_Tristan_ of, i. 577-82
Gottschalk, i. 215, 221 _n. 2_, 224-5, 227-=8=;
verses by, ii. 197-9
Government:
Church _v._ State controversy, ii. 276-7
(_See also_ Papacy--Empire)
Ecclesiastical, _see_ Canon Law
Monarchical, ii. 277-8
Natural law in relation to, ii. 278-=9=
Representative assemblies, ii. 278
Grace, Aquinas’ definition of, ii. 478-9
Grail, the, i. 589, =596-7=, =607=, 608, 613
Grammar:
Chartres studies in, i. =298=; ii. 129-30
Current usage followed by, ii. 163 _and_ _n. 1_
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Importance and predominance of, in Middle Ages, i. 109 _and_ _n._,
=292=; ii. =331-2=
Italian study of, ii. =129=, 381
Language continuity preserved by, ii. =122-3=, 151, 155
Law studies in relation to, ii. 121
Logic in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Syntax, connotation of term, ii. 125
Works on--Donatus, Priscian, Alexander, ii. 123 =seqq.=
Grammarian, meaning of term, i. 250
Gratianus, _Decretum_ of, ii. 268-9, =270-1=, 306, 380-2;
_dicta_, ii. 271
Greek classics, _see_ Greek thought, pagan
Greek language:
Oxford studies in, ii. 120, 391, =487=
Translations from, direct, in 13th cent., ii. 391
Greek legends, mediaeval allegorizing of, ii. 52, 56-9
Greek novels, ii. 224 _and_ _n._
Greek thought, pagan:
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492-3
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Christian standpoint contrasted with, i. 390; ii. 295-6
Church Fathers permeated by, i. 33-4
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Limitless, the, abhorrent to, i. 353-4
Love as regarded by, i. 575
Metaphysics in, ii. 335-7
Scholasticism contrasted with, ii. 296
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 373
Symbolism in, ii. 42, =56=
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 4
Greek thought, patristic (_See also_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Latin, i. 68
Pagan philosophic thought contrasted with, ii. 295-6
Symbolism in, ii. 43
Transmutation of, through Latin medium, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._
Gregorianus, ii. =240=, 243
Gregory, Bp. of Tours, i. 121;
_Historia Francorum_ by, i. 234 _n. 2_; ii. 155
Gregory I. (the Great), Pope, family and education of, i. 97;
Augustine of Hippo compared with, i. 98-9;
Augustinianism barbarized by, i. 98, 102;
sends mission to England, i. 6, 33, =180-1 and n. 1=;
estimate of, i. =56=, 89, =102-3=, =342=;
estimate of his writings, i. 354;
on miracles, i. 100, 182;
on secular studies, ii. 288;
letter to Theoctista cited, i. 102 _n. 1_;
editions of works of, i. 97 _n._;
works of, translated by King Alfred, i. 187;
_Dialogues on the Lives and Miracles of the Italian Saints_, i. 85 and
_n. 2_, 100;
_Moralia_, i. =97=, 100; ii. 57;
Odo’s epitome of this work, ii. 161;
_Commentary on Kings_, i. 100 _n. 1_;
_Pastoral Rule_, i. =102=, 187-8;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16 _and_ _n. 4_, 65, 87, 104, 116
Gregory II., Pope, i. 197-8; ii. 273
Gregory III., Pope, i. 198; ii. 273
Gregory VII., Pope (Hildebrand), claims of, i. =244-5=; ii. 274;
relations with Damiani, i. 263;
exile of, i. 244, 253;
estimate of, i. 261;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 174 _n. 1_, 243, 304
Gregory IX., Pope, codification by, of Canon law, ii. 272;
efforts of, to improve education of the Church, ii. 398;
mentioned, i. 476; ii. 33
Gregory of Nyssa, i. 53, 80, 87, 340
Grosseteste, Robert, Chancellor of Oxford University and Bp. of Lincoln,
Greek studies promoted by, ii. =120=, =391=, 487;
estimate of, ii. 511-12;
Augustinianism of, ii. 403-4;
attitude toward the classics, ii. 120, 389;
relations with Franciscan Order, ii. =487=, 511;
Bacon’s relations with, ii. 487
_Gudrun_ (_Kudrun_), i. 148, =149=-52; ii. 220
Guigo, Prior, estimate of, i. 390-1;
relations with St. Bernard, i. 405;
_Consuetudines Carthusiae_ by, i. 384;
_Meditationes_ of, i. 385-90
Guinevere, i. 569, =584= _and_ _n. 1_, 585
Guiot de Provens, “Bible” of, i. 475-6 _and_ _n. 1_
Guiscard, Robert, ii. 189 _n. 2_
Gumpoldus, Bp. of Mantua, _Life of Wenceslaus_ by, ii. 162 _n. 1_
Gundissalinus, Archdeacon of Segovia, ii. 312 _and_ _n. 4_, 313
Gunther, _Ligurinus_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 4_
Gunzo of Novara, i. 257-8
Harding, Stephen, Abbot of Citeaux, i. =360=, =361=, 393
Harold Fairhair, i. 153
_Hartmann von Aue_, i. =348-9 and n.=, 567; ii. 29 _n._
Harun al Raschid, Caliph, i. 210
Heinrich von Veldeke, i. 567; ii. 29 _n._
_Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308
Helias, Count of Maine, ii. 138
Hell:
Dante’s descriptions of, ii. 546-7
Fear of, i. 103, =339=, 342, =383=
Visions of, i. 454-5, 456 _n._
Heloïse, Abaelard’s love for, ii. 4-5, 344;
his love-songs to, ii. =13=, 207;
love of, for Abaelard, i. 585; ii. =3=, =5=, 8, 9, =15-16=;
birth of Astralabius, ii. 6;
opposes marriage with Abaelard, ii. 6-9;
marriage, ii. 9;
at Argenteuil, ii. 9, 10;
takes the veil, ii. 10;
at the Paraclete, ii. 10 _seqq._;
letters of, to Abaelard quoted, ii. 11-15, 17-20, 23, 24;
Abaelard’s letters to, quoted, ii. 16-17, 21-3, 24-5;
Peter the Venerable’s letter, ii. 25-7;
letter of, to Peter the Venerable, ii. 27;
death of, ii. 27;
intellectual capacity of, ii. 3
Henry the Fowler, i. 241
Henry II., Emp., i. 243;
dirge on death of, ii. 216
Henry IV., Emp., i. 244; ii. =167=
Henry VI., Emp., ii. 32, 190
Henry I., King of England, ii. 139, 146, 176-8
Henry II., King of England, ii. 133, 135, 372
Henry of Brabant, ii. 391
Henry of Ghent, ii. 512
Henry of Huntington cited, i. 525
Henry of Septimella, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 3_
Heretics (_For particular sects, see their names_):
Abaelard’s views on coercion of, ii. 350, 354
Insignificance of, in relation to mediaeval thought, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Theodosian enactments against, ii. 266
Twelfth century, in, i. 305
Herluin, Abbot of Bec, i. 271
Hermann, Landgraf of Thüringen, i. 589; ii. 29
Hermann Contractus, i. 314-15 _and_ _n. 1_
Hermits:
Irish, i. 133
Motives of, i. 335, 363
Temper of, i. 368 _seqq._
Hermogenianus, ii. 240, 243
Herodotus, i. 77
Hesse, Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Hilarion, St., i. 86
Hilary, Bp. of Poictiers, i. =63=, 68, 70
Hildebert of Lavardin, Bp. of Le Mans and Abp. of Tours, career of, ii.
137-40;
love of the classics, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531;
letters of, quoted, ii. 140, 143, 144-5, 146-7;
Latin text of letter, ii. 172;
Latin elegy by, ii. 191;
otherwise mentioned, ii. 61, 134, 373 _n. 2_
Hildebrand, _see_ Gregory VII.
_Hildebrandslied_, ii. 220
Hildegard, St., Abbess of Bingen, dedication of, i. 447;
visions of, i. 267, =449-59=;
affinity of, with Dante, ii. 539;
correspondence of, i. 448;
works of, i. 446 _n._;
_Book of the Rewards of Life_, i. 452-6;
_Scivias_, i. 457-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 20, 345, 443; ii. 302, 365
Hildesheim, bishops of (11th cent.), i. 312
Hilduin, Abbot, i. 230
Hincmar, i. 215, 230, =233 n. 1=
Hipparchus, i. 40
Hippocrates, i. 40
History:
Carolingian treatment of, i. 234-5
Classical attitude toward, i. 77-8
Eleventh century treatment of, i. 300
_Historia tripartita_ of Cassiodorus, i. 96-7
Patristic attitude toward, i. 80-4
_Seven Books of Histories adversum paganos_ by Orosius, i. 82-3
Holy Roman Empire:
Burgundy added to, i. 243 _n. 1_
German character of, ii. 32
Papacy, relations with, _see under_ Papacy
Refounding of, by Otto, i. 243
Rise of, under Charlemagne, i. 212
Honorius II., Pope, i. 531
Honorius III., Pope, i. 366, 482, 497; ii. 33, 385 _n._, =398=
Honorius of Autun--on classical study, ii. 110, =112-13=;
_Speculum ecclesiae_ of, ii. 50 _seqq._;
_Gemma animae_, ii. 77 _n. 1_
Hosius, Bp. of Cordova, i. 118 _n. 1_
Hospitallers, i. 531
Hrotsvitha, i. 311 _and_ _n. 2_, ii. 215 _n. 2_
Huesca (Osca), i. 25
Hugh, Abbot of Cluny, ii. 137
Hugh Capet, i. 239-=40= _and_ _n._
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, i. 241
Hugh of Payns, i. 531
Hugo, Archdeacon of Halberstadt, ii. 62
Hugo, Bro., of Montpellier, i. 510-14
Hugo, King, i. 242
Hugo of St. Victor, estimate of, ii. =63=, =111=, 118, 301, =356=;
allegorizing by, ii. 367;
on classical study, ii. 110-11;
on logic, ii. 333;
pupils of, ii. 87;
works of, ii. 61 _n. 2_;
_Didascalicon_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =63=, =111=, 312, =357 and nn. 2-5=;
_De sacramentis Christianae fidei_, ii. 48 _n. 2_, =64 seqq.=, 365,
=395=, 540;
_Expositio in regulam beati Augustini_, ii. 62 _n. 2_;
_De arca Noë morali_, ii. 75 _n._, =365-7=;
_De arca Noë mystica_, ii. 367;
_De vanitate mundi_, ii. 75 _n._, =111-12=;
_Summa sententiarum_, ii. 356;
_Sermons on Ecclesiastes_, ii. 358-9;
otherwise mentioned, i. 17, 20, 457; ii. 404
Humanists, ii. 126
_Humiliati_ of Lombardy, i. 365
Hungarians, i. 241-=2=
Huns, i. 112, 119, 193
_Huon de Bordeaux_, i. 564
Hy (Iona) Island, i. 136, =173=
Hymns, Christian:
Abaelard, by, ii. 25, =207-9=
Estimate of, i. 21
Evolution of, i. 347-9 _and_ _n._; ii. 196, =200 seqq.=
Hildegard’s visions regarding, i. 459
Hugo of St. Victor, by, ii. 86 _seqq._
Sequences, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-15
Iamblicus, i. 42, =47=, 51, 56-7; ii. 295
Iceland, Norse settlement in, i. 153
Icelanders, characteristics and customs of, i. 154
Icelandic Sagas, _see_ Sagas
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 353 _seqq._
Innocent II., Pope, i. =394=; ii. 10
Innocent III., Pope, i. 417, 481, 497; ii. =32=, =274=, 384, =398=
Innocent IV., Pope, i. 506
_Intellectus agens_, ii. 464, =507 n. 2=
