of this appendix is to set forth in outline the features
of the Mogul government, in order to suggest comparison with that of the
Ottoman Empire. Completeness neither of research nor of exposition has
been attempted. A list of the authorities consulted, most of which are
secondary, will be found at the end of the appendix.
[798] Lavisse and Rambaud, _Histoire Générale_, vi. 879.
[799] Leopold Ranke, _The Ottoman and the Spanish Empires_, Preface, 1.
[800] The report at this page, though ascribed to Jacopo Soranzo, 1581,
and so referred to in the foregoing footnotes, was really written in 1582
by some one in his suite.
GLOSSARY OF TURKISH WORDS
The pronunciation of the words defined should be approximately phonetic,
the vowels by the continental system, the consonants as usually in
English. Forms not defined are variant Western spellings. Gh is silent
except at the beginning of a word. Plurals of nouns originally Turkish
are formed by affixing -ler or -lar. The plurals in -s used in the
foregoing pages are Anglicized.
Achiar, or Aconiziae, _see_ Akinji.
Adet, established custom, 152, 161.
Agha, a general officer.
Aghiar, _see_ Akinji.
Agiamoglani, _see_ Ajem-oghlan.
Ajem-oghlan (untrained youth), a cadet or apprentice Janissary, 79 ff.
Akinji, the irregular cavalry, 105.
Alai Bey, a colonel of the feudal cavalry, 103.
Alcangi, Akanzi, or Alengi, _see_ Akinji.
Allophase, _see_ Ulufagi.
Ameji, a receiver of petitions, etc., 183.
Aquangi, _see_ Akinji.
Arpa-emini, intendant of forage, 132.
Ashji-bashi, a chief cook, 245.
Azab, the irregular infantry, 105.
Bailo (Italian), a Venetian minister resident at Constantinople.
Bairam, the name of two great Moslem festivals, 136.
Balucasi, _see_ Boluk-bashi.
Bascia, _see_ Pasha.
Bash, a head, a chief.
Bassa, _see_ Pasha.
Berat, an ordinance, or document conferring a dignity or privilege.
Berat-emini, a distributor of ordinances, 253.
Beylerbey (lord of lords), a general of feudal cavalry and governor
of a province or group of provinces, 103.
Beylikji, a director of the three chancery bureaus, 183.
Beylik Kalemi, a bureau of the Chancery, 183.
Bezestan, a market house in Constantinople, built by Mohammed II.
Bin(m)bashi (chief of a thousand), a colonel.
Boluk-bashi, a captain of the Janissaries, 249.
Bostanji, a gardener.
Bostanji-bashi, the head gardener of the Sultan’s palace—a high
official, 130.
Cacaia, _see_ Kiaya.
Cadilescher, _see_ Kaziasker.
Cahaia, or Caia, _see_ Kiaya.
Calvalgibassi, _see_ Helvaji-bashi.
Capagasi, _see_ Kapu-aghasi.
Capiagabasi, _see_ Kapuji-bashi.
Capi (oglan), _see_ Ghureba (oghlan).
Caragi, _see_ Kharâji.
Caripicus, _see_ Ghureba.
Caripp (oglan), _see_ Ghureba (oghlan).
Caripy, _see_ Ghureba.
Carmandari (Italianized), muleteers, 251.
Carzeri, _see_ Kharâji.
Casnandarbasi, _see_ Khazinehdar-bashi.
Cavriliji (Italianized), a herdsman, 251.
Ceyssi, _see_ Seis.
Chakirji, a vulturer, 252.
Chasnejir, a taster, 245.
Chasnejir-bashi, a chief taster, 245.
Chaush, an usher, 130.
Chaush-bashi, chief of the Chaushes—a high official, 183.
Checaya, or Chechessi, _see_ Kiaya.
Chelebi, a gentleman.
Cheri-bashi (chief of soldiery), a petty officer of feudal cavalry.
Chiccaia, or Chietcudasci, _see_ Kiaya.
Chokadar, a page of high rank, 127.
Ciarcagi, _see_ Ghureba.
Ciaus, _see_ Chaush.
Cogia, _see_ Hoja.
Coureyschs, _see_ Koreish.
Danishmend, a master of arts, 205.
Dar ul-harb, home or land of war, 29.
Dar ul-Islam, home or land of Islam, 64.
Defterdar, a treasurer, 167 ff., 174.
Defter-emini (intendant of account-books), a recorder of fiefs, 172.
Deli, crazy (appellation of a scout or a captain of the Akinji).
Dervish, a member of a Moslem religious order, 207.
Deveji, a camel-driver, 251.
Devshurmeh, a gathering or collecting (of the tribute boys), 51.
Divan, the Ottoman council of state, 187 ff.; a council of a great officer,
216, note 3.
Dulbend, or Dulipante (Italianized), a turban.
Emin (plural Umena), an intendant, 132.
Emir, a descendant of the prophet Mohammed, 206 ff.; a commander, a
governor.
Emir-al-Akhor, a grand equerry, 131.
Ersi kharâjiyeh, tribute lands, 31.
Ersi memleket, state lands, 31.
Ersi ’ushriyeh, tithe lands, 31.
Eski, old.
Fetva, a response from a Mufti, 208, 223.
Fetva-khaneh, the drafting bureau of the Sheik ul-Islam, 208.
Fikh, the practical regulations of the Sacred Law, 153.
Firman, an administrative ordinance, 157.
Gachaia, _see_ Kiaya.
Gharib (oglan), _see_ Ghureba (oghlan).
Ghureba (foreigner), a member of the lowest corps of the standing
cavalry, 98 and note 5.
Gonnullu, a volunteer soldier or sailor, 102.
Gul-behar, rose of spring (a feminine proper name), 57 note 3.
Hebegibassi, _see_ Jebeji-bashi.
Hekim-bashi, a chief physician, 129.
Helvaji-bashi, a chief confectioner, 245.
Hoja, a teacher; the Sultan’s adviser, 128.
Holofagi, _see_ Ulufagi.
Humayun, imperial.
Iaching, _see_ Akinji.
Ianicerotti (Italianized), the Ajem-oghlans.
Iaxagi, _see_ Yaziji.
Ikinji Kapu-oghlan, a white eunuch in charge of the second gate of
the place, 128.
Imâm, the Caliph or lawful successor of Mohammed, 28, 150, 235; a leader
of daily prayers, 206.
Imbrahor, Imbroor, Imrakhor, or Imror, _see_ Emir-al-Akhor.
Iskemleji, a page of high rank, 244.
Itch-oghlan (inside youth), a page in one of the Sultan’s palaces, 73
ff.
Jebeji-bashi, a chief armorer, 252.