Iona (Hy) Island, i. 136, =173=
Ireland:
Celts in, _see_ Irish
Church of, missionary zeal of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._
Danish settlements in, i. 153
Monasteries in, i. =153 n. 1=, 173
Norse invasion of, i. 134
Scholarship in, i. =180 n.=, 184-5
Irenaeus, Bp. of Lyons, i. 225
Irish:
Art of, i. 128 _n. 1_
Characteristics of, i. =128=, 130, 133, 179
History of, i. 127 _and_ _n._
Influence of, on mediaeval feeling, i. 179 _and_ _n._
Literature of, i. =128 and n. 2=, =129 seqq.=, 134;
poetry, ii. 194
Missionary labours of, i. 133, 136, 172 _seqq._;
defect of, i. 179, 196
Norse harryings of, i. 133-4;
intercourse with, i. 152 _n. 3_
Oxford University, at, ii. 387
Irnerius, ii. 121, =260=, 380-1;
_Summa codicis_ of, ii. 255-9
Irrationality (_See also_ Miracles):
Neo-Platonic teaching as to, i. 42-4, 48, 52
Patristic doctrine as to, i. 51-3
Isabella, Queen, wife of Edward II., i. 550-1
Isidore, Abp. of Seville, estimate of, i. 89, 103, 118 _n. 1_;
Bede compared with, i. 185-7;
_False Decretals_ attributed to, i. 118 _n. 1_; ii. =270=, 273;
works of, i. 104-9;
_Etymologiae_, _see_ Etymologies of Isidore;
_Origines_, i. 236, 300;
otherwise mentioned, i. 6, 88; ii. 46, 312
Italian people in relation to the antique, i. 7-8
Italy (_For particular districts, towns, etc., see their names_):
Celtic inroads into (3rd cent. B.C.), i. 24
Church in, secularization of, i. 472
Cities in:
Continuity of, through dark ages, i. 248, =494-5=; ii. 381
Fighting amongst, i. 497-8
Importance of, i. 241, 326, =494-5=
Continuity of culture and character in, i. =326=, 495; ii. =120-2=
Dante as influenced by, ii. 534-5
Education in--lay, persistence of, i. 249-51;
clerical and monastic, i. 250 _n. 2_
Eleventh-century conditions in, i. 327
Feudalism not widely fixed in, i. 241
Feuds in, i. 515-16
Grammar as studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 2_; ii. 129
Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Literature of, mediaeval, lack of originality in, ii. 189;
eleventh-century verse, i. 251 _seqq._; ii. 165 _n. 1_, 186
Lombard kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Medicine studied in, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 121
Unification of, under Rome, i. 23
Jacobus à Voragine, _Legenda aurea_ by, ii. 184
Jacques de Vitry, Bp. and Card. of Tusculum, i. 461 and n.;
Exempla of, i. 488 _n._, 490
Jerome, St., estimate of, i. 344, 354;
letter of, on asceticism, i. 335 _and_ =n. 1=;
love of the classics, ii. 107, 112, 531;
modification by, of classical Latin, ii. 152, 171;
two styles of, ii. 171 _and_ _n. 4_;
Life of Paulus by, i. 84, 86;
Life of Hilarion, i. 86;
_Contra Vigilantium_, i. 86;
otherwise mentioned, i. 56, 75, 76, 104
Jerome of Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV.), ii. 491
Jews:
Agobard’s tracts against, i. 232-=3=
Gregory the Great’s attitude toward, i. 102
Louis IX.’s attitude toward, i. 545
Persecution of, i. 118, 332
Joachim, Abbot of Flora, _Evangelicum eternum_ of, 502 _n._, =510=,
=512-13=, 517
John, Bro., of Vicenza, i. 503-4
John X., Pope, i. 242
John XI., Pope, i. 242
John XII., Pope, i. 243; ii. =160-1=
John XIII., Pope, i. 282
John XXII., Pope, _Decretales extravaganes_ of, ii. 272
John of Damascus, ii. 439 _n. 1_
John of Fidanza, _see_ Bonaventura
John of Parma, Minister-General of Franciscans, i. 507, 508, =510-11=
John of Salisbury, estimate of, ii. 118, 373-4;
Chartres studies described by, ii. 130-2;
attitude of, to the classics, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Latin style of, ii. 173-4;
_Polycraticus_, ii. 114-15, 174-5;
_Metalogicus_, ii. 173-4;
_Entheticus_, ii. 192;
_De septem septenis_, ii. 375
John the Deacon, _Chronicon Venetum_ by, i. 325-6
Joinville, Sire de, _Histories_ of St. Louis by, i. 539, =542-9=
Jordanes, compend of Gothic history by, i. 94
Jordanes of Osnabrück cited, ii. 276 _n. 2_
Joseph of Exeter, ii. 225 _n. 2_
Jotsaldus, Life of Odilo by, i. 295-6
Judaism, emotional elements in, i. 331-2
Julianus, _Epitome_ of, ii. 242, =249=, 254
Jumièges cloister, ii. 201
Jurisprudence (_See also_ Roman law):
Irnerius an exponent of, ii. 256, 259
Mediaeval renaissance of, ii. 265
Roman law, in, beginnings of, ii. 232
Justinian, _Codex_, _Institutes_, _Novellae_ of, _see under_ Roman law;
_Digest of_, _see_ Roman law--Pandects
Jutes, i. 140
Jutta, i. 447
Keating quoted, i. 136
Kilwardby, Richard, Abp. of Canterbury, _De ortu et divisione
philosophiae_ of, ii. 313
Kilwardby, Robert, ii. 128
Knighthood, order of:
Admission to, persons eligible for, i. 527
Code of, i. 524
Hospitallers, i. 531
Investiture ceremony, i. 525-8
Love the service of, i. 568, =573=
Templars, i. 531-5
Virtues and ideals of, i. 529-31, 567-8
Knowledge:
Cogitation, meditation, contemplation (Hugo’s scheme), ii. 358 _seqq._
Forms and modes of, Aquinas on--divine, ii. 451-5;
angelic, ii. 459-62;
human, ii. 463 _seqq._
Grades of, Aquinas on, ii. 461, 467
Primacy of, over will maintained by Aquinas, ii. 440-1
La Ferté Monastery, i. 362
Lambert of Hersfeld, _Annals_ of, i. 313; ii. 167
Lambertus Audomarensis, _Liber Floridus_ of, ii. 316 _n. 2_
_Lancelot of the Lake_, i. 567, 569-70, =582-5=;
Old French prose version of, i. 583 _seqq._
Land tenure, feudal, i. 523-4
Lanfranc, Primate of England, i. 174 _n. 1_, =261 n.=, 273
_Langue d’oc_, ii. 222, 248
_Langue d’oil_, ii. 222, 248
Languedoc, chivalric society of (11th and 12th centuries), i. 572
Latin classics:
Abaelard’s reference to, ii. 353
Alexandrian antecedents of the verse, ii. 152 _n. 1_
Artificial character of the prose, ii. 151 _n._
Breadth of interest of, ii. 109
Characteristics of, ii. 153
Chartres a home of, i. 298; ii. 119
Common elements in, ii. 149, 157
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 541, 544;
his quotations from, ii. 543 _n. 1_
Ecclesiastical attitude toward, i. 260; ii. 110 _seqq._, 396-7
Familiarity with, of Damiani, i. 260; ii. 165;
Gerbert, i. 287-8; ii. 110;
John of Salisbury, ii. 114, 164, =173=, 531;
Bernard of Chartres, ii. 132-3;
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4;
Hildebert, ii. =141-2=, =146=, 531
Knowledge-storehouses for the Middle Ages, as, ii. 108
Mastery of, complete, as affecting mediaeval writings, ii. 164
Reverential attitude of mediaevals toward, ii. 107-9
Scripture study as aided by study of, ii. 110, 112, 120
Suggestions of new ideas from, for Northern peoples, ii. 136
Themes of, in vernacular poetry, ii. 223 _seqq._
Twelfth-century study of, ii. 117-18
Latin Fathers (_See also their names and_ Patristic thought):
Comparison of, with Greek, i. 68
Style and diction of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._
Symbolism in, ii. 43-6
Transmutation by, of Greek thought, i. 5, 34 _and_ _n._
Latin language:
Britain, position in, i. 10, 32
Children’s letters in, ii. 123 _n._
Christianity as modifying, ii. 152, =154=, 156, 164, 171
Continuity of, preserved by universal study of grammar, ii. =122-3=,
151, 155
“Cornificiani” in regard to, ii. =132=, 373
Educational medium as, ii. 109
Genius of, susceptible of change, ii. 149
German acquisition of, i. 10, 32, =307-8=, =313=; ii. =123=, 155
Grammar of, _see_ Grammar
Mediaeval modifications in, ii. 125, 164
Patristic modifications of, ii. 150, 152 _seqq._;
Jerome’s, ii. 152, 171
Spelling of, mediaeval, i. 219
Sphere of, ii. 219-20
Supremacy of (during Roman conquest period), i. 4, =23-4 and n. 1=,
25, =30-1=
Translations from, scanty nature of, ii. 331 _n. 2_
Translations into, difficulties of, ii. 498
Universality of, as language of scholars, ii. 219, 331 _n. 2_
Vernacular, developments of, ii. 151
Vitality of, in relation to vernacular tongues, ii. 219
Latin prose, mediaeval:
Antecedents of, ii. 151 _seqq._
Best period of, ii. 167-8
Bulk of, ii. 157 _n._
Carolingian, ii. 158-60
Characteristics of, ii. 156
Estimation of, difficulties of, ii. 157 _and_ _n._
Influences upon, summary of, ii. 156
Prolixity and inconsequence of, ii. 154
Range of, ii. 154
Simplicity of word-order in, ii. 163 _n. 1_
Stages of development of, ii. 157 _seqq._
Style in, beginnings of, ii. 164
Stylelessness of, in Carolingian period, ii. 158-60
Thirteenth-century styles, ii. 179
Value of, as expressing the mediaeval mind, ii. 156, 164
Latin verse, mediaeval:
Accentual and rhyming compositions, ii. 194;
two kinds of, ii. 196
Antecedents of, ii. 187 _n. 1_
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.=
Development of, stages in, ii. 187
Leonine hexameters, ii. 199 _and_ _n. 3_
Metrical composition, ii. 187 _seqq._;
elegiac verse, ii. 190-2 _and_ _n. 1_;
hexameters, ii. 192;
Sapphics, ii. 192-3 _and_ _n. 1_
Modi, ii. 215-16
Rhyme, development of, ii. 195, =206=
Law:
Barbarian, Latin codes of, ii. 244 _seqq._
Barbaric conception of, ii. 245, 248-9
_Breviarium_, _see under_ Roman law
Canon, _see_ Canon law
English, principles of, i. 141-2
Grammar in relation to, ii. 121
Lombard codes, i. =115=; ii. 242, =246=, 248, 253;
_Concordia_, ii. 259
Natural:
Gratian on, ii. 268-9
_Jus gentium_ in relation to, ii. =234 and n.=, 268
Occam on, ii. 519
Sacraments of, ii. 74 _and_ _n. 1_
Supremacy of, ii. 269, 279
Roman, _see_ Roman law
Salic, ii. 245-6
Territorial basis of, i. 123; ii. 247
Tribal basis of, i. 123; ii. =245-7=
Visigothic codification of, in Spain, i. 118
Leander, Bp. of Seville, i. 118 _n. 1_
Légonais, Chrétien, ii. 230 _and_ _n. 2_
Leo, Brother, _Speculum perfectionis_ by, ii. 183-4
Leo I. (the Great), Pope, i. 113, 116
Leo IX., Pope, i. 243
Leon, Sir Guy de, i. 552-3
Leon, Sir Hervé de, i. 552-3
Leowigild, i. 117 _n. 2_, 118 _n. 1_
Lerins monastery, i. 195
Lewis, Lord, of Spain, i. 552-3
Liberal arts, _see_ Seven Liberal Arts
Liutgard of Tongern, i. 463-5
Liutprand, Bp. of Cremona i. =256-7=; ii. 161 _n. 1_
Liutprand, King of Lombards, i. 115-16
Logic (_See also_ Dialectic):
Albertus Magnus on, ii. =313-15=, 504, 506
Aristotelian, mediaeval apprehension of, ii. 329 (_See also_
Aristotle--_Organon_)
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 505
Gerbert’s preoccupation with, i. 282, 289, =292=
Grammar in relation to, ii. 127 _seqq._, 333-4;
in Abaelard’s work, ii. 346
Importance of, in Middle Ages, i. 236; ii. 297
Nature of, ii. 333;
schoolmen’s views on, ii. 313-15, 333
Occam’s views on, ii. 522
Patristic attitude toward, i. 71
Raban’s view of, i. 222
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313 _seqq._
Scholastic decay in relation to, ii. 523
Second stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 332-4
Specialisation of, in 12th cent., ii. 119
Theology in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Twofold interpretation of, ii. 333
Universals, problem of, ii. 339 _seqq._;
Abaelard’s treatment of, ii. 342, =348=
Lombard, Peter, estimate of, ii. 370;
Gratian compared with, ii. 270;
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 497;
_Books of Sentences_ by, i. 17, 18; ii. 134, 370;
method of the work, ii. 306;
Aquinas’ _Summa_ contrasted with it, ii. 307-10;
its classification scheme, ii. 322-4;
Bonaventura’s commentary on it, ii. 408
Lombards:
Italian kingdom of (6th cent.), i. 115-16
Italian influence on, i. 7, 249
Law codes of, _see under_ Law
Louis of Bavaria, Emp., ii. 518
Louis I. (the Pious), King of France, i. 233, 239, =359=;
false capitularies ascribed to, ii. 270
Louis VI. (the Fat), King of France, i. 304-5, 394, 400; ii. 62;
Hildebert’s letter on encroachments of, ii. 140, 172
Louis IX. (the Saint), King of France, Geoffrey’s _Vita_ of, i. 539-42;
Joinville’s _Histoire of_, i. 542-9;
Testament of, i. 540 _n. 1_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 476, 507-=9=, 515
Love, Aquinas on distinguishing definitions of, ii. 475-6
Love, chivalric:
Antique conception of love contrasted with, i. 575
_Chansons de geste_ as concerned with, i. 564
Code of, by Andrew the Chaplain, i. 575-6
Dante’s exposition of, ii. 555-6
Estimate of, mediaeval, i. 568, 570
Literature of, _see_ Chivalry--Literature
Marriage in relation to, i. 571 _and_ _n. 2_
_Minnelieder_ as depicting, ii. 30
Nature of, i. 572-5, 582-7
Stories exemplifying--_Tristan_, i. 577 _seqq._;
_Lancelot_, 582 _seqq._
Love, spiritual:
Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 472-3, 476
Bernard of Clairvaux as exemplifying, i. 394 _seqq._
Lupus, Servatus, Abbot of Ferrières, i. 215;
ii. 113
Luxeuil, i. 175-7
Lyons:
Diet of the “Three Gauls” at, i. 30
Law studies at, ii. 250
Macrobius, _Saturnalia_ of, ii. 116 _and_ _n. 4_
Magic, i. =46-8=; ii. 500 _and_ _n. 1_
Majolus, Abbot of Cluny, i. 359
Manichaeism, i. =49=; ii. =44=, 283
Manny, Sir Walter, i. 552-4
Mapes (Map), Walter, i. =475=, 567; ii. 219 _n._
Marie, Countess, de Champagne, i. 566, 573, =576=
Marie de France, i. =566=, 567, 573;
_Eliduc_ by, i. 571 _n. 2_
Marinus (hermit), i. 373
Marozia, i. 242
Marriage:
Christian attitude toward, ii. 8;
ecclesiastical view, ii. 529
Feudalism as affecting, i. 571, 586
German view of, ii. 30
Marsilius of Padua, ii. 277 _n. 2_
Martin, St., of Tours, i. 334;
Life of, i. 52 and _n._, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=
Martyrs:
Mediaeval view of, i. 483
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86
Mary, St., of Ognies, i. =462-3=;
nature of visions of, i. 459
Massilia, i. 26
Mathematics:
Bacon’s views on, ii. 499-500
Gerbert’s proficiency in, i. 282, =288=
Mathew Paris cited, ii. 487
Matthew of Vendome, _Ars versificatoria_ by, ii. 190 _and_ _n. 5_
Maurus, Rabanus, _see_ Rabanus
Mayors of the palace, i. 240
Mechthild of Magdeburg, i. 20, 345; ii. 365;
Book of, i. 465 _and_ _n. 2_-70
Mediaeval thought:
Abstractions, genius for, ii. 280
Characteristics of, i. 13
Commentaries characteristic of, ii. 390, 553 _n. 4_
Conflict inherent in, i. 22; ii. =293-4=
Deference of, toward the past, i. 13; ii. 534
Emotionalizing by, of patristic Christianity, i. 345
Metalogics rather than metaphysics the final stage of, ii. 337
Moulding forces of, i. 3, 5, 12; ii. =293-4=
Orthodox character of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Political theorizing, ii. 275 _seqq._
Problems of, origins of, ii. 294-5
Restatement and rearrangement of antique matter the work of, i. 13-15,
=224=, 237, =292=, 342; ii. 297, 329, 341:
Culmination of third stage in, ii. 394
Emotional transformations of the antique, i. 18 _seqq._
Intellectual transformations of the antique, i. 14 _seqq._
Salvation the main interest of, i. =58-9=, 334; ii. =296-7=, 300
Scholasticism, _see that heading_
Superstitions accepted by, i. 487
Symbolism the great influence in, ii. 43, 102, 365
Three stages of, ii. 329 _seqq._
Ultimate intellectual interests of, ii. 287 _seqq._
Medicine:
Relics used in, i. 299
Smattering of, included in Arts course, ii. 250
Study of--in Italy, i. 250 _and_ _n. 4_, =251=; ii. 383 _n._
at Chartres, i. 299; ii. 372
Mendicant Orders, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan
Merovingian Kingdom:
Character of, i. 208
Church under, i. 194
Extent of, i. 210 _n. 3_
German conquests of, i. 121, 138
Merovingian period:
Barbarism of, i. 9
Continuity of, with Carolingian, i. 210-12
King’s law in, ii. 247
Merovingians, estimate of, i. 195
Metaphor distinguished from allegory, ii. 41 _n._ (_See also_ Symbolism)
Metaphysics:
Final stage of mediaeval development represented by, ii. 335-7
Logic, mediaeval, in relation to, ii. 334
Theology dissociated from, by Duns, ii. 510, 516, =517=
Michelangelo quoted, ii. 113
Middle Ages (_See also_ Mediaeval thought):
Beginning of, i. 6
Extremes characteristic of, i. 355
Milan, lawyers in, ii. 251 _n. 2_
_Miles_, signification of word, i. 525-6 _and_ _n. 2_
_Minnelieder_, ii. 28-31
Minorites, i. 430 (_See also_ Franciscan Order)
Miracles (_See also_ Irrationality):
Devil, concerned with, i. 488 _seqq._
_Nostre Dame, Miracles de_, i. 491-2
Patristic attitude toward, i. =85-6=, =100=, 182
Roman Empire aided by, belief as to, ii. 536
Salimbene’s instance of, i. 516
Universal acceptance of, i. =74=, 182
_Vitae sanctorum_ in regard to, i. 85 _and_ _n. 2_
Mithraism, i. 49
Modena (Mutina), i. 24
Modi, ii. 215-16
Monasteries:
Immunities granted to, i. 523 _and_ _n._
_Regula_ of, meaning of, ii. 62
Monasticism (_For particular Monasteries, Orders, etc., see their
names_):
Abuses of, i. 357-8; Rigaud’s _Register_ quoted, i. 477-481
Benedictine rule:
Adoption of--in England, i. 184;
among the Franks, i. 199, 201;
generally, i. 358
Papal approval of, i. 335
Cassiodorus a pioneer in literary functions of, i. 94
General mediaeval view regarding, i. =472=; ii. 529
Ideal _v._ actual, i. 355
Ireland, in, i. 135 _n. 1_
Lament over deprivations of, ii. 218-19
Modifications of, by St. Francis, i. 366
Motives of, i. 357
Nature of, i. 336-7
Nuns, _see_ Women--monastic life
Origin of, i. 335
Pagan literature condemned by, i. 260
Popularity of, in 5th and 6th centuries, i. 195-6
Poverty--of monks, i. 365;
of Orders, i. 366, =425=, =430=
Reforms of, i. 358 _seqq._
Schools, monastic, in Italy, i. 250 _n. 2_
Sex-relations as regarded by, i. 338
Studies of, in 6th cent., i. 94, 95
Subordinate monasteries, supervision of, i. 361
Uncloistered, _see_ Dominican _and_ Franciscan
_Vita activa_ accepted by, i. 363-6
_Vita contemplativa_, _see that title_
Women vilified by devotees of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=;
ii. 58
Montanists, 332
Monte Cassino, i. 250 _n. 2_, 252-3
Montfort, Countess of, i. 552-4
Moorish conquest of Spain, i. 9, 118
Morimond monastery, i. 362
Mosaics, i. 345-7
Music:
Arithmetic in relation to, ii. 291
Chartres studies in, i. 299
Poetry and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2=
Scholastic classification of, ii. 313
Mysticism:
Hugo’s strain of, ii. 361-3
Nature of, i. 443 _n. 1_; ii. =363 and n. 4=
Symbolism as expressing, _see_ Symbolism
Narbo, i. 26
Narbonensis, _see_ Provincia
Narbonne, law studies at, ii. 250
Natural history and science, _see_ Physical science
Nemorarius, Jordanus, ii. 501
Neo-Platonism:
Arabian versions of Aristotle touched with, ii. 389
Augustinian, i. =55=; ii. 403
Christianity compared with, i. 51;
Patristic habit of mind compared, ii. 295
Ecstasy as regarded by, i. 331
Metaphysics so named by, ii. 336
Pseudo-Dionysian, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_
Tenets and nature of, i. 41-9;
a mediatorial system, i. 50, 54, 57-8, 70
Trinity of, ii. 355
Neustria, i. 200, =209=, 239
_Nibelungenlied_, i. 145-6, =148-9=, 152, 193, 203 _n. 2_; ii. 220
Nicholas II., Pope, i. 243 _n. 2_
Nicholas III., Pope, i. 504
Nicholas IV., Pope (Jerome of Ascoli), ii. 491
Nicholas, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 213-15
Nicolas of Damascus, ii. 427
Nilus, St., Abbot of Crypta-Ferrata, i. 374 _n._
Nithard, Count, i. 234-5
Nominalism, i. 303
Norbert, ii. 344
Normandy, Norse occupation of, i. 153
Norsemen (Scandinavians, Vikings):
Characteristics of, i. 138, =154-5=
Continental and insular holdings of, i. 153
Eddic poems of, i. 154-5 _and_ _n. 3_
Irish harassed by, i. 133-4;
later relations, i. 152 _n. 3_
Jumièges cloister sacked by, ii. 201
Metal-working among, i. 152 _n. 3_
Ravages by, in 8th and 9th centuries, i. 152-3
_Sagas_ of, i. 155 _seqq._
Settling down of, i. 240
Notker, i. 308-9 _and_ _n. 1_; sequences of, ii. 201-2
Numbers, symbolic phantasies regarding, i. 72 _and_ _nn. 1, 2_; ii. 49