Jerrah-bashi, a chief surgeon, 129.
Jizyeh, a poll or capitation tax on non-Moslems, 175.
Kadi, _see_ Kazi.
Kadi al asker, or Kadi l’esker, _see_ Kaziasker.
Kaim, a caretaker of a mosque, 206.
Kalem, a bureau of the Treasury, 168 ff.
Kanun, an imperial decree, 152, 158.
Kanuni, legislator, 27.
Kanun-nameh, a book or collection of laws, 158 ff.
Kapu Aghasi (general of the gate), the white eunuch in charge of the
principal palace, 126.
Kapudan Pasha, an admiral, 189.
Kapuji, a gatekeeper, 130.
Kapuji-bashi, a head gatekeeper, 126.
Kapujilar-kiayasi, a grand chamberlain, 190.
Kazi, a judge, 215 ff.
Kaziasker (judge of the army), one of the two chief judges of the
Ottoman Empire, 220 ff.
Ketkhuda, _see_ Kiaya.
Kharâj, a tax or tribute in money or kind on lands belonging to
non-Moslems, 175.
Kharâji, a non-Moslem who pays the kharâj, 41.
Khass Oda (private chamber), the highest chamber of pages, 75, 126.
Khass, a very large fief, 100.
Khatib, a leader of Friday prayers, 206.
Khazinehdar-bashi, a treasurer-in-chief, 127.
Khazineh-odassi (chamber of the treasury), the second chamber of
pages, 127.
Khojagan, a chief of a treasury bureau, 168.
Khurrem, happy, joyful (a feminine proper name), 57.
Kiaya (common form of ketkhuda), a steward or lieutenant, 96 note 4,
125.
Kiaya-bey, the lieutenant of the grand vizier, 182 ff.
Kiaya Katibi, a private secretary of the Kiaya-bey, 184.
Kilerji-bashi, a chief of the sultan’s pantry, 127.
Kiler-odassi (chamber of the pantry), the third chamber of pages, 127.
Kizlar Aghasi (general of the girls), the black eunuch in charge of
the palace of the harem, 125.
Koreish, the Arabian tribe of which Mohammed the prophet was a
member, 150, 235.
Kul, a slave; one of the sultan’s slave-family, 47 ff.
Masraf-shehriyari (imperial steward), substitute for the intendant of
kitchen, 132.
Mawuna, or Maone (Italianized), a sailing vessel.
Mecter, _see_ Mihter.
Medresseh, a secondary school or college, 203 ff.
Mekteb, a school, 203.
Mektubji, a private secretary of the grand vizier, 184.
Mihter, a tent-pitcher; a musician.
Mihter-bashi, the chief tent-pitcher, 132.
Mir Alem, the imperial standard bearer, 131, 206.
Miri-akhor, _see_ Emir-al-Akhor.
Molla, a judge of high rank, 217.
Mosellem, a fief holder by ancient tenure, 105.
Muderis, a professor in a Medresseh, 205.
Muezzin, one who calls Moslems to prayer, 206.
Mufettish, a special judge dealing with endowments, 201, 218.
Mufti, a Moslem legal authority; in particular, the Sheik ul-Islam, 207
ff.
Muhtesib, a lieutenant of police, 219.
Mujtahid, a doctor of the Sacred Law.
Mulâzim (candidate), a graduate of the higher Medressehs, 205.
Mulk, land held in fee-simple, 31.
Munejim-bashi, a chief astrologer, 129.
Muste emin, a resident foreigner, 34.
Mutbakh-emini, intendant of the kitchen, 132.
Muteferrika, the Noble Guard, 129.
Muteveli, an administrator of an endowment, 201.
Naib, an inferior judge, 218.
Nakib ol-Eshraf, the chief of the Seids or descendants of the prophet
Mohammed, 206.
Nazir, an inspector of an endowment, 201.
Nishanji, a chancellor, 182 ff.
Nizam al-mulk, basis of the order of the kingdom (title of a vizier
of Melek Shah), 306.
Oda (a room), a chamber of the pages or of the harem recruits; a
company of the Janissaries.
Oda-bashi (head of chamber), the page of highest rank, 244; a
corporal of the Janissaries, 249.
Oghlan, a youth.
Okumak-yerleri (reading-places), primary schools, 203.
Orta, a company of the Janissaries. (_See also_ Oda.)
Ouloufedgis, _see_ Ulufaji.
Papuji, a page of high rank, 244.
Pasha, a very high official.
Peik, a member of the body-guard of halbardiers, 130.
Podesta (Italian), a municipal judge.
Quaia, or Queaya, _see_ Kiaya.
Ramazan, the Moslem month of fasting.
Rayah, non-Moslem Ottoman subjects, 159.
Reis Effendi, or Reis ul-Khuttab, a recording secretary, 174; a
recording secretary of the Divan, later an important minister
of state, 182 ff.
Reis ul-Ulema (head of the Ulema), an early title of the Sheik
ul-Islam, 208 note 3.
Rekiab-Aghalari (generals of the stirrup), a group of high officers
of the outside service of the palace, 131.
Rusnamehji, a chief book-keeper of the Treasury, 168.
Ruus Kalemi, a bureau of the Chancery, 183.
Sakka, a water-carrier.
Sanjak, a flag or standard, a district.
Sanjak Bey, a high officer of feudal cavalry and governor of a
Sanjak, 103.
Saremin, _see_ Shehr-emini.
Sarraf, a banker.
Schēni, _see_ Iskemleji.
Seferli-odassi (chamber of campaign), the fourth chamber of pages,
128 note 1.
Segban-bashi (master of the hounds), the second officer of the corps
of Janissaries, 96, 132 note 3.
Seid, a descendant of the prophet Mohammed, 206.
Seis, a groom, 251.
Selicter, _see_ Silihdar.
Seracter, _see_ Sharabdar.
Serai, a palace.
Seraskier, a commander-in-chief.
Serraj, saddlers, 251.
Seymen-bashi, a popular form of Segban-bashi, _q. v._
Shahinji, a falconer, 252.
Sharabdar (drink-bearer), a page of high rank, 127.
Shehr-emini, intendant of imperial buildings, 132.
Sheik, a preacher; a head of a religious community, 206.
Sheik ul-Islam, the Mufti of Constantinople and head of the Moslem
Institution, 208 ff.
Sheri (or Sheriat), the Moslem Sacred Law, 152 ff.
Sherif, a descendant of the prophet Mohammed, 206.
Silihdar (sword-bearer), a member of the second corps of standing
cavalry, 98 and note 5; the page who carried the sultan’s
arms, 127.
Sillictar, _see_ Silihdar.
Sipah, or Sipahi, _see_ Spahi.
Sofi, woolen; a dervish (an appellation of the Shah of Persia).
Softa, an undergraduate in a Medresseh, 205.
Solak (left-handed), a janissary bowman of the sultan’s personal
guard, 129.
Spachi, _see_ Spahi.
Spacoillain, _see_ Spahi-oghlan.
Spahi, a cavalry soldier; a member of the standing or feudal cavalry,
47, 98 ff., 100 ff.
Spahi-oghlan (cavalry youth), a member of the highest corps of the
standing cavalry, 98 and note 5.
Spai, _see_ Spahi.
Subashi, a captain of the feudal cavalry and governor of a town, 103.
Sukhta (inflamed), _see_ Softa.
Sulastrus, _see_ Silihdar.
Sultana, a princess or queen mother, 125; (the true Turkish form uses
a proper name or the word Valideh, followed by Sultan).
Suluphtar, _see_ Silihdar.
Tahvil Kalemi, a bureau of the Chancery, 183.
Talisman, _see_ Danishmend.
Tapu, a tenant’s lease or title deed, 31.
Terjuman, an interpreter (dragoman).
Terjuman Divani Humayun, a chief interpreter of the sultan, 183.
Teshrifat, ceremony, 134.
Teshrifatji, a master of ceremonies, 184.
Teskereh, a document.
Teskereji, a master of petitions, 184.
Teskereji-bashi (chief of document-writers), the Nishanji, 184, 185.
Timar, a fief of small income, 100; feudal income.
Timarji, the holder of a Timar.
Tughra, the sultan’s monogram, 185.
Ulema (plural of âlim, a learned man), the whole body of Moslems
learned in the Sacred Law, 203 ff.
Ulufaji (paid troops), a member of the third corps of the sultan’s
standing cavalry, 98 and note 5.
Umena, plural of Emin.
Urf, the sovereign will of the reigning sultan, 152, 162.
’Ushr, a tithe on lands belonging to Moslems, 175.
Vakf, a religious endowment, 31, 201 ff.
Valideh, a mother.
Veznedar, an official weigher of money, 132.
Vizier (burden-bearer), a minister of state, 163 ff.
Voivode (Slavic), an officer, a governor.
Yachinji, _see_ Akinji.
Yaya, a fief holder by ancient tenure, owing infantry service, 105.
Yaziji, a scribe or secretary.
Yedi-kuleh (seven towers), a strong castle against the land wall of
Constantinople, 172.
Yenicheri (new soldiery), the corps of the Janissaries, 91 ff.
Yeni Oda (new chamber), the lowest chamber of pages in the principal
palace, 75, 127.
Zagarji-bashi (master of the harriers), a high officer of the
Janissaries, 132 note 5.
Zanijiler (Italianized), lancers or Voinaks (?), 252.
Zarabkhane-emini, intendant of mints and mines, 132.
Ziam, the holder of a Ziamet.
Ziamet, a large fief, 100.
Zimmi, a tributary non-Moslem subject, 34.
INDEX
INDEX
Achmet I, 126 note 1, 160 and note 5.
Advancement based on merit, 82-86;
in Mogul Empire, 283.
Adviser of sultan (_Hoja_), 128, 218, 225.
Afghans, in Mogul Empire, 280, 282.
Agra, 287.
Agricultural conditions, 144 and note 2, 163, 177;
under Moguls in India, 297, 298.
Akbar, Mogul emperor, 278, 281;
removed poll-tax on non-Moslems, 284;
army of, 295;
presents made to, 188;
harem of, 290;
revenue system of, 293, 294;
amount of revenue of, 195;
policy of, toward cultivators of soil, 297;
removed internal tolls, 298;
tolerated Hindus, 298;
relation to Mohammedanism of, 302;
“divine faith” of, 302.
Albania, status of, 30, 33, 258, 297;
furnished tribute boys, 52, 74.
Ali Pasha, grand vizier of Suleiman, steps in promotion of, 87, 88;
great authority, 164.
Anatolia, 77, 79 note 4, 102, 104, 168, 169, 220;
_Beylerbey_ of, 103-105, 189.
Arabia, status of, 6, 30;
rendering of justice in, 37;
taxation in, 175, 176.
Arabic language, 21, 77.
Arabs, influence on Ottoman Empire, 4, 20, 23;
in Foreign Legion, 50;
relation of, to Ottoman government, 227, 258, 297;
service of, to Mogul emperors, 281.
Arbitrary taxes, 175, 176.
Architecture, in Ottoman Empire, 23, 24, 239-241;
in Mogul Empire, 287, 295.
Armenian subjects, a separate organization, 34, 37;
not liable to tribute of boys, 34.
Arms, of _Spahis_ of the Porte and Janissaries, 138, 139;
of Mogul infantry, 285.
Army—
Of Ottoman Empire, 90-113, 194;
principal subdivisions of, 91;
the territorial army, 104, 105;
numbers in, 106, 107 and note 1;
the supreme command of, 109-111;
indivisibility of, 111-113.
Of Mogul emperors, 279, 285-287;
compared with Ottoman army, 285.
Artillery of Mogul emperors, 286.
Asia Minor, Occidental influence in, 7;
occupation of, by Turks, 5, 14 ff., 35, 227;
defined, 14 note 1;
teachers from, 77;
Janissary apprentices sent to, 79;
heretics in, 210.
_See_ Anatolia.
Astrologer of sultan, 129.
Audiences, of Suleiman, 101;
of Aurangzeb, 289, 296;
of Humayun, 296.
Aurangzeb, Mogul emperor, compared with Suleiman, 278, 302;
a zealous Moslem, 284, 298, 302;
army of, 286, 287;
audiences of, 289, 296;
sisters of, 291;
views on government of, 292;
in civil wars, 293;
revenue of, 295;
reimposed capitation tax on non-Moslems, 295;
education of, 300, 301.
Austria, raided, 29, 50;
paid tribute to Suleiman, 30, 177;
wars of, with Ottoman Empire, 112, 113.
Baber, founder of Mogul Empire, house of, compared with house of
Osman, 278, 292, 293, 299 (_see_ Timur, house of);
followers of, 279;
character of, 280;
family life of, 281;
treatment of Moslem subjects by, 298.
Babylon, 4.
Bairam, feast of, 135, 136, 140.
Balkan peninsula, 6, 51, 103.
_See_ Albanians, Bulgarians, Rumelia, Servians.
Bangash tribe of Afghans, 281, 282.
Battle, order of, 100, 104.
Bayezid II, circumstances of deposition of, 94;
gave _kullar_ their own justice, 116;
honor shown the _Mufti_ by, 209.
Bayezid, son of Suleiman, execution of, 94, 95, 142, 143;
war against, 136.