_n. 3_
Oberon, fairy king, i. 564 _and_ _n._
Occam, William of, career of, ii. 518;
estimate of his work, ii. 522-3;
attitude toward Duns, ii. 518 _seqq._;
on faith and reason, ii. 519;
on Universals, ii. 520-1
Odilo, Abbot of Cluny, i. =294-5=, 359;
Jotsaldus’ biography of, quoted, i. 295-6
Odo, Abbot of Cluny, i. 343 _and_ _n. 3_, 359;
Epitome by, of Gregory’s _Moralia_, i. 16 _n. 4_; ii. 161 _and_
_n. 2_;
Latin style of _Collationes_, ii. 161-2
Odo of Tournai, ii. 340 _n._
Odoacer, i. =114=, 145
Olaf, St., i. 156, =160-1=
Olaf Tryggvason, King, i. 156, =161-2=
Old French:
Formation of, ii. 155
Latin as studied by speakers of, ii. 123
Poetry, ii. 222, =225 seqq.=
Ontology, _see_ Metaphysics
Ordeal, trial by, i. 232-3 _and_ _n. 1_
Ordericus Vitalis, i. 525;
_Historia ecclesiastica_ by, ii. 176-8
_Organon_, _see under_ Aristotle
Origen, estimate of, i. 51, 62-3;
on Canticles, i. =333=; ii. 369;
_De principiis_, i. 68;
otherwise mentioned, i. 53, 76, 80, 87, 104, 411; ii. 64
Orleans School:
Classical studies at, ii. 119 _n. 2_, 127
Law studies at, ii. 250
Rivalry of, with Chartres, ii. 119 _n. 2_
Orosius, i. =82= _and_ _n. 1_, 188
Ostrogoths, i. 7, 113, =114-15=, 120
Otfrid the Frank, i. =203-4=, 308
Other world:
Irish beliefs as to, i. 131 _and_ _n. 2_
Voyages to, mediaeval narratives of, i. 444 _n. 1_
Othloh, i. 315;
visions of, i. 443;
_Book concerning the Temptations of a certain Monk_, i. 316-23
Otric, i. 289-91
Otto I. (the Great), Emp., i. =241-3=, 256-7, 309
Otto II., Emp., i. 243, =282-3=, =289=
Otto III., Emp., i. =243=, 283, 284;
_Modus Ottinc_ in honour of, ii. 215-216
Otto IV. (of Brunswick), Emp., i. 417; ii. =32-3=
Otwin, Bp. of Hildesheim, i. 312
Ovid, _Ars amatoria_ of, i. 574-5;
mediaeval allegorizing of, and of _Metamorphoses_, ii. 230
Oxford University:
Characteristics of, ii. 388-9
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Foundation of, ii. 380, =386-7=
Franciscan fame at, ii. 400
Greek studies at, ii. 120, 391, 487
Palladius, Bp., i. 172
Pandects, _see under_ Roman law
Papacy (_See also_ Church _and_ Popes):
Ascendancy of, over prelacy, i. 304
Character of, ii. 32
Denunciations against, i. 475; ii. 34-5, 218
Empire’s relations with:
Concordat of Worms, i. 245 _n. 4_
Conflict (11th cent.), i. 244;
(12th cent.), i. 245 _n. 4_; ii. 273;
(13th cent.), ii. 33, =34-5=;
(14th cent.), ii. 518;
allegory as a weapon in, ii. 60
Recognition of ecclesiastical authority, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Reforms by Otto I., i. 243
Gregory VII.’s claims for, i. 245; ii. 274
Mendicant Orders’ relations with, ii. =398=, 509
Nepotism of, i. =504-5=, 511
Schisms of popes and anti-popes, i. 264
Temporal power of, rise of, i. 116;
claims advanced, i. 245;
realized, ii. 274, 276-7
Papinian cited, ii. 235
Paraclete oratory:
Abaelard at, ii. 10, 344
Heloïse at, ii. 10 _seqq._
Paradise:
Dante’s _Paradiso_, _see under_ Dante
Hildegard’s visions of, i. 455-6
Paris:
Schools:
Growth of, ii. 380
Notre Dame and St. Geneviève, ii. 383
St. Victor, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383
University:
Aristotle prohibited at, ii. 391-2
Authorities on, ii. 381 _n._
Bacon at, ii. 488
Bonaventura at, ii. 403
Curriculum at, ii. 387-8
Dominicans and Franciscans at, ii. 399
Prominence of, in philosophy and theology, ii. 283, =378-9=
Rise, constitution, and struggles of, ii. 119-20, 383-6
Viking sieges of, i. 153
Parma, i. 497, 505-6
_Parsival_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567, =588-9=
Wolfram’s version of, i. 12 _n._, 571 _n. 2_, =589-613=; ii. =29=
Paschal controversy, _see_ Eucharistic
Paschasius, Radbertus, Abbot of Corbie i. 215, =225-7=
Patrick, St., i. 172-3
Patristic thought and doctrine (_See also_ Greek thought, patristic,
_and_ Latin Fathers):
Abaelard’s attitude toward, ii. 305
Achievement of exponents of, i. 86-7
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. 492
Completeness of schemes presented by, ii. 394
Emotion as synthesized by, i. 340-2
Intellectual rather than emotional, i. 343-4;
emotionalizing of, by mediaeval thinkers, i. 345
Latin medium of, i. 5
Logic as regarded by, i. 71
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 16
Miracle accepted by, i. 51-3, =85-6=
Natural knowledge as treated by, i. =61 seqq.=, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99;
ii. 393
Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. =33-4=, =58=, 61
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. =224=, 237
Symbolism of, _see under_ Symbolism
Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215
Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. =86=, 126 _n. 2_
Paulus--on _jus_, ii. 237:
_Sententiae_ of, ii. 243
Paulus, St., i. 84, 86
Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252
Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, =259=
Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5
Pelagians, i. 225
Pelagius, i. 172 _n._
Peripatetic School, i. 38-9
(_See also_ Aristotle)
Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14
Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426
Peter Damiani, _see_ Damiani
Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4
Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190
Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4
Peter of Pisa, i. 214
Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360;
letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7
Petrarch, ii. 188, =219=
Petrus Riga, _Aurora_ of, ii. 127
Philip VI., King of France, i. 551
Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33
Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. =32=, 33
Philo, i. 37, =231=;
allegorizing of, ii. =42=, 364
Philosophy:
Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 _seqq._
End of:
Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361
John of Salisbury on, ii. 375
Philosophy, antique:
Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 _n. 2_
“First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335
Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (_See also_ Greek
thought)
Philosophy, Arabian, ii. =389-90=, 400-1
Philosophy, scholastic:
Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395
Divisions of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Physical sciences included in, _see_ Physical science
Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361
Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288;
by Aquinas, ii. =290=, 311;
by Bonaventura, ii. 410 _and_ _n._;
considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-=90=, =292=;
dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496;
dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, =517=, 519
Physical science:
Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423;
his works on, ii. 425-9
Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7
Classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300
Oxford school of, ii. 389
Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99; ii. 393
Theology as subserved by, ii. =67=, 111, =289=, =486=, =492=, =496=,
500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-20
_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83
Pippin of Heristal, i. =208-9=; ii. 197
Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, =200=, =209=, 210 and _n. 1_; ii. 273
Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197
Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24
Placentinus, ii. 261-2
Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. 42;
allegorizing by, i. 36; ii. 364;
doctrine of ideas, i. =35=; ii. 339-340;
Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. 455, 465;
Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. 403;
“salvation” suggestion in, ii. 296 _n. 2_;
_Republic_, i. 36;
_Timaeus_, i. =35-6=, 291; ii. 64, 69, =118=, 348, 370, 372, =377=
Platonism:
Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_, in, ii. 100 _n. 2_
Augustinian, i. 55
Nature of, i. =35-6=, 57, 59
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Pliny the Elder, _Historia naturalis_ by, i. 39-40, 75
Plotinus, estimate of, i. 43, 45;
personal affinity of Augustine with, i. 55-7;
philosophic system of, i. =42=-6, 50, 51;
_Enneads_ of, i. 55;
otherwise mentioned, i. 50, 51; ii. 64
Plutarch, i. 44
Poetry, mediaeval:
Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.=
Chivalric, _see_ Chivalry--Literature
Hymns, _see that heading_
Italian, of 11th cent., i. =251 seqq.=; ii. 186
Latin, _see_ Latin verse
Modi, ii. 215-16
Music and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2=
Old High German, ii. 194
Popular verse, _see sub-headings_ Carmina _and_ Modi; _also_ Vernacular
Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. 126
Vernacular:
Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. 220-1
Romance, ii. 221-3, 225 _seqq._
Pontigny monastery, i. 362
Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. 364, =365 n.=; ii. 34
Popes (_See also_ Papacy; _and for particular popes see their names_):
Avignon, at, ii. 510
Decretals of, _see under_ Canon law
Degradation of (10th cent.), i. 242
Election of, freed from lay control, i. 243 _n. 2_
Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305
Porphyry, i. 42, =44-7=, 50, 51, 56; ii. 295;
_Isagoge_ (Introduction to the _Categories_ of Aristotle), i. 45, 92,
102; ii. 312, =314 n.=, 333, =339=
Preaching Friars, _see_ Dominican Order
Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. 224-5, 227-=8=
Priscianus, i. 71; ii. 119 _n. 2_;
_Institutiones grammaticae_ of (_Priscianus major_ and _minor_), ii.
124-5
Prosper of Aquitaine, i. 106 _n. 1_
Provençal literature, i. 571; ii. 168;
Alba (aube) poetry, i. 20, =571=; ii. 30
Provincia (Narbonensis):
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Latinization of, i. 26-7 _and_ _n. 1_
Ligurian inhabitants of, i. 126
Teutonic invasion of, i. 125
Prudentius, ii. 63;
_Psychomachia_ of, ii. 102-4
Pseudo-Callisthenes, _Life and Deeds of Alexander_ by, ii. 224, 225,
=229-230=
Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. 302;
_Celestial Hierarchy_ by, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_
Pseudo-Turpin, ii. 319
Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. 40
Purgatory:
Dante’s _Purgatorio_, _see under_ Dante
Hildegard’s visions as to, i. 456 _n._
Popular belief as to, i. 486
_Quadrivium_, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts
Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 46-7;
interest in the vernacular, i. 308;
works of, i. 222-41;
_De universo_, i. 300; ii. 316 _n. 2_;
_Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam_, ii. 48-9;
_De laudibus sanctae crucis_, ii. 49 _n. 3_;
otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 100, 215; ii. 302-303, 312, 332
Race, tests for determining, i. 124 _n._
Radbertus, _see_ Paschasius
_Raoul de Cambrai_, i. 563-4
Ratherius, i. 309 and =n. 2=
Ratramnus of Corbie, i. 215, 227; ii. 199
Ravenna:
Gerbert’s disputation in, i. 289-91
Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. 121
Law studies at, ii. 251, 252
S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. 373, 377
Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. 536
Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. 514 _and_ _n._
Reason _v._ authority controversy:
Berengar’s position in, i. 302-3
Eriugena’s contribution to, i. 229-=30=
Reccared, i. 118 _nn._
Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. 62
Relics of saints and martyrs:
Arms enshrining, i. 528
Curative use of, i. 299
Patristic attitude toward, i. 86, 101 _n._
Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. 211 _n._
_Renaud de Montaubon_, i. 564
Rheims cathedral school, i. 293
Rhetoric:
Chartres study of, i. 298
Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67
Predominance of, i. 109 _and_ _n._
Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. 480-1
Richard of Middleton, ii. 512
Richard of St. Victor, ii. 80, =87= _and_ _n. 2_, =367 n. 2=, 540
Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. 252, 300 _n. 2_;
history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. 287-91
Ricimer, Count, i. 113
Riddles, didactic, i. 218-19 _and_ _n. 1_
Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. =476=, =508=, 509;
_Register_ of, quoted, i. 476-81
Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. 395-7
Robert of Normandy, ii. 139
Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. 153, 239-40
_Roman de la rose_, i. =586-7=; ii. 103 _and_ _nn._, 104, 223
_Roman de Thebes_, ii. 227, =229 n.=
Roman Empire:
Barbarization of, i. 5, 7, =111 seqq.=
Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. 114 _n._, 117
Christianity accepted by, i. 345
Church, relations with, ii. 265-7, 272-3
Cities enjoying citizenship of--in Spain, i. 26 _and_ _n. 2_;
in Gaul, i. 30
City life of, i. 27, 326
Clientage system under, i. 117 _n. 2_
Dante’s views on, ii. 536
Decadence of, i. =84=, 97, =111=
Eastern, _see_ Eastern Empire
Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. 238 _n._
Greek thought diffused by, i. 4
Italian people under, i. 7
Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. 232-3 _and_ _n._, 236
Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. 23 _seqq._, 110
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 11
Scandinavians under influence of, i. 152 _n. 3_
Roman law:
Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. 233 _n._, 235 _n. 1_
Bologna famed for study of, ii. =121=, 251, =259-62=, 378
_Brachylogus_, ii. 254-5
_Breviarium_ and its _Interpretatio_, i. =117=; ii. 243-4;
Epitomes of, ii. 244, =249-50=;
_Brachylogus_ influenced by, ii. 254
Burgundian tolerance of, i. 121;
code (_Papianus_), ii. 239, =242=
Church under, ii. 265 _and_ _n. 2_
Codes of:
Barbaric, nature of, ii. 244
(_See also sub-headings_ Breviarium _and_ Burgundian)
Gregorianus’, ii. 240, 243
Hermogenianus’, ii. 240, 243
Nature of, ii. 239-40
Theodosian, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242-3, =249=, =266-7
and n. 1=
_Codex_ of Justinian, ii. =240=, =242=, 253:
Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. 263-4
Glosses to, ii. 249-50
Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262
_Summa Perusina_ an epitome of, ii. =249=, 252
_Constitutiones_ and _rescripta principum_, ii. =235 and n. 1=, 239,
=240=
Custom recognized by, ii. 236
Digest of, by Justinian, _see subheading_ Pandects
Elementary education including smattering of, ii. 250
Epitomes of, various, ii. 249-50;
_Epitome of Julianus_, ii. 242, =249=, 254
Glosses:
Accursius’ _Glossa ordinaria_, ii. 263-4
Irnerius’, ii. 261 _and_ _n. 1_
Justinian’s _Codex_, to, ii. 249-50
Gothic adoption of, i. 114
_Institutes_ of Gaius, ii. 241, 243
_Institutes_ of Justinian, ii. =241=, 243, =254=:
Azo’s _Summa_ of, ii. 263
Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262
Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. 232
_Jus_ identified with _aequitas_, ii. 235
_Jus civile_, ii. 237, 257
_Jus gentium_:
_Jus naturale_ in relation to, ii. 234 _and_ _n._
Origin of, ii. 233-4
Popular rights as regarded by, ii. 278
_Jus praetorium_, ii. 235
_Lex romana canonice compta_, ii. 252
Lombard attitude toward, i. 115
_Novellae_ of Justinian, ii. 240, =242=
Pandects (Justinian’s _Digest_), ii. 235 _and_ _n. 2_, =236-8=,
=241=-2, 248, 253, 255:
Accursius’ _Glossa_ on, ii. 264
Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. 265
Permanence of, ii. 236
_Petrus_ (_Petri exceptiones_), ii. 252-4
Placentinus’ work in, ii. 261-2
Principles of, examples of, ii. 237-8;
possession and its rights, ii. 256-8
Principles of interpretation of, ii. 256
Provincia, in, i. 27 _n. 1_
_Responsa_ or _auctoritas jurisprudentium_, ii. 235-6
Sources of, multifarious, ii. 235
Sphere of, ii. 248
Study of, centres for--in France, ii. 250;
in Italy, ii. =121=, 251 _and_ _n. 2_, =259-62=, 378
_Summa codicis Irnerii_, ii. 255
Theodosian Code, _see under subheading_ Codes
Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. 252 _seqq._
Twelve Tables, ii. 232, 236
Visigothic code of, _see subheading_ _Breviarium_
Romance, spirit of, i. 418
Romance languages (_See also_ Old French):
Characteristics of, ii. 152
Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 537
Latin as modified by, ii. 155
Literature of, ii. 221-3
(_See also_ Provençal literature)
Strength of, i. 9
Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. =110-11=, 124
_Romans d’aventure_, i. =564-5=, 571 _n. 2_
Rome:
Bishops of, _see_ Popes
Factions in (10th cent.), i. 242
Law School in, ii. 251, 255
Mosaics in, i. 347
Verses to, i. 348; ii. =200=
Romualdus, St., youth of, i. 373;
austerities of, i. 374, =379=, 381;
relations with his father, i. 374-5;
harshness and egotism of, i. 375-7;
at Vallis de Castro, i. 376-7, 380;
at Sytrio, i. 378-9;
death of, i. 372 _n. 3_, =380=;
Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. 379
Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. 114
Roncesvalles, battle of, i. 559 _n. 2_-62
Roscellinus, i. 303-4; ii. 339-=40=
Rothari, King of Lombards, i. 115; ii. 251
Ruadhan, St., i. 132-3
Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. 310; ii. 162 _and_ _n. 1_
_Sacra doctrina_, _see_ Theology
Sacraments, _see under_ Church
_Sagas_, Norse:
Character of, i. 12 _n._, 155 _seqq._
_Egil_, i. 162-4
_Gisli_, i. 158
_Heimskringla_, i. 160-2 _and_ _n. 2_
_Njala_, i. 157 _and_ =n.=, =159=, =164-7=
Oral tradition of, ii. 220
St. Denis monastery, ii. 10, =344=
St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. 315, =316=
St. Gall monastery, i. 257-8;
Notker’s work at, ii. 201-2
St. Victor monastery and school, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383
Saints:
Austerities of, i. 374 _and_ _n._, 375
Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. 487-8, 490
Irish clergy so called, i. 135 _n. 2_
Lives of:
Compend. of (_Legenda Aurea_), ii. 184
Conventionalized descriptions in, i. 393 _n. 1_
Defects of, i. 494
Estimate of, i. =84-5 and nn.=
otherwise mentioned, i. 298, 300
Relics of, _see_ Relics
Visions of, i. 444-5
Worship of, i. 101
Salerno medical school, i. =250 n. 4=, =251=; ii. 121
Salian Franks, _see under_ Franks
Salimbene, i. 496-7, 499-500;
_Chronica_ of, quoted and cited, i. 498 _seqq._;
editions and translations of the work, i. 496 _n._
Salvation, _see under_ Christianity
Salvian, _De gubernatione Dei_ by, i. 84
Saracens:
Crusades against, _see_ Crusades
Frankish victories against, i. 209-10 _n. 1_
Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. 525
otherwise mentioned, i. 239, 252, 274, 332
Saxons, _see_ Anglo-Saxons _and_ Germans
Scandinavians, _see_ Norsemen
Scholasticism:
Arab analogy with, ii. 390 _and_ _n. 2_
Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. 393-5
Bacon’s attack on, ii. 484, =493-4=, =496=, 509
Classification of topics by:
Schemes of, various, ii. 312 _seqq._
Twofold principle of, ii. 311
Conceptualism, ii. 520-1
Content of, i. 301
Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. 297, 300
Disintegration of--through Duns, ii. 510, 516;
through Occam, ii. 522-3
Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. 347
Evil, problem of, _see_ Evil
Exponents of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._
Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. 484
Greek thought contrasted with, ii. 296
Humour non-existent in, ii. 459
Method of, ii. =302=, =306-7=, 315 _n._;
prototype of, i. 95
Nominalism, ii. 340
Philosophy of, _see_ Philosophy, scholastic
Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. 348, 483
_Praedicables_, ii. 314 _n._
Present interest of, ii. 285
Realism, ii. 340;
Pantheism in relation to, ii. 370
Salvation a main interest of, ii. =296-7=, 300, 311
Scriptural authority, position of, ii. 289, =291-2=
Secular studies as regarded by, ii. 349, 357
Stages of development of, ii. 333 _seqq._
Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. 371
Theology of, _see_ Theology
Universals, problem of:
Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. 462
Duns’ treatment of, ii. 515
Occam’s contribution toward, ii. 520-1
Roscellin’s views on, i. 303-4
Sciences, classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._
(_See also_ Physical science)
Scotland, Christianizing of, i. 173
Scriptures, Christian:
Allegorizing of:
Examples of:
David and Bathsheba episode, ii. 44-6
Exodus, Book of, ii. 47
Good Samaritan parable, ii. =53-6=, 84, 90
Hannah, story of, ii. 47 _n. 1_
Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. 51-2
Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. 65 _n._
Writers exemplifying--Philo, ii. 42-43;
the Fathers, ii. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_;
Rabanus, ii. 46-50;
Bede, ii. 47 _n. 1_;
Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._;
Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 67 _seqq._
Anglo-Saxon version of, i. =142 n. 2=, 183
Authority of--in patristic doctrine, ii. 295;
acknowledged by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303;
in scholasticism, ii. 280, 291-2
Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. =491-2=, 497
Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. 405 _seqq._
Canon law based on, ii. 267-9
Classical studies in relation to, _see subheading_ Secular
Classification of topics based on, ii. 317, 324
Commentaries on--Alcuin’s, i. 220-1;
Raban’s, i. 222-3
Duns’ attitude toward, ii. 516
Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. 365, 426-=7=;
his realization of spirit of, i. 427 _n. 1_; ii. 183
Gothic version of, i. 143 _n._
_Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308
Hymns based on, ii. 88 _seqq._
Interpretation of--by the Fathers, i. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_;
by Eriugena, i. 231;
by Berengar, i. 303
Isidore’s writings on, i. 104-5
Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. 332-3
Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. 82 _seqq._
Secular knowledge in relation to, i. 63, =66=; ii. =110=, =112=, 120,
499
Song of Songs, _see_ Canticles
Study of, by monks, i. 94;
Cassiodorus’ _Institutiones_, i. 95-6
Theology identified with, ii. 406, 408
Vulgate, the:
Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. 497
Language of, ii. 171
Sculpture, Gothic:
Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. 538-=9=
Symbolism of, i. 457 _n. 2_; ii. =82-6=
Sedulius Scotus, i. 215
Seneca, i. 26, 41
_Sentences, Books of_:
Isidore’s, i. 106 _and_ _n. 1_
Paulus’ _Sententiae_, ii. 243
Peter Lombard’s, _see under_ Lombard
Prosper’s, i. 106 _n. 1_
Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=;
Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215
Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102
Sermons, allegorizing:
Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9
Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 _seqq._
Seven Liberal Arts (_See also separate headings_ Grammar, Logic,
_etc._):
Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 _n. 1_
Carolingian study of, i. 236
Clerical education in, i. 221-2
Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96
_De nuptiis_ as concerned with, i. 71 _n. 3_
Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111
Latin the medium for, ii. 109
Law smattering included with, ii. 250
Quadrivium:
Boëthius on, i. 90 _and_ _n. 2_
Chartres, at, i. 299
Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130
Trivium:
Chartres, at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163
Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii.