Bedchamber, gentlemen of the, 75-78, 126, 127.
Body-guards, 129.
Bondage, American colonial, compared with Ottoman slavery, 60 note 7.
Booty, 176, 178.
Bosra, 31.
Brahmins, 282, 298.
Buddhist influence on Mogul Empire, 279.
Bulgarians, 16, 33, 35, 74.
Bureaucratic tendencies, 19, 32, 186, 187.
Bureaus, of the Treasury, 168 ff.;
of the Chancery, 183;
of the _Mufti_, 208.
Busbecq, opinion of, on Ottoman education, 74, 86;
dealings with Janissaries, 96;
witnessed ceremonies, 136-141;
on execution of Mustapha, 213.
Byzantine Empire, disintegration of, in 13th century, 6;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 21, 24, 227.
Caliph, as _Imâm_, 28, 157, 163 note 1;
the sultan as, 150;
Suleiman as, 234.
Canon law, of Roman Catholic Church, 157;
of Moslems, _see_ Sacred Law.
Capitation tax, 21, 170, 175, 284.
Caucasus, slaves from, 16, 34, 50, 57, 281.
_See_ Circassia, Georgia, Mingrelia.
Cavalry—
Of Ottoman Empire, regular, _see_ _Spahis_ of the Porte;
feudal, 100-105;
irregular, 105-107.
Of Mogul Empire, regular, 285;
feudal, 285, 286.
Ceremonies of the Court, 133-141;
law of, 134, 158.
Chancellor, 182-187, 189, 248.
Chancery, bureaus of, 183;
personnel of, 186, 187.
Charles V, Emperor, relations of, with Suleiman, 112, 113 and note 2.
China, influence of, on Turks and Mongols, 5, 19, 118.
Christians, converted and incorporated as Turks, 8, 14-17, 63-68;
not entrusted with great power, 62;
right to practise their religion, 211, 212.
_See_ Renegade Christians.
Christian subjects of Ottoman Empire, protected by Sacred Law, 26,
212;
position of, 34;
subject to levy of male children, 51-55;
relation of, to Sultan, 151;
legislation regarding, 159, 160 note 1;
taxation of, 170, 175;
church lands of, 172;
Selim I’s attempt to convert forcibly, 211, 212;
treatment of, in courts, 222.
Circassia, slaves from, 33 note 2, 57, 74, 290.
Civil war, in Ottoman Empire, 94;
in Mogul Empire, 293, 301.
Clergy, Moslem, 206.
Codifications, of Moslem Sacred Law, 152, 153, 292;
of sultans’ legislation, 158-161.
Colleges, of pages, 73-79;
of education, 203-205.
Comparison of the Ruling Institution and the Moslem Institution,
227-236;
likenesses, 227-230;
differences, 230-232;
relative power, 232-236.
Confiscations, 55, 172, 178, 179.
Conservatism, in regard to taxation, 177;
in education, 204;
of the two great institutions compared, 230, 232, 233.
_See_ Custom.
Constantinople described, 239-241.
Constitution, the Sacred Law a form of, 27, 28, 150, 156, 157, 175,
193, 209, 214.
Conversion to Mohammedanism, in Asia Minor, 15 ff.;
by Ottoman Turks, 33, 67;
by the Ruling Institution, 62-71;
meaning of, 62, 63;
why encouraged, 63-66;
not usually forcible, 63 and note 2, 66 and note 3, 67;
sincerity of, uncertain, 68-69;
in India, 284.
Corruption, official, 32, 39, 86, 144, 161, 177;
judicial, 222.
Costumes, 134, 135.
Counsellors-at-law, _see_ Jurists.
Court—
Of the sultan, 120-145;
separation of men and women, 121;
organization of household, 123;
the harem, 124-126;
the inside service, 126-128;
the outside service, 128-133;
ceremonies of, 133-141;
influence of, 141-145.
Of Mogul emperors, 287-291.
Courts of justice, the Divan, 187-193, 221;
of the Grand Vizier, 166, 221;
of the _Kaziaskers_, 220;
of present-day Turkey, 154 note 2;
procedure of, 219-221;
venality of, discussed, 222, 223;
the law administered by, 223.
Crimean Tartary, status, 30;
rendering of justice in, 37, 216;
slaves sent from, 50;
Selim I married princess from, 58 note 2;
contingent furnished by, 106;
Khan of, pensioned, 171.
Croatians, 34.
Crusades, 6-9, 227.
_Cursus honorum_, of Ruling Institution illustrated, 87, 88;
of Moslem Institution, 212 and note 1, 235.
Custom, power of, 19, 21, 27, 230.
Customary law, 152, 161, 162, 223.
Decentralization, tendency toward, 32, 38, 174.
Delhi, Moslem capital of India, 280, 285, 287, 299, 300.
Democracy, 84, 198, 225.
Dervishes, 37, 207, 300.
Descendants of Mohammed the Prophet (_Seids_), 37, 206, 207, 225, 300.
Despotism, in Ottoman Empire, 25-27, 46, 48, 55, 151, 159, 174, 193;
in Mogul Empire, 279, 292.
Dil-Dar, wife of Baber, 290.
Discipline, of Janissaries, 96, 97 and note 1;
of army generally, 108, 109;
of Ruling Institution, 196.
Divan, 135, 166, 187-193;
membership of, 188-190;
sessions of, 189-191;
general character of, 191-193;
comparison with audiences of Aurangzeb, 296;
of the Grand Vizier, 166;
of lesser officials, 216 note 3.
Domain lands, 31, 169, 171, 172, 176.
Donatives to Janissaries, 92 and note 5.
Ebu su’ud, the _Mufti_, 120, 212 and note 2, 213;
table of contents of his collection of Suleiman’s laws, 276, 277.
Education—
Of members of Ruling Institution, 71-88, 196, 197;
comprehensiveness of, 71, 72;
classification of, 73.
Of members of Moslem Institution, 203-206, 225;
comparison of above systems, 228, 229, 234, 235.
Of Moslems in India, 300.
Egypt, unable to unify Levant, 10;
status of, 30;
inhabitants of, 33;
Janissaries of, 95;
legislation for, 159, 160;
taxation of, 176;
Mamelukes of, 280.
Emancipation of slaves, 48, 60.
Endowments, religious and charitable, 31, 32, 200-203, 234 and note
1, 235, 300.
Equerries, 131.
Equity in Turkey, 223.
Eugene, Prince, 287.
Eunuchs, 57, 125-128.
Execution, grounds of, 88;
of Mustapha, 89, 94, 95, 142, 213;
of Bayezid and Ibrahim, 89, 94, 111, 141, 142;
of grand viziers, 167;
process of, 210, 221;
policy of, 222.