331 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. 553
Severinus, St., i. 192
Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 _n. 2_;
Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=
Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 _n. 2_;
cited, i. 117 _n. 1_, 140
Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 _and_ _n._
_Sippe_, i. 122
Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215
Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. 7
Songs, _see_ Poetry
Sophists, Greek, i. 35
Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5
Sorcery, i. 46
Spain:
Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9
Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390
Church in, i. 9, 103, =118 and n.=
Latinization of, i. 25-6 _and_ _n. 2_
Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118
Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118
_Stabat Mater_, i. 348
Statius, ii. 229 _n._
Statius Caecilius, i. 25
Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263
Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13
Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 _n._
Stilicho, i. 112
Stoicism:
Emotion as regarded by, i. 330
Nature of, i. =41=, 57, 59
Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296
Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312
Roman law as affected by, ii. 232
otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70
Strabo, Walafrid, _see_ Walafrid
Suevi, i. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_, =139=
_Summae_, method of, ii. 306-7
(_See also under_ Theology)
_Summum bonum_, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 _seqq._, 456
Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174
Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4;
disputation with Otric, i. 289-91;
estimate of, i. 281, =285-7=;
love of the classics, i. =287-8=; ii. 110;
Latin style of, ii. 160;
logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345;
letters of, quoted, i. 283-7;
estimated, i. 284-5;
editions of works of, i. 280 _n._;
_Libellus de rationali et ratione uti_, i. =292 n.=, 299;
otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. 35
Symbolism:
Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_ as exemplifying, ii. 94-103
Angels as symbols, ii. 457
Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21
Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7
Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50
Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82
Dante permeated with, ii. 534, =552-5=
Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7
Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 _seqq._
Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14
Mass, of the, ii. 77-8
Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. =43=, 50 _n. 1_, =102=,
=365=
Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364
Neo-Platonic, i. 52
Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230
Patristic, i. =37=, =43-6=, 52, 53, 58, =80=
Platonic, i. 36
Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 _and_ _n. 2_
_Signum et res_ classification, ii. 322-3
Twelfth century--in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._;
in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 _seqq._
Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 _n._
Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 _seqq._
otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22
Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9
Tacitus, i. 78; ii. 134
Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 _and_ _n._, 462, 463
Templars, i. 531-5
Tenth century, _see_ Carolingian period
Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 _n._; ii 152;
paradox of, i. 51; ii. 297;
_Adversus Marcionem_, i. 68
Teutons (_See also_ Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Germans, Norsemen):
Celts compared with, i. 125
Characteristics of, i. 138
Christianizing of:
Manner of, i. =181-3=, =196-7=, 193;
results of, i. 5, =170=-1
Motives of converts, i. 193
Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523
Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7
Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125
Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 _seqq._
Theodora, i. 242
Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184
Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 _n._
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 _n. 2_, 93, =114-15=, 120-1, 138, 249;
in legend, i. 145-6;
Edict of, ii. 244 _n._
Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. 272;
Code of, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242, =249=, =266-7 and n. 1=
Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. =9=, 215;
Latin diction of, ii. 160
Theology, scholastic:
Abaelard’s treatises on, _see under_ Abaelard
Aquinas’ _Summa_ of, _see under_ Aquinas
Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3
Augustinian character of, ii. 403
Course of study in, ii. 388
Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8
Logic in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346
Mysticism of, ii. 363-4
Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. =67=, 111, 289, =486=,
=492=, =496=, 500, 530;
denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510;
by Occam, ii. 519-520
(_See also_ Physical science--Patristic attitude toward)
Paris the centre for, ii. 283, =379=
Philosophy in relation to, _see under_ Philosophy
Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, =515=, 519
Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430
Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408
_Summae_ of--by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399;
by Bonaventura, ii. 408;
by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1;
by Aquinas, _see under_ Aquinas
Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-=120=
Theophrastus, i. 38
Theresa, St., i. 443 _n. 1_
Theurgic practice, i. 46-8
Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, =370-1=;
_Eptateuchon_ of, ii. 130 _and_ _n._
Thirteenth century:
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Latin prose styles of, ii. 179
Papal position in, ii. 509
Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436
Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-=20=
Three phenomena marking, ii. 378
Thomas à Kempis, _De imitatione Christi_ by, ii. 185
Thomas Aquinas, _see_ Aquinas
Thomas of Brittany, _Tristan_ fragment by, i. 582
Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9
Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8;
style of the work, ii. 182-3
Thucydides, _History of the Peloponnesian War_ by, i. 77-8
Thuringia:
Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8
Merovingian rule in, i. 121
Thuringians, language of, i. 145 _n. 2_
Torriti, i. 347
Trance, _see_ Ecstasy
Trèves, i. =30=, 31, 192
_Tristan_:
Chrétien’s version of, i. 567
Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82
Trivium, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts
Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 _and_ _nn._
Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, =224-5 and n. 2=,
=227-9=
True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512
Truth, Guigo’s _Meditationes_ as concerning, i. 385-6
Twelfth century:
Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118
Growth in, various, i. 305-6
Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287
Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6
Mobility increased during, ii. 379
Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. 221
Ulpian--on _jus naturale_ and _jus gentium_, ii. 234 _and_ _n._;
on _justitia_, _jus_ and _jurisprudentia_, ii. 237
Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 _and_ _n. 2_, 129 _seqq._
Universals, _see under_ Scholasticism
Universities, mediaeval (_For particular universities see their names_):
Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523
Rise of, ii. 379, 381 _seqq._
Studies at, ii. 388 _and_ _n._
Urban II., Pope, ii. 175
Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434
Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197
Vallombrosa, i. 377
Vandals, i. 112, =113=, 120
Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78
Vercingetorix, i. 28
Vernacular poetry, _see under_ Poetry
Verse, _see_ Poetry
Vikings, _see_ Danes _and_ Norsemen
Vilgard, i. 259-60
Vincent of Beauvais, _Speculum majus_ of, ii. 82 _and_ _n. 2_, 315-22
Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ _Commentum_ on, ii. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_;
Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543
Virgin Mary:
Dante’s _Paradiso_ as concerning, ii. 551
Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92
Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, =490-2=
Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 _and_ =n. 2=; ii. =431=, =551=,
558
Virtues:
Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8
Odilo’s _Cardinales disciplinae_, i. 295
Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of--by Alanus, ii. 102 _n._;
by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103
Visigoths:
Arianism of, i. 120
Dacian settlement of, i. 112
Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, =116=;
Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121
Roman law code promulgated by, _see_ Roman law--_Breviarium_
Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118
Visions:
Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9
Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 _and_ _n. 2_
Nature of, i. 443, 449 and _n. 3_, =450=, 451 _and_ _n._
_Vita contemplativa_:
Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, =481-2=
Hildebert on, ii. 144-5
_Vitae sanctorum_, _see_ Saints--Lives of
Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, =215=; ii. =332=;
_Glossa ordinaria_ of, i. 16, =221 n. 2=; ii. =46=;
_De cultura hortorum_, ii. 188 _n. 2_
Waldenses, i. =365 n.=; ii. 34
Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), _Alexandreis_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 3_,
230 _n. 1_
Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33;
attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6;
piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36;
melancholy, ii. 36-7;
_Minnelieder_ of, ii. 29-31;
_Sprüche_, ii. 29, =32=, 36;
_Tagelied_, ii. 30;
_Unter der Linde_, ii. 30;
otherwise mentioned, i. 475, =482=, 589; ii. 223
_Wergeld_, i. =122=, 139; ii. =246=
Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515
William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315
William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. =138-9=
William of Apulia, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 3_
William of Champeaux--worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3;
founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143;
Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143
William of Conches, ii. 132;
studies and works of, ii. 372-3;
_Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 134-5, 373 _and_ _n. 2_
William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525
William of Moerbeke, ii. 391
William of Occam, _see_ Occam
William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344
Willibrord, St., i. 197
Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, =197-200=, 308; ii. 273
Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481
Witelo, _Perspectiva_ by, ii. 501 _n._
Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9
Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223;
_Parzival_ by, i. 12 _n._, 149 _n. 1_, 152, 567, 571 _n. 2_,
=589-613=; ii. =36=;
estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. 29
Women:
Emotion regarding, i. 349-50
Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. 442, =459 seqq.=
Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. 521 _n. 2_
German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. 139, 150;
mediaeval, ii. 31
Monastic life, in:
Abuses among, i. 491-2;
Rigaud’s _Register_ as concerning, i. 479-480
Consecration of, i. 337 _and_ _n._
Gandersheim nuns, i. 311
Visions of, i. 442 _seqq._, 463 _seqq._
Monkish vilification of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=; ii. 58
Romantic literature as concerned with, i. 564
Romantic poems for audiences of, i. 565
Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. 31
Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. 245 _n. 4_
Xenophon’s _Cyropaedia_, i. 78
Year-books (_Annales_), i. 234 _and_ =n. 1=
Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. 262 _n._; ii. =139=
Zacharias, Pope, i. 199
Zoology:
Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. 429
Aristotle’s work in, i. 38
_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83
THE END
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] See _post_, Chapter XXXVI., I.
[2] Lev. xxi. 20; Deut. xxiii. 1.
[3] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, viii. 94.
[4] Heloïse here in mediaeval fashion cites a number of examples from
Scripture showing the ills and troubles brought by women to men.
[5] Again she quotes to prove this, from Job and St. Gregory and Ambrose.
[6] Heloïse’s last _problema_ did not relate to Scripture, and may have
been suggested by her own life. “We ask whether one can sin in doing what
is permitted or commanded by the Lord?” Abaelard answers with a discussion
of what is permissible between man and wife.
[7] This letter of Heloïse is not extant.
[8] The _Tristan_ of Gottfried von Strassburg and the _Parzival_ of
Wolfram von Eschenbach have been given. One may also refer to works of
older contemporaries, _e.g._ to the _Aeneid_ of Heinrich von Veldeke,
translated (1184) from a French rendering of Virgil; and the two courtly
narrative poems, the _Erec_ and _Ivain_ (Knight of the Lion) taken from
Chrétien of Troies by Hartmann von Aue, who flourished as the twelfth
century was passing into the thirteenth.
[9] On Walther von der Vogelweide, see Wilmann, _Leben und Dichtung
Walthers, etc._ (Bonn, 1882); Schönbach, _Walther von der Vogelweide_ (2nd
ed., Berlin, 1895). The citations from his poems in this chapter follow
the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.
[10] No. 3 in the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.
[11] 184.
[12] 33.
[13] 22.
[14] 14, 16, 69.
[15] 18.
[16] 39.
[17] See _Lieder_, 46, 51, 56, 59, 61, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77.
[18] A lucid account of this struggle is given in Luchaire, _Innocent
III._, vol. iii. (“La Papauté et l’Empire”), Paris, 1906.
[19] 81.
[20] From “Freidank in Auswahl,” in Hildebrand’s _Didaktik aus der Zeit
der Kreuzzüge_, p. 336 (Deutsche Nat. Lit.).
[21] 85, cf. 164.
[22] 110.
[23] 113, cf. 111, 112.
[24] 115, 116.
[25] 133. My statement of the opposition to the papacy might be much more
analytical, and contain further apt distinctions. But this would remove it
too far from the anti-papal feeling of the common man; and the period,
moreover, is not yet that of Occam and Marsilius of Padua--as to whom see
Gierke, _Political Theories of the Middle Age_, trans. by Maitland
(Cambridge, 1900).
[26] 88, 137.
[27] 158. Walter shared the crusading spirit. The inference that he was
himself a Crusader is unsafe; but he wrote stirring crusading poems, one
opening with a line that in sudden power may be compared with Milton’s
“Avenge, O Lord, Thy slaughtered saints.”
“Rich, hêrre, dich und dine muoter, megede kint.”
167. See also 78, 79.
[28] 87.
[29] _Parzival_, i. 824.
[30] 186.
[31] 188.
[32] While an allegory is a statement having another consciously intended
meaning, metaphor is the carrying over or deflection of a meaning from its
primary application. According to good usage, which has kept these terms
distinct, allegory implies a definite and usually a sustained intention,
and suggests the spiritual; while metaphor suggests figures of speech and
linguistic changes often unconscious. Language develops through the
metaphorical (not allegorical) extension or modification of the meanings
of words. The original meaning sometimes is obscured (_e.g._ in _profane_
or _depend_), and sometimes continues to exist with the new one. In a vast
number of languages, such words as _straight_, _oblique_, _crooked_, seem
always to have had both a direct and a metaphorical meaning. Moral and
intellectual conceptions necessarily are expressed in phrases primarily
applicable to physical phenomena.
[33] Cf. Taylor, _Classical Heritage_, p. 97 _sqq._
[34] _Ante_, Chapters IV., V.
[35] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 1-5.
[36] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 66-68.
[37] Augustine’s method in this twenty-second Book is first to consider
the actual sinfulness or justification of these deeds, and afterwards to
take up in succession their typological significance. So, for example, he
discusses the blamefulness of Judah’s conduct with Tamar in par. 61-64 and
its typology in 83-86.
[38] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 87. St. Ambrose, in his _Apologia Prophetae
David_, cap. iii. (Migne 14, col. 857), written some years before
Augustine’s treatise against Faustus, finds Bathsheba to signify the
“congregatio nationum quae non erat Christo legitimo quodam fidei copulata
connubio.”
[39] _Quaestiones in Vet. Testam. in Regum II._ (Migne 83, col. 411).
Isidore died A.D. 636 (_ante_, Chapter V.)
[40] _Comment. in Libros IV. Regum_, in lib. ii. cap. xi.; Migne, _Pat.
Lat._ 109, col. 98 (written in 834). On Rabanus and Walafrid see _ante_,
Chapter X.
[41] _Glossa ordinaria, Lib. Regum_, ii. cap. xi. (Migne 113, col. 571,
572).
[42] _Comment. in Matthaeum_ (Migne 107, col. 734).
[43] Migne 114, col. 67.
[44] It was the way of Bede in his commentaries to speak briefly of the
literal or historic meaning of the text, and then give the usual
symbolical interpretations, paying special attention to the significance
of the Old Testament narratives as types of the career of Christ (see
_e.g._ the beginning of the Commentary on Exodus, Migne 92, col. 285
_sqq._; and Prologue to the allegorical Commentary on Samuel, Migne 92,
col. 501, 502). For example, in the opening of the First Book of Samuel,
Elkanah is a type of Christ, and his two wives Peninnah and Hannah
represent the Synagogue and the Church. When Samuel is born to Hannah he
also is a type of Christ; and Bede says it need not astonish one that
Hannah’s spouse and Hannah’s son should both be types of Christ, since the
Mediator between God and man is at once the spouse and son of Holy Church:
He is her spouse as He aids her with His confidence and hope and love, and
her son when by grace He enters the hearts of those who believe and hope
and love. In _Samuelam_, cap. iii. (Migne 91, col. 508). Bede’s monastic
mind balked at the literal statement that Elkanah had two wives (see the
Prologue, Migne 91, col. 499).
[45] _Com. in Exodum_, Praefatio (Migne 108, col. 9).
[46] Migne 112, col. 849-1088. A number of these dictionaries were
compiled, the earliest being the _De formulis spiritalis intellegentiae_
of Eucherius, Bishop of Lyons, who died in 450, ed. by Pauly 1884. In the
later Middle Ages Alanus de Insulis (_post_, Chapter XXIX.) compiled one.
[47] These distinctions, not commonly observed, are frequently reiterated.
Says Hugo of St. Victor (see _post_, Chapter XXVIII.) in the Prologue to
his _De sacramentis_: “Divine Scripture, with threefold meaning, considers
its matter historically, allegorically, and tropologically. History is the
narrative of facts, and follows the primary meaning of words; we have
allegory when the fact which is told signifies some other fact in the
past, present, or future; and tropology when the narrated fact signifies
that something should be done.” Cf. Hugo’s _Didascalicon_, v. cap. 2,
where Hugo illustrates his meaning, and points out that this threefold
significance is not to be found in every passage of Scripture. In _ibid._
v. cap. 4, he gives seven curious rules of interpretation (Migne 176, col.
789-793). In his _De Scripturis, etc., praenotatiunculae_, cap. 3 (Migne
175, col. 11 _sqq._), Hugo speaks of the anagogical significance in the
place of the tropological.
[48] Raban’s Latin is “Ligabit earn ancillis suis”--the verse in Job xl.
24 reads “Ligabis earn ancillis tuis?” In the English version the verse is
Job xli. 5, “Wilt thou bind him for thy maidens?”
[49] “Per fidem me cognoverunt”; I surmise a _non_ is omitted.
[50] The Scriptural citations are omitted. Rabanus wrote an allegorical
_De laudibus sanctae crucis_ (Migne 107, col. 133-294), composed in metre
with prose explanations, which explain very little. The metrical portion
is a puzzle consisting of twenty-eight “figures,” or lineal delineations
interwoven in hexameter verses; the words and letters contained within
each figure “make sense” when read by themselves, and form verses in
metres other than hexameters. The whole is as incomprehensible in meaning
as it is indescribable in form. Angels, cherubim and seraphim, tetragons,
the virtues, months, winds, elements, signs of the Zodiac, and other
twelvefold mysteries, the days of the year, the number seven, the five
books of Moses, the four evangelists, the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit,
the eight beatitudes, the mystery of the number forty, the sacrament shown
by the number fifty,--all these and much besides contribute to the glory
of the Cross, and are delineated and arranged in cruciform manner, so as
to be included within the scope of the cross’s symbolical significance.
[51] Since allegory and the spirit of symbolism pervaded all mediaeval
thought, the present and two following chapters aim only at setting forth
the elements (with pertinent examples) of this quite limitless subject.
[52] See prefatory epistle to _Speculum ecclesiae_, Migne 172, col. 813.
Compare the prefatory epistle to the _Gemma animae_, _ibid._ col. 541, and
the Preface to the _Elucidarium_, _ibid._ col. 1109. Probably Honorius
died about 1130.
[53] We have these sermons only in Latin. Presumably a preacher using
them, gave them in that language or rendered them in the vernacular as he
thought fit.
[54] “Ommia legalia Christus nobis convertit in sacramenta spiritualia” is
Honorius’s apt phrase (which may be borrowed!), Migne 172, col. 842. His
special reference is to circumcision.
[55] Ps. xxxi. Vulgate; Ps. xxxii. 2, Authorized Version.
[56] _Speculum ecclesiae_, “Dominica XI.” (Migne 172, col. 1053 _sqq._).
[57] Yet, curiously enough, near the time when I was making the following
translation, I heard an elderly country clergyman preach substantially
this sermon of Honorius--wherever he may have culled it, perhaps from some
useful “Homiletical” Commentary.
[58] _Speculum ecclesiae_, “Dominica XIII.” (Migne 172, col. 1059-1061).
[59] _Speculum ecclesiae_, “Dominica in Septuagesima” (Migne 172, col.
855-857). Honorius may have forgotten the weariness of his supposed
audience; for his sermon goes on with further admonition as to how the
victory is to be won.
The allegorical interpretation of Scripture is exemplified in the whole
limitless mass of mediaeval sermons. Illustrations from St. Bernard’s
sermons on Canticles are given in Chapter XVII., also _post_, in Chapter
XXXVI., II.
[60] For the Eucharist in the Carolingian period see _ante_, Chapter X.
Berengar of Tours is spoken of in Chapter XII., IV.
[61] Many members in one body, one body in Christ (Rom. xii. 4, 5).
[62] Cf. _post_, Chapter XXXIII., V.
[63] The works of Hugo of Saint-Victor are contained in Migne’s
_Patrologia Latina_, 175-177 (Paris, 1854; the reprint of 1882 is full of
misprints). The Prolegomena (in French) of Mgr. Hugonin are elaborate and
valuable. Mignon, _Les Origines de la scholastique et Hugues de
Saint-Victor_ (2 vols., Paris, 1895), follows Hugonin’s writing and adds
little of value. An exposition of Hugo’s philosophy is to be found in
Stöckl, _Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters_, Band I. pp. 305-355
(Mainz, 1864). On the authenticity of the writings ascribed to him see
Hauréau, _Les Œuvres de Hugues de Saint-Victor_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1886).
For Hugo’s position in the history of scholasticism and mysticism see
_post_, Chapter XXXVI., II.
[64] _Post_, Chapter XXXI., I.
[65] Hildebert’s letter is given _post_, Chapter XXX., III.
[66] On the neighbouring schools of Notre-Dame and St. Genevieve see
_post_, Chapter XXXVII.