_See_ Fratricide.
Expenditures of government, 178, 179.
Extortion, 32, 86, 144, 163, 182.
Fatehpur-Sikri, 287, 302.
Ferdinand I, Archduke and Emperor, 30, 112.
Feudal cavalry—
Of Ottoman Empire, 100-105;
rights of, 100;
obligations of, 101;
officers of, 103-105.
Of Mogul Empire, 280, 285, 286.
Feudal system of Ottomans, 21, 24, 100-105, 176, 181 and note 2;
law of, 152, 159-161;
of Mogul Empire, 285, 286.
Fiefs, origin of, 21, 24, 31, 32;
reorganized by Suleiman, 102;
vacancies, 178.
Fleet, 171, 178, 179.
Foreign affairs, minister of, 183-185.
Foreign Legion, 50, 98, 99 note 1.
Foreigners in Ottoman Empire, privileges of, 35, 37, 38;
relation of, to sultan, 151;
taxation of, 176, 177.
Foundations, _see_ Endowments.
Fratricide of Ottoman sultans, 27 and note 2, 94 and note 2;
not authorized in Mogul Empire, 293.
Gardener, the head, 81, 130, 131.
Generals (_Aghas_), of the Janissaries, 96;
of the _Spahis_, 99;
of the army, 110;
of the sultan’s harem, 125;
of the imperial stirrup, 131;
in the Divan, 189, 191.
Genghis Khan, 280.
Georgia, status of, 30;
slaves furnished by, 33.
Ghazali, 221.
Government—
Of Ottoman Empire, described, 146-198;
rested on old political ideas, 4;
functions of, 147, 148;
limitation to its own affairs, 149, 174, 175;
compared with Mogul government, 278 ff.
Of Mogul Empire, of inferior strength and durability, 278-279;
described, 292-298.
_See_ Local government.
Governors of provinces, in Ottoman Empire (_Beylerbeys_), 103, 174,
187, 189, 191, 207, 216, 219, 220;
in Mogul Empire (_Naibs_), 296, 297.
Grand vizier, 164-167, 189-191, 220, 221, 229;
none in Mogul Empire, 296.
Greek Orthodox subjects, a separate organization, 34, 37;
the sultan their temporal head, 151.
Gritti, Alvise (or Luigi), household of, 58 note 4;
given command in Hungary, 62;
testimony of, as to Suleiman’s income, 179;
pamphlet of (with Junis Bey), 262-275.
Gul-Badan, daughter of Baber, 281, 290.
Hanifa, Abu, 152, 224.
Harem—
Of Suleiman, organization of, 56;
recruited from slaves, usually Christian, 56, 57;
number of women in, 56;
education of recruits for, 78, 79;
officers of, 125;
Suleiman’s mother, consorts, and daughter, 126.
Of Mogul emperors, 290, 291.
Harem intrigue, 121, 165.
Harun Al-Rashid, 295.
Heads of executed persons, 221.
Heredity of privilege and office discouraged, 66, 117-120;
how permitted to feudal cavalry, 101;
in Mogul Empire, 286.
Heretics, Moslem, 210, 211.
Hindus, influence of, on Mogul Empire, 279;
in service of Mogul emperors, 281, 286;
their religion tolerated, 298;
condition of, compared with that of Moslem subjects, 299.
Holy Cities of Mecca and Medina, 30, 125, 153, 169, 171, 228, 284.
Holy war, 209.
Household of the sultan, 123-133;
organization of, 123;
the harem, 124-126;
the inside service, 126-128;
the outside service, 128-133;
number in, 133.
Humayun, Mogul emperor, orders of nobility of, 282, 283;
artillery of, 286;
attendants of, at court, 288;
in civil war, 293;
ministers of state of, 295;
audiences of, 296.
Hungary, 30, 33, 51, 74, 178;
administration of, 176;
small proportion of Moslems in, 284.
Huns, 10, 20.
Hunting organization, 132.
Ibrahim Halebi, 153.
Ibrahim Pasha, grand vizier, treatment of parents, 53;
estate of, taken by Suleiman, 55;
vast power of, 83, 164, 167;
made Seraskier, 110;
execution of, 89, 111, 141;
proposes to settle Lutheran controversy, 113;
chief falconer, 132;
marriage of, 136 note 2;
other references, 62, 246, 265.
Ideas, not racial descent, the basis of Ottoman Empire, 3 ff., 228;
illustrated in Mogul Empire, 279-283.
Immunity from taxation, of the _kullar_, 35, 66, 114, 115;
of the _Ulema_, 35, 118, 119, 203, 206.
Imperial family, in Ottoman Empire, 56-58;
in Mogul Empire, 281, 290, 293.
Income of Suleiman, 179-182, 260;
of Mogul emperor, 293-295.
Incorporating spirit, of early Ottomans, 16;
of Tatars, 18;
of Ottoman Turks, 64 and note 3;
of Moslems and Byzantines, 65;
of Ruling and Moslem Institutions, 228.
India, absorbs gold and silver, 294;
influence of, upon Mogul Empire, 279;
prosperity of, under Akbar, 298.
Infantry—
Of Ottoman Empire, regular, _see_ Janissaries;
irregular, 105-107.
Of Mogul Empire, 285.
Inside service, 126-128.
Institutions of government in Ottoman Empire, 25, 35-38;
compared with Mogul institution, 278, 279.
_See_ Moslem Institution, and Ruling Institution.
Intendants, 132.
Interest, lawful only for funds of mosques, 201 note 3.
Interpreters, 130, 183.
Iranians, 13 and notes 3, 4.
Irregular troops, 50, 105-107.
Iskender Chelebi, _Defterdar_, estate of, taken by Suleiman, 55;
educational system and armed household of, 59.
Issus, battle of, 7.
Janissaries, described, 47, 91-97;
religious character of, 68, 69;
rule against admission of their sons broken down, 69 note 3;
not supposed to marry, 70;
uprisings of, 92;
conquests limited by, 93;
influence of upon succession to the throne, 93-95;
number of, 95 and note 3;
organization and officers of, 95, 96;
promotions of, 96;
appearance of, 138, 139;
finances of, 169, 179;
other references, 249, 250, 266, 267.
Janissary apprentices (_ajem-oghlans_), education of, 79-82;
rewards of, 82, 83;
punishments of, 88;
other references, 47, 73, 129, 254, 255, 269, 270.
Jehan-Ara, daughter of Shah-Jehan, 291.
Jehangir, son of Suleiman, 142, 143 note 1.
Jehangir, Mogul emperor, elephants of, 286;
ceremony of weighing of, 288, 289;
harem of, 290;
sense of responsibility of, 292;
in civil war, 293.
Jelal ad-din Rumi, 118.
Jemali, the _Mufti_, 211, 212.
Jerbé, victory of, 89.
Jewish subjects, not liable to tribute of boys, 34;
have separate organization, 34, 37;
the sultan their legal head, 151;
Ramberti’s testimony regarding, 241.
Judges—
General description of, 216-223;
classification of, 216-219;
venality of, discussed, 222, 223;
the law administered by, 223;
power of, over individuals, 224.
Grand vizier, 165, 189-191, 220, 221.
_Kaziaskers_, in Divan, 167, 189-191;
duties, 217-220;
other references, 225, 247, 263.
Special, for endowments, 201, 218.
In Mogul Empire, 297, 300.
Junis Bey, chief interpreter of Suleiman, testimony of, as to
Suleiman’s income, 179;
pamphlet of (with Alvise Gritti), 262-275.
Jurisconsults or jurists (_muftis_), 207-215, 225, 303;
their chief (_Sheik ul-Islam_), 151, 208 ff., 247, 299.
Jurisprudence, Moslem, 153-155.
Justice, systems of, in general, 34-36, 216;
of the Janissaries, 97;
of the _kullar_, 116;
of the _Ulema_, 203;
of the _Seids_, 206, 207;
of the Moslem Institution, 215-224;
in India, 297, 300.
Justinian, 6, 158.
Kara Khalil Chendereli, traditional founder of Janissaries, 63, 64,
117.
Khaireddin Barbarossa, 246.
Khosrew Pasha, 152.
Khurrem (or Roxelana), wife of Suleiman, 56-58, 95, 126, 141-143, 213.
Kitchen service, 129.
Kiuprilis, 165.
Koran, 40, 42, 152, 214, 223, 300.
Koreish, 150, 235.
Kurdistan, 30.
Kurds, 105, 106, 296.
Land system, outline of, 28-32;
complication of, 32, 175, 176.
Law, classification of, 152;
of Ceremonies, 134;
of Subjects, Fiefs, Egypt, and Fines and Punishments, 159, 160.
_See also_ Sacred Law.
Law schools, 203-205.
Lawyers, none in Turkey, 208, 223.
Learned associates of sultans, 128, 129, 218, 225.
Legislation, 27, 150-163;
of the sultans generally, 157-158;
of Mohammed II, 158, 159;
of Suleiman, 32, 159-161;
of the jurists through _fetvas_, 214.
Lepanto, battle of, 95, 143.
Local government—
In Ottoman Empire, officers of, 103-105, 256-260, 270-272;
justice in, 216-220.
In Mogul Empire, 294, 296, 297.
Mahmûd of Ghazni, 280, 283.
Malta, 143, 145.
Malversations, 177, 294.
Mamelukes of Egypt: how recruited, 33;
duration of rule, 280.
March, order of, 274, 275.
Master of ceremonies, 184.
Masters of the hunt, 132.
Mediterranean civilization, 7, 279.
Menzikert, battle of, 7.
Merit the basis of advancement, 82-86;
also in Mogul Empire, 283.
Mesopotamia, 31.
Michael of the Pointed Beard, 117, 118.
Mihrmah, daughter of Suleiman, 126, 142, 143.
Mines, 132, 171, 176.
Mingrelia, status of, 30;
slaves furnished by, 33, 57, 289.
Missionary motive of Ruling Institution, 62-71.
Mogul emperor’s authority, original feudal bond, 279, 280;
commander-in-chief of army, 283;
despot, 298.
Mogul Empire, less durable than Ottoman, 278, 279;
government of, 278-303;
financial greatness of, 295.
Mohacs, battles of, 177, 278.
Mohammedanism, relation to Christianity, 8, 68;
effect on Turkish character, 8;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 21, 227 ff.;
missionary energy of, 63, 64, 284.
Moldavia, 30, 52 note 1, 106, 129, 178, 297.
Mohammed II, the Conqueror, quotation from letter of, to Uzun Hassan,
title page, 64;
his _Kanun_ of fratricide, 94 and note 2, 142;
dined alone, 122 and note 3;
built palace, 123;
adopted ceremonies, 134;
ordered Sacred Law codified, 152;
legislation of, 158, 159;
organized the Treasury, 168;
instituted tax-farming, 177;
regulated education of Moslem Institution, 203;
rule of as to jurisdiction of _Kaziaskers_, 220.
Mohammed Piri Pasha, grand vizier, 167.
Mohammed Sokolli, grand vizier, 120, 164, 165, 167.
Mohammed the Prophet, tradition of, 152;
descendants of, 206, 225, 300;
completed Sacred Law, 209;
granted toleration to Christian subjects, 212;
represented by judges, 220;
founder of Moslem system, 224, 235;
derivation of ideas, of, 227.
Mongols, relation of, to Turks, 12;
invasion of, 15;
empire of, 280.
_See_ Tatars.
Morocco, 30.
Moslem-born subjects, not admitted to high office, 40-44, 66;
pressure of, to enter Ruling Institution, 69 note 3, 117, 120, 195,
231;
persistent loyalty of, 300.
Moslem Institution of the Ottoman Empire, antecedents of, 21;
general description of, 36, 37, 199, 200, 224-226;
institutions parallel to, 37;
relation of, to Ruling Institution, 38;
contemporary descriptions of, 38-44;
Suleiman its head, 151;
received sultan’s fifth of booty, 178;
the Divan its cap-stone, 188;
financial support of, 200-203;
educational system of, 203-206;
clergy, _seids_, and _dervishes_, 206, 207;
jurists and the _Mufti_, 207-215;
democratic spirit of, 225;
comparison of with Ottoman Ruling Institution, 227-236;
cumulative influence of, 234;
needed support of Ruling Institution, 235;
comparison of, with Moslem church in India, 300-303.
Moslems in India, 283, 284, 299-303;
not in close touch with emperors, 299, 300;
had no powerful chief, 299, 302;
their educational system, 300.
Mosques, 24, 202, 240, 300.
Muhammad Khan, _Nawab_ of Farrukhabad, 281, 282.
Mumtaz-Mahal, empress of India, 281, 291.
Murad II, sultan, appearance, 17 note 4;
simplicity of life, 134.
Mustapha, eldest son of Suleiman, mother of, 57 note 3, 126;
execution of, 89, 94, 95, 142, 213;
character of, 95 note 2;
ceremony at circumcision of, 136.
Nenuphar, or Nilufer, bride of Orchan, 17.
Nobility, of the _kullar_, 84, 85, 114-120;
of the _Seids_, 118, 206, 207;
of the _Ulema_, 118, 119, 203;
in the Mogul Empire, 282.
Noble Guard (_Muteferrika_), 78, 129, 140, 248.