[67] At the opening of his _Expositio in regulam beati Augustini_, Migne
176, col. 881, Hugo explains that the precepts under which a monastic
community lives are called the _regula_, and what we call a _regula_ is
called a _canon_ by the Greeks; and those are called _canonici_ or
_regulares_, who “juxta regularia praecepta sanctorum Patrum canonice
atque apostolice vivunt.” Thus the “regular canons” of St. Augustine were
monks who lived according to the rule ascribed to that saint. In the case
of the Victorines the rule was drawn up chiefly by Abbot Gilduin. See
Prolegomena to the works of _Hugo_, Migne 175, col. xxiv. _sqq._
[68] See the Prolegomena to the works of _Hugo de Saint-Victor_, by
Hugonin, Migne 175, col. xl. _sqq._
[69] _Didascalicon_, vi. 3 (Migne 176, col. 799). Other contents of this
work are given _post_, Chapter XXXVI., I.
[70] His death is touchingly described in a letter of Osbert, the canon in
charge of the infirmary. See Migne 175, col. xlvii and clxi.
[71] Hugo, _De arrha animae_, Migne 176, col. 954. Yet Hugo sometimes was
stung with an irrelevant pang for the German fatherland, which he had
left: “I have been an exile since my boyhood, and I know how the mind
grieves to forsake some poor hut’s narrow hearth, and how easily it may
then despise the marble hall and fretted roof” (_Didascalicon_, iii. 20;
Migne 176, col. 778). Compare the single letter of Hugo that has a
personal note, _Ep._ i. (Migne 176, col. 1011).
[72] The _De sacramentis Christianae fidei_ is printed in Migne 176, col.
174-618. It is thus a lengthy work.
[73] Hugo evidently refers to his _De Scripturis et scriptoribus sacris
praenotatiunculae_, and his various _Adnotationes elucidatoriae_, which
will be found printed in vol. 175 of Migne’s _Patrologia Latina_. In chap.
v. of the work first mentioned (Migne 175, col. 13) he speaks sensibly of
the folly of those who profess not to care for the literal historical
meaning of the sacred text, but, in ignorance, spring at once to very
inept allegorical interpretations.
[74] _De sacramentis_, Prologus (Migne 176, col. 183-185). A more
elementary statement may be found in _De Scripturis, etc._, cap. xiii.
(Migne 175, col. 20).
[75] God is perfect and utterly good. His beatitude cannot be increased or
diminished, but it can be imparted. Therefore the primal cause for
creating rational creatures was God’s wish that there should be partakers
of His beatitude. This reasoning may be Christian; but it is also close to
the doctrine of Plato’s _Timaeus_, which Hugo had read.
[76] Hugo also takes a wider view of the “place” of mankind’s restoration,
and finds that it includes (1) heaven, where the good are confirmed and
made perfect; (2) hell, where the bad receive their deserts; (3) the fire
of purgatory, where there is correction and perfecting; (4) paradise the
place of good beginnings; and (5) the world, the place of pilgrimage for
those who need restoring.
[77] “Sacramentum est corporale vel materiale elementum foris sensibiliter
propositum ex similitudine repraesentans, et ex institutione significans,
et ex sanctificatione continens aliquam invisibilem et spiritalem gratiam”
(pars ix. 2; Migne 176, col. 317). In spite of Hugo the old definition
held its ground, being adopted by Peter Lombard and others after him.
[78] Here we see clearly that the works of the Creation have the
sacramental quality of similitude and, in a way, the quality of
institution, since their similitude to spiritual things was intended by
the Creator for the instruction of man. They lack, however, the third
quality of sanctification, which enables the material _signum_ to convey
its spiritual _res_.
[79] _e.g._ the material of the sacrament, which may consist in things, as
in bread and wine, or in actions (as in making the sign of the cross), or
in words, as in the invocation of the Trinity. He also shows how faith
itself may be regarded as a sacrament, inasmuch as it is that whereby we
now see in a glass darkly and behold but an image. But we shall hereafter
see clearly through contemplation. Faith then is the image, _i.e._ the
sacrament, of the future contemplation which is the sacrament’s real
verity, the _res_.
[80] _De sacr._ lib. i. pars xi. cap. 1. The sacraments of the natural law
included tithes, oblations, and sacrifices. Hugo also considers the good
works which the natural law prescribed. This period ceases with the
written law given implicitly through Abraham and explicitly through Moses.
See _De sacr._ lib. i. pars xii. cap. i. Hugo appears to me to vary his
point of view regarding the natural law and its time, for sometimes he
regards it as the law prevailing till the time of Abraham or Moses, and
again as the law under which pagan peoples lived, who did not know the
Mosaic law.
[81] _De sacr._ lib. i. pars xi. cap. 6 (Migne 176, col. 346).
[82] Whoever should wish for further illustration of Hugo’s allegorical
methods may examine his treatises entitled _De arca Noë morali_ and _De
arca Noë mystica_ (Migne 176, col. 618-702), where every detail of the
Ark, which signifies the Church, is allegorically applied to the Christian
scheme of life and salvation. With these treatises, Hugo’s _De vanitate
mundi_ (Migne 176, col. 703-740) is connected. They will be referred to
when considering Hugo’s position in mediaeval philosophy, _post_, Chapter
XXXVI., II.
[83] See Duchesne, _Origines du culte chrétien_.
[84] See the epitaph from his tomb in S. Maria sopra Minerva in Rome,
given by Savigny, _Geschichte des Römischen Rechts_, v. 571 _sqq._, who
also gives a sketch of his life. With the work of Durandus, the _Gemma
animae_ of Honorius of Autun (Books I. II. III.; Migne 172, col. 541
_sqq._) should be compared, as marking a somewhat earlier stage in the
interpretation of the Liturgy. It also gives the symbolism of the church
and its parts, its ministers, and services.
[85] Every article worn or borne by the bishop (or celebrating priest) has
symbolic significance.
[86] All this (which is taken from Book IV. of the _Rationale_) is but the
first part of the Mass. The maze of symbolism increases in vastness and
intricacy as the office proceeds.
[87] Neh. iv.
[88] Matt. xix. 17.
[89] Many parts of the church have more than one significance. The windows
were said before to represent hospitality and pity.
[90] _Post_, Chapter XXXV., I.
[91] The application of Vincent’s work to the sculpture and painting of a
Gothic cathedral is due to Didron, _Iconographie chrétienne, histoire de
Dieu_, Introduction (1843). Other writers have followed him, like Émile
Male in his _L’Art religieux du XIII{e} siècle en France_ (2nd ed., Paris,
1902), to which the present writer is much indebted. It goes without
saying, that the sources from which Vincent drew (_e.g._ the works of
Albertus Magnus) likewise form a commentary upon the subjects of Gothic
glass and sculpture, and may even have suggested the manner of their
presentation.
[92] The opening verses of John’s Gospel account for this. Christ, or God
in the person of Christ, is shown in Old Testament scenes as early as the
fourth century upon sarcophagi in the Lateran at Rome.
[93] These subjects illustrated the series of events celebrated in the
calendar of church services.
[94] _Post_, pp. 86 _sqq._
[95] _Ante_, Chapter XXVII.
[96] So the composition and the arrangement of topics in the cathedral
sculpture and glass have scarcely the excellence of natural grouping. The
arrangement is intended to illustrate the series of successive acts making
up God’s own artist-composition, itself symbolical of His purpose in the
creation and redemption of man.
[97] Adam’s hymns are edited with notes and an introductory essay by L.
Gautier, _Œuvres poétiques d’Adam de S.-Victor_ (3rd ed., Paris, 1894). A
number of his hymns will be found in Migne 196, col. 1422 _sqq._; and also
in Clement’s _Carmina e poetis christianis excerpta_. On Adam’s verse see
_post_, Chapter XXXII., III.
[98] Dante draws much from Richard of St. Victor.
[99] See _post_, Chapter XXXII., III.
[100] Gautier, _o.c._ p. 46 (Migne 196, col. 1437).
[101] The Hebrews in bondage to the Egyptians are the symbol of all men in
the bonds of sin.
[102] As Christ expires the cherubim at the gate of Eden lower the flaming
sword, so that the men bathed with His blood may pass in.
[103] Isaac was always a type of Christ; his name was interpreted laughter
(_risus_) from Gen. xxi. 6: “And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh, so
that all that hear will laugh with me.”
[104] Joseph another type of Christ.
[105] This serpent, _i.e._ Christ the rod of Aaron, safe from the devil’s
spite, consumes the false idols.
[106] The Brazen Serpent, a type of Christ. Cf. John iii. 14.
[107] Cf. Job xli. 1. The hook (_hamus_) is Christ’s divinity, whereby He
pierces the devil’s jaw.
[108] Cf. Isa. xi. 8. The guiltless child is Christ, and the cockatrice is
the devil.
[109] The children who mocked Elisha represent the Jews mocking Christ as
He ascended Calvary; the bear is Vespasian and Titus who destroy
Jerusalem.
[110] These again are types of Christ: David feigning madness among the
Philistines, 1 Sam. xxi. 12-15; the goat cast forth for the people’s sins,
Lev. xvi. 21, 22; and the sparrow in the rite of cleansing from leprosy,
Lev. xiv. 2-7.
[111] Samson a type of Christ, will not wed a woman of his tribe (Judges
xiv. 1-3) as Christ chooses the Gentiles; Samson bursts open Gaza’s gates
as Christ the gates of death and hell.
[112] The allusion here is to the statement of mediaeval Bestiaries that
the lion cub, when born, lies lifeless for three days, till awakened by
his father’s roar. The supernal mother is the Church triumphant.
[113] The body of Christ, _i.e._ the Church.
[114] A topic everywhere represented in church windows and cathedral
sculpture.
[115] Printed at the end of his _Paedagogus_; see Taylor, _Classical
Heritage of the Middle Ages_, pp. 253-255, where it is translated.
[116] Although the dogmas of Christianity were formulated by reason, they
were cradled in love and hate. Nowadays, in a time when dogmas are apt to
be thought useless clogs to the spirit, it is well for the
historically-minded to remember the power of emotional devotion which they
have inspired in other times.
[117] Gautier, _Œuvres d’Adam_ (1st ed., vol. i. p. 11); Gautier (3rd ed.,
p. 269) doubts whether this hymn is Adam’s. But for the purpose of
illustrating the symbolism of the twelfth-century hymn, the question of
authorship is not important.
[118] _Ante_, Chapter XXVII.
[119] In these closing lines the “salubre sacramentum” is in apposition to
“Ille de Samaria”--_i.e._ the “sacramentum” is the Saviour, who is also
typified by the Good Samaritan. In another hymn for Christmas, Adam speaks
of the concurrence in one _persona_ of Word, flesh, and spirit, and then
uses the phrase “Tantae rei sacramentum” (Gautier, _o.c._ p. 5). Here the
_sacramentum_ designates the visible human person of Christ, which was the
life-giving _signum_ or symbol of so great a marvel (_tantae rei_) as the
Incarnation. Adam has Hugo’s teaching in mind, and the full significance
of his phrase will appear by taking it in connection with Hugo’s
definition of the Sacrament, _ante_, Chapter XXVIII.
[120] Gautier, _o.c._ p. 10.
[121] The reference is to Aaron’s rod in Numbers xvii.
[122] The reference is to Gideon’s fleece, Judges vi. 37, which is a type
of the Virgin Mary.
[123] Gautier, _o.c._ 1st ed., i. 155 (Migne 196, col. 1464). In his third
edition, Gautier is doubtful of Adam’s authorship of this hymn because of
its irregular rhyme.