Non-Moslem subjects, 34.
_See_ Christian subjects, Jewish subjects, etc.
North Africa, status of, 6, 30, 38;
inhabitants of, 33;
rendering of justice in, 37, 216;
Janissaries of, 95;
Suleiman desires to unify, 113 and note 1.
Notarial work, 219.
Nur-Jehan (or Nur-Mahal), empress of India, 281, 290, 291.
Old Testament, ideas of, in Mohammedanism, 8.
Orchan, sultan, 17 and note 4.
Osman I (Othman), sultan, 4, 6, 16 and note 1, 242, 272, 273;
house of, compared with that of Timur, 278, 281, 299.
Ottoman Empire, based on ideas, not race, 4;
rapidity of growth, 6;
character and mission, 7-10;
definition, 25;
lands comprised in, 6, 28-32;
peoples governed by, 33-35;
comparison of, with Mogul Empire, 278 ff.
Ottoman Ruling Institution, _see_ Ruling Institution.
Ottoman Turks, racial descent of, 10-18;
unification of Levant by, 9;
early history of, 15 ff.;
a mixed race, 16, 17;
sources of culture of, 18-24.
Outside service, 128-133.
Pages, the colleges of, 73-79;
the three palaces of, 74;
course of training of, 75-78;
graduation of, 75;
rewards of, 82;
punishments of, 88;
age of their dismissal postponed, 120;
duties of, in the palace service, 126, 127;
Ramberti’s description of, 244.
Palace-guards, 130.
Palaces of Suleiman, principal palace, 74, 79, 123, 124, 243, 262;
palace of the harem (Old Palace), 124, 253, 268, 269;
other palaces, 74, 79, 254, 269;
accounts of the palaces, 128.
Panipat, battles of, 278, 299.
Parthians, 4, 11 note 1, 13 and note 4.
Patriarch of Constantinople, 151.
Pensions, in Ottoman Empire, 32, 183;
in Mogul Empire, 285, 294, 302.
Persian language, 21, 77.
Persians, bequests of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 20, 21, 23, 33, 175;
blockade of Ottoman trade-routes by, 7;
could not lawfully be enslaved, 29;
wars of, with Ottoman Empire, 112, 113;
support of Mogul emperors by, 280, 281.
Personality of law, 28, 34, 35.
Physicians of sultan, 129.
Plato, 45, 71.
Police, Janissaries as, 93;
minister of, 183;
lieutenants of, 219.
Poll-tax, _see_ Capitation tax.
Pope, compared with _Mufti_, 42, 209, 213.
Portuguese, blocked Ottoman sea-trade, 7;
served Mogul emperors, 281;
brought gold and silver to India, 294.
Primary schools, 203, 204.
Printing in Turkey, 223.
Punishments, in Ruling Institution, 88, 89, 197.
Queen mother, 56, 57, 122 note 1, 125.
Ragusa, 30, 178.
Rajputs, in service of Mogul emperors, 281, 282;
at war, 295, 299, 300;
their _Rajahs_, 281, 286, 297, 301.
Raushan-Ara, daughter of Shah-Jehan, 291.
Reformation, 9, 10, 113.
Religious “communities,” origin of, in Turkey, 20;
when organized, 34 note 5.
_See_ Armenian subjects, Greek subjects, and Jewish subjects.
Renegade Christians, given chief offices of Ottoman Empire, 39-44,
62-71;
unfavorable view of their character, 42;
counted as Turks, 70;
total number made by Ruling Institution, 70;
Khosrew Pasha learned in Moslem law, 152;
other references, 167, 186.
Revenues, of Suleiman, 179-182;
of Mogul emperors, 293-295.
Revolution, right of, 26, 157, 209, 233.
Rivalry of Ruling and Moslem Institutions, 38, 233-236.
Roman Empire, 6;
its influence on Turks, 150, 279-281.
_See_ Byzantine Empire.
Roumania, 52 note 1.
_See_ Moldavia, and Wallachia.
Roxelana, _see_ Khurrem.
Ruling Institution, antecedents of, 23;
general description of, 36, 45-47, 193-198;
institutions parallel to, 37;
relation of, to Moslem Institution, 38;
not clearly understood by certain historians, 38, 39;
contemporary descriptions of, 39-44;
component parts of, 47;
number of personnel of, 49 and note 4;
advancement by merit in, 82-88;
break-down of system of, 43, 69 note 3, 120;
relation of, to rest of Empire, 133;
influenced by Suleiman’s splendor, 144;
the Divan its cap-stone, 188;
comparison of, with Moslem Institution, 227-236;
artificiality of, 231;
support of Moslem Institution by, 233, 235.
_See also_ chapter headings.
Rûm, Seljuks of, 6, 16.
Rumelia, 104, 168, 169, 220;
_Beylerbey_ of, 103, 105, 189.
Russia, 29, 57, 74.
Rustem Pasha, grand vizier, armed household of, 59;
liberal religious views of, 68;
wealth of, 87 note 1;
attitude of, toward Janissaries, 97;
sale of offices by, 115, 116;
suspected of influencing Mustapha’s execution, 213;
other references, 53 note 3, 142, 164, 167.
Sacred Law of Islam, scope of, 21, 156, 235;
limitation of despotism by, 25, 26, 157;
character of, 152-157;
sketch of history of, 152, 153;
lack of elasticity of, 27, 156, 157, 215;
Suleiman’s observance of, 163;
how developed by _fetvas_, 214;
precepts of, both civil and criminal, 216;
relation of, to Moslem Institution, 225;
spirit of freedom in, 230;
not so much regarded in Mogul Empire, 279, 292, 293, 302.
St. Sophia, church of, 24, 202, 239.
Sale of office, 115, 116, 179.
Saracens, Empire of, 5, 6, 14;
bequest of, to Ottoman Empire, 21-23;
comparison of, with Turks, 231.
Scholasticism, Moslem, 8, 9, 215, 228.
Scouts, 105.
Scythians, 11 note 1, 12, 13 note 3.
Seal, the imperial, 165.
Selim I, the Cruel, or the Grim, not given to sensuality, 56;
said to have executed seven viziers, 88;
circumstances of accession of, 94, 142;
effect of conquests of, 112, 228, 233, 234;
punishment of heresy by, 210;
attempt of, to convert Christian subjects forcibly, 211, 298.
Selim II, the Sot, 95, 111, 136, 143, 165.
Seljuk Empire, 5, 7, 119;
occupation of Asia Minor by, 14 ff.;
bequest of, to Ottoman Turks, 4, 23, 227;
simplicity of life in, 133.
Servians, 34.
Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, constructs Peacock Throne, 289;
defeats Nur-Jehan, 291;
civil war of sons of, 293.
Sher Shah, 293.
Simplicity of life among Seljuks and early Ottomans, 133, 134.
Slave-Families of Ottoman subjects, 58, 59;
conversion encouraged in, 67.
Slave-Family of the sultan, 36, 39-44, 47-58;
age of admission to, 48;
methods of recruiting for, 49-53;
number of members of, 49 and note 4;
status of members of, 55;
faithfulness of, 65;
education of, 71 ff.;
constituted standing army, 90 and note 4;
honors and privileges of, 114-120;
influence of, upon government, 149.
Slavery—
Of Turks in Saracen Empire, 22.
In Ottoman Empire, sources of supply for, 29, 30;
mainly of European Christians, 33;
provided high officials, 39-44;
character of, 60, 61;
comparison of, with American colonial bondage, 60 note 7;
color line not drawn, 60;
emancipation frequent, 61;
attitude of converted slaves to Sacred Law, 230.
In Mogul Empire, 280-282, 284.
Slavs, Southern, 33, 52, 74.
_See_ Bulgarians, Croatians, and Servians.
Sovereign will of sultan, 162, 163.
_Spahis_ of the Porte, described, 47;
recruiting of, from pages, 78, 98-100;
organization of, 98, 99;
number of, 99 and notes 3, 4;
appearance of, 138, 139;
finances of, 169, 179;
other references, 250, 251, 267.
Splendor—
Of Suleiman, 133-141, 195;
its effect, 144, 145.
Of Mogul emperors, 287-291;
its effect, 297, 298.
Stable service, 131.
State lands, 31, 32.
Steppe lands, 5, 11, 231.
Stirrup, generals of imperial, 131.
Studies—
In the colleges of pages, 76, 77.
In the imperial harem, 79.
Of the _Ajem-oghlans_, 81 and note 3.
In schools, 203;
in colleges, 203 and note 4;
in law schools, 204 and note 1.
Of Aurangzeb, 300, 301.
Succession to throne, in Ottoman Empire, 93-95;
in Mogul Empire, 293.
Suleiman the Magnificent, limitations on despotic power of, 26-28;
family life of, 56-58;
said to have labored at a trade, 76 note 5;
self-command of, 89;
execution of Mustapha by, 89, 94, 142, 312;
execution of Bayezid and Ibrahim by, 89, 94, 111, 141, 142;
reorganization of feudal system by, 102;
appointment of Ibrahim as Seraskier by, 110;
relations of, to Charles V and Ferdinand of Austria, 112, 113;
promotion of Ibrahim and Rustem by favor of, 120;
mother, consorts, and daughter of, 126;
authority of, as caliph, 150;
head of all institutions, 151;
legislation of, 32, 152-163;
attitude of, to Sacred Law, 163;
ceased to preside at Divan, 188;
treatment of criminals by, 221, 222;
relation of, to power of great institutions, 234;
endowments of, 235 and note 1;
head of Moslems of Empire, 299.
Sultan’s authority, head of Ruling Institution, 46;
master of slave-family, 55;
commander-in-chief of the army, 109, 110;
head of state and government, 150, 151;
head of Moslem Institution, 151;
subject to Sacred Law, 157;
legislative power, 157, 158;
unworthiness of character irrelevant, 163 note 1, 233;
consultation with the _Mufti_, 210-214;
comparison of relations to the two great institutions, 229;
supported by Sacred Law, 233.
Syria, 31.
Szigeth, campaign of, 111.
Taj Mahal, 291.
Tartars of the Crimea, _see_ Crimean Tartary.
Tatars, definition, 11, 12;
bequests to Ottoman Turks, 18;
political organization, 19;
influence on Mogul Empire, 279, 280.
Taxation, 175-182;
inelasticity of, 177.
Tent-pitchers, 132.
Theodosius I, 9, 158.
Timariotes, _see_ Feudal cavalry.
Timur (Tamerlane), character of, 280;
house of, compared with that of Osman, 272, 281, 299.
_See_ Baber, house of.
Tithe lands, 31, 32.
Todar Mal, 281, 293.
Transylvania, 30, 178.
Treasure, of Suleiman, 172;
of Prince of Gujarat, 178;
of Mogul emperors, 295.
Treasurers, of the household, 127;
of the Empire (_Defterdars_), 167-172, 189, 191, 247, 265;
in Mogul Empire, 294, 297.
Treasury, twenty-five bureaus of, 168-172;
characteristics of, 173, 174;
personnel of, 186, 187.
Tributary provinces, 30;
condition of inhabitants of, 33;
government of, 37.
Tribute, 178.
Tribute boys, increased the number of Turks, 16, 70;
regions from which taken, 34, 51;
process of levying, 51, 52;
estimate of the system, 53, 54;
ultimate effect, 69-71, 231;
not levied by Mogul government in India, 279, 281, 282.
Tribute lands, 31, 32.
_Tu-kiu_, Empire of, 13, 14, 19.
Turanians, 12, 13 note 3.
Turki followers of Mogul emperors, 280, 281.
Turkish language, 18, 77, 79.
Turks, in Western Asia, 5, 14 ff.;
relation of, to Mongols, 12;
relation of, to Caucasians, 11 and note 2;
comparison of, with Saracens, 231;
Ramberti’s account of origin of, 242;
influence of, on Mogul Empire, 279.
_See_ Ottoman Turks, and Seljuk Empire.
Unification of territories by Ottoman Turks, 9, 10.
United Greek subjects, a separate organization, 34.
United States of America, compared with Ottoman Empire, 3, 28, 45,
58, 209, 213.
Unnatural vices, 75 note 6, 232.
Uses (legal term), 32, 202.
Ushers, 130.
Uzun Hassan, 64.
Vassal states, of Ottoman Empire, 29, 30;
of Mogul Empire, 297.
Venality, of Ottoman officials, 39, 69;
of Ottoman justice, 222.
Venice, 30, 178, 179.
Vienna, siege of, 93, 143.
Viziers, 163-167, 189-191;
Ramberti’s account, 246.
Voinaks, 131.
Volunteer soldiers, 102, 106.
Wallachia, 30, 52 note 1, 106, 129, 178, 297.
War, declaration of, 26, 209.
Wealth, accumulation of, discouraged, in private citizens, 59;
allowed to high officers, 86, 87, 260;
of Rustem Pasha, 87 note 1, 161;
of Mogul Empire, 278, 287, 295.
Western Europe, not interested in East after Crusades, 10;
comparison with Ottoman Empire, 35, 36, 74, 94, 121, 157, 179, 204,
222.
Women, had no part at Ottoman Court, 121;
more prominent in Mogul Empire, 281, 290, 291